Lao language - Knowledge

2528: 2655:(although the latter was eventually returned) and forcing some of the Lao across the river to settle in Isan. Louang Phrabang was spared most of the destruction by submitting to Siamese overlordship. Although the kingdoms remained nominally autonomous, the Siamese demanded tribute and taxes, kept members of the respective royal houses as hostages to ensure loyalty and required the three Lao kings to come to the capital several times a year to hold an audience with the Siamese king. When the kingdoms revolted, the Siamese armies retaliated by rounding up entire villages, tattooing them to mark them as slaves and forced to settle what is now Isan, forced to serve as soldiers or manpower in 1610:

and registers of both languages and many are shared between them. Khmer loan words include body parts, urban living, tools, administration and local plants. The Thai, and likely the Lao, were able to make Khmer-style coinages that were later exported back to Khmer. The heavy imprint of Khmer is shown in the genetics of Tai speakers, with samples from Thai and Isan people of Lao descent showing proof of both the Tai migration but also intermarriage and assimilation of local populations. Scholars such as Khanittanan propose that the deep genetic and linguistic impact of the autochthonous Khmer and their language indicates that the earliest days of

4516:, which can be described as 'creaky'. Combined with the somewhat faster manner of speaking and reduced tendency to soften consonants at the end of words, Southern Lao sounds very rough and harsh to speakers of other dialects. Many of these features, such as the faster speaking pace and glottalization may be influences from Austroasiatic languages as most of the region was inhabited by the Khmer, Kuy and various other Austroasiatic peoples until the eighteenth century when the Lao began to settle and even now, Khmer speakers comprise half the population of Surin and roughly a quarter each of the populations of Sisaket and Buriram provinces. 9155: 5107: 9321: 9296: 9278: 9203: 1756: 55: 5181:, achieving full-member status in 1992. Many of the royalists and high-ranking families of Laos left Laos in the wake of the end of the Laotian Civil War for France, but as of 2010, it was estimated that 173,800 people, or three percent of the population, were fluent in French and French is studied by 35% of the population as a second language as a required subject and many courses in engineering, medicine, law, administration and other advanced studies are only available in French. 5195:

maintains a large Lao diaspora and some of the very well-to-do still send their children to France for study. The result of this long-standing French influence is the use of hundreds of loan words of French origin in the Lao language of Laos—although many are old-fashioned and somewhat obsolete or co-exist alongside more predominant native usages. They may be contrasted with the neighbouring languages in Thailand, which borrowed from English instead of French.

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to sound softer, sweeter and more effeminate than other Lao dialects, likely aided by the slower speed of speaking. Similar in tonal structure and quality to Tai Lanna, likely facilitated by the immigration of Lanna people to Louang Phrabang after Chiang Mai's fall to the Burmese in 1551, the dialect is classified apart from other Lao dialects as Chiang Saen language by Ethnologue. Northern Lao also resisted the merger of Proto-Tai *

900: 10965: 277: 506: 536: 2689:, whether paying their tribute directly to Bangkok or the remaining Lao kings and princes, were still nominally part of the separate kingdoms. Temples built in what is now Isan still featured the Tai Noi script on its murals and although Siam would intervene in some matters, daily administration was still left to the remaining kings and various Lao princes that served as governors of the larger 1825:) was developed to address or discuss the king and high-ranking clergy. Khmer and Sanskrit also contributed many belles-lettres as well as numerous technical, academic and cultural vocabulary, thus differentiating the Lao language from the tribal Tai peoples, but pushing the language closer to Thai, which underwent a similar process. The end of the Lao monarchy in 1975 made the Lao 3125:), 'Vientiane people' of the city and surrounding parts of the kingdom, were rounded up by Siamese armies and forced to the right bank, greatly boosting the Lao population of what is now Isan. The Tai Wiang strengthened numbers in the northern third, where Vientiane Lao was traditionally spoken, but were scattered across the Isan region overall, with heavier concentrations in 2681:

population of Isan and caused assimilation of the local peoples into the mix, a process that is occurring on a smaller scale even now. Siamese intervention paradoxically strengthened the Lao character of the region as the Siamese left the Lao areas alone as long as they continued to produce rice and continued to pay tribute. Direct Siamese rule did not extend past

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history, as many of the earliest Lao literary works were composed in the dialect, and it served, in a refined form, as the royal speech of the Laotian kings until 1975 when the monarchy was abolished. Louang Phrabang remains the largest city in the northern region of Laos, serving as an important center of trade and communication with the surrounding areas.

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French rule in Laos, the government standardized the spelling of the Lao language, with movement towards a phonetical spelling with preservation of a semi-etymological spelling for Pali, Sanskrit and French loan words and the addition of archaic letters for words of Pali and Sanskrit origin concerning Indic culture and Buddhism.

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Spelling reforms under the communist rule of Laos in 1975 were more radical, with the complete abolition of semi-etymological spelling in favor of phonetical spelling, with the removal of silent letters, removal of special letters for Indic loan words, all vowels being written out implicitly and even

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branch of Tai languages. Lao (including Isan) and Thai, although they occupy separate groups, are mutually intelligible and were pushed closer through contact and Khmer influence, but all Southwestern Tai languages are mutually intelligible to some degree. The Tai languages also include the languages

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brought Vietnamese to boost the population of the cities and help administer the region. Many Lao that received a French-language education during the period of French Indochina were educated in French-language schools in Vietnam, exposing them to French and Vietnamese languages and cultures. As the

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Despite the proximity to speakers of Vientiane Lao, Northern Lao is quite distinct. Unlike other Lao dialects with six tones, Northern Lao speakers use only five. Due to the distinctive high-pitch, high-falling tone on words with live syllables starting with low-class consonants, the dialect is said

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was originally the prestigious variety of the language with the city serving as the capital of Lan Xang for the first half of its existence, with the kings of the city made kings of all of Laos by the French. Although the language lost its prestige to Vientiane Lao, Northern Lao is important for its

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Northern Lao is a very distinct dialect, exhibiting several features and lexical differences quite apart from other Lao dialects except Northeastern Lao (Phuan). Even though it borders the Vientiane Lao dialect region, there is a sharp boundary that divides them. The dialect shares many similarities

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During French rule, missing words for new technologies and political realities were borrowed from French or Vietnamese, repurposed from old Lao vocabulary as well as coined from Sanskrit. These Sanskrit-derived neologisms were generally the same, although not always, as those that developed in Thai.

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Thai and Lao also share similar sources of loan words. Aside from many of the deeply embedded Sinitic loan words adopted at various points in the evolution of Southwestern Tai at the periphery of Chinese influence, the Tais in Southeast Asia encountered the Khmer. Khmer loan words dominate all areas

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Nevertheless, the tones of the southern Central varieties, such as spoken in Mukdahan, Thailand and Savannakhét, Laos have a tonal structure more akin to Vientiane Lao, sharing certain splits and contours. These areas do, however, exhibit some Southern features of their lexicon, such as the common

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Central Lao represents a transitional variety, with northern varieties closer to Vientiane Lao and southern varieties, roughly south of the confluence of the Xé Noi river with the Mekong, the speech varieties begin to approach Southern Lao. Some linguists, such as Hartmann, place Vientiane Lao and

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Whilst previously written in a mixture of etymological and phonetical spellings, depending on audience or author, Lao underwent several reforms that moved the language towards a purely phonetical spelling. During the restoration of the king of Louang Phabang as King of Laos under the last years of

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In addition to forced transfers, many Lao were encouraged to settle in Isan, with some disillusioned princes granted lofty titles in exchange for loyalty and taxation, robbing the Lao kings of taxation and wealth as well as what little nominal authority they had left. This greatly expanded the Lao

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Indic languages also pushed Thai and Lao closer together, particularly Sanskrit and Pali loan words that they share. Many Sanskrit words were adopted via the Khmer language, particularly concerning Indian concepts of astrology, astronomy, ritual, science, kingship, art, music, dance and mythology.

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As the Southwestern Tai-speaking peoples diverged, following paths down waterways, their dialects began to diverge into the various languages today, such as the Lao-Phuthai languages that developed along the Mekong River and includes Lao and its Isan sub-variety and the Chiang Saen languages which

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forces, supplying Lao communist militia with weaponry and training during the two-decade-long Laotian Civil War, large numbers of Vietnamese troops have been stationed at various times in Laos' post-independence history, although the Vietnamese military presence began to wane in the late 1980s as

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After the division of the Lao-speaking world in 1893, French would serve as the administrative language of the French Protectorate of Laos, carved from the Lao lands of the left bank, for sixty years until 1953 when Laos achieved full independence. The close relationship of the Lao monarchy with

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of northern Vietnam were shielded from the influence of the Khmer language and the Indic cultural influences that came with them and remain traditionally a non-Buddhist people. Although the Tai Dam language is a Chiang Saen language, albeit with a lexicon and phonology closer to Lao, the lack of

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provinces. This likely had a leveling effect on the Lao language as spoken in Isan, as most Isan speakers regardless of speech variety are prone to using /ʋ/ as opposed to /w/ and the informal conversion of syllable-initial /k/ to /tɕ/ in relaxed, informal speech, which in Laos, is particularly

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In Laos, the written language has been mainly based on Vientiane Lao for centuries after the capital of Lan Xang was moved in 1560. The speech of the old élite families was cultivated into Standard Lao as emulated by television and radio broadcasts from the capital as well as taught to foreign

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and sporadically on television ad radio. French still appears on signage, is the language of major civil engineering projects and is the language of the élite, especially the older generations that received secondary and tertiary education in French-medium schools or studied in France. France

538: 542: 541: 537: 543: 1949:), both of which signify 'loving kindness' although the Sanskrit term is more generally used for 'friendship'. The spread of Theravada Buddhism spread literacy, as monks served as teachers, teaching reading and writing as well other basic skills to village boys, and the 2677:) in 1828 which led to the death of Anouvông and most of his family. The Siamese abducted nearly the entire population of Vientiane and its surrounding area and forced them to the right bank. Continued raids of people continued until the end of the nineteenth century. 1884:-influenced script of Lan Na but was used in Lao specifically for religious literature. The influence of the related Tai Lan Na language was strengthened after the capitulation of Lan Na to the Burmese, leading many courtiers and people to flee to safety to Lan Xang. 1614:

had a largely bilingual population. Although evidence and research in Lao is lacking, major Lao cities were known to have been built atop existing Khmer settlements, suggesting assimilation of the locals. Isan and Lao commonly use a Khmer loan not found in Thai,

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The standard written Lao based on the speech of Vientiane has leveled many lexical differences between dialects found in Laos, and although spoken regional variations remain strong, speakers will adjust to it in formal situations and in dealings with outsiders.

4185:, but it is considered a Lao dialect in Laos. As a Tai language of northern Southeast Asia, it shares many similarities with Tai Dam and Tai Lan Na. In contrast to other minority languages of Isan, it is not losing ground to the Thai or Isan language in Isan. 5168:

Although English has mostly surpassed French as the preferred foreign language of international diplomacy and higher education since the country began opening up to foreign investment in the 1990s, the position of French is stronger in Laos than in

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students of Lao. The speech of the Isan city of Nong Khai, which sits on the opposite bank of the Mekong, is almost indistinguishable in tone and accent from the speech of Vientiane. Vientiane Lao predominates in Vientiane City, the surrounding

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The 16th century would see the establishment of many of the hallmarks of the contemporary Lao language. Scribes abandoned the use of written Khmer or Lao written in the Khmer alphabet, adopting a simplified, cursive form of the script known as

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Similar influences and proximity allowed for both languages to converge in many aspects as well. Thai and Lao, although separated, passively influenced each other through centuries of proximity. For instance, the Proto-Southwestern Tai

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Khmer, and Sanskrit via Khmer, continued to influence the Lao language. Since Fa Ngoum was raised in the Khmer court, married to a Khmer princess and had numerous Khmer officials in his court, a now-extinct speech register known as

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includes the Central Thai dialect that is the basis of Standard Thai. Despite their close relationship, there were several phonological divergences that drifted the languages apart with time such as the following examples:

2588:. The arid hinterlands, deforested and depopulated after a series of droughts, likely led to the collapse of the Khmer Empire, was only occupied by small groups of Austroasiatic peoples and scattered outposts of Lao 3090:

In Isan, Vientiane Lao is the primary form of Isan spoken in the northern third of the region which was long settled since the days of Lan Xang and was ruled as part of the Kingdom of Vientiane, including most of

2693:. The result of the population movements re-centered the Lao world to the right bank, as today, if Isan and Lao speakers are counted together, Isan speakers form 80 percent of the Lao-speaking population. 1762:

in Nakhon Phanom. Built in the 16th century over earlier Khmer ruins when Isan was part of Lan Xang, the temple is an important place of pilgrimage, attracting Lao from Laos as well as Isan to its temple

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Compared to other Isan and Lao dialects, Southern Lao has low tones in syllables that begin with high- or middle-class consonants and have long vowels. High- and middle-class consonants marked with the

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when the monarchy was removed and the privileged position of French began its decline. Many of the initial borrowings for terms from Western culture were imported via French. For instance, Lao uses

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Laos pursued closer relations with its other neighbors and entered the market economy. Since market reforms in Vietnam, market liberalization has been the main focus between the two countries now.

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provinces, particularly the narrow strip hugging the shore of the Mekong and bordering Loei, outside of Isan are generally speakers of Northern Lao. In Laos, it is the primary dialect spoken in

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New words were historically coined from Sanskrit roots just as European languages, including English, share Greek and Latin roots used for these purposes, such as 'telephone' from Greek roots

539: 4588:), 'what's wrong?'. Possibly as a result of historical Khmer influence and current influences from Thai, Southern dialects tend to pronounce some words with initial Proto-Southwestern Tai * 9970: 649:, bridging the linguistic diversity of a population that speaks many other languages. Its cultural significance is reflected in Laotian literature, media, and traditional arts. The 8917:

marks and can be placed above, below, in front of, or behind consonants. The script also contains distinct symbols for numerals, although Arabic numerals are more commonly used.

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A bilingual Lao-French street sign in Vientiane. Although the influence of French on the Lao language has waned considerably, hundreds of words of French origin are used in Laos.

2576:) (1637–1694) ended with a successional dispute, with his grandsons, with Siamese intervention, carving out their separate kingdoms in 1707. From its ashes arose the kingdoms of 9832:

Center for Southeast Asian Studies. DeKalb: University of Northern Illinois. Based on Crisfield-Hartmann 2002/Enfield 2000, Brown 1965, and Chittavoravong (1980) (unpublished).

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and a long series of droughts during the 13th–15th centuries. The Lao settlements were found only along the banks of the Mekong River and in the wetter northern areas such as

583:. Spoken by over 3 million people in Laos and 3.2 million in all countries, it serves as a vital link in the cultural and social fabric of these areas. It is written in the 10340: 12058: 1534: 1514: 1453: 1403: 1344: 1324: 1263: 1213: 1154: 1134: 1073: 1023: 4182: 9420:

Paul, L. M., Simons, G. F. and Fennig, C. D. (eds.). 2013. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved from

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The tone letters are 13 (˩˧) in citation form or before a pause and 11 (˩˩) elsewhere, e.g., /haː˩˧ paː˩˧/ ຫາປາ "look for fish" becomes (Osatananda, 1997, p. 119).

2527: 2735:(but usually pronounced /l/) in official publications, although older people and many in the Lao diaspora continue to use some of the older spelling conventions. 9908: 9740: 2563:, with most of the population inhabiting the wetter left banks. This began to change when the golden age of Lao prosperity and cultural achievements under King 7818:

This tone is realized as a low rising tone (23 or ˨˧) in a checked syllable with a long vowel (e.g., ຄາບ "dead skin of a reptile") (Osatananda, 2015, p. 122).

8913:, but Lao consonant letters are conceived of as simply representing the consonant sound, rather than a syllable with an inherent vowel. Vowels are written as 8940:

Experts disagree on the number and nature of tones in the various dialects of Lao. According to some, most dialects of Lao and Isan have six tones, those of

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This tone is realized as a mid level-falling tone (332 or ˧˧˨) in a checked syllable with a long vowel (e.g., ຂາບ "prostrate") (Osatananda, 2015, p. 122).

11936: 9879: 5012:, much as Latin and Greek have influenced European languages. For politeness, pronouns (and more formal pronouns) are used, plus ending statements with 913:

The ancestors of the Lao people were speakers of Southwestern Tai dialects that migrated from what is now southeastern China, specifically what is now

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Northeastern Lao is sometimes considered a separate language, as it is traditionally spoken by Phuan tribal members, a closely related but distinct

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Lao has six lexical tones. However, the Vientiane and the Luang Prabang dialects have five tones (see below) (Brown 1965; Osatananda, 1997, 2015).

2609:, was founded as an outpost of Champasak, establishing the first major Lao presence and the beginning of the expansion of Lao settlement along the 3324:, native Lao speakers are a small minority in the major market towns but Northern Lao, highly influenced by the local languages, is spoken as the 951:

led some of the Tai peoples speaking Southwestern Tai to flee into Southeast Asia, with the small-scale migration mainly taking place between the

12418: 11210: 11001: 9952: 8902:. Although the Lao script bears resemblance to Thai, the former contains fewer letters than Thai because by 1960 it was simplified to be fairly 13318: 11871: 7800:

This tone is realized as a low level tone (22 or ˨˨) in a checked syllable with a short vowel (e.g., ຄັບ "tight") (Osatananda, 2015, p. 122).

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Osantanda, V. (2015). "Lao Khrang and Luang Phrabang Lao: A Comparison of Tonal Systems and Foreign-Accent Rating by Luang Phrabang Judges."

4500:), particularly near the Mekong River close to the Laotian border. Many of the areas where Southern Lao is spoken were formerly part of the 3284:

and is classified accordingly as a Chiang Saen language by Ethnologue. The dialect is not common in Isan, restricted to western portions of

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One difference between Thai and Lao is that in Lao initial clusters are simplified. For example, the official name of Laos is Romanized as

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in the coda can be preceded only by a short vowel. Open syllables (i.e., those with no coda consonant) and syllables ending in one of the

10490: 10241: 4504:, one of the three successor states to the Kingdom of Lan Xang, prior to the division of the Lao-speaking world between France and Siam. 959:

centuries. The Tais split and followed the major river courses, with the ancestral Lao originating in the Tai migrants that followed the

927:. The Southwestern Tai languages began to diverge from the Northern and Central branches of the Tai languages, covered mainly by various 12095: 1912:. Although Lao belief is that the era of Lan Xang began the period of Theravada Buddhism for the Lao people, it was not until the mid- 10282: 1785: 653:

dialect has emerged as the de facto standard, though no official standard has been established. Internationally, Lao is spoken among

9363: 2539:. Dating to the reign of Siamese Ruler Rama III (1788–1851), the writing is in the Tai Noi script, an old form of the Lao alphabet. 10302: 11997: 9053:) placed before certain consonants will place the proceeding consonant in the high class tone. This can occur before the letters 128: 2659:

projects to build roads, to grow food, build canals, or serve as domestics. The greatest population transfer occurred after the

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languages, allows for effective intercommunication among their speakers, despite differences in script and regional variations.

