Laos - Knowledge

2751: 3880:-held areas used Lao as their sole language and following the end of the Vietnam War, French began its sharp decline in Laos. Additionally, many elite and French-educated Lao immigrated to nations such as the United States and France to escape government persecution. With the end of isolationism in the early 1990s however, the French language rebounded, thanks to the establishment of French, Swiss and Canadian relations and the opening of French-language centres in central Laos. Today, French has a healthier status in Laos than the other Francophone nations of Asia and about 35% of all students in Laos receive their education in French, with the language being a required course in many schools. French is also used in public works in central and southern Laos and Luang Prabang and is a language of diplomacy and of the elite classes, higher professions and elders. 3088:, and Civil Rights Defenders, along with the US State Department, serious human rights violations such as arbitrary detentions, disappearances, free speech restrictions, prison abuses and other violations are an ongoing problem. Amnesty International raised concerns about the ratification record of the Lao government on human rights standards and its lack of co-operation with the UN human rights mechanisms and legislative measures—both impact negatively upon human rights. The organisation also raised concerns in relation to freedom of expression, poor prison conditions, restrictions on freedom of religions, protection of refugees and asylum-seekers, and the death penalty. Laos has also been cited as an origin country for human trafficking. A number of citizens, primarily women and girls from all 3978: 3438:. Laos's predominantly rural population makes investing in sanitation difficult. In 1990 only 8% of the rural population had access to improved sanitation. Access rose rapidly from 10 per cent in 1995 to 38 per cent in 2008. Between 1995 and 2008 approximately 1,232,900 more people had access to improved sanitation in rural areas. Laos's progress is notable in comparison to similar developing countries. The authorities in Laos have recently developed an innovative regulatory framework for public–private partnership contracts signed with small enterprises, in parallel with more conventional regulation of state-owned water enterprises. 2729: 2919:

government, Laos agreed to repatriate the 60,000 Lao refugees living in Thailand, including several thousand Hmong people. Very few of the Lao refugees, however, were willing to return voluntarily. Pressure to resettle the refugees grew as the Thai government worked to close its remaining refugee camps. While some Hmong people returned to Laos voluntarily, with development assistance from UNHCR, allegations of forced repatriation surfaced. Of those Hmong who did return to Laos, some quickly escaped back to Thailand, describing discrimination and brutal treatment at the hands of Lao authorities.

1528:, rubber, and coffee, but never accounted for more than one percent of French Indochina's exports. By 1940, around 600 French citizens lived in Laos. Under French rule, the Vietnamese were encouraged to migrate to Laos, which was seen by the French colonists as a rational solution to a labour shortage within the confines of an Indochina-wide colonial space. By 1943, the Vietnamese population stood at nearly 40,000, forming the majority in the largest cities of Laos and enjoying the right to elect its own leaders. As a result, 53% of the population of Vientiane, 85% of 1479: 2636: 4452: 3556: 10939: 3111: 182: 1295: 1936: 4584: 2612: 2032: 3546: 2923: 3509: 4072: 1700: 3905: 192: 13385: 11112: 10066: 101: 11124: 3227:(2018), Laos ranks as the 36th hungriest nation in the world out of the list of the 52 nations with the worst hunger situation(s). In 2019, the UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights conducted an official visit to Laos and found that the country's top-down approach to economic growth and poverty alleviation "is all too often counterproductive, leading to impoverishment and jeopardising the rights of the poor and marginalised." 3164:. The irrigated areas account for only 28% of the total area under cultivation which, in turn, represents only 12% of all of the agricultural land in 2012. Rice dominates agriculture, with about 80% of the arable land area used for growing rice. Approximately 77% of Lao farm households are self-sufficient in rice. Laos may have the greatest number of rice varieties in the Greater Mekong Subregion. The Lao government has been working with the 3942: 87: 2581: 4336: 1950: 3519: 4438: 3253: 1802: 1645: 1349: 4048: 901: 858: 839: 806: 787: 2972:, for instance, told a Hmong gathering: "I do not enjoy standing up and saying to my government that you are not telling the truth, but if that is necessary to defend truth and justice, I will do that." Republicans called several Congressional hearings on alleged persecution of the Hmong in Laos in an apparent attempt to generate further support for their opposition to the Hmong's repatriation to Laos. 4059: 3313: 4466: 2725:. The revised constitution of 11 May 1957 omitted reference to the French Union, though close educational, health and technical ties with the former colonial power persisted. The 1957 document was abrogated in December 1975, when a communist people's republic was proclaimed. A new constitution was adopted in 1991 and enshrined a "leading role" for the LPRP. 3268:

goods are expected to generate 16% of total exports or US$ 270.3 million in 2010, growing in nominal terms to US$ 484.2 million (12.5% of the total) in 2020. The European Council on Trade and Tourism awarded the country the "World Best Tourist Destination" designation for 2013 for architecture and history.

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The tourism sector has grown rapidly, from 80,000 international visitors in 1990, to 1.876 million in 2010, when tourism had been expected to rise to US$ 1.5857 billion by 2020. In 2010, one in every 11 jobs was in the tourism sector. Export earnings from international visitors and tourism

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and other minerals have been identified, explored and mined. In addition, the country's plentiful water resources and mountainous terrain enable it to produce and export large quantities of hydroelectric energy. Of the potential capacity of approximately 18,000 megawatts, around 8,000 megawatts have

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in northern Laos. Archaeological evidence suggests an agriculturist society developed during the 4th millennium BC. Burial jars and other kinds of sepulchers suggest a complex society in which bronze objects appeared around 1500 BC, and iron tools were known from 700 BC. The proto-historic period is

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In 2016, China was the biggest foreign investor in the Laotian economy, having invested US$ 5.395 billion since 1989, according to the Laos Ministry of Planning and Investment's 1989–2014 report. Thailand (invested US$ 4.489 billion) and Vietnam (invested US$ 3.108 billion) are the

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In a time period where the acquisition of humans was a priority over the ownership of land, the warfare of pre-modern Southeast Asia revolved around the seizing of people and resources from its enemies. A Siamese military campaign in Laos in 1876 was described by a British observer as having been

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Although some accusations of forced repatriation were denied, thousands of Hmong people refused to return to Laos. In 1996 as the deadline for the closure of Thai refugee camps approached, and under mounting political pressure, the United States agreed to resettle Hmong refugees who passed a new

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pattern. There is a distinct rainy season from May to October, followed by a dry season from November to April. Local tradition holds that there are three seasons (rainy, cool and hot) as the latter two months of the climatologically defined dry season are noticeably hotter than the earlier four

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The term "Laotian" does not necessarily refer to the Lao language, ethnic Lao people, language or customs. It is a political term that includes the non-ethnic Lao groups within Laos and identifies them as "Laotian" because of their political citizenship. Laos has the youngest population of any

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and were of non-Lao origin. Following threats of forcible removal by the Thai government, the United States, in a significant victory for the Hmong, agreed to accept 15,000 of the refugees in 2003. Several thousand Hmong people, fearing forced repatriation to Laos if they were not accepted for

2980:, a Buddhist monastery in central Thailand where more than 10,000 Hmong refugees had already been living. The Thai government attempted to repatriate these refugees, but the Wat Tham Krabok Hmong refused to leave and the Lao government refused to accept them, claiming they were involved in the 3430:

According to the World Bank data conducted in 2014, Laos has met the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets on water and sanitation regarding the UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme. However, as of 2018, there are approximately 1.9 million of Lao's population who could not access an

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The Lao National Tourism Administration, related government agencies and the private sector are working together to realise the vision put forth in the country's National Ecotourism Strategy and Action Plan. This includes decreasing the environmental and cultural impact of tourism; increasing