11188: 11787: 8055:. Special particle words serve the purpose of prepositions and verb tenses in lieu of conjugations and declensions. Lao is a 12012: 4265:), which is the more common word and also signifies 'water' in general. Mukdahan-Savannakhét area speakers also understand 3348:

that occurred in all other Lao dialects, except Northeastern Lao. This affects the twenty or so words represented by Thai '

1923:. Many Pali terms existed alongside earlier Sanskrit borrowings or were Sanskritized, leading to doublets such as Sanskrit 9812:. Compton, C. J., Hartmann, J. F. Sysamouth, V. (eds.). (pp. 160–188). San Francisco, CA: Center for Lao Cultural Studies. 12411: 11203: 10994: 7002: 6815: 6808: 6656: 6120:

Because of the depopulation of the left bank to Siam prior to French colonization, the French who were already active in

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Map showing the general migration patterns and diversification of the Tai peoples and languages from the original Tai

12102: 11911: 10446: 10431: 10416: 10401: 10386: 10369: 10354: 10164:"Lao Khrang and Luang Phrabang Lao: A comparison of tonal systems and foreign-accent rating by Luang Phrabang judges" 519: 10008: 9841:เรืองเดช ปันเขื่อนขัติย์. ภาษาถิ่นตระกูลไทย. กทม. สถาบันวิจัยภาษาและวัฒนธรรมเพื่อการพัฒนาชนบทมหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล. 2531. 9166:

Traditionally, only secular literature was written with the Lao alphabet. Religious literature was often written in

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Central Lao together as a singular dialect region. More Vientiane-like speech predominates in the Isan provinces of

12038: 9469:"Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Protosouthwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai" 657:, especially in countries like the United States, France, and Australia, reflecting its global diasporic presence. 17: 10483: 10376: 9738:"Language vitality and the ethnic tourism development of the Lao ethnic groups in the western region of Thailand" 7449: 7442: 7324: 7154: 6757: 475: 9338: 13308: 12404: 11196: 10987: 8059:(SVO) language, although the subject is often dropped. In contrast to Thai, Lao uses pronouns more frequently. 7352: 7331: 7182: 7161: 6802: 1849:. Lao literature was also given a major boost with the brief union of Lan Xang with Lan Na during the reign of 9895:

Hartmann, J. (2002). 'Spoken Lao—A regional approach.' SEASITE Laos. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University.

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may appear in the coda. If the vowel in the nucleus is short, it must be followed by a consonant in the coda;

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The effects of Khmer and Indic vocabulary did not affect all the Tai languages of Southeast Asia equally. The

606:, forming sentences through the combination of individual words without inflection. These features, common in 12232: 10554: 10463: 9876: 456: 370: 7830:

The number of contrastive tones is reduced to four in checked syllables, that is, in syllables ending in an

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Southern Lao is spoken along the southern third of Isan and Laos. This region covers the Thai provinces of

2532: 10341:"A linguistic analysis of the Lao writing system and its suitability for minority language orthographies". 9113: 9104: 9095: 9086: 9077: 9068: 9059: 9050: 8022: 8018: 8003: 7963: 7932: 7914: 7896: 7878: 7835: 7567: 7563: 7544: 7523: 7504: 7485: 7466: 7418: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7103: 6861: 6427: 6353: 6279: 6207: 6102: 6030: 5958: 5886: 5814: 5742: 5682: 5610: 5550: 5478: 5406: 5334: 5274: 5162: 5154: 5137: 5129: 5084: 5068: 5052: 5039: 5029: 5019: 4706: 4689: 4678:) to other Lao, but are really a strongly velarized /ɬ/ or a rhotic tap /ɾ/. Southerners also tend to use 4663: 4646: 4632: 4615: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4568: 4554: 4530: 4497: 4304: 4290: 4276: 4262: 4248: 3963: 3345: 3341: 3169: 3152: 3122: 2732: 2674: 2619: 2602: 2573: 2467: 2403: 2351: 2334: 2268: 2204: 2138: 2072: 2006: 1965: 1946: 1933: 1859: 1822: 1777: 1724: 1710: 1696: 1679: 1643: 1629: 1603: 1590: 1577: 1564: 12371: 11866: 11800: 11172: 9822: 9385: 8056: 7363: 7296: 7193: 7126: 6786: 2702: 1800:), modern-day Louang Phrabang. Lan Xang was powerful enough to thwart Siamese designs from their base at 349: 337: 111: 9440:

Edmondson, Jerold A.; Gregerson, Kenneth J. (2007). "The Languages of Vietnam: Mosaics and Expansions".

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has contributed numerous terms, especially relating to religion and in conversation with members of the

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was used for personal letters, record-keeping, and signage, as well as to record short stories and the

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Keyes, Charles (2013), Finding Their Voice: Northeastern Villagers and the Thai State, Silkworm Books.

12320: 12310: 12247: 12053: 11846: 11780: 11361: 8026: 8007: 7842: 7422: 6885: 6877: 6869: 5190:, but French-language content is sometimes seen alongside English in publications in older issues of 4451: 3007: 2577: 1901: 9320: 9295: 9277: 9154: 4543:

xé, /sȅː/)) and many of the words used in Savannakhét that are more typical of Southern Lao such as

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tone mark are low and low-falling, respectively, but in these cases are pronounced with very strong

3372:' which is also /aj/. Northern Lao also contains numerous terms not familiar to other Lao speakers. 12787: 12251: 12205: 12090: 11967: 11529: 10775: 7310: 7140: 3096: 2794: 2552: 803:

The Lao language falls within the Lao-Phuthai group of languages, including its closest relatives,

450: 10163: 4450:, use Southern Lao as a second language to engage with their Isan neighbors. It is also spoken in 1519: 1499: 1438: 1388: 1329: 1309: 1248: 1198: 1139: 1119: 1058: 1008: 12871: 12340: 12277: 12171: 11921: 11647: 11374: 11127: 11043: 10929: 10532: 9810:

Contemporary Lao Studies: Research on Development, Language and Culture, and Traditional Medicine

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Khmer, Sanskrit and Pali loan words makes the language unintelligible to Thai and Lao speakers.

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With Theravada Buddhism came its liturgical language, Pali, an Indic language derived from the

1580:), although this is only used in Royal Thai or restricted academic usage, with the common form 845: 832: 757: 744: 703: 627: 611: 12861: 10238: 9853:

Enfield, N. J. (1966). A Grammar of Lao. Mouton de Gruyter: New York, NY. 2007 reprint. p. 19.

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in the Khom script. This Khmer script was used to write Buddhist, Brahmanic, and ritual texts.

13298: 13216: 13183: 12856: 12851: 12823: 12777: 12525: 12427: 11972: 11701: 11632: 11420: 11226: 11010: 10866: 10217: 10135: 9576: 6996: 6940: 6933: 6796: 6553: 6546: 4483: 4199: 4178: 3317: 2960: 2911: 2893: 2851: 849: 708: 607: 178: 98: 5140:). Lao people also tend to use French forms of geographic place names, thus the Republic of 831:

languages of China, the Chiang Saen languages—which include Standard Thai, Khorat Thai, and

13133: 12918: 12846: 12831: 12496: 12267: 12222: 12186: 12063: 12043: 11856: 11851: 11773: 11575: 11539: 9386:"LAO LANGUAGE: DIALECTS, GRAMMAR, NAMES, WRITING, PROVERBS AND INSULTS | Facts and Details" 7966:. Any consonant may appear in the onset, but the labialized consonants do not occur before 6562: 4557:) as a respectful term for an 'old lady' (as opposed to Vientiane 'mother-in-law') and use 4501: 4279:) as a respectful term for an 'old lady' (as opposed to Vientiane 'mother-in-law') and use 4227: 4211: 3293: 3080: 3002: 2951: 2947: 2872: 2781: 2777: 2585: 2581: 1759: 257: 94: 10277: 7413:

There are six tones in smooth syllables, that is, in syllables ending in a vowel or other

4997:. Due to their proximity, Lao has influenced the Khmer and Thai languages and vice versa. 115: 8: 13263: 12841: 12836: 12782: 12674: 12143: 12068: 11468: 11111: 11086: 10761: 10685: 9359: 9246: 7043: 6751: 6732: 6714: 6707: 4845: 4215: 3305: 3289: 3104: 3084: 2943: 2915: 2907: 2901: 2876: 2864: 2835: 2802: 2798: 2785: 1908:

introduced via the Khmer and Theravada Buddhism which had been adopted and spread by the

1732: 923: 623: 102: 13076: 13036: 11347: 10322:

Igunma, Jana. (2013). Aksoon Khoom: Khmer Heritage in Thai and Lao Manuscript Cultures.

10056:. Analysis based on L. N. Morev, A. A. Moskalyov and Y. Y. Plam, (1979). 5106: 13249: 13242: 13128: 13123: 13071: 13031: 13026: 12928: 12330: 11931: 11749: 11642: 11637: 11392: 11305: 11061: 10894: 10751: 10541: 10299: 10209: 10201: 10060:. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Studies. Accessed 2009-12-19. 9623: 9593:

Jonsson, Nanna L. (1991) Proto Southwestern Tai. Ph.D dissertation, available from UMI.

9563: 9538: 9241: 7744: 7740: 6949: 6905: 6571: 6490: 4829: 4467: 4459: 4207: 4195: 3321: 3313: 3297: 3130: 3126: 3108: 3092: 3076: 3027: 3015: 2986: 2976: 2972: 2923: 2919: 2897: 2880: 2855: 2843: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2790: 2560: 2548: 1736: 599: 11295: 441: 434: 119: 12978: 12943: 12913: 12908: 12544: 12227: 12191: 12107: 12048: 11955: 11906: 11896: 11724: 11585: 11491: 11448: 11274: 10647: 10442: 10427: 10412: 10397: 10382: 10365: 10350: 10213: 10004:

L'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF). Laos. (2013). Retrieved from

9568: 9453: 9159: 8052: 7047: 6959: 6920: 6910: 6854: 6596: 6505: 6495: 6469: 5116: 4471: 4219: 3360:', which preserve /aɰ/ in Northern Lao. This vowel has become /aj/, similar to Thai ' 3309: 3060: 2968: 2956: 2839: 2682: 2660: 1913: 1905: 1893: 1805: 1801: 1611: 853: 804: 774: 683: 673: 603: 9606:

Huffman, Franklin E. (1973). "Thai and Cambodian – A Case of Syntactic Borrowing?".

2543:

Despite the long presence of Lan Xang and Lao settlements along the riverbanks, the

481: 13193: 13157: 13056: 13046: 12999: 12994: 12813: 12749: 12689: 12659: 12649: 12580: 12565: 12491: 12272: 12242: 12026: 12007: 11816: 11719: 11711: 11696: 11691: 11681: 11673: 11552: 11463: 11453: 11177: 11106: 10934: 10904: 10899: 10856: 10816: 10788: 10756: 10713: 10657: 10619: 10589: 10569: 10193: 9615: 9558: 9550: 9519: 9480: 9449: 9202: 9197: 9177: 8906:, whereas Thai maintains many etymological spellings that are pronounced the same. 7951: 6900: 6485: 4833: 4475: 4435: 4431: 3040: 2998: 2990: 2640: 928: 876:

languages on the Chinese Mainland and in neighbouring regions of northern Vietnam.

726: 654: 615: 13061: 11337: 10874: 9710:

Wajuppa Tossa (translator). (pp. 27–34). Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press.

9173: 5186: 852:

branches of the Tai languages. The Tai languages form a major division within the

13198: 12988: 12956: 12923: 12903: 12802: 12772: 12767: 12734: 12721: 12707: 12699: 12684: 12679: 12654: 12644: 12634: 12616: 12608: 12560: 12478: 12468: 12458: 12364: 12292: 12181: 12166: 12131: 11886: 11808: 11729: 11595: 11524: 11438: 11428: 11402: 11096: 11091: 10846: 10821: 10746: 10675: 10670: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10559: 10306: 10286: 10273: 10245: 10221: 10095: 10053: 10012: 9956: 9932: 9912: 9883: 9829: 9744: 9580: 9428: 9168: 9149: 8925: 8921: 7318: 7249: 7148: 7083: 6927: 6915: 6865: 6500: 5178: 4837: 4828:

Western Lao (Standard Isan) does not occur in Laos but is the primary dialect of

4479: 3134: 3044: 2994: 2606: 2564: 1868: 956: 816: 769: 721: 170: 160: 12866: 10139: 9708:

Phya Khankhaak, the Toad King: A Translation of an Isan Fertility Myth in Verse.

9641:

Khanittanan, W. (2001). "Khmero-Thai: The great change in the history of Thai".

13279: 13226: 13173: 13148: 13113: 13066: 12938: 12933: 12669: 12639: 12626: 12549: 12533: 12506: 12501: 12486: 12448: 12315: 12237: 12161: 11891: 11652: 11622: 11615: 11547: 11519: 11407: 11397: 11387: 11300: 11147: 11137: 11081: 11071: 11056: 11024: 10884: 10831: 10826: 10783: 10703: 10698: 10579: 9797:

Creating Laos: The Making of a Lao Space Between Indochina and Siam, 1860–1945.

8891: 8883: 7955: 7748: 7346: 7176: 6590: 4513: 4427: 4174: 4168: 3019: 2847: 2648: 2544: 1950: 1841: 1755: 1743: 952: 678: 240: 155: 9799:(pp. 127–135, 190–197) Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. 9485: 9468: 13292: 13108: 13051: 13015: 12983: 12949: 12898: 12797: 12744: 12598: 12590: 12555: 12453: 12443: 12435: 12380: 12345: 12335: 12300: 12282: 12217: 11600: 11580: 11570: 11504: 11497: 11486: 11342: 11269: 11244: 11152: 11132: 11101: 11076: 11051: 10889: 10851: 10841: 10836: 10811: 10806: 10741: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10665: 10637: 10632: 10584: 10549: 10362:

Lao for Beginners: An Introduction to the Spoken and Written Language of Laos

10100:

Lao for Beginners: An Introduction to the Spoken and Written Language of Laos

9539:"The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics" 8941: 8899: 8051:, and are not inflected to reflect declension or verbal tense, making Lao an 7967: 7959: 7254: 7237: 7088: 7071: 6822: 6771: 6739: 6721: 6691: 6677: 6663: 6633: 6578: 6515: 6465: 4976: 4604:

by speakers of other Lao dialects which have /h/. For example, Vientiane Lao

3332: 3285: 3100: 2927: 2860: 2814: 2556: 1955: 1850: 932: 885: 869: 857: 841: 824: 820: 787: 752: 731: 698: 688: 646: 635: 631: 592: 580: 419: 183: 7950:

Lao syllables are of the form (C)V(C), i.e., they consist of a vowel in the

12808: 12664: 12575: 12570: 12538: 12511: 12325: 11627: 11443: 11433: 11382: 11066: 10909: 10736: 10693: 10642: 10627: 10574: 10564: 10184:

Benedict, Paul K. (August 1947). "Languages and Literatures of Indochina".

10027:(pp. 280–292). Singapore: Asian Media Information and Communication Centre. 9572: 9219: 8887: 8028: 8009: 7844: 7839: 7039: 6988: 6858: 6684: 6472:. The complete inventory of Lao consonants is as shown in the table below: 4439: 1593:), actually an archaic variant. In slang and relaxed speech, Thai also has 960: 948: 563: 527: 66: 10458: 9504: 9308: 9283: 9265: 7581:

The tones in the Vientiane and Luang Prabang dialects in smooth syllables

414: 407: 12729: 12717: 12463: 12385: 12305: 12075: 11861: 11831: 11511: 10969: 10594: 9784:

Isan Writers, Thai Literature Writing and Regionalism in Modern Thailand.

8895: 8042: 7765: 7736: 7290: 7284: 7232: 7120: 7114: 7066: 5115:

France continued the promotion and spread of French until the end of the

4980: 2644: 936: 889: 861: 693: 342:

Educational Science Research Institute, Ministry of Education and Sports

252: 143: 10979: 10005: 9661:

Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor

9537:

Greenhill, Simon J.; Blust, Robert; Gray, Russell D. (3 November 2008).

9089:

and combined in special ligatures (considered separate letters) such as

7027:

The glottal stop appears at the end when no final follows a short vowel.

579:

region of northeastern Thailand, where it is usually referred to as the

54: 13188: 12792: 11901: 11881: 11826: 11821: 11458: 10205: 10023:

Panthamaly, P. (2008). Lao PDR. In B. Indrachit & S. Logan (eds.),

9523: 9313: 9288: 9270: 8869: 7371: 7242: 7201: 7076: 7050:. The monophthongs and diphthongs are as shown in the following table: 6540: 4972: 4447: 3056: 1909: 1881: 1863: 1846: 828: 584: 247: 139: 9627: 7739:

group. Also spoken in a few small and scattered Tai Phuan villages in

856:, distantly related to other languages of southern China, such as the 11610: 11590: 10499: 10324:

Tai Culture, 23: Route of the Roots: Tai-Asiatic Cultural Interaction

9554: 9334: 8914: 7831: 7261: 7095: 3052: 2868: 2773: 2652: 2623: 2610: 1892:

Lan Xang was religiously diverse, with most of the people practicing

1793: 650: 427: 398: 380: 362: 12396: 10468: 10279:

Revised proposal for encoding the Lanna script in the BMP of the UCS

10197: 8874: 7962:. The only consonant clusters allowed are syllable initial clusters 4985:

The Lao language consists primarily of native Lao words. Because of

4210:

provinces and on the Laotian side, portions of eastern and southern

2656: 11987: 11841: 11836: 11230: 9619: 8048: 8015: 7530: 7414: 5170: 5009: 5001: 4986: 2664: 1831: 1789: 905: 493: 317: 305: 90: 81: 1968:) poetry that were often incorporated into traditional folksongs. 602:, where the pitch or tone of a word can alter its meaning, and is 12153: 11605: 8910: 6134:

Vietnamese loanwords into Lao and differences with Thai and Isan

6121: 5174: 4218:

provinces. More Southern Lao features are found in the speech of

2715: 1920: 1897: 1768: 1767:

Taking advantage of rapid decline in the Khmer Empire, Phra Chao

944: 918: 914: 873: 588: 489: 329: 107: 11765: 9214:

Mystical, magical, and some religious literature was written in

899: 11982: 6385: 6311: 6237: 6165: 6060: 5988: 5916: 5844: 5772: 5700: 5640: 5568: 5508: 5436: 5364: 5292: 5232: 5141: 4994: 4482:

provinces. There are also small pockets of speakers located in

4021: 3957: 3951: 3890: 3829: 3744: 3680: 3616: 3552: 3488: 3424: 2636: 2478: 2414: 2345: 2279: 2215: 2149: 2083: 2017: 865: 11686: 9723:. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 14. 9207: 465: 124: 9421: 11796: 10300:

Towards a Computerization of the Lao Tham System of Writing

9971:"A model for the alignment of dialects in southwestern Tai" 8929: 5032:). Negative statements are made more polite by ending with 5005: 4990: 4251:), 'river', which is typical of Southern Lao as opposed to 3376:

Lack of /aj/-/aɯ/ merger in Northern (Louang Phrabang) Lao

2635:

The bulk of the Lao, however, settled after 1778 when King

1728: 1646:), which means 'building', 'foundation' or 'dorsal ridge'. 947:

and turbulence associated with the decline and fall of the

576: 572: 282: 85: 77: 9764:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. (pp. 1–20). 3138:

characteristic of Vientiane speech. For example, the word

645:

In Laos, Lao is not only the official language but also a

492:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

7768:

and, to some extent, Northern Khmer in Nakhon Ratchasima.