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awareness in the importance of ethnic groups and biological diversity; providing a source of income to conserve, sustain and manage the Lao protected area network and cultural heritage sites; and emphasizing the need for tourism zoning and management plans for sites that will be developed as

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from Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Under the plan, refugee status was evaluated through a screening process. Recognised asylum seekers were given resettlement opportunities, while the remaining refugees were to be repatriated under guarantee of safety. After talks with the UNHCR and the Thai

3406:, parallels both Route 13 and the Boten–Vientiane railway; the first section from Vientiane to Vang Vieng was opened in 2020, with other sections under construction. However, villages far from major roads can be reached only through unpaved roads that may not be accessible year-round. 4083:

Theravada Buddhism is a dominant influence in Lao culture. It is evident throughout the country, expressed in language, temples and the arts and literature. Many elements of Lao culture predate Buddhism. For example, Laotian music is dominated by its national musical instrument, the

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Article 9: The State respects and protects all lawful activities of Buddhists and of followers of other religions, mobilises and encourages Buddhist monks and novices as well as the priests of other religions to participate in activities that are beneficial to the country and

4118:, and sticky rice cultivation and production is thought to have originated in Laos. There are many traditions and rituals associated with rice production in different environments and among many ethnic groups. For example, Khammu farmers in Luang Prabang plant the rice variety 2985:

resettlement in the United States, fled the camp to live elsewhere within Thailand where a sizeable Hmong population has been present since the 19th century. In 2004 and 2005, thousands of Hmong fled from the jungles of Laos to a temporary refugee camp in the Thai province of

4525:"The State respects and protects all lawful activities of Buddhists and of followers of other religions, mobilises and encourages Buddhist monks and novices as well as the priests of other religions to participate in activities that are beneficial to the country and people." 2891:. After the Pathet Lao took over the country in 1975, the conflict continued in isolated pockets. In 1977, a communist newspaper promised the party would hunt down the "American collaborators" and their families "to the last root". As many as 200,000 Hmong went into exile in 8650: 4936: 8260:

Vakulchuk, R., Chan, H.Y., Kresnawan, M.R., Merdekawati, M., Overland, I., Sagbakken, H.F., Suryadi, B., Utama, N.A. and Yurnaidi, Z., 2020. Lao PDR: How to Attract More Investment in Small-Scale Renewable Energy? ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) Policy Brief Series, No 7.

169: 168: 4293:. Additionally, the Khao San Pathet Lao, the country's official news agency, publishes English and French versions of its eponymous paper. Laos has nine daily newspapers, 90 magazines, 43 radio stations, and 32 TV stations operating throughout the country. As of 2011, 3868:. The organisation estimated in 2010 that there were 173,800 French speakers in Laos. The French language's decline was slower and occurred later in Laos than in Vietnam and Cambodia, as the monarchy of Laos had close political relations with France. At the eve of the 3740:(lowlands, midlands and upper high lands), as this somewhat correlates with ethnic groupings. More than half of the nation's population is ethnic Lao—the principal lowland inhabitants, and the politically and culturally dominant people of Laos. The Lao belong to the 163: 167: 3456:

Laos's population was estimated at 7.45 million in 2020, dispersed unevenly across the country. Most people live in valleys of the Mekong River and its tributaries. Vientiane prefecture, the capital and largest city, had about 683,000 residents in 2020.

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ascended the throne, Lan Xang further expanded its frontiers. His reign is often regarded as Laos's golden age. When he died without an heir, the kingdom split into three principalities. Between 1763 and 1769, Burmese armies overran northern Laos and annexed

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However, the government of Laos frequently breaches its own constitution and the rule of law, since the judiciary and judges are appointed by the ruling communist party. According to independent non-profit/non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as

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In their opposition of the repatriation plans, Democratic and Republican Members of Congress challenged the Clinton administration's position that the government of Laos was not systematically violating Hmong human rights. US Representative

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were formalised via a treaty signed in 1977, which has since provided direction for Lao foreign policy, and provides the basis for Vietnamese involvement at all levels of Lao political and economic life. Laos was requested in 1979 by

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of Luang Phrabang became ruler of a unified Laos, and Vientiane once again became the capital. Laos never held any importance for France other than as a buffer state between Thailand and the more economically important

1062:. Because of its central geographical location in Southeast Asia, the kingdom became a hub for overland trade and became wealthy economically and culturally. After a period of internal conflict, Lan Xang broke into the 8529: 3775:

minorities remain, particularly in the towns, but many left after independence in the late 1940s, many of whom relocated either to Vietnam, Hong Kong, or to France. Lao Theung constitute about 30% of the population.

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There is limited external and internal telecommunication, but mobile phones have become widespread. 93% of households have a telephone, either fixed line or mobile. Electricity is available to 93% of the population.

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been committed for export to Thailand and Vietnam. As of 2021, despite cheap hydro power available in the country, Laos continues to also rely on fossil fuels, coal in particular, in domestic electricity production.

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nations included in the study. Prominent civil society advocates, human rights defenders, political and religious dissidents, and Hmong refugees have disappeared at the hands of Lao military and security forces.

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The Lao government controls all media channels to prevent critique of its actions. Lao citizens who have criticised the government have been subjected to enforced disappearances, arbitrary arrests and torture.

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was at 62.6 years and female life expectancy was at 66.7 years in 2017. Healthy life expectancy was 54 years in 2007. Government expenditure on health is about four per cent of GDP, about US$ 18 (PPP) in 2006.

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is the principal form of marriage in the country. Polygamy, however, is still customary among some Hmong people. As of 2017, 3.5% of women and 2.1% of men between the ages of 15–49 were in a polygamous union.

8614: 13339: 7819: 4215: 14570: 9282: 3076:, nine years after signing the treaty. The stated policy objectives of both the Lao government and international donors remain focused upon achieving sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction. 3003:, UNHCHR, and international groups have since spoken out about the forced repatriation. The Thai foreign ministry has said that it will halt deportation of Hmong refugees held in Detention Centres in 8572: 5219: 7586: 3203:

has received prominent attention with foreign direct investments. This sector has made significant contributions to the economic condition of Laos. More than 540 mineral deposits of gold, copper,

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was installed as a vassal king of Vientiane by the Siamese. He encouraged a renaissance of Lao fine arts and literature and improved relations with Luang Phrabang. Under Vietnamese pressure,

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Overland, Indra; Sagbakken, Haakon Fossum; Chan, Hoy-Yen; Merdekawati, Monika; Suryadi, Beni; Utama, Nuki Agya; Vakulchuk, Roman (December 2021). "The ASEAN climate and energy paradox".

1864:, and other countries. In 1979, there were 50,000 PAVN troops stationed in Laos and as many as 6,000 civilian Vietnamese officials including 1,000 directly attached to the ministries in 13459: 12794: 1395:

and reigned for 43 years. Lan Xang became an important trade centre during Samsenthai's reign, but after his death in 1421 it collapsed into warring factions for nearly a century.

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where the population was predominantly Lao. As late as 1945, the French drew up an ambitious plan to move a massive number of Vietnamese to three key areas, i.e., the Vientiane Plain,

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speaking peoples have lived in isolated regions of Laos for many years. Mountain/hill tribes of mixed ethno/cultural-linguistic heritage are found in northern Laos, which include the

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In 1968, the PAVN launched a multi-division attack to help the Pathet Lao fight the RLA. The attack resulted in the RLA largely demobilising, leaving the conflict to irregular ethnic

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both appropriated funds for the remaining Thailand-based Hmong to be immediately resettled in the United States; Clinton, however, responded by promising a veto of the legislation.