4064:

Northern Lao (Louang Phrabang) Dialect Tone Distribution

3274: 2643:(1767–1782) conquered Champasak and Vientiane and raided 921:

where the diversity of various Tai languages suggests an

9721:

Spirits of the Place: Buddhism and Lao Religious Culture

9675:

Diller, A. V. N., Edmondson, J. A. & Luo, Y. (2004)

4162: 2522: 9692:. (pp. 40–60). Banglamung, Thailand: White Lotus Press. 6379: 6305: 6231: 6159: 6054: 5982: 5910: 5838: 5766: 5694: 5634: 5562: 5502: 5430: 5358: 5286: 5226: 4446:

variety of Khmer and another Austroasiatic people, the

4015: 3945: 3884: 3823: 3738: 3674: 3610: 3546: 3482: 3418: 2472: 2408: 2339: 2273: 2209: 2143: 2077: 2011: 10437:

Simmala, Buasawan and Benjawan Poomsan Becker (2003),

9505:"Proto-Southwestern-Tai revised: A new reconstruction" 3308:

provinces. In the other northern Laotian provinces of

931:, sometime around 112 CE, but likely completed by the 10264:(pp. 635–637). Mountain View, CA: Unicode Consortium. 10098:. Analysis based on T. Hoshino and R. Marcus (1981). 9732:

Burusphat, S., Deepadung, S., & Suraratdecha, S.

9663:. Ooi, K. G. (ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc. 7958:

and optionally followed by a single consonant in the

3331:

Northern Lao, specifically the speech of the city of

1829:

obsolete, but as Thailand retains its monarchy, Thai

1522: 1502: 1441: 1391: 1332: 1312: 1251: 1201: 1142: 1122: 1061: 1011: 8959:

Short vowel, or short vowel plus unvoiced consonant

1916:

that the religion had become the dominant religion.

10347:

System for the Romanization of Lao, Khmer, and Pali

10298:Kourilsky, Grégory & Berment, Vincent. (2005). 7954:, optionally preceded by a single consonant in the 4307:), 'what's wrong?', as is typical of Southern Lao. 894: 10276:, Hosken, Martin, & Constable, Peter. (2007). 9536: 9512:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 9439: 8928:purposes and is still used in temples in Laos and 8878:Lao script on a sign at Wat That Luang, Vientiane. 6399: 6325: 6251: 6179: 6074: 6002: 5930: 5858: 5786: 5714: 5654: 5582: 5522: 5450: 5378: 5306: 5246: 4007: 3937: 3876: 3815: 3730: 3666: 3602: 3538: 3474: 3410: 2492: 2461: 2428: 2397: 2362: 2328: 2293: 2262: 2229: 2198: 2163: 2132: 2097: 2066: 2031: 2000: 1896:albeit somewhat influenced by local Austroasiatic 1528: 1508: 1447: 1397: 1338: 1318: 1257: 1207: 1148: 1128: 1067: 1017: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10149: 10125: 10123: 10121: 8890:in the 14th century, is ultimately rooted in the 6438: 6413: 6364: 6339: 6290: 6265: 6218: 6193: 6088: 6041: 6016: 5969: 5944: 5897: 5872: 5825: 5800: 5753: 5728: 5668: 5621: 5596: 5536: 5489: 5464: 5417: 5392: 5345: 5320: 5260: 4049: 4035: 3988: 3974: 3918: 3904: 3857: 3843: 3772: 3758: 3708: 3694: 3644: 3630: 3580: 3566: 3516: 3502: 3452: 3438: 2506: 2442: 2376: 2307: 2243: 2177: 2111: 2045: 1792:in 1354. Fa Ngoum was a grandson of the ruler of 13290: 10089:"On the Origins of Labialized Consonants in Lao" 10047:"On the Origins of Labialized Consonants in Lao" 9172:, a Mon-based script that is still used for the 8025:take one of four tones, and syllables ending in 6892:sounds are pronounced as , , and respectively. 6421: 6347: 6273: 6201: 4844:in Isan, Thailand. It is also spoken in much of 4311:Central Dialect Tone Distribution (Savannakhét) 1880:) or 'dharma letters' which was essentially the 819:. Together with Northwestern Tai—which includes 8021:take one of the six tones, syllables ending in 5042:). The following are formal register examples. 4856:Western Lao Dialect Tone Distribution (Roi Et) 3111:. As a result of the Lao rebellion of 1826 the 2592:in the far north. In 1718, Mueang Suwannaphum ( 1972:Shared Pali loan words from Theravada Buddhism 348:Institute of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, 10146: 10118: 10000: 9998: 9849: 9847: 9162:formerly used in Laos for religious literature 2727:the elimination or replacement of the letter ' 2716:Independence and Communist rule (1953–present) 1845:that with a few modifications survives as the 1718: 1704: 12412: 11781: 11204: 10995: 10484: 10311:First International Conference on Lao Studies 10102:. Rutland/Tokyo: Tuttle. Accessed 2009-12-19. 9690:The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang: Rise and Decline 8909:The script is traditionally classified as an 966: 10531: 10360:Hoshino, Tatsuo and Marcus, Russel. (1989). 8944:have five. Tones are determined as follows: 7778: 6096: 6024: 5952: 5880: 5808: 5736: 5676: 5604: 5544: 5472: 5400: 5328: 5268: 5177:. Since 1972, Laos has been associated with 10041: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10033: 9995: 9844: 9640: 9502: 9466: 9184:. The Lao style of this script is known as 9128:(falling tone), there also exists the rare 8953:Long vowel, or vowel plus voiced consonant 4713:Southern Dialect Tone (Pakxé) Distribution 1727:), 'sound'. Indic influences also came via 1660: 1651: 1637: 12419: 12405: 11788: 11774: 11211: 11197: 11002: 10988: 10491: 10477: 10381:. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 10256: 10254: 10161: 10129: 10115:Bangkok: Social Science Association Press. 9467:Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (1 January 2014). 7986: 7983:Satharanarat Prachathipatai Prachachon Lao 6393: 6319: 6245: 6173: 6068: 5996: 5924: 5852: 5780: 5708: 5648: 5576: 5516: 5444: 5372: 5300: 5240: 5184:Laos maintains the French-language weekly 4692:) to mean 'to know someone' as opposed to 4001: 3931: 3870: 3809: 3724: 3660: 3596: 3532: 3468: 3404: 3361: 3349: 3288:and pockets of villages spread throughout 2696: 2486: 2455: 2422: 2391: 2356: 2322: 2287: 2256: 2223: 2192: 2157: 2126: 2091: 2060: 2025: 1994: 1673: 1598: 1585: 1572: 1550:has produced the expected Lao /m/ outcome 1486: 1462: 1296: 1272: 1106: 1082: 464: 53: 11009: 10077:. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 9835: 9671: 9669: 9562: 9484: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9117: 9108: 9099: 9090: 9081: 9072: 9063: 9054: 9044: 8972: 8963: 7991:), indicating the simplification of Thai 6432: 6407: 6358: 6333: 6284: 6259: 6212: 6187: 6082: 6035: 6010: 5963: 5938: 5891: 5866: 5819: 5794: 5747: 5722: 5662: 5615: 5590: 5530: 5483: 5458: 5411: 5386: 5339: 5314: 5254: 5149: 5124: 5078: 5062: 5046: 5033: 5023: 5013: 4884: 4873: 4741: 4730: 4697: 4683: 4654: 4640: 4623: 4609: 4576: 4562: 4548: 4538: 4524: 4491: 4438:, where a large minority of speakers are 4339: 4328: 4298: 4284: 4270: 4256: 4239: 4085: 4076: 4043: 4029: 3982: 3968: 3912: 3898: 3851: 3837: 3766: 3752: 3702: 3688: 3638: 3624: 3574: 3560: 3510: 3496: 3446: 3432: 3367: 3355: 3197: 3188: 3160: 3143: 3116: 2935: 2668: 2627: 2614: 2593: 2568: 2500: 2436: 2370: 2301: 2237: 2171: 2105: 2039: 1960: 1941: 1928: 1854: 1817: 1772: 1687: 1620: 1555: 1480: 1412: 1290: 1222: 1100: 1032: 556: 39: 10183: 10030: 9968: 9959:Based on Yuphaphann Hoonchamlong (1981). 9719:Holt, J. C. (2009). 9608:Journal of the American Oriental Society 9601: 9599: 9498: 9496: 9433: 9218:(Aksar Khom), a modified version of the 9201: 9153: 8873: 5105: 4466:. In Laos, it is the primary dialect of 3176:Vientiane Dialect Six-Tone Distribution 3069: 2526: 1780:) defeated the Khmer and united the Tai 1754: 898: 534: 10394:Lao Phrasebook: A Language Survival Kit 10251: 10233: 10231: 10072: 9926:The Story of Lao r: Filling in the Gaps 9702: 9700: 9698: 9659:Gunn, G. C. (2004). 'Laotinization' in 9605: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9410: 7764:in Sisaket, Surin, and Buriram, and to 6115: 1750: 524:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 486:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 13291: 10237:UCLA International Institute, (n.d.). 9679:(pp. 49–56). New York, NYC: Routledge. 9666: 8935: 5000:Formal writing has a larger number of 3275:Northern Lao (Louang Phrabang) dialect 1784:of what is now Laos and Isan into the 939:soldiers and settlers, the end of the 12426: 12400: 11769: 11192: 10983: 10498: 10472: 10113:From Ancient Thai to Modern Dialects. 10068: 10066: 10006:http://www.francophonie.org/Laos.html 9866:. pp. 110–143. Special Issue 2(2015). 9776: 9767: 9596: 9587: 9530: 9493: 7979:Sathalanalat Pasathipatai Pasason Lao 7975:Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao 7229: 7063: 6482: 6475: 4163:Northeastern Lao dialect (Tai Phouan) 2523:Lao Three Kingdoms period (1713–1893) 1887: 1170:(initial) > Lao /h/, > Thai /r/ 562: 65: 12477: 10228: 9856: 9786:(pp. 145–149). Singapore: NUS Press. 9695: 9407: 7825: 7053: 6125:Vietnamese communists supported the 4666:), respectively but may sound like * 1567:) and the expected Thai /l/ outcome 8956:Long vowel plus unvoiced consonant 7408: 6848: 5095: 1606:), likely due to influence of Lao. 24: 10333: 10162:Osatananda, Varisa (August 2015). 10063: 9543:Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online 9362:. Ccat.sas.upenn.edu. 1995-01-20. 9259: 9143: 3328:across ethnic groups of the area. 2906:Scattered in isolated villages of 575:and a significant language in the 219:Northern Lao (Louang Phrabang Lao) 27:Kra–Dai language of Southeast Asia 25: 13330: 11795: 10452: 10262:The Unicode Standard Version 12.0 10025:Asian communication handbook 2008 9915:Madison: University of Wisconsin. 8882:The Lao script, derived from the 8858: 7378: 7362: 7351: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7208: 7192: 7181: 7167: 7160: 7153: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7010: 7001: 6987: 6980: 6971: 6964: 6948: 6939: 6932: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6801: 6785: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6738: 6731: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6690: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6655: 6646: 6639: 6609: 6602: 6577: 6570: 6561: 6552: 6545: 4519:Specific dialectal words include 3155:), 'cheek', is often pronounced * 660: 11945: 11220: 10963: 10459:Lao Language and Culture website 9906:Central Lao Tones (Savannakhét). 9503:Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2009). 9454:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00033.x 9442:Language and Linguistics Compass 9383: 9319: 9294: 9276: 7593:(Osatananda, 2015, p. 122) 7042:distinction. Diphthongs are all 6868:in final position. Hence, final 6468:and plain form, thus creating a 5132:) in an approximation of French 1862:) (1546–1551). The libraries of 1668:which was introduced in Thai as 895:Tai migration (8th–12th century) 504: 322: 310: 298: 275: 10316: 10292: 10267: 10177: 10105: 10081: 10017: 9962: 9942: 9918: 9898: 9889: 9869: 9815: 9802: 9789: 9754: 9726: 9713: 9682: 9653: 9634: 9396:from the original on 2021-03-02 9366:from the original on 2013-01-19 9341:from the original on 2017-12-27 7812: 7803: 7794: 7785: 7777:Itself a loan word from French 7771: 7754: 7729: 6137: 5353:'cinema', 'movie theater' (US) 4943: 4923: 4903: 4859: 4800: 4780: 4760: 4716: 4421: 4398: 4378: 4358: 4314: 4067: 3179: 3032: 2981: 2932: 2886: 2824: 2768: 2751: 2547:remained depopulated since the 10411:. White Lotus, Bangkok, 2001. 9939:, Special 2(2015), pps 97–109. 9473:Manusya: Journal of Humanities 9460: 9377: 9360:"Ausbau and Abstand languages" 9352: 9327: 9302: 9191: 8047:The majority of Lao words are 7988:สาธารณรัฐประชาธิปไตยประชาชนลาว 7588:(Osatananda, 1997, p. 40) 6464:Many consonants in Lao have a 5388:ດີຊອນແນ/ດີຊອນແນຣ໌ (*ดิซอนแนร์) 4823: 4709:) used in all other dialects. 4188: 3292:provinces. The Isan people of 1523: 1503: 1442: 1392: 1333: 1313: 1252: 1202: 1143: 1123: 1062: 1012: 571:, is the official language of 13: 1: 13319:Subject–verb–object languages 9904:Hmong Research Group (2009). 9252: 8863: 8036: 7981:, with the Thai analog being 6459: 4966: 3787:Northern Lao dialectal words 1866:were copied, introducing the 8033:take one of only two tones. 7945: 6454: 6386: 6312: 6238: 6166: 6061: 5989: 5917: 5845: 5773: 5749:ຄົນສົ່ງໜັງສື (*คนส่งหนังสือ) 5701: 5641: 5569: 5509: 5437: 5365: 5293: 5233: 4442:people speaking the archaic 4022: 3958: 3952: 3891: 3830: 3745: 3681: 3617: 3553: 3489: 3425: 3034:Western Lao (Standard Isan) 2479: 2415: 2346: 2280: 2216: 2150: 2084: 2018: 1529:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1509:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1448:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1398:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1339:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1319:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1258:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1208:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1149:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1129:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1068:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1018:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 610:, also bear similarities to 567:), sometimes referred to as 7: 10173:. Special Issue 2: 110–143. 10130:Osatananda, Varisa (1997). 9978:Journal of the Siam Society 9950:Southern Lao Tones (Pakxé). 9225: 7038:All vowels make a phonemic 6439: 6414: 6400: 6365: 6340: 6326: 6291: 6266: 6252: 6219: 6194: 6180: 6089: 6075: 6042: 6017: 6003: 5970: 5945: 5931: 5898: 5873: 5859: 5826: 5801: 5787: 5754: 5729: 5724:ຟັກເຕີ/ຟັກເຕີຣ໌ (*ฟักเตอร์) 5715: 5669: 5655: 5622: 5597: 5583: 5537: 5532:ຫມາກປົ່ມ/ໝາກປົ່ມ (*หมากป่ม) 5523: 5490: 5465: 5451: 5418: 5393: 5379: 5346: 5321: 5307: 5261: 5247: 5069:/kʰa᷆ːnɔ̂ːjhētbɔ̄ːdâjdɔ᷆ːk/ 4179:Chiang Saen (Thai) language 4110:High-Falling (glottalized) 4050: 4036: 4008: 3989: 3975: 3938: 3919: 3905: 3877: 3858: 3844: 3816: 3773: 3759: 3731: 3709: 3695: 3667: 3645: 3631: 3603: 3581: 3567: 3539: 3517: 3503: 3475: 3453: 3439: 3411: 3242:High-Falling (glottalized) 2738: 2703:French protectorate of Laos 2507: 2493: 2462: 2443: 2429: 2398: 2377: 2363: 2329: 2308: 2294: 2263: 2244: 2230: 2199: 2178: 2164: 2133: 2112: 2098: 2067: 2046: 2032: 2001: 1632:), 'doorframe', from Khmer 1360:> Lao /ɲ/, > Thai /j/ 980:> Lao /m/, > Thai /l/ 844:, which are split into the 835:—and Southern Tai form the 718:Northwestern Tai languages 350:National University of Laos 10: 13335: 10171:The Journal of Lao Studies 9984:(2): 72–87. Archived from 9937:The Journal of Lao Studies 9864:The Journal of Lao Studies 9237:Comparison of Lao and Thai 9232:Comparison of Lao and Isan 9195: 9147: 8867: 8062: 8040: 7760:Southern Lao gives way to 6380: 6306: 6232: 6160: 6055: 5983: 5911: 5839: 5767: 5761:'postman', 'mailman' (US) 5695: 5635: 5563: 5503: 5431: 5359: 5287: 5256:ກາລະວັດ/ກາຣະວັດ (*การะวัด) 5227: 5099: 4970: 4791:Low-Falling (glottalized) 4226:provinces of Thailand and 4166: 4016: 3946: 3885: 3824: 3739: 3675: 3611: 3547: 3483: 3419: 3222:Low-Falling (glottalized) 2722:History of Laos since 1945 2719: 2700: 2639:, Siamese king during the 2473: 2409: 2340: 2274: 2210: 2144: 2078: 2012: 967:Divergence and convergence 883: 879: 714:Southwestern Tai languages 664: 591:that evolved from ancient 13273: 13225: 13207: 13170: 13146: 13101: 13085: 13008: 12966: 12891: 12880: 12822: 12758: 12743: 12716: 12698: 12625: 12607: 12589: 12524: 12434: 12358: 12291: 12213: 12204: 12139: 12130: 12034: 12025: 11963: 11954: 11943: 11807: 11742: 11710: 11672: 11665: 11643:Red Karen (Eastern Kayah) 11561: 11538: 11477: 11373: 11360: 11330: 11314: 11283: 11262: 11253: 11237: 11165: 11120: 11042: 11033: 11017: 10959: 10943: 10922: 10865: 10797: 10774: 10712: 10684: 10656: 10618: 10540: 10522: 10506: 10260:Unicode. (2019). Lao. In 10186:The Far Eastern Quarterly 9486:10.1163/26659077-01703004 9422:http://www.ethnologue.com 9337:. About World Languages. 9136: 9130: 9124: 9118: 9109: 9100: 9091: 9082: 9073: 9064: 9055: 9045: 8973: 8964: 8075: 8069: 7987: 7629:high-falling-to-mid-level 7590: 7585: 7329: 7301: 7282: 7270: 7260: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7159: 7131: 7112: 7102: 7094: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7033: 6795: 6750: 6589: 6539: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6433: 6408: 6394: 6359: 6334: 6320: 6285: 6260: 6246: 6226:'Vietnamese noodle soup' 6213: 6188: 6174: 6083: 6069: 6036: 6011: 5997: 5964: 5939: 5925: 5892: 5867: 5853: 5820: 5795: 5781: 5748: 5723: 5709: 5663: 5649: 5616: 5591: 5577: 5531: 5517: 5484: 5459: 5445: 5412: 5387: 5373: 5340: 5315: 5301: 5255: 5241: 5192:Khaosane Phathét Lao News 5150: 5125: 5079: 5067:(kha noi het bo lai dok, 5063: 5047: 5034: 5024: 5014: 4885: 4874: 4742: 4731: 4698: 4684: 4655: 4641: 4624: 4610: 4592:as either the rhotic tap 4577: 4563: 4549: 4539: 4525: 4492: 4340: 4329: 4299: 4285: 4271: 4257: 4240: 4130:Mid-Rising (glottalized) 4086: 4077: 4044: 4030: 4002: 3983: 3969: 3932: 3913: 3899: 3871: 3852: 3838: 3810: 3767: 3753: 3725: 3703: 3689: 3661: 3639: 3625: 3597: 3575: 3561: 3533: 3511: 3497: 3469: 3447: 3433: 3405: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3198: 3189: 3161: 3144: 3117: 2936: 2669: 2628: 2615: 2605:) in 1718 in what is now 2594: 2569: 2501: 2487: 2456: 2437: 2423: 2392: 2371: 2357: 2323: 2302: 2288: 2257: 2238: 2224: 2193: 2172: 2158: 2127: 2106: 2092: 2061: 2040: 2026: 1995: 1961: 1942: 1929: 1855: 1818: 1773: 1719: 1705: 1688: 1674: 1661: 1652: 1638: 1621: 1599: 1586: 1573: 1556: 1487: 1481: 1463: 1413: 1297: 1291: 1273: 1223: 1107: 1101: 1083: 1033: 557: 472: 463: 449: 425: 396: 378: 360: 355: 336: 288: 270:Official language in 268: 263: 237: 213: 167: 158:: 3.7 million (2015) 149: 135: 73: 61: 52: 40: 37: 32: 12039:Administrative divisions 10409:Thai–Isan–Lao Phrasebook 10111:Brown, J. Marvin. 1965. 8847:/(nɯ̄ŋ) pʰán lâːn lâːn/ 7400: 5199:French loanwords in Lao 5053:/kʰɔ᷆ːptɕàjlǎːjlǎːjdɤ̂ː/ 5051:(khop chai lai lai doe, 4596:or a strongly velarized 4181:rather than part of the 3026:(Nakhon Ratsasima), and 2647:for slaves, seizing the 1860:/sájsȅːt.tʰăː.tʰīʔ.lȃːt/ 1682:) and spread to Isan as 1349:{'to vomit'} {} {} {} {} 943:of Vietnam, the fall of 445: Northeastern Thai 222:Northeastern Lao (Phuan) 11128:Cambodian Sign Language 10392:Cummings, Joe. (2002). 10375:Enfield, N. J. (2007). 10087:Blaine Erickson, 2001. 10073:Enfield, N. J. (2007). 10045:Blaine Erickson, 2001. 9760:Stuart-Fox, M. (1997). 9706:Phra Ariyuwat. (1996). 9688:Stuart-Fox, M. (1998). 8675:(ໜຶ່ງ)ໝື່ນ/(ໜຶ່ງ)ຫມື່ນ 7679:/kʰaː˧˨/ ຂ່າ "galangal" 7668:/kʰaː˧˧/ ຂ່າ "galangal" 5102:French language in Laos 4600:which is confused with 4571:) instead of Vientiane 4293:) instead of Vientiane 2697:French Laos (1893–1953) 2584:and later in 1713, the 935:. Due to the influx of 854:Kra-Dai language family 11166:Main foreign languages 10951:Laotian sign languages 10923:Main foreign languages 10441:. Paiboon Publishing. 10424:Lao–English Dictionary 10248:. Accessed 2010-07-27. 9877:Louang Phrabang Tones. 9808:Compton, C. J. (2009) 9749:Journal of Lao Studies 9211: 9163: 8920:Lao is written in the 8879: 8718:'one hundred thousand' 7779: 6422: 6348: 6274: 6202: 6097: 6025: 5953: 5881: 5809: 5737: 5677: 5605: 5545: 5473: 5460:ອາຟິກ/ອາຟຣິກ (*อาฟรีก) 5401: 5329: 5316:ໂຮງຊີເນມາ (*โฮงซิเนมา) 5269: 5111: 4533:), 'riparian island', 2540: 2537:Maha Sarakham Province 1764: 1539:'mosquito' {} {} {} {} 1530: 1510: 1449: 1399: 1340: 1320: 1259: 1209: 1159:'slippery' {} {} {} {} 1150: 1130: 1069: 1019: 910: 766:Lao-Phuthai languages 758:Southern Thai language 745:Northern Thai language 741:Chiang Saen languages 704:Northern Tai languages 628:mutual intelligibility 564:[pʰáː.sǎːláːw] 549: 512:This article contains 474:This article contains 67:[pʰáː.sǎːláːw] 13309:Languages of Thailand 11877:Japanese puppet state 11702:Southwestern Mandarin 11011:Languages of Cambodia 10422:Kerr, Allen. (1994). 10364:. Tuttle Publishing. 10132:Tone in Vientiane Lao 9969:Hartmann, J. (1971). 9948:Hartmann, J. (2002). 9924:Davis, G. W. (2015). 9875:Hartmann, J. (2002). 9821:Hartmann, J. (2002). 9782:Platt, M. B. (2013). 9205: 9157: 9140:(rising) tone marks. 8877: 8850:1,000,000,000,000,000 7721:/kʰaː˧˦/ ຄ້າ "trade" 7701:/kʰaː˥˥˨/ ຂ້າ "kill" 7681:/kʰaː˧˨/ ຄ່າ "trade" 7059:Short vowel phonemes 6372:'carpenter's square', 5109: 5100:Further information: 5089:Open the door, please 5085:/kʰǎjpáʔ.tùːha᷆jdɛ̄ː/ 4981:Sanskrit global usage 4817:Lower-Middle (short) 4618:), 'to receive', and 4484:Steung Treng Province 3865:'to joke', 'to play' 3070:Vientiane Lao dialect 2530: 2251:'to share rejoicing' 1758: 1531: 1511: 1450: 1400: 1341: 1321: 1260: 1210: 1151: 1131: 1070: 1020: 909:of southeastern China 902: 884:Further information: 709:Central Tai languages 665:Further information: 547: 12013:World Heritage Sites 9795:Ivarson, S. (2008). 9677:Tai-Kadai languages. 7712:/kʰaː˥˨/ ຄ້າ "trade" 7670:/kʰaː˧˧/ ຄ່າ "value" 7225:Long vowel phonemes 7044:centering diphthongs 6116:Vietnamese loanwords 5083:(khai patu hai dae, 5064:ຂ້ານ້ອຍເຮັດບໍ່ໄດ້ດອກ 4948:Rising-High-Falling 4635:) are pronounced as 4502:Kingdom of Champasak 4228:Savannakhét Province 4183:Lao–Phutai languages 4057:'parcel', 'package' 3037:* Not found in Laos 2828:Louang Phrabang Lao 2778:Vientiane Prefecture 2574:/súʔ.līʔ.ɲāʔwóŋ.sǎː/ 1760:Wat Phra That Phanom 1751:Lan Xang (1354–1707) 1520: 1500: 1439: 1389: 1330: 1310: 1249: 1199: 1140: 1120: 1059: 1009: 655:diaspora communities 411: – PDR Lao 258:Thai and Lao Braille 13314:Isolating languages 11912:Vietnamese invasion 11867:French protectorate 11366:by languages groups 10464:Lao True Type Fonts 10339:Lew, Sigrid. 