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still accounts for half of the GDP and provides 80% of employment. Only 4% of the country is arable land and a mere 0.3% used as permanent crop land, the lowest percentage in the

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linguistic group who began migrating south from China in the first millennium CE. Ten per cent belong to other "lowland" groups, which together with the Lao people make up the

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language family. However, only slightly more than half of the population speaks Lao natively. The remainder, particularly in rural areas, speak ethnic minority languages. The

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Lending further support to earlier claims that the government of Laos was persecuting the Hmong, filmmaker Rebecca Sommer documented first-hand accounts in her documentary,

5000: 11969: 10177: 6268: 4535: 2778:, maintaining close ties with the Soviet Union and depending heavily on the Soviets for most of its foreign assistance. Laos also maintained a "special relationship" with 2715: 2692: 2673: 2622: 479: 9714: 3923:) in 2010. Buddhism has long been one of the most important social forces in Laos. Theravada Buddhism coexisted peacefully since its introduction to the country with the 12078: 4866: 4178:

and won three awards at the Berlin International Film Festival. Examples of Lao feature films that have received international recognition include Lao New Wave Cinema's

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from rivers and selling the power to its neighbours, namely Thailand, China and Vietnam, as well as its initiative to become a "land-linked" nation, as evidenced by the

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and mines, kill or maim approximately 50 Laotians every year. Due to the particularly heavy impact of cluster bombs during this war, Laos was a strong advocate of the

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at 2,818 metres (9,245 ft), with some plains and plateaus. The Mekong River forms a large part of the western boundary with Thailand, where the mountains of the

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problem as many educated people migrate to developed countries. It is estimated that about 37% of educated Laotians live outside Laos. Laos was ranked 110th in the

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has also experienced growth based on cross-border trade with Thailand and Vietnam. In 2009, despite the fact that the government is still officially communist, the

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and signed agreements giving Vietnam the right to station armed forces and to appoint advisers to assist in overseeing the country. The close ties between Laos and

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is officially a crime in Laos, though the penalty is minor. The constitution and Family Code bar the legal recognition of polygamous marriages, stipulating that

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in northern Laos; the skull is at least 46,000 years old, making it the oldest modern human fossil found to date in Southeast Asia. Stone artifacts including

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the state religion, and Lan Xang prospered. His ministers, unable to tolerate his ruthlessness, forced him into exile to the present-day Thai province of

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Since the founding of the Lao PDR in 1975, very few films have been made in Laos. The first feature-length film made after the monarchy was abolished is

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is a traditional garment worn by Lao women in daily life. It is a hand-woven silk skirt that can identify the woman who wears it in a variety of ways.

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independence organisation. The Pathet Lao began a war against the French colonial forces with the aid of the Vietnamese independence organisation, the

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Some 80 million bombs failed to explode and remain scattered throughout the country, rendering vast swaths of land impossible to cultivate. Currently

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that was promulgated in 1991 and amended in 2003 contains most key safeguards for human rights. For example, Article 8 makes it clear that Laos is a

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In 1993, Vue Mai, a former Hmong soldier and leader of the largest Hmong refugee camp in Thailand, who had been recruited by the US Embassy in

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Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2014). Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai

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Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2014). Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai

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language affiliation. However, the latter is considered pejorative, meaning 'slave'. They were the indigenous inhabitants of northern Laos. Some

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The First Indochina War took place across French Indochina and eventually led to French defeat and the signing of a peace accord for Laos at the

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in small quantities near the farm house in memory of dead parents, or at the edge of the rice field to indicate that parents are still alive.

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Australian filmmaker Kim Mordount's first feature film was made in Laos and features a Laotian cast speaking their native language. Entitled

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Buddhist, 1.5 percent Christian, 0.1 percent Muslim, 0.1 percent Jewish, and 32.3 percent were other or traditional (mostly practitioners of

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Laos's first French-written and monarchical constitution was promulgated on 11 May 1947, and declared Laos an independent state within the