2013. 9886:Based Brown (1965). 9390:factsanddetails.com 9284:Isan (Thailand Lao) 9247:Romanization of Lao 9180:, and formerly for 8936:Indication of tones 8842:໑໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐ 8808:/(nɯ̄ŋ) lâːn lâːn/ 8778:/(nɯ̄ŋ) pʰán lâːn/ 8614:/(nɯ̄ŋ) hɔ̂ːj ʔét/ 8057:subject–verb–object 7692:/kʰaː˧˩/ ຂ້າ "kill" 7655:/kʰaː˩˨/ ຄາ "stuck" 7646:/kʰaː˧˥/ ຄາ "stuck" 7635:/kʰaː˥˧˧/ ຂາ "leg" 7626:/kaː˩(˧)/ ກາ "crow" 7624:/kʰaː˩(˧)/ ຂາ "leg" 7582: 7226: 7060: 6135: 5796:ປາບາແລນ (*ปลาบาแลน) 5200: 5057:Thank you very much 4928:Rising-Mid-Falling 4857: 4714: 4312: 4104:Mid-Falling Rising 4065: 3788: 3377: 3177: 3063:(Nakhon Ratsasima) 3010:(Ubon Ratsathani), 2890:Phuan (Phouan) Lao 2871:(Khon Chaen), also 2749: 2603:/súʔ.wán.nāʔ.pʰúːm/ 2599:Muang Souvannaphoum 1973: 1733:liturgical language 1493:{} {} nyung {} yung 749:Sukhothai language 667:Tai–Kadai languages 420:Isan (Thailand Lao) 290:Recognised minority 163:: 800,000 (no date) 13209:proposed groupings 12177:Telecommunications 11927:History since 1945 11922:History until 1945 11750:Thai Sign Language 11674:Immigrant language 10345:ANSI Z39.35-1979, 10305:2007-08-02 at the 10285:2019-06-14 at the 10244:2010-12-30 at the 10094:2017-10-11 at the 10052:2017-10-11 at the 10011:2017-06-10 at the 9955:2020-07-13 at the 9931:2021-03-05 at the 9911:2010-06-14 at the 9882:2022-01-26 at the 9828:2020-08-11 at the 9743:2013-12-02 at the 9427:2007-12-27 at the 9242:Literature of Laos 9212: 9164: 9158:An example of the 8880: 8852:'one quadrillion' 8844:(ນຶ່ງ)ພັນລ້ານລ້ານ 7695:high level-falling 7657:/kaː˩˨/ ກາ "crow" 7580: 7224: 7058: 6476:Initial consonants 6133: 5716:khon song praisani 5702:khon song praisani 5592:ເບີ/ເບີຣ໌ (*เบอร์) 5198: 5112: 4855: 4771:Low (glottalized) 4712: 4310: 4206:and some areas of 4063: 3786: 3375: 3175: 3083:and some areas of 3077:Vientiane Province 3059:(Sainyaphum), and 2747: 2549:Post-Angkor Period 2541: 1971: 1888:Theravada Buddhism 1765: 1737:Theravada Buddhism 1713:), 'distant', and 1526: 1506: 1445: 1395: 1336: 1316: 1255: 1205: 1146: 1126: 1113:{} {} muen {} luen 1065: 1015: 941:Chinese occupation 911: 550: 231:Western Lao (Isan) 13304:Languages of Laos 13286: 13285: 13280:extinct languages 13166: 13165: 13142: 13141: 12520: 12519: 12428:Kra–Dai languages 12394: 12393: 12354: 12353: 12200: 12199: 12126: 12125: 12103:Political parties 12091:National Assembly 12059:General Secretary 12054:Foreign relations 12021: 12020: 11937:2007 coup attempt 11907:Laotian Civil War 11897:Ho Chi Minh trail 11872:Japanese invasion 11763: 11762: 11738: 11737: 11661: 11660: 11356: 11355: 11238:Official language 11186: 11185: 11161: 11160: 11018:Official language 10977: 10976: 10918: 10917: 10770: 10769: 10507:Official language 10500:Languages of Laos 10439:Lao for Beginners 10407:Mollerup, Asger. 10396:. Lonely Planet. 9762:A History of Laos 9643:ภาษาและภาษาศาสตร์ 9317:(27th ed., 2024) 9292:(27th ed., 2024) 9274:(27th ed., 2024) 9160:Tai Tham alphabet 9116:. In addition to 9041: 9040: 8856: 8855: 8811:1,000,000,000,000 8619:'one hundred one' 8314:/săːm síp sɔ̌ːŋ/ 8053:analytic language 7943: 7942: 7826:Checked syllables 7725: 7724: 7578: 7577: 7397: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7220: 7219: 7022: 7021: 6846: 6845: 6703: 6636: 6599: 6470:phonemic contrast 6452: 6451: 6113: 6112: 6109:'gramme', 'gram' 5755:khon song nangsue 5117:Laotian Civil War 4964: 4963: 4821: 4820: 4419: 4418: 4160: 4159: 4061: 4060: 3784: 3783: 3272: 3271: 3067: 3066: 3061:Nakhon Ratchasima 3024:Nakhon Ratchasima 2683:Nakhon Ratchasima 2670:ອານຸວົງ/ອານຸວົງສ໌ 2661:Laotian Rebellion 2520: 2519: 1914:sixteenth century 1906:Mahayana Buddhism 1900:, as well as the 1894:Tai folk religion 1835:is still active. 684:Kam-Sui languages 608:Kra-Dai languages 545: 520:rendering support 500: 499: 482:rendering support 478:phonetic symbols. 338:Regulated by 16:(Redirected from 13326: 12889: 12888: 12756: 12755: 12475: 12474: 12421: 12414: 12407: 12398: 12397: 12374: 12367: 12211: 12210: 12157: 12137: 12136: 12032: 12031: 11961: 11960: 11949: 11790: 11783: 11776: 11767: 11766: 11712:Working language 11670: 11669: 11514: 11507: 11500: 11423: 11416: 11371: 11370: 11367: 11260: 11259: 11225: 11224: 11223: 11213: 11206: 11199: 11190: 11189: 11040: 11039: 11004: 10997: 10990: 10981: 10980: 10968: 10967: 10966: 10538: 10537: 10529: 10528: 10493: 10486: 10479: 10470: 10469: 10378:A Grammar of Lao 10327: 10320: 10314: 10296: 10290: 10274:Everson, Michael 10271: 10265: 10258: 10249: 10235: 10226: 10225: 10181: 10175: 10174: 10168: 10159: 10144: 10143: 10127: 10116: 10109: 10103: 10085: 10079: 10078: 10075:A Grammar of Lao 10070: 10061: 10058:The Lao Language 10043: 10028: 10021: 10015: 10002: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9975: 9966: 9960: 9946: 9940: 9922: 9916: 9902: 9896: 9893: 9887: 9873: 9867: 9860: 9854: 9851: 9842: 9839: 9833: 9823:Vientiane Tones. 9819: 9813: 9806: 9800: 9793: 9787: 9780: 9774: 9771: 9765: 9758: 9752: 9730: 9724: 9717: 9711: 9704: 9693: 9686: 9680: 9673: 9664: 9657: 9651: 9650: 9638: 9632: 9631: 9603: 9594: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9566: 9555:10.4137/ebo.s893 9534: 9528: 9527: 9509: 9500: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9464: 9458: 9457: 9437: 9431: 9418: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9401: 9381: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9371: 9356: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9346: 9331: 9325: 9324: 9323: 9306: 9300: 9299: 9298: 9281: 9280: 9263: 9198:Khom Thai script 9139: 9138: 9133: 9132: 9127: 9126: 9121: 9120: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9079: 9076: 9075: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9048: 9047: 8982:High consonants 8976: 8975: 8967: 8966: 8947: 8946: 8722: 8687: 8067: 8066: 8032: 8024: 8020: 8013: 8005: 7990: 7989: 7965: 7952:syllable nucleus 7934: 7916: 7898: 7880: 7852: 7851: 7848: 7837: 7819: 7816: 7810: 7807: 7801: 7798: 7792: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7775: 7769: 7758: 7752: 7733: 7583: 7579: 7569: 7565: 7557:Mid-low falling 7546: 7525: 7506: 7487: 7468: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7420: 7409:Smooth syllables 7382: 7366: 7355: 7341: 7334: 7327: 7313: 7306: 7299: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7227: 7223: 7212: 7196: 7185: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7105: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7048:falling sonority 7014: 7005: 6991: 6984: 6975: 6968: 6952: 6943: 6936: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6883: 6875: 6863: 6849:Final consonants 6832: 6825: 6818: 6811: 6805: 6789: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6742: 6735: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6699: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6650: 6643: 6632: 6613: 6606: 6595: 6581: 6574: 6565: 6556: 6549: 6480: 6479: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6429: 6425: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6355: 6351: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6281: 6277: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6209: 6205: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6136: 6132: 6104: 6100: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6084:ກາມ/ກຣາມ (*กราม) 6078: 6072: 6071: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5960: 5956: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5888: 5884: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5816: 5812: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5612: 5608: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5552: 5548: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5480: 5476: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5336: 5332: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5201: 5197: 5164: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5139: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5096:French loanwords 5086: 5082: 5081: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5048:ຂອບໃຈຫຼາຍ ໆ ເດີ້ 5041: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5016: 4888: 4887: 4877: 4876: 4858: 4854: 4850:Nakhon Ratsasima 4848:and portions of 4745: 4744: 4734: 4733: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4701: 4700: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4665: 4658: 4657: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4634: 4627: 4626: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4579: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4542: 4541: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4464:Nakhon Ratsasima 4458:and portions of 4343: 4342: 4332: 4331: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4250: 4243: 4242: 4089: 4088: 4080: 4079: 4066: 4062: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3984:ຂມົນປັງ (ขนมปัง) 3978: 3972: 3971: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3789: 3785: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3201: 3200: 3192: 3191: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3164: 3163: 3154: 3147: 3146: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3103:and portions of 3079:and portions of 3008:Ubon Ratchathani 2946:and portions of 2939: 2938: 2888:Northeastern Lao 2879:(Phetsabun) and 2750: 2746: 2734: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2631: 2630: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2604: 2597: 2596: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2531:Temple mural of 2510: 2504: 2503: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2336: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2270: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2187:'transgression' 2181: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1851:Xay Xétthathirat 1824: 1821: 1820: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1699:) from Sanskrit 1698: 1691: 1690: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1664: 1663: 1659:, 'distant' and 1655: 1654: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1631: 1624: 1623: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1566: 1559: 1558: 1535: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1483: 1466: 1465: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1416: 1415: 1404: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1325: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1303:{} {} hak {} rak 1300: 1299: 1294: 1293: 1276: 1275: 1264: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1226: 1225: 1214: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1155: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1135: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1103: 1086: 1085: 1074: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1036: 1035: 1024: 1022: 1021: 1016: 929:Zhuang languages 775:Phuthai language 727:Tai Lue language 640:Southwestern Tai 566: 560: 559: 546: 526: instead of 508: 507: 468: 459: 444: 437: 417: 410: 401: 392: 391: 383: 374: 373: 365: 328: 326: 325: 316: 314: 313: 304: 302: 301: 292:language in 281: 279: 278: 243: 173: 69: 57: 43: 42: 30: 29: 21: 18:Laotian language 13334: 13333: 13329: 13328: 13327: 13325: 13324: 13323: 13289: 13288: 13287: 13282: 13269: 13227:Proto-languages 13221: 13203: 13162: 13138: 13097: 13081: 13004: 12962: 12884: 12876: 12818: 12788:Longsang Zhuang 12768:Standard Zhuang 12747: 12739: 12712: 12694: 12621: 12603: 12585: 12516: 12473: 12430: 12425: 12395: 12390: 12377: 12370: 12363: 12350: 12341:Public holidays 12287: 12278:Sex trafficking 12196: 12155: 12122: 12081:Law enforcement 12017: 11998:Protected areas 11950: 11941: 11887:Kingdom of Laos 11803: 11794: 11764: 11759: 11734: 11706: 11657: 11557: 11534: 11510: 11503: 11496: 11473: 11419: 11412: 11365: 11364: 11352: 11326: 11310: 11279: 11249: 11233: 11221: 11219: 11217: 11187: 11182: 11157: 11116: 11035: 11029: 11013: 11008: 10978: 10973: 10970:Laos portal 10964: 10962: 10955: 10939: 10914: 10861: 10793: 10766: 10708: 10680: 10652: 10614: 10524: 10518: 10502: 10497: 10455: 10426:. White Lotus. 10336: 10334:Further reading 10331: 10330: 10321: 10317: 10307:Wayback Machine 10297: 10293: 10287:Wayback Machine 10272: 10268: 10259: 10252: 10246:Wayback Machine 10236: 10229: 10198:10.2307/2049433 10182: 10178: 10166: 10160: 10147: 10128: 10119: 10110: 10106: 10096:Wayback Machine 10086: 10082: 10071: 10064: 10054:Wayback Machine 10044: 10031: 10022: 10018: 10013:Wayback Machine 10003: 9996: 9988: 9973: 9967: 9963: 9957:Wayback Machine 9947: 9943: 9933:Wayback Machine 9923: 9919: 9913:Wayback Machine 9903: 9899: 9894: 9890: 9884:Wayback Machine 9874: 9870: 9861: 9857: 9852: 9845: 9840: 9836: 9830:Wayback Machine 9820: 9816: 9807: 9803: 9794: 9790: 9781: 9777: 9772: 9768: 9759: 9755: 9745:Wayback Machine 9731: 9727: 9718: 9714: 9705: 9696: 9687: 9683: 9674: 9667: 9658: 9654: 9639: 9635: 9604: 9597: 9592: 9588: 9535: 9531: 9507: 9501: 9494: 9465: 9461: 9438: 9434: 9429:Wayback Machine 9419: 9408: 9399: 9397: 9384:Hays, Jeffrey. 9382: 9378: 9369: 9367: 9358: 9357: 9353: 9344: 9342: 9333: 9332: 9328: 9318: 9307: 9303: 9293: 9282: 9275: 9264: 9260: 9255: 9228: 9200: 9194: 9152: 9150:Tai Tham script 9146: 9144:Tai Tham script 9122:(low tone) and 9022:Low consonants 9002:Mid consonants 8938: 8922:Tai Tham script 8872: 8866: 8861: 8851: 8843: 8838: 8836: 8821: 8819: 8813:'one trillion' 8812: 8805:(ນຶ່ງ)ລ້ານລ້ານ 8804: 8799: 8797: 8789: 8782: 8774: 8769: 8767: 8759: 8752: 8744: 8739: 8737: 8729: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8713:/(nɯ̄ŋ) sɛ̆ːn/ 8709: 8704: 8702: 8694: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8678:/(nɯ̄ŋ) mɯ̄ːn/ 8674: 8669: 8667: 8659: 8652: 8650: 8642: 8637: 8635: 8627: 8620: 8618: 8611:(ນຶ່ງ)ຮ້ອຍເອັດ 8610: 8605: 8603: 8595: 8588: 8586: 8582:/(nɯ̄ŋ) hɔ̂ːj/ 8578: 8573: 8571: 8563: 8556: 8554: 8546: 8541: 8539: 8529: 8527: 8520: 8518: 8508: 8506: 8501: 8499: 8489: 8487: 8480: 8478: 8468: 8466: 8461: 8459: 8449: 8447: 8440: 8438: 8428: 8426: 8421: 8419: 8409: 8407: 8400: 8398: 8388: 8386: 8381: 8379: 8369: 8367: 8360: 8358: 8348: 8346: 8341: 8339: 8329: 8327: 8320: 8318: 8308: 8306: 8301: 8299: 8289: 8287: 8280: 8278: 8274:/săːm síp ʔét/ 8268: 8266: 8261: 8259: 8249: 8247: 8240: 8238: 8228: 8226: 8221: 8219: 8209: 8207: 8200: 8198: 8188: 8186: 8181: 8179: 8169: 8167: 8160: 8158: 8148: 8146: 8141: 8139: 8129: 8127: 8120: 8118: 8108: 8106: 8099: 8097: 8087: 8085: 8065: 8045: 8039: 7948: 7921:if, inevitably 7908:Mid-low falling 7832:obstruent sound 7828: 7823: 7822: 7817: 7813: 7808: 7804: 7799: 7795: 7790: 7786: 7776: 7772: 7759: 7755: 7734: 7730: 7680: 7669: 7656: 7625: 7592: 7587: 7411: 7403: 7398: 7287: 7117: 7036: 6851: 6478: 6462: 6457: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6426: 6418: 6412: 6404: 6398: 6390: 6384: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6352: 6344: 6338: 6330: 6324: 6316: 6310: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6278: 6270: 6264: 6256: 6250: 6242: 6236: 6223: 6217: 6206: 6198: 6192: 6184: 6178: 6170: 6164: 6118: 6101: 6093: 6087: 6079: 6073: 6065: 6059: 6046: 6040: 6029: 6021: 6015: 6007: 6001: 5993: 5987: 5974: 5968: 5957: 5949: 5943: 5935: 5929: 5921: 5915: 5902: 5896: 5885: 5877: 5871: 5863: 5857: 5849: 5843: 5830: 5824: 5813: 5805: 5799: 5791: 5785: 5777: 5771: 5758: 5752: 5741: 5733: 5727: 5719: 5713: 5705: 5699: 5681: 5673: 5667: 5659: 5653: 5645: 5639: 5626: 5620: 5609: 5601: 5595: 5587: 5581: 5573: 5567: 5549: 5541: 5535: 5527: 5521: 5513: 5507: 5494: 5488: 5477: 5469: 5463: 5455: 5449: 5441: 5435: 5422: 5416: 5405: 5397: 5391: 5383: 5380:photchananukrom 5377: 5369: 5366:photchananukrom 5363: 5350: 5344: 5333: 5325: 5319: 5311: 5308:rong phapphayon 5305: 5297: 5294:hong phapphayon 5291: 5273: 5265: 5259: 5251: 5245: 5237: 5231: 5217: 5179:La Francophonie 5130:/sáŋ.tìː.mɛ́ːt/ 5104: 5098: 4983: 4969: 4826: 4452:Ubon Ratsathani 4424: 4409:Rising-Falling 4389:Rising-Falling 4191: 4171: 4165: 4054: 4048: 4040: 4034: 4026: 4020: 4012: 4006: 3993: 3987: 3979: 3973: 3964: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3942: 3936: 3923: 3917: 3909: 3903: 3895: 3889: 3881: 3875: 3862: 3856: 3848: 3842: 3834: 3828: 3820: 3814: 3777: 3771: 3763: 3757: 3749: 3743: 3735: 3729: 3716:'wood'. 'tree' 3713: 3707: 3699: 3693: 3685: 3679: 3671: 3665: 3649: 3643: 3635: 3629: 3621: 3615: 3607: 3601: 3585: 3579: 3571: 3565: 3557: 3551: 3543: 3537: 3521: 3515: 3507: 3501: 3493: 3487: 3479: 3473: 3457: 3451: 3443: 3437: 3429: 3423: 3415: 3409: 3333:Louang Phrabang 3302:Louang Phrabang 3277: 3097:Nong Bua Lamphu 3072: 2889: 2883:(outside Isan) 2832:Louang Phrabang 2827: 2795:Nong Bua Lamphu 2741: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2705: 2699: 2641:Thonburi Period 2607:Roi Et Province 2578:Louang Phrabang 2553:Nong Bua Lamphu 2525: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2497: 2491: 2483: 2477: 2466: 2460: 2447: 2441: 2433: 2427: 2419: 2413: 2402: 2396: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2367: 2361: 2352: 2350: 2344: 2333: 2327: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2298: 2292: 2284: 2278: 2267: 2261: 2248: 2242: 2234: 2228: 2220: 2214: 2205:/ʔanumoːd̪anaː/ 2203: 2197: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2168: 2162: 2154: 2148: 2137: 2131: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2102: 2096: 2088: 2082: 2071: 2065: 2054: 2050: 2044: 2036: 2030: 2022: 2016: 2005: 1999: 1890: 1786:mandala kingdom 1753: 1689:ໂທຣະສັບ/ໂທລະສັບ 1543: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1477: 1459: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1427: 1409: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1377: 1353: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1287: 1269: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1237: 1219: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1187: 1163: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1097: 1079: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1047: 1029: 1010: 1007: 1006: 997: 969: 897: 892: 882: 801: 770:Tai Yo language 722:Khamti language 669: 663: 622:languages like 614:languages like 535: 533: 532: 531: 518:Without proper 509: 505: 480:Without proper 455: 440: 439: 433: 413: 412: 406: 405: 397: 387: 386: 379: 369: 368: 361: 347: 343: 332: 323: 321: 320: 311: 309: 308: 299: 297: 293: 291: 276: 274: 271: 264:Official status 256: 251: 244: 239: 209: 174: 171:Language family 169: 159: 152: 151:Native speakers 142: 123: 106: 89: 80: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13332: 13322: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13284: 13283: 13274: 13271: 13270: 13268: 13267: 13260: 13253: 13246: 13239: 13231: 13229: 13223: 13222: 13220: 13219: 13213: 13211: 13205: 13204: 13202: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13180: 13178: 13168: 13167: 13164: 13163: 13161: 13160: 13154: 13152: 13144: 13143: 13140: 13139: 13137: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13105: 13103: 13099: 13098: 13096: 13095: 13089: 13087: 13083: 13082: 13080: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13012: 13010: 13006: 13005: 13003: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12970: 12968: 12964: 12963: 12961: 12960: 12953: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12895: 12893: 12886: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12828: 12826: 12820: 12819: 12817: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12764: 12762: 12753: 12741: 12740: 12738: 12737: 12732: 12726: 12724: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12710: 12704: 12702: 12696: 12695: 12693: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12631: 12629: 12623: 12622: 12620: 12619: 12613: 12611: 12605: 12604: 12602: 12601: 12595: 12593: 12587: 12586: 12584: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12547: 12542: 12536: 12530: 12528: 12522: 12521: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12483: 12481: 12472: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12440: 12438: 12432: 12431: 12424: 12423: 12416: 12409: 12401: 12392: 12391: 12389: 12388: 12383: 12376: 12375: 12368: 12360: 12359: 12356: 12355: 12352: 12351: 12349: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12297: 12295: 12289: 12288: 12286: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12259: 12258: 12257:hybrid variant 12245: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12214: 12208: 12202: 12201: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12172:Stock exchange 12169: 12164: 12159: 12151: 12146: 12140: 12134: 12128: 12127: 12124: 12123: 12121: 12120: 12118:Prime Minister 12115: 12113:Vice President 12110: 12105: 12100: 12099: 12098: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12072: 12071: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12035: 12029: 12023: 12022: 12019: 12018: 12016: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11964: 11958: 11952: 11951: 11944: 11942: 11940: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11892:Indochina Wars 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11847:Luang Phrabang 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11813: 11811: 11805: 11804: 11793: 11792: 11785: 11778: 11770: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11757: 11752: 11746: 11744: 11743:Sign languages 11740: 11739: 11736: 11735: 11733: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11716: 11714: 11708: 11707: 11705: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11678: 11676: 11667: 11666:Non-Indigenous 11663: 11662: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11619: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11567: 11565: 11559: 11558: 11556: 11555: 11550: 11544: 11542: 11536: 11535: 11533: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11516: 11515: 11508: 11501: 11489: 11483: 11481: 11475: 11474: 11472: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11425: 11424: 11417: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11379: 11377: 11368: 11358: 11357: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11334: 11332: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11324: 11318: 11316: 11312: 11311: 11309: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11287: 11285: 11281: 11280: 11278: 11277: 11272: 11266: 11264: 11257: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11247: 11241: 11239: 11235: 11234: 11216: 11215: 11208: 11201: 11193: 11184: 11183: 11181: 11180: 11175: 11169: 11167: 11163: 11162: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11124: 11122: 11118: 11117: 11115: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11048: 11046: 11037: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11027: 11021: 11019: 11015: 11014: 11007: 11006: 10999: 10992: 10984: 10975: 10974: 10960: 10957: 10956: 10954: 10953: 10947: 10945: 10944:Sign languages 10941: 10940: 10938: 10937: 10932: 10926: 10924: 10920: 10919: 10916: 10915: 10913: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10871: 10869: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10803: 10801: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10791: 10786: 10780: 10778: 10772: 10771: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10718: 10716: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10690: 10688: 10682: 10681: 10679: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10662: 10660: 10654: 10653: 10651: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10624: 10622: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10546: 10544: 10535: 10526: 10520: 10519: 10517: 10516: 10510: 10508: 10504: 10503: 10496: 10495: 10488: 10481: 10473: 10467: 10466: 10461: 10454: 10453:External links 10451: 10450: 10449: 10435: 10420: 10405: 10390: 10373: 10358: 10343: 10335: 10332: 10329: 10328: 10315: 10291: 10266: 10250: 10227: 10192:(4): 379–389. 10176: 10145: 10117: 10104: 10080: 10062: 10029: 10016: 9994: 9991:on 2021-04-18. 9961: 9941: 9917: 9897: 9888: 9868: 9855: 9843: 9834: 9814: 9801: 9788: 9775: 9766: 9753: 9751:, 2(2), 23–46. 9725: 9712: 9694: 9681: 9665: 9652: 9633: 9620:10.2307/600168 9614:(4): 488–509. 9595: 9586: 9529: 9492: 9459: 9448:(6): 727–749. 9432: 9406: 9376: 9351: 9326: 9301: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9227: 9224: 9196:Main article: 9193: 9190: 9148:Main article: 9145: 9142: 9039: 9038: 9035: 9032: 9029: 9026: 9023: 9019: 9018: 9015: 9012: 9009: 9006: 9003: 8999: 8998: 8995: 8992: 8989: 8986: 8983: 8979: 8978: 8969: 8960: 8957: 8954: 8951: 8937: 8934: 8900:Brahmi scripts 8896:Southern India 8892:Pallava script 8884:Khmer alphabet 8868:Main article: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8859:Writing system 8857: 8854: 8853: 8848: 8845: 8840: 8833: 8832:/sáːw (nɯ̄ŋ)/ 8830: 8815: 8814: 8809: 8806: 8803:໑໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐ 8801: 8794: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8783:'one billion' 8779: 8776: 8775:(ນຶ່ງ)ພັນລ້ານ 8771: 8764: 8761: 8755: 8754: 8753:'one million' 8749: 8748:/(nɯ̄ŋ) lâːn/ 8746: 8741: 8734: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8714: 8711: 8706: 8699: 8696: 8690: 8689: 8679: 8676: 8671: 8664: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8651:'one thousand' 8647: 8646:/(nɯ̄ŋ) pʰán/ 8644: 8639: 8632: 8629: 8623: 8622: 8615: 8612: 8607: 8600: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8583: 8580: 8575: 8568: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8551: 8548: 8543: 8536: 8533: 8523: 8522: 8515: 8512: 8503: 8496: 8493: 8483: 8482: 8475: 8472: 8463: 8456: 8453: 8443: 8442: 8435: 8432: 8423: 8416: 8413: 8403: 8402: 8395: 8392: 8383: 8376: 8373: 8363: 8362: 8355: 8352: 8343: 8336: 8333: 8323: 8322: 8315: 8312: 8303: 8296: 8293: 8283: 8282: 8275: 8272: 8263: 8256: 8253: 8243: 8242: 8235: 8232: 8223: 8216: 8213: 8203: 8202: 8199:'twenty-three' 8195: 8192: 8183: 8176: 8173: 8163: 8162: 8155: 8152: 8143: 8136: 8133: 8123: 8122: 8115: 8112: 8103: 8094: 8091: 8081: 8080: 8077: 8074: 8071: 8064: 8061: 8041:Main article: 8038: 8035: 7968:rounded vowels 7956:syllable onset 7947: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7930: 7927: 7923: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7912: 7909: 7905: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7876: 7873: 7869: 7868: 7865: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7811: 7802: 7793: 7784: 7770: 7762:Northern Khmer 7753: 7727: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7627: 7622: 7619: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7576: 7575: 7574:kill, servant 7572: 7570: 7561: 7558: 7554: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7542: 7539: 7535: 7534: 7533:, value resp. 7528: 7526: 7521: 7518: 7514: 7513: 7510: 7507: 7502: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7469: 7464: 7461: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7446: 7439: 7436: 7415:sonorant sound 7410: 7407: 7402: 7399: 7395: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7376: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7335: 7328: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7206: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7101: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7052: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7008: 7006: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6946: 6944: 6937: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6855:plosive sounds 6850: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6718: 6711: 6704: 6696: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6653: 6651: 6644: 6637: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6566: 6559: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6477: 6474: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6430: 6419: 6405: 6391: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6356: 6345: 6331: 6317: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6282: 6271: 6257: 6243: 6228: 6227: 6224: 6210: 6199: 6185: 6171: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6151:Lao alternate 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6094: 6080: 6066: 6051: 6050: 6049:'money order' 6047: 6033: 6022: 6012:ມັງດາ (*มังดา) 6008: 5994: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5961: 5950: 5936: 5922: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5889: 5878: 5864: 5850: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5817: 5806: 5792: 5778: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5745: 5734: 5720: 5706: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5674: 5660: 5646: 5631: 5630: 5627: 5613: 5602: 5588: 5574: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5542: 5528: 5514: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5485:ອາຟິກາ/ອາຟຣິກາ 5481: 5470: 5456: 5442: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5419:photchananukom 5409: 5398: 5384: 5370: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5337: 5326: 5312: 5298: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5266: 5252: 5238: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5157:) from French 5097: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5076: 5060: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4880: 4869: 4864: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4737: 4726: 4721: 4514:glottalization 4486:, Cambodia or 4423: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4335: 4324: 4319: 4190: 4187: 4175:Phuan language 4169:Phuan language 4167:Main article: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4082: 4073: 4072:Inherent Tone 4070: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4041: 4027: 4013: 3998: 3997: 3994: 3980: 3966: 3947:ข้าวจี่ ขนมปัง 3943: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3910: 3896: 3882: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3849: 3835: 3821: 3806: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3798:Vientiane Lao 3796: 3793: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3764: 3750: 3736: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3700: 3686: 3672: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3650: 3636: 3622: 3608: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3572: 3558: 3544: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3522: 3508: 3494: 3480: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3444: 3430: 3416: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3390:Vientiane Lao 3388: 3385: 3382: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3268:Middle (high) 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3194: 3185: 3184:Inherent Tone 3182: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3055:(Khon Chaen), 3051:, portions of 3038: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3014:, portions of 3005: 3001:, portions of 2984: 2980: 2979: 2971:; portions of 2954: 2941: 2931: 2930: 2904: 2896:, portions of 2891: 2885: 2884: 2863:, portions of 2858: 2854:, portions of 2829: 2823: 2822: 2805:, portions of 2788: 2771: 2770:Vientiane Lao 2767: 2766: 2764:Thai Provinces 2761: 2756: 2740: 2737: 2728: 2720:Main article: 2717: 2714: 2701:Main article: 2698: 2695: 2685:, and the Lao 2649:Emerald Buddha 2565:Sourignavôngsa 2545:Khorat Plateau 2524: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2498: 2484: 2470: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2434: 2420: 2406: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2368: 2354: 2337: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2299: 2285: 2271: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2235: 2221: 2207: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2169: 2155: 2141: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2103: 2089: 2075: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2037: 2023: 2009: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1951:Tai Noi script 1889: 1886: 1752: 1749: 1697:/tʰóː.lāʔ.sáp/ 1680:/tʰōː.ráʔ.sàp/ 1525: 1505: 1460: 1444: 1428: 1410: 1394: 1378: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1335: 1315: 1270: 1254: 1238: 1220: 1204: 1188: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1145: 1125: 1080: 1064: 1048: 1030: 1014: 998: 984: 983: 982: 981: 968: 965: 896: 893: 881: 878: 800: 799: 798: 797: 796: 795: 794: 793: 792: 791: 777: 772: 764: 763: 762: 761: 760: 755: 747: 739: 738: 737: 734: 729: 724: 711: 706: 696: 691: 686: 681: 679:Hlai languages 670: 662: 661:Classification 659: 600:tonal language 522:, you may see 510: 503: 502: 501: 498: 497: 484:, you may see 470: 469: 461: 460: 453: 447: 446: 431: 423: 422: 402: 394: 393: 384: 376: 375: 366: 358: 357: 356:Language codes 353: 352: 340: 334: 333: 296: 294: 289: 286: 285: 272: 269: 266: 265: 261: 260: 245: 241:Writing system 238: 235: 234: 233: 232: 229: 226: 223: 220: 215: 211: 210: 208: 207: 206: 205: 204: 203: 202: 201: 177: 175: 168: 165: 164: 153: 150: 147: 146: 137: 133: 132: 75: 74:Native to 71: 70: 63: 59: 58: 50: 49: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13331: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13296: 13294: 13281: 13277: 13272: 13266: 13265: 13261: 13259: 13258: 13257:Proto-Kam–Sui 13254: 13252: 13251: 13247: 13245: 13244: 13240: 13238: 13237: 13236:Proto-Kra–Dai 13233: 13232: 13230: 13228: 13224: 13218: 13215: 13214: 13212: 13210: 13206: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13175: 13174:mixed origins 13169: 13159: 13156: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13145: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13119:Tai Muong Vat 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13106: 13104: 13100: 13094: 13093:Southern Thai 13091: 13090: 13088: 13084: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13042:Tai Hang Tong 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13022:Northern Thai 13020: 13017: 13014: 13013: 13011: 13007: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12971: 12969: 12965: 12959: 12958: 12954: 12952: 12951: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12896: 12894: 12890: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12829: 12827: 12825: 12821: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12765: 12763: 12761: 12757: 12754: 12751: 12746: 12742: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12727: 12725: 12723: 12719: 12715: 12709: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12701: 12697: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12632: 12630: 12628: 12624: 12618: 12615: 12614: 12612: 12610: 12606: 12600: 12597: 12596: 12594: 12592: 12588: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12531: 12529: 12527: 12523: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12482: 12480: 12476: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12441: 12439: 12437: 12433: 12429: 12422: 12417: 12415: 12410: 12408: 12403: 12402: 12399: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12378: 12373: 12369: 12366: 12362: 12361: 12357: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12311:Dramatic arts 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12298: 12296: 12294: 12290: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12256: 12253: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12240: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12233:Ethnic groups 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12203: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12141: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12129: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12070: 12067: 12066: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12036: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12024: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11973:Deforestation 11971: 11969: 11966: 11965: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11953: 11948: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11810: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11791: 11786: 11784: 11779: 11777: 11772: 11771: 11768: 11756: 11755:Ban Khor Sign 11753: 11751: 11748: 11747: 11745: 11741: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11717: 11715: 11713: 11709: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11679: 11677: 11675: 11671: 11668: 11664: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11588: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11564: 11560: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11545: 11543: 11541: 11537: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11513: 11509: 11506: 11505:Pattani Malay 11502: 11499: 11498:Bangkok Malay 11495: 11494: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11480: 11476: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11422: 11418: 11415: 11411: 11410: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11380: 11378: 11376: 11375:Austroasiatic 11372: 11369: 11363: 11359: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11329: 11323: 11322:Southern Thai 11320: 11319: 11317: 11313: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11291:Northern Thai 11289: 11288: 11286: 11282: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11267: 11265: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11252: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11214: 11209: 11207: 11202: 11200: 11195: 11194: 11191: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11164: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11119: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11041: 11038: 11032: 11026: 11023: 11022: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11005: 11000: 10998: 10993: 10991: 10986: 10985: 10982: 10972: 10971: 10958: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10942: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10921: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10880:Northern Thai 10878: 10876: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10868: 10864: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10800: 10796: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10773: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10715: 10711: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10683: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10659: 10655: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10621: 10617: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10547: 10545: 10543: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10533:Austroasiatic 10530: 10527: 10521: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10494: 10489: 10487: 10482: 10480: 10475: 10474: 10471: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10456: 10448: 10447:1-887521-28-3 10444: 10440: 10436: 10433: 10432:974-8495-69-8 10429: 10425: 10421: 10418: 10417:974-7534-88-6 10414: 10410: 10406: 10403: 10402:1-74059-168-2 10399: 10395: 10391: 10388: 10387:3-11-018588-1 10384: 10380: 10379: 10374: 10371: 10370:0-8048-1629-8 10367: 10363: 10359: 10356: 10355:0-88738-968-6 10352: 10348: 10344: 10342: 10338: 10337: 10325: 10319: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10301: 10295: 10288: 10284: 10281: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10263: 10257: 10255: 10247: 10243: 10240: 10234: 10232: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10180: 10172: 10165: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10114: 10108: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10090: 10084: 10076: 10069: 