2023:, the poppy cultivation area was 15 square kilometres (5.8 sq mi), down from 18 square kilometres (6.9 sq mi) in 2006. 912: 8196: 5337: 5047: 13334: 12503: 12335: 11811: 11491: 10659: 7429: 6008: 5814: 5405: 3127: 9070: 7403:"Report on the situation in the Xaysomboun Special Zone and 1100 Hmong-Lao refugees who escaped to Petchabun, Thailand during 2004–2005" 6398: 5474: 14454: 14187: 10214: 9623: 9442: 8179: 7943: 5245: 713: 528: 8715: 7383: 7258:"Reports on results of investigations of allegations concerning the welfare of Hmong refugees and asylum seekers in Thailand and Laos" 5375: 2899:. Other Hmong fighters hid out in mountains in Xiangkhouang Province for many years, with a remnant emerging from the jungle in 2003. 2774:

in December 1975 were characterised by a hostile posture toward the West, with the government of the Lao PDR aligning itself with the

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European Council On Tourism And Trade Delegation Visit To Laos-World Best Tourist Destination – European Council On Tourism And Trade

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in the US declared Laos was no longer a Marxist–Leninist state and lifted bans on Laotian companies receiving financing from the

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Laos traces its history to the kingdom of Lan Xang ('million elephants'), which was founded in the 13th century by a Lao prince,

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or mid-slope Laotians, predominate. Other terms are Khmu, Khamu (Kammu) or Kha as the Lao Loum refer to them to indicate their

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at the southern end. Laos can be considered to consist of three geographical areas: north, central, and south. Laos had a 2019

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The Lao economy depends on investment and trade with its neighbours, Thailand, Vietnam, and, especially in the north, China.

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had impeded Laos's ground transportation development throughout the 20th century. Its first railway line, a short 3-km long

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Laos has no tradition in other team sports. In 2017, the country sent a team for the first time to the team events at the

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as its capital, but on 7 April 1945 two battalions of Japanese troops occupied the city. The Japanese attempted to force

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is a staple food and has cultural and religious significance to the Lao people. Sticky rice is generally preferred over

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is an important industry, and the government hopes to attract foreign investment to develop the substantial deposits of

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characterised by contact with Chinese and Indian civilisations. According to linguistic and other historical evidence,

843: 8275:"Preparing the Cumulative Impact Assessment for the Nam Ngum 3 Hydropower Project: Financed by the Japan Special Fund" 7647: 6970: 6042: 5607: 2996:, and in a comprehensive report that includes summaries of refugee claims, which was submitted to the UN in May 2006. 2976:

screening process. Around 5,000 Hmong people who were not resettled at the time of the camp closures sought asylum at

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are the only foreign media organisations permitted to open offices in Laos—both opened bureaus in Vientiane in 2011.

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railways, are also under planning, in line to meet the Laotian government's vision of becoming a land-linked nation.

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in 1893. The name of the country is spelled the same as the plural of the dominant and most common ethnic group, the

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of Laos, including in Saysaboune Closed Military Zone, Xaisamboune Closed Military Zone near Vientiane Province and

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All newspapers are published by the government, including two foreign language papers: the English-language daily

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became king in 1548, after his father was killed, and ordered the construction of what became the symbol of Laos,

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as poor, citing repeated abuses such as torture, restrictions on civil liberties and persecution of minorities.

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was predominantly shot and produced in Laos with assistance from the Lao government. It was recognised with a

14555: 14148: 12770: 12375: 11785: 11683: 11463: 10351: 9649: 8836: 6425: 5836: 5628: 4514: 4403:

is the top professional league for association football clubs in the country. Since the start of the league,

3089: 1829: 1445: 1218: 987: 13029: 9331: 7809:"Human Rights Watch Concerns on Laos Submitted in advance of the EU-Laos Human Rights Dialogue October 2015" 14247: 14008: 13761: 12639: 12033: 11829: 11528: 11518: 11287: 11055: 10204: 6888: 4780: 4376: 3321: 2911: 2846: 1798:

to ban the weapons and was host to the First Meeting of States Parties to the convention in November 2010.