10067: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10048: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10026: 10020: 10014: 10010: 10007: 10001: 9999: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9972: 9965: 9958: 9954: 9951: 9945: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9927: 9921: 9914: 9910: 9907: 9901: 9892: 9885: 9881: 9878: 9872: 9865: 9859: 9850: 9848: 9838: 9831: 9827: 9824: 9818: 9811: 9805: 9798: 9792: 9785: 9779: 9770: 9763: 9757: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9739: 9735: 9729: 9722: 9716: 9709: 9703: 9701: 9699: 9691: 9685: 9678: 9672: 9670: 9662: 9656: 9648: 9644: 9637: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9602: 9600: 9590: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9533: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9506: 9499: 9497: 9487: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9463: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9436: 9430: 9426: 9423: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9411: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9380: 9365: 9361: 9355: 9340: 9336: 9330: 9322: 9316: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9258: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9223: 9221: 9217: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9189: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9170: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9141: 9037:high falling 9036: 9033: 9030: 9028:high falling 9027: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9017:high falling 9016: 9013: 9010: 9007: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8996: 8993: 8990: 8987: 8984: 8981: 8980: 8970: 8961: 8958: 8955: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8942:Luang Prabang 8933: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8918: 8916: 8912: 8907: 8905: 8901: 8898:, one of the 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8876: 8871: 8849: 8846: 8841: 8834: 8831: 8828: 8824: 8817: 8816: 8810: 8807: 8802: 8795: 8792: 8787: 8786: 8781:1,000,000,000 8780: 8777: 8772: 8765: 8762: 8757: 8756: 8750: 8747: 8742: 8735: 8732: 8727: 8726: 8715: 8712: 8707: 8700: 8697: 8692: 8691: 8680: 8677: 8672: 8665: 8662: 8657: 8656: 8648: 8645: 8640: 8633: 8630: 8625: 8624: 8616: 8613: 8608: 8601: 8598: 8593: 8592: 8587:'one hundred' 8584: 8581: 8576: 8569: 8566: 8561: 8560: 8552: 8549: 8544: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8525: 8524: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8485: 8484: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8464: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8445: 8444: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8424: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8405: 8404: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8365: 8364: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8344: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8325: 8324: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8304: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8285: 8284: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8264: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8245: 8244: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8224: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8205: 8204: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8184: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8165: 8164: 8156: 8154:/sáːw sɔ̆ːŋ/ 8153: 8151: 8144: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8125: 8124: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8104: 8102: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8083: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8068: 8060: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8044: 8034: 8030: 8017: 8011: 8000: 7998: 7994: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7971: 7969: 7961: 7960:syllable coda 7957: 7953: 7938: 7936: 7931: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7920: 7918: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7902: 7900: 7895: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7884: 7882: 7877: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7850: 7846: 7841: 7833: 7815: 7806: 7797: 7788: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7763: 7757: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7728: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7678: 7675: 7672: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7591:Luang Prabang 7584: 7573: 7571: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7503: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7484: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7473: 7470: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7454: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7430: 7426: 7416: 7406: 7393: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7326: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7298: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7281: 7275: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7156: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7128: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7111: 7107: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6970: 6967: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6938: 6935: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6889: 6881: 6873: 6867: 6860: 6857:(besides the 6856: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6804: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6753: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6705: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6481: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6445: 6441: 6431: 6428:/viə̯̣k/ 6424: 6420: 6416: 6406: 6402: 6392: 6388: 6378: 6377: 6371: 6367: 6357: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6332: 6328: 6318: 6314: 6304: 6303: 6300:'to refrain' 6298:'to abstain', 6297: 6293: 6283: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6254: 6244: 6240: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6211: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6186: 6182: 6172: 6168: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6131: 6128: 6123: 6108: 6106: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6081: 6077: 6067: 6063: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6034: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6005: 5995: 5991: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5962: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5919: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5890: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5861: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5789: 5779: 5775: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5746: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5721: 5717: 5710:คนส่งไปรษณีย์ 5707: 5703: 5696:คนส่งไปรษณีย์ 5693: 5692: 5688: 5686: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5661: 5657: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5614: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5589: 5585: 5575: 5571: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5554: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5453: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5428: 5425:'dictionary' 5424: 5420: 5410: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5385: 5381: 5371: 5367: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5338: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5313: 5309: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5278: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5235: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5187:Le Rénovateur 5182: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5147: 5143: 5135: 5122: 5118: 5108: 5103: 5090: 5077: 5074: 5061: 5058: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5011: 5007: 5004:, especially 5003: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4978: 4977:Greater India 4974: 4959: 4956: 4954:High-Falling 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4881: 4879: 4870: 4868: 4867:Inherent Tone 4865: 4863: 4860: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4842:Maha Sarakham 4839: 4835: 4831: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4808:Lower-Middle 4807: 4804: 4801: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4788:Lower-Middle 4787: 4784: 4781: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4768:Lower-Middle 4767: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4738: 4736: 4727: 4725: 4724:Inherent Tone 4722: 4720: 4717: 4710: 4704: 4695: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4661: 4652: 4638: 4630: 4621: 4607: 4583: 4574: 4560: 4546: 4536: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4503: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4456:Amnat Charoen 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4414: 4412:High-Falling 4411: 4408: 4405: 4403:High-Falling 4402: 4399: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4383:High-Falling 4382: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4336: 4334: 4325: 4323: 4322:Inherent Tone 4320: 4318: 4315: 4308: 4296: 4282: 4268: 4254: 4246: 4237: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4224:Nakhon Phanom 4222:and southern 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4204:Nakhon Phanom 4201: 4197: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4133:High-Falling 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4113:High-Falling 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4083: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4056: 4052: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3960: 3954: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3907: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3846: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3801:Northern Lao 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3619: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3569: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3491: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3393:Northern Lao 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3337: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3326:lingua franca 3323: 3319: 3318:Louang Namtha 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3267: 3265:High-Falling 3264: 3262:High-Falling 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3245:High-Falling 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3204: 3195: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3173: 3167: 3158: 3150: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3049:Maha Sarakham 3046: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3012:Amnat Charoen 3009: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2983:Southern Lao 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2965:Nakhon Phanom 2962: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2934:Central Lao ( 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2852:Louang Namtha 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2825: 2821:(Khon Chaen) 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784:and southern 2783: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2759:Lao Provinces 2757: 2755: 2752: 2748:Lao Dialects 2745: 2736: 2723: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2675:/ʔàː.nūʔ.wóŋ/ 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2625: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2464: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2431: 2421: 2417: 2407: 2400: 2390: 2389: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2348: 2338: 2331: 2321: 2320: 2314: 2310: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2282: 2272: 2265: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2201: 2191: 2190: 2184: 2180: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2152: 2142: 2135: 2125: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2069: 2059: 2058: 2052: 2048: 2038: 2034: 2024: 2020: 2010: 2003: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1969: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1939: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1815: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1770: 1761: 1757: 1748: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1716: 1702: 1694: 1685: 1671: 1667: 1658: 1647: 1635: 1627: 1618: 1613: 1607: 1596: 1583: 1570: 1562: 1553: 1549: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1494: 1491: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1458: 1455: 1434: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1408: 1405: 1384: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1304: 1301: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1268: 1265: 1244: 1241: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1218: 1215: 1194: 1191: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1114: 1111: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1078: 1075: 1054: 1051: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1028: 1025: 1004: 1001: 996: 993: 990: 987: 979: 975: 974: 973: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 933:sixth century 930: 926: 925: 920: 917:and northern 916: 908: 907: 901: 891: 887: 886:Tai languages 877: 875: 871: 867: 864:languages of 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 789: 788:Isan language 785: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 767: 765: 759: 756: 754: 753:Thai language 751: 750: 748: 746: 743: 742: 740: 735: 733: 732:Shan language 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 719: 717: 716: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 701: 700: 699:Tai languages 697: 695: 692: 690: 689:Kra languages 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 676: 675: 672: 671: 668: 658: 656: 652: 648: 647:lingua franca 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620:Austroasiatic 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 596: 594: 590: 586: 582: 581:Isan language 578: 574: 570: 565: 554: 548:A Lao speaker 529: 525: 521: 517: 515: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 477: 471: 467: 462: 458: 454: 452: 448: 443: 436: 432: 430: 429: 424: 421: 418: – 416: 409: 403: 400: 395: 390: 385: 382: 377: 372: 367: 364: 359: 354: 351: 346: 341: 339: 335: 331: 319: 307: 295: 287: 284: 273: 267: 262: 259: 254: 249: 246: 242: 236: 230: 227: 224: 221: 218: 217: 216: 212: 200: 197: 196: 195: 192: 191: 190: 187: 186: 185: 182: 181: 180: 176: 172: 166: 162: 157: 154: 148: 145: 141: 138: 134: 130: 129:Xishuangbanna 126: 121: 117: 113: 109: 104: 100: 96: 92: 87: 83: 79: 76: 72: 68: 64: 62:Pronunciation 60: 56: 51: 48: 44: 36: 31: 19: 13299:Lao language 13275: 13262: 13255: 13248: 13241: 13234: 13208: 13184:Hezhang Buyi 13172: 12973: 12955: 12948: 12892:Northwestern 12882:Southwestern 12857:Myang Zhuang 12852:Pyang Zhuang 12778:Hezhang Buyi 12268:Prostitution 12262: 12223:Demographics 12187:Trade unions 12149:Central bank 12064:Human rights 12044:Constitution 11633:Northern Pwo 11563:Sino-Tibetan 11479:Austronesian 11331:Northwestern 11142: 10961: 10799:Sino-Tibetan 10676:Phong-Kniang 10513: 10438: 10423: 10408: 10393: 10377: 10361: 10346: 10323: 10318: 10310: 10294: 10278: 10269: 10261: 10189: 10185: 10179: 10170: 10131: 10112: 10107: 10099: 10083: 10074: 10057: 10024: 10019: 9986:the original 9981: 9977: 9964: 9944: 9936: 9920: 9900: 9891: 9871: 9863: 9858: 9837: 9817: 9809: 9804: 9796: 9791: 9783: 9778: 9769: 9761: 9756: 9748: 9733: 9728: 9720: 9715: 9707: 9689: 9684: 9676: 9660: 9655: 9646: 9642: 9636: 9611: 9607: 9589: 9546: 9542: 9532: 9515: 9511: 9479:(3): 47–68. 9476: 9472: 9462: 9445: 9441: 9435: 9398:. Retrieved 9389: 9379: 9368:. Retrieved 9354: 9343:. Retrieved 9329: 9312: 9309:Lao language 9304: 9287: 9269: 9261: 9220:Khmer script 9215: 9213: 9185: 9167: 9165: 9042: 9008:low falling 8997:low falling 8988:low falling 8939: 8919: 8908: 8903: 8888:Khmer Empire 8881: 8826: 8822: 8763:/síp pɛ́ːt/ 8683:ten thousand 8567:/síp sɔ̌ːŋ/ 8530: 8514:/pɛ̏ːt sìp/ 8509: 8490: 8469: 8450: 8429: 8410: 8389: 8370: 8349: 8330: 8319:'thirty-two' 8310:sam sip song 8309: 8290: 8279:'thirty-one' 8269: 8250: 8229: 8210: 8194:/sáːw săːm/ 8189: 8170: 8159:'twenty-two' 8149: 8130: 8119:'twenty-one' 8109: 8100: 8088: 8049:monosyllabic 8046: 8001: 7996: 7992: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7972: 7949: 7939:vomit, root 7840:glottal stop 7829: 7814: 7805: 7796: 7787: 7773: 7756: 7731: 7621:1(3) or ˩(˧) 7610:Tone letters 7601:Tone letters 7412: 7404: 7391: 7285:Monophthongs 7115:Monophthongs 7037: 6859:glottal stop 6852: 6463: 6448:'to labour' 6126: 6119: 5977:'billiards' 5940:ບີຢາ (*บียา) 5905:'chemistry' 5868:ຊີມີ (*ซิมี) 5524:phon aeppoen 5491:afika/afrika 5413:ພົດຈະນານຸກົມ 5407:/dik.sjɔnɛʁ/ 5402:dictionnaire 5191: 5185: 5183: 5167: 5158: 5145: 5133: 5120: 5113: 5088: 5080:ໄຂປະຕູໃຫ້ແດ່ 5072: 5056: 4999: 4984: 4934:Mid-Falling 4898: 4893: 4882: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4827: 4814:Low-Falling 4811:Low-Falling 4805:Mid-Falling 4797:High-Rising 4777:High-Rising 4765:High-Rising 4755: 4750: 4739: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4702: 4693: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4664:/hɔ̏ːŋɾɛ̏ːm/ 4659: 4650: 4636: 4628: 4619: 4605: 4581: 4572: 4558: 4544: 4534: 4520: 4518: 4509: 4506: 4487: 4425: 4422:Southern Lao 4395:Low-Falling 4375:Low-Falling 4369:Low-Falling 4353: 4348: 4337: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4294: 4280: 4266: 4252: 4244: 4235: 4232: 4200:Sakon Nakhon 4192: 4172: 4096:Short Vowel 3338: 3330: 3325: 3278: 3256:High-Rising 3225:Low-Falling 3208:Short Vowel 3165: 3156: 3148: 3139: 3112: 3089: 3073: 2961:Sakon Nakhon 2912:Sakon Nakhon 2894:Xiangkhouang 2826:Northern Lao 2763: 2758: 2753: 2742: 2725: 2710: 2706: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2634: 2598: 2589: 2542: 2533:Wat Photaram 2404:/tʃakkajuga/ 2317:'happiness' 2245:anoumo thana 2173:ບາບກຳ/ບາບກັມ 2139:/paːpakamma/ 1954: 1937: 1924: 1918: 1891: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1856:ໄຊເສດຖາທິຣາດ 1840: 1837: 1830: 1826: 1823:/láː.sáːsáp/ 1813: 1810: 1797: 1781: 1766: 1741: 1714: 1700: 1692: 1683: 1669: 1665: 1656: 1648: 1633: 1625: 1616: 1608: 1594: 1581: 1568: 1560: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1495: 1492: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1461: 1456: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1357: 1351: 1348: 1305: 1302: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1271: 1266: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1221: 1216: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1167: 1161: 1158: 1115: 1112: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1081: 1076: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1031: 1026: 1005: 1002: 999: 994: 991: 988: 985: 977: 970: 961:Mekong River 949:Tang dynasty 922: 912: 904: 837:Southwestern 812: 808: 802: 783: 780:Lao language 779: 644: 612:Sino-Tibetan 597: 568: 552: 551: 513: 511: 473: 451:Linguasphere 426: 344: 228:Southern Lao 198: 189:Southwestern 99:Preah Vihear 46: 38: 13009:Chiang Saen 12919:Tai Hongjin 12847:Yang Zhuang 12832:Nong Zhuang 12144:Agriculture 12069:LGBT rights 11862:Muang Phuan 11832:Tai peoples 11648:S'gaw Karen 11576:Eastern Pwo 11530:Urak Lawoi’ 11512:Satun Malay 11284:Chiang Saen 11255:Other Thais 9649:(2): 35–50. 9549:: 271–283. 9524:1885/113003 9518:: 119–143. 9216:Khom script 9192:Khom script 9182:Kham Mueang 9005:low rising 8745:(ນຶ່ງ)ລ້ານ 8733:/síp tɕét/ 8663:/síp hȁːː/ 8599:/síp săːm/ 8579:(ໜຶ່ງ)ຮ້ອຍ 8474:/tɕét síp/ 8234:/săːm síp/ 8114:/sáːw ʔét/ 8043:Lao grammar 8004:/ptkʔmnŋwj/ 7964:/kw/or/kʰw/ 7766:Khorat Thai 7673:mid-falling 7613:Example(s) 6997:Approximant 6797:Approximant 6374:'T-square' 6148:Vietnamese 5510:bak aeppoen 5322:hong sinema 5302:โรงภาพยนตร์ 5288:โฮงภาพยนตร์ 5138:/sɑ̃timɛtʁ/ 4989:, however, 4908:Low-Rising 4899:Short Vowel 4824:Western Lao 4756:Short Vowel 4633:/hóːŋhɛ́ːm/ 4488:Siang Taeng 4354:Short Vowel 4212:Bolikhamxai 4189:Central Lao 4153:Mid-Rising 4150:Mid-Rising 4144:Low-Rising 4136:Mid-Rising 4124:Low-Rising 4116:Mid-Rising 4093:Long Vowel 4069:Tone Class 3990:khanom pang 3959:khanom pang 3939:khanom pang 3839:ຫລິ້ນ/ຫຼິ້ນ 3366:' and Lao ' 3354:' and Lao ' 3306:Xaignabouli 3294:Phitsanulok 3248:Mid-Rising 3236:Low-Rising 3228:Mid-Rising 3216:Low-Rising 3205:Long Vowel 3181:Tone Class 3081:Bolikhamxai 3003:Savannakhét 2952:Savannakhét 2948:Bolikhamxay 2873:Phitsanulok 2782:Bolikhamxay 2645:Phuan areas 2570:ສຸຣິຍະວົງສາ 2384:'knowledge' 2231:anumo thana 2217:anumo thana 2119:'suffering' 1943:ເມດຕາ/ເມຕຕາ 1936:) and Pali 1798:Mueang Sawa 1591:/máʔ.lɛ̄ːŋ/ 937:Han Chinese 890:Tai peoples 694:Be language 488:instead of 255:in Thailand 253:Thai script 225:Central Lao 95:Stung Treng 13293:Categories 13264:Proto-Hlai 12967:Lao–Phutai 12842:Min Zhuang 12837:Dai Zhuang 12783:Yei Zhuang 12675:Changjiang 12552:(Naxi Yao) 12331:Literature 12156:(currency) 11978:Ecoregions 11932:Insurgency 11917:Neutrality 11902:Pathet Lao 11882:Lao Issara 11827:Lao people 11822:Khun Borom 11540:Hmong-Mien 11469:Vietnamese 11263:Lao–Phutai 11112:Vietnamese 11034:Indigenous 10776:Hmong–Mien 10762:Vietnamese 10523:Indigenous 10222:1290485784 10134:(Thesis). 9736:. (2011). 9581:1038141425 9400:2020-12-19 9370:2012-07-08 9345:2016-05-25 9314:Ethnologue 9289:Ethnologue 9271:Ethnologue 9253:References 8926:liturgical 8870:Lao script 8864:Lao script 8798:'nineteen' 8793:/síp kȃw/ 8773:໑໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐ 8768:'eighteen' 8710:(ໜຶ່ງ)ແສນ 8698:/síp hók/ 8643:(ໜຶ່ງ)ພັນ 8636:'fourteen' 8631:/síp sīː/ 8604:'thirteen' 8550:/kȃw síp/ 8535:/síp ʔét/ 8434:/hók síp/ 8394:/hȁː síp/ 8354:/sīː síp/ 8270:sam sip ét 8267:ສາມສິບເອັດ 8037:Morphology 7715:mid-rising 7698:552 or ˥˥˨ 7649:low rising 7632:533 or ˥˧˧ 7604:Example(s) 7448:Phonetic ( 7441:Phonemic ( 7262:Diphthongs 7096:Diphthongs 6866:unreleased 6466:labialized 6460:Consonants 6446:'to work', 6175:ก๋วยเตี๋ยว 6161:ก๋วยเตี๋ยว 6127:Pathét Lao 5664:ແວງ (*แวง) 5504:บักแอปเปิล 5466:afik/afrik 5335:/si.ne.ma/ 5281:'necktie' 5218:alternate 5134:centimètre 4973:Indosphere 4971:See also: 4967:Vocabulary 4894:Long Vowel 4862:Tone Class 4846:Chaiyaphum 4751:Long Vowel 4719:Tone Class 4555:/mɛ́ːtʰȁw/ 4498:/síaŋtɛːŋ/ 4448:Kuy people 4349:Long Vowel 4317:Tone Class 4277:/mɛ́ːtʰȁw/ 4202:, most of 3593:*/C̥.daɰ/ 3524:'to give' 3290:Udon Thani 3123:/tʰájwíaŋ/ 3099:, eastern 3085:Xaisômboun 3057:Chaiyaphum 3047:(Hoi Et), 2916:Udon Thani 2908:Chaiyaphum 2902:Xaisômboun 2877:Phetchabun 2865:Udon Thani 2836:Xaignbouli 2803:Udon Thani 2799:Chaiyaphum 2786:Xaisômboun 2632:) rivers. 2595:ສຸວັນນະພູມ 2450:'bicycle' 2444:chakkanyan 2430:chakkrayan 2416:chakkrayan 2239:ອະນຸໂມທະນາ 1947:/mȇːt.tàː/ 1930:ໄມຕີ/ໄມຕຣີ 1910:Mon people 1902:Brahmanism 1872:(BGN/PCGN 1864:Chiang Mai 1847:Lao script 1804:and later 1794:Muang Xoua 1763:festivals. 1630:/kʰáʔ.nŏŋ/ 1622:ຂະໜົງ/ຂນົງ 1375:'mosquito' 1185:'to vomit' 995:'slippery' 807:(BGN/PCGN 624:Vietnamese 585:Lao script 528:Lao script 438: Lao 248:Lao script 194:Lao–Phutai 103:Ratanakiri 13278:indicate 13250:Proto-Tai 13243:Proto-Kra 13129:Tai Khang 13124:Tai Thanh 13072:Thai Song 13032:Tai Meuay 13027:Tai Daeng 13018:(Siamese) 12929:Tai Laing 12872:Tsʻün-Lao 12321:Festivals 12228:Education 12192:Transport 12108:President 12096:President 12049:Elections 11956:Geography 11857:Champasak 11852:Vientiane 11638:Phrae Pwo 11611:Hainanese 11591:Cantonese 11315:Sukhothai 11306:Thai Song 11227:Languages 11148:Tai Phuan 11044:Mon–Khmer 11036:languages 10895:Tai Daeng 10686:Palaungic 10525:languages 10214:162902327 10140:304347191 9043:A silent 8971:Mai tho ( 8915:diacritic 8820:ຊາວ(ນຶ່ງ) 8790:ສິບເກົ້າ 8751:1,000,000 8738:seventeen 8703:'sixteen' 8668:'fifteen' 8547:ເກົ້າສິບ 8479:'seventy' 8307:ສາມສິບສອງ 8086:ສູນ/ສູນຍ໌ 8016:sonorants 7946:Syllables 7745:Uttaradit 7741:Sukhothai 7706:high-fall 7662:mid level 7586:Vientiane 7520:ຂ່າ, ຄ່າ 7319:Close-mid 7149:Close-mid 6752:Fricative 6701:aspirated 6634:voiceless 6455:Phonology 6401:tham ngan 5802:pa balaen 5629:'butter' 5518:ผลแอปเปิล 5497:'Africa' 5374:พจนานุกรม 5360:พจนานุกรม 5347:hong nang 5275:/kʁa.vat/ 5155:/kìː.néː/ 5121:sangtimet 5002:loanwords 4883:Mai tho ( 4830:Khon Kaen 4740:Mai tho ( 4707:/hȗːtɕák/ 4620:hong haem 4582:pén gnang 4468:Champasak 4338:Mai tho ( 4230:of Laos. 4216:Khammouan 4208:Nong Khai 4196:Bueng Kan 4084:Mai tho ( 4045:ຄູ່ (คู่) 3926:'monkey' 3914:ລິງ (ลิง) 3853:ເອວ (เอว) 3652:'inside' 3401:*/ʰmɤːl/ 3322:Phôngsali 3298:Uttaradit 3282:Tai Lanna 3196:Mai tho ( 3131:Khon Kaen 3113:Tai Wiang 3109:Bueng Kan 3105:Saiyaphum 3093:Nong Khai 3053:Khon Kaen 3016:Si Sa Ket 2987:Champasak 2977:Bueng Kan 2973:Nong Khai 2944:Khammouan 2924:Nong Khai 2920:Bueng Kan 2881:Uttaradit 2869:Khon Kaen 2844:Phôngsali 2819:Khon Kaen 2811:Bueng Kan 2791:Nong Khai 2774:Vientiane 2653:Phra Bang 2586:Champasak 2582:Vientiane 2561:Nong Khai 2516:'morals' 2399:cakkayuga 2386:'wisdom' 2335:/ʋiɟdʒaː/ 2200:anumōdanā 2134:pāpakamma 2121:'misery' 2073:/d̪ukkʰa/ 2055:'virtue' 1934:/máj.tìː/ 1874:toua tham 1806:Ayutthaya 1802:Sukhothai 1778:/fâːŋūːm/ 1612:Ayutthaya 1524:→ 1504:→ 1443:→ 1393:→ 1334:→ 1314:→ 1253:→ 1203:→ 1144:→ 1124:→ 1063:→ 1013:→ 833:Tai Lanna 827:and most 651:Vientiane 638:, fellow 598:Lao is a 595:scripts. 428:Glottolog 399:ISO 639-3 381:ISO 639-2 363:ISO 639-1 136:Ethnicity 112:Điện Biên 47:Phasa Lao 13086:Southern 12979:Phu Thai 12944:Khamyang 12914:Tai Long 12909:Tai Nuea 12760:Northern 12545:Cao Miao 12381:Category 12273:Religion 12263:Language 12248:COVID-19 12086:Military 12027:Politics 12008:Wildlife 11988:Phou Bia 11842:Vat Phou 11837:Lan Xang 11817:Peopling 11801:articles 11725:Japanese 11449:Nyah Kur 11414:Northern 11362:Minority 11275:Phu Thai 11231:Thailand 10542:Bahnaric 10303:Archived 10283:Archived 10242:Archived 10218:ProQuest 10136:ProQuest 10092:Archived 10050:Archived 10009:Archived 9953:Archived 9929:Archived 9909:Archived 9880:Archived 9826:Archived 9741:Archived 9577:ProQuest 9573:19204825 9425:Archived 9394:Archived 9364:Archived 9339:Archived 9226:See also 9186:Lao Tham 9174:Tai Khün 9169:Tai Tham 8962:Mai ek ( 8904:phonemic 8837:'twenty' 8730:ສິບເຈັດ 8572:'twelve' 8555:'ninety' 8540:'eleven' 8519:'eighty' 8510:paet sip 8470:chet sip 8415:/pɛ̏ːt/ 8175:/sɔ̌ːŋ/ 8150:sao song 7864:Phonetic 7861:Phonemic 7838:or the 7718:34 or ˧˦ 7709:52 or ˥˨ 7689:31 or ˧˩ 7686:mid-fall 7676:32 or ˧˨ 7665:33 or ˧˧ 7652:12 or ˩˨ 7643:35 or ˧˥ 7531:galangal 7498:Falling 7347:Open-mid 7177:Open-mid 6906:Alveolar 6491:Alveolar 6440:het ngan 6415:het wiak 6387:het ngan 6220:kuaitiao 6214:ກ໋ວຍຕ໋ຽວ 6181:kuaitiao 6167:kuaitiao 6090:kam/kram 6043:thananat 6031:/mɑ̃.da/ 6004:thananat 5990:thananat 5959:/bi.jaʁ/ 5926:บิลเลียด 5912:บิลเลียด 5833:'whale' 5743:/faktœʁ/ 5557:'apple' 5452:aepfrika 5438:aepfrika 5394:disonnae 5248:nek thai 5234:nek thai 5171:Cambodia 5126:ຊັງຕີແມດ 5073:I cannot 5010:Sanskrit 4987:Buddhism 4872:Mai ek ( 4729:Mai ek ( 4703:hou chak 4676:hông dèm 4672:hongdaem 4651:honglaem 4586:/penɲăŋ/ 4578:ເປັນຫຍັງ 4573:pen yang 4569:/pȅnsȁŋ/ 4559:pen sang 4550:ແມ່ເຖົ້າ 4545:mae thao 4460:Yasothon 4444:northern 4327:Mai ek ( 4305:/pènɲăŋ/ 4300:ເປັນຫຍັງ 4295:pen yang 4291:/pȅnsȁŋ/ 4281:pen sang 4272:ແມ່ເຖົ້າ 4267:mae thao 4220:Mukdahan 4075:Mai ek ( 3996:'bread' 3976:khao chi 3970:ເຂົ້າຈີ່ 3953:khao chi 3657:*/mwaj/ 3588:'heart' 3314:Houaphan 3310:Oudômxai 3187:Mai ek ( 3170:/tɕɛ̂ːm/ 3127:Yasothon 3028:Yasothon 2969:Mukdahan 2957:Mukdahan 2898:Houaphan 2856:Houaphan 2840:Oudômxay 2807:Yasothon 2739:Dialects 2665:Anouvông 2663:by Chao 2514:'dharma' 2468:/ɖʱamma/ 2438:ຈັກກະຍານ 2393:च‍क्कयुग 2315:'health' 2225:อนุโมทนา 2211:อนุโมทนา 2194:अनुमोदना 1878:tua tham 1869:tua tham 1832:rachasap 1814:rasa sap 1790:Lan Xang 1769:Fa Ngoum 1725:/ʃabd̪a/ 1693:thôrasap 1684:thorasap 1675:โทรศัพท์ 1670:thorasap 1136:/mɯ̄ːn/ 924:Urheimat 906:Urheimat 868:and the 846:Northern 813:Phu Thai 809:Phouthai 626:. Lao's 604:analytic 514:Lao text 494:Help:IPA 457:47-AAA-c 442:nort2741 435:laoo1244 318:Cambodia 306:Thailand 214:Dialects 116:Lai Châu 91:Cambodia 82:Thailand 13276:Italics 13217:Kam–Tai 13194:Cao Lan 13158:Cao Lan 13102:(other) 13077:Tày Tac 13057:Tai Dam 13047:Tai Lue 13037:Tai Dón 13000:Kaloeng 12995:Lao Nyo 12824:Central 12814:Tai Pao 12752:, etc.) 12690:Yuanmen 12660:Baoting 12650:Tongzha 12581:Ai-Cham 12566:Chadong 12526:Kam–Sui 12365:Outline 12306:Cuisine 12293:Culture 12206:Society 12182:Tourism 12167:Fishing 12132:Economy 11968:Borders 11809:History 11720:English 11697:Russian 11692:Punjabi 11682:Burmese 11616:Hokchew 11606:Hokkien 11596:Teochew 11586:Sinitic 11553:Iu Mien 11464:Thavung 11459:Ten'edn 11454:Palaung 11421:Western 11348:Tai Nüa 11178:English 11107:Tampuan 10935:English 10905:Tai Lue 10900:Tai Dam 10867:Kra–Dai 10857:Sinsali 10817:Bantang 10789:Iu Mien 10757:Thavung 10590:Nyaheun 10206:2049433 9564:2614200 9266:PDR Lao 9134:(high) 8985:rising 8911:abugida 8886:of the 8760:ສິບແປດ 8743:໑໐໐໐໐໐໐ 8716:100,000 8695:ສິບຫົກ 8660:ສິບຫ້າ 8628:ສິບສີ່ 8596:ສິບສາມ 8564:ສິບສອງ 8528:ສິບເອັດ 8467:ເຈັດສິບ 8430:hok sip 8420:'eight' 8399:'fifty' 8380:'seven' 8375:/tɕét/ 8359:'forty' 8230:sam sip 8220:'three' 8215:/sǎːm/ 8190:sao sam 8135:/nɯ̄ŋ/ 8107:ຊາວເອັດ 8093:/sǔːn/ 8076:Number 8070:Number 8063:Numbers 8019:/mnŋwj/ 7995:to Lao 7926:Falling 7780:équerre 7564:/kʰa᷆ː/ 7460:Rising 7238:Central 7072:Central 6960:Plosive 6921:Glottal 6911:Palatal 6591:Plosive 6506:Glottal 6496:Palatal 6434:ເຮັດງານ 6409:ເຮັດວຽກ 6381:เฮ็ดงาน 6280:/kiə̯ŋ/ 6253:ngotwen 6122:Vietnam 6037:ທະນານັດ 5998:ธนาณัติ 5984:ธนาณัติ 5971:binliat 5954:billard 5932:binliat 5918:binliat 5887:/ʃi.mi/ 5815:/balɛn/ 5810:baleine 5788:pla wan 5774:pla wan 5738:facteur 5689:'wine' 5538:mak pom 5479:/afʁik/ 5474:Afrique 5446:แอฟริกา 5432:แอฟริกา 5341:ໂຮງຫນັງ 5270:cravate 5262:karawat 5213:French 5175:Vietnam 5040:/dɔ̏ːk/ 4960:Middle 4957:Middle 4931:Middle 4925:Middle 4911:Middle 4834:Kalasin 4785:Middle 4782:Middle 4694:hu chak 4690:/tɕa᷇k/ 4660:hônglèm 4629:hônghèm 4564:ເປັນສັງ 4510:mai tho 4476:Attapeu 4472:Salavan 4436:Sisaket 4432:Buriram 4415:Middle 4406:Middle 4392:Rising 4386:Middle 4380:Middle 4372:Rising 4366:Middle 4363:Rising 4286:ເປັນສັງ 4234:use of 4156:Middle 4147:Middle 4127:Middle 4121:Middle 4107:Middle 3780:'fire' 3721:*/wɤj/ 3529:*/cɤɰ/ 3465:*/haɰ/ 3381:Source 3259:Middle 3239:Middle 3233:Middle 3219:Middle 3153:/kɛ̂ːm/ 3041:Kalasin 2999:Attapeu 2991:Saravan 2754:Dialect 2424:จักรยาน 2410:จักรยาน 2269:/sukʰa/ 2179:bap kam 2165:bap kam 2159:บาปกรรม 2151:bap kam 2145:บาปกรรม 2128:पापकम्म 2053:'merit' 2007:/puɲɲa/ 1966:/kɔ̀ːn/ 1921:Prakrit 1898:animism 1876:, RTGS 1842:Tai Noi 1827:raxasap 1819:ຣາຊາສັບ 1774:ຟ້າງູ່ມ 1744:Tai Dam 1711:/d̪ura/ 1644:/knɑːŋ/ 1626:khanông 1617:khanong 1604:/mɛ̄ːŋ/ 1582:malaeng 1578:/lɛ̄ːŋ/ 1565:/mɛ́ːŋ/ 1516:/ɲúːŋ/ 1326:/hâːk/ 1156:/lɯ̂ːn/ 1092:/lɯ̂ːn/ 1042:/mɯ̄ːn/ 957:twelfth 945:Jiaozhi 919:Vietnam 915:Guangxi 880:History 874:Kam-Sui 850:Central 840:of the 811:, RTGS 805:Phuthai 784:PDR Lao 674:Kra-Dai 616:Chinese 589:abugida 569:Laotian 558:ພາສາລາວ 490:Unicode 404:Either: 330:Vietnam 250:in Laos 179:Kra–Dai 108:Vietnam 41:ພາສາລາວ 13199:Jiamao 12991:(Nyaw) 12989:Tai Yo 12957:Turung 12924:Khamti 12904:Tai Ya 12885:(Thai) 12805:(Nyaw) 12803:Tai Yo 12773:Bouyei 12750:Zhuang 12735:Jizhao 12722:Jizhao 12708:Jiamao 12700:Jiamao 12685:Baisha 12680:Moyfaw 12655:Zandui 12645:Lauhut 12635:Bouhin 12617:Lakkia 12609:Lakkia 12561:Maonan 12541:(Dong) 12469:Qabiao 12459:Buyang 12386:Portal 12346:Sports 12316:Emblem 12301:Anthem 12238:Health 12162:Energy 11993:Rivers 11983:Mekong 11799: 11730:Korean 11525:Moklen 11439:Mlabri 11429:Kintaq 11403:Kensiu 11296:Tai Lü 11173:French 11097:Stieng 11092:Somray 11087:Sa’och 10930:French 10847:Phunoi 10822:Cantan 10747:Maleng 10714:Vietic 10671:Mlabri 10658:Khmuic 10620:Katuic 10605:Sedang 10600:Sapuan 10560:Halang 10445: 10430: 10415: 10400: 10385: 10368: 10353: 10220: 10212: 10204: 10138: 9628:600168 9626: 9579: 9571: 9561: 9178:Tai Lü 9107:, and 9080:, and 8950:Tones 8770:XVIII 8708:໑໐໐໐໐໐ 8681:10,000 8531:sip et 8507:ແປດສິບ 8495:/síp/ 8455:/kȃw/ 8427:ຫົກສິບ 8390:ha sip 8387:ຫ້າສິບ 8350:si sip 8347:ສີ່ສິບ 8335:/hók/ 8321:XXXII 8300:'five' 8295:/hȁː/ 8255:/sīː/ 8239:thirty 8227:ສາມສິບ 8187:ຊາວສາມ 8147:ຊາວສອງ 8110:sao et 8098:'zero' 8079:Gloss 8073:Gloss 7933:/hâːk/ 7915:/hȁːk/ 7885:break 7867:Gloss 7747:, and 7568:/kʰȁː/ 7524:/kʰāː/ 7512:trade 7505:/kʰâː/ 7493:stuck 7486:/kʰáː/ 7467:/kʰǎː/ 7455:Gloss 7392: 7040:length 7034:Vowels 6901:Labial 6884:, and 6864:) are 6597:voiced 6532:plain 6526:plain 6520:plain 6512:plain 6486:Labial 6292:nyuean 6286:ເຍຶ້ອນ 6247:งดเว้น 6233:เยื้อน 6208:/fə̌ː/ 6154:Gloss 6103:/ɡʁam/ 6098:gramme 6026:mandat 6018:mangda 5965:ບິລລຽດ 5882:chimie 5827:pa wan 5782:ปลาวาฬ 5768:ปลาวาฬ 5730:faktoe 5606:beurre 5330:cinéma 5221:Gloss 5163:/gine/ 5159:Guinée 5151:/ກີເນ/ 5142:Guinea 5030:/dɤ̂ː/ 5020:/dɛ̄ː/ 4995:sangha 4979:, and 4840:, and 4838:Roi Et 4699:ຮູ້ຈັກ 4656:ໂຮງແລມ 4649:) and 4625:ໂຮງແຮມ 4531:/dɔːn/ 4493:ຊຽງແຕງ 4480:Xékong 4263:/nȃːm/ 3933:ขนมปัง 3804:Gloss 3582:*chaue 3460:'new' 3396:Gloss 3135:Hoi Et 3133:, and 3045:Roi Et 2995:Xékong 2937:ລາວກາງ 2850:, and 2691:mueang 2687:mueang 2657:corvée 2637:Taksin 2622:) and 2590:mueang 2502:ທຳ/ທັມ 2463:ḍhamma 2364:witcha 2347:witcha 2324:विज्जा 2068:dukkha 1989:Gloss 1925:maitri 1796:(RTGS 1782:mueang 1731:, the 1634:khnâng 1479:{} {} 1475: 1457: 1433: 1430: 1425: 1422:/ɲúːŋ/ 1407: 1383: 1380: 1369: 1366: 1356:PSWT * 1346:/râːk/ 1306:*raːk 1289:{} {} 1285: 1282:/râːk/ 1267: 1243: 1240: 1235: 1232:/hâːk/ 1217: 1193: 1190: 1179: 1176: 1166:PSWT * 1116:*mlɯn 1099:{} {} 1095: 1077: 1053: 1050: 1045: 1027: 1003: 1000: 989: 986: 976:PSWT * 953:eighth 866:Hainan 842:Zhuang 817:Tai Yo 815:) and 736:others 555:(Lao: 327: 315: 303: 280: 120:Sơn La 13149:mixed 13114:Pa Di 13067:Phuan 12939:Aiton 12934:Phake 12670:Nadou 12640:Ha Em 12550:Nuoxi 12534:Mulam 12507:Telue 12502:Hagei 12497:Mulao 12487:Vandu 12479:Gelao 12449:Lachi 12372:Index 12336:Music 12283:Women 12252:Delta 12218:Crime 12003:Towns 11687:Hindi 11653:Ugong 11623:Nuosu 11601:Hakka 11548:Hmong 11520:Moken 11492:Malay 11408:Khmer 11398:Jahai 11393:Chung 11388:Chong 11301:Phuan 11138:Jarai 11121:Other 11082:Samre 11072:Mnong 11062:Kaco’ 11057:Chong 11025:Khmer 10885:Phuan 10832:Cosao 10827:Cauho 10784:Hmong 10752:Nguồn 10704:Lamet 10699:Kiorr 10648:Ta'Oi 10580:Laven 10309:. In 10239:"Lao" 10210:S2CID 10202:JSTOR 10167:(PDF) 9989:(PDF) 9974:(PDF) 9734:et al 9624:JSTOR 9508:(PDF) 9335:"Lao" 9208:sutra 9025:high 9011:high 8991:high 8827:nueng 8740:XVII 8673:໑໐໐໐໐ 8649:1,000 8606:XIII 8521:LXXX 8448:ເກົ້າ 8439:sixty 8422:VIII 8281:XXXI 8201:XXII 8180:'two' 8161:XXII 8140:'one' 8131:nueng 8101:nulla 8023:/ptk/ 8002:Only 7903:love 7897:/hāk/ 7879:/hák/ 7847:] 7843:[ 7749:Phrae 7552:crow 7545:/kàː/ 7479:High 7435:Name 7427:] 7423:[ 7401:Tones 7291:Close 7233:Front 7121:Close 7067:Front 7046:with 6928:Nasal 6916:Velar 6541:Nasal 6535:lab. 6529:lab. 6523:lab. 6501:Velar 6395:ทำงาน 6354:/ekɛ/ 6341:i kae 6335:ອີແກ້ 6275:kiêng 6267:kiang 6239:yuean 6142:Thai 6139:Isan 5899:khémi 5860:khemi 5846:khemi 5821:ປາວານ 5683:/vɛ̃/ 5670:waeng 5611:/bœʁ/ 5551:/pɔm/ 5546:pomme 5242:เนกไท 5228:เนกไท 5207:Thai 5204:Isan 5038:(dok 5028:(doe 5022:) or 5018:(dae 4905:High 4762:High 4670:and * 4647:/ɾàp/ 4616:/hāp/ 4440:Khmer 4428:Surin 4360:High 4249:/sêː/ 4177:is a 4101:High 3825:หลิ้น 3795:Isan 3792:Thai 3646:*naue 3518:*haue 3454:*maue 3387:Isan 3384:Thai 3344:and * 3280:with 3213:High 3157:chaem 3118:ໄທວຽງ 3020:Surin 2848:Bokèo 2620:/síː/ 2358:วิชชา 2341:วิชชา 2330:vijja 2264:sukha 2185:'sin' 2093:ทุกข์ 2079:ทุกข์ 2062:दुक्ख 2002:puñña 1996:पुञ्ञ 1983:Thai 1980:Isan 1977:Pali 1938:metta 1715:śabda 1666:phōnē 1595:maeng 1569:laeng 1552:maeng 1548:mlɛːŋ 1536:/jūŋ/ 1496:*ɲuŋ 1472:/jūŋ/ 1419:nyung 1182:*raːk 992:*mlɯn 630:with 587:, an 125:China 13134:Kuan 13109:Sapa 13062:Khün 13052:Yong 13016:Thai 12984:Isan 12950:Ahom 12899:Shan 12862:Nùng 12798:Saek 12627:Hlai 12599:Biao 12591:Biao 12556:Then 12492:A'ou 12454:Paha 12444:Laha 12326:Flag 12255:cron 12250:and 12154:Kip 11797:Laos 11581:Lisu 11571:Akha 11487:Cham 11343:Shan 11338:Khün 11270:Isan 11245:Thai 11153:Thai 11133:Cham 11102:Suoy 11077:Pear 11052:Brao 10890:Saek 10875:Khün 10852:Piyo 10842:Luma 10837:Hani 10812:Akha 10807:Akeu 10742:Liha 10732:Cuoi 10727:Chut 10722:Arem 10666:Khmu 10638:Katu 10633:Brao 10585:Lavi 10570:Jru' 10555:Duan 10550:Alak 10443:ISBN 10428:ISBN 10413:ISBN 10398:ISBN 10383:ISBN 10366:ISBN 10351:ISBN 9569:PMID 9034:mid 9031:mid 9014:mid 8994:mid 8930:Isan 8924:for 8800:XIX 8705:XVI 8641:໑໐໐໐ 8638:XIV 8574:XII 8481:LXX 8460:nine 8411:paet 8382:VII 8371:chet 8368:ເຈັດ 8260:four 8241:XXX 8222:III 8171:song 8128:ໜຶ່ງ 8121:XXI 7872:High 7855:Tone 7640:high 7607:Name 7598:Name 7560:ຂ້າ 7549:or 7538:Low 7517:Mid 7509:or 7501:ຄ້າ 7490:or 7474:leg 7471:or 7438:Lao 7421:and 7419:,,,, 7372:Open 7255:rnd. 7250:unr. 7243:Back 7202:Open 7108:uaʔ 7100:iaʔ 7089:rnd. 7084:unr. 7077:Back 6853:All 6516:lab. 6423:việc 6349:ê-ke 6327:chak 6313:chak 6145:Lao 6076:kram 6070:กรัม 6062:kram 6056:กรัม 5946:biya 5893:ເຄມີ 5874:simi 5854:เคมี 5840:เคมี 5650:ไวน์ 5636:ไวน์ 5623:noei 5617:ເນີຍ 5584:noei 5570:noei 5210:Lao 5173:and 5146:kine 5025:ເດີ້ 5008:and 5006:Pali 4991:Pali 4951:Low 4945:Low 4940:Low 4937:Low 4920:Low 4917:Low 4914:Low 4802:Low 4794:Low 4774:Low 4680:chak 4478:and 4462:and 4434:and 4400:Low 4214:and 4173:The 4141:Low 3920:ling 3906:ling 3892:ling 3878:ling 3811:เล่น 3568:chai 3554:chai 3540:chai 3448:ໃຫມ່ 3434:ໃຫມ່ 3420:ใหม่ 3406:ใหม่ 3346:/aj/ 3342:/aɰ/ 3320:and 3304:and 3296:and 3286:Loei 3253:Low 3166:chèm 3162:ແຈ້ມ 3145:ແກ້ມ 3140:kaem 3107:and 3101:Loei 2975:and 2950:and 2928:Loei 2926:and 2900:and 2861:Loei 2817:and 2815:Loei 2651:and 2557:Loei 2508:tham 2494:tham 2488:ธรรม 2480:tham 2474:ธรรม 2457:धम्म 2378:wisa 2372:ວິຊາ 2113:thuk 2099:thuk 2085:thuk 1986:Lao 1956:klon 1904:and 1729:Pali 1720:शब्द 1701:dura 1662:φωνή 1657:tēle 1653:τῆλε 1639:ខ្នង 1587:แมลง 1561:mèng 1469:yung 1372:*ɲuŋ 1108:ลื่น 1102:ມື່ນ 1089:luen 1084:ลื่น 1039:muen 1034:ມື່ນ 955:and 888:and 872:and 860:and 858:Hlai 848:and 825:Ahom 821:Shan 636:Isan 634:and 632:Thai 577:Isan 573:Laos 283:Laos 144:Isan 118:and 101:and 86:Isan 78:Laos 12974:Lao 12867:Tày 12809:Yoy 12745:Tai 12665:Cun 12576:Mak 12571:Sui 12539:Kam 12512:Qau 12436:Kra 12243:HIV 12076:Law 11628:Mpi 11444:Mon 11434:Kuy 11383:Bru 11229:of 11143:Lao 11067:Kuy 10910:Yoy 10737:Kri 10694:Bit 10643:Kuy 10628:Bru 10610:Su' 10575:Juk 10565:Jeh 10514:Lao 10194:doi 9616:doi 9559:PMC 9551:doi 9520:hdl 9481:doi 9450:doi 9311:at 9286:at 9268:at 9114:/m/ 9105:/n/ 9096:/l/ 9087:/w/ 9078:/r/ 9069:/ɲ/ 9060:/ŋ/ 9051:/h/ 8894:of 8839:XX 8823:sao 8670:XV 8621:CI 8617:101 8609:໑໐໑ 8585:100 8577:໑໐໐ 8557:XC 8542:XI 8500:ten 8491:sip 8488:ສິບ 8462:IX 8451:kao 8441:LX 8408:ແປດ 8361:VL 8342:VI 8340:six 8331:hok 8328:ຫົກ 8288:ຫ້າ 8262:IV 8248:ສີ່ 8211:sam 8208:ສາມ 8182:II 8168:ສອງ 8089:sun 7977:or 7929:ຮາກ 7911:ຫາກ 7893:ຮັກ 7890:Mid 7875:ຫັກ 7858:Lao 7849:). 7836:,,, 7737:Tai 7618:low 7566:or 7541:ກາ 7482:ຄາ 7463:ຂາ 7450:IPA 7443:IPA 7429:). 7104:ɯaʔ 6862:/ʔ/ 6740:kʷʰ 6722:tʷʰ 6664:tɕʷ 6366:sak 6360:ສາກ 6321:ฉาก 6307:ฉาก 6261:ກຽງ 6203:phở 6195:foe 6189:ເຝີ 5678:vin 5656:wai 5642:wai 5598:boe 5578:เนย 5564:เนย 5216:Lao 5165:). 5144:is 5035:ດອກ 5015:ແດ່ 4685:ຈັກ 4668:dap 4642:ລັບ 4637:lap 4611:ຮັບ 4606:hap 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