1196: 953: 209: 8890: 14328: 14003: 13990: 13080: 12644: 12624: 12619: 11874: 11780: 11554: 11148: 10490: 9985: 9919: 6578:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity" 4940: 4904: 4372: 3996: 3981: 3372: 3329: 3139: 2884: 1825: 1689: 1607: 1514: 1469: 1149:, ending the civil war and monarchy, and beginning a period of alignment with the Soviet Union until the 615: 11926: 7905: 7279:

Gunderson, Steve (18 May 1996). "State Department Outlines Resettlement Guidelines for Hmong Refugees".

6697: 14550: 13673: 12634: 12629: 12385: 11640: 11523: 11322: 10645: 10373: 10295: 10096: 8343: 7746: 7688: 6525: 3371:

to Thailand, only opened in 2009. A major breakthrough occurred in December 2021, when the 414-km long

3307: 3123: 2953: 1635: 939: 11104:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.

3876:

was beginning in Laos as political factions between communist Pathet Lao and the government occurred.

1688:

between the Royal Laotian government and the Pathet Lao. The Pathet Lao were backed militarily by the

14595: 14545: 14252: 14113: 14108: 13876: 12609: 12292: 11891: 11763: 10439: 10429: 10366: 10172: 9965: 9899: 6369: 4380: 4339: 4038: 4030: 3555: 3376: 3368: 3147: 2745: 2601: 1622:. France remained in de facto control until 22 October 1953, when Laos gained full independence as a 1188: 1063: 963: 581: 9803: 9149: 9044: 8780: 6228: 14141: 14095: 13594: 12869: 12763: 12614: 12589: 11834: 11758: 11391: 11292: 10370: 10324: 10209: 10086: 8384: 8350: 8236: 4812: 3972: 3953: 3851: 3791: 3384: 3161: 2830: 2825:

were normalised in November 2004 through Congress approved legislation. Laos was admitted into the

1918: 1892: 1595:

as representative to the Japanese. When Japan surrendered, some Lao nationalists (including Prince

1212: 548: 14496: 9736: 9597: 9097: 6667: 3060:

and is committed to equality between ethnic groups. The constitution also contains provisions for

13329: 12755: 12594: 12574: 12564: 12304: 12250: 11954: 11698: 11203: 11013: 10459: 10396: 10290: 10040: 5565:"Archaeological Investigations in northern Laos: New contributions to Southeast Asian prehistory" 4304: 4004: 3803: 3220: 3200: 3157: 3093: 2786: 2728: 1914: 1680:-backed Pathet Lao guerillas. A second Provisional Government of National Unity formed by Prince 1623: 1618:. In 1950, the French were forced to give Laos semi-autonomy as an "associated state" within the 1596: 1179:

connecting Laos and neighbours. Laos has been referred to as one of Southeast Asia and Pacific's

1161: 1102: 1020: 890: 768: 4182:, directed by Anysay Keola, which was screened at the OzAsia Film Festival, and Lao Art Media's 3864:

is used in government and commerce, and Laos is a member of the French-speaking organisation of

14067: 13920: 13820: 13810: 13741: 13717: 13475: 13430: 13319: 13152: 12604: 12599: 12584: 12579: 12569: 12559: 12277: 11916: 11911: 11851: 11302: 11245: 11191: 11186: 10267: 10236: 10231: 10121: 10111: 10065: 9480: 8203: 4170: 4151: 3855: 3629: 3490: 3353: 3143: 2915: 2704: 2646: 2303: 1736: 1712: 1661: 1588: 1391:

in 1373, where he died. Fa Ngum's eldest son, Oun Heuan, ascended to the throne under the name

1238: 1176: 1172: 1126: 1075: 818: 762: 659: 534: 513: 494: 6005: 5397: 1980:. Its thickly forested landscape consists mostly of rugged mountains, the highest of which is 1906:

as its new secretary general, the most powerful post in Laos, succeeding retiring party chief

1575:

occupied Laos. On 9 March 1945, a nationalist group declared Laos once more independent, with

350: 14227: 13957: 13751: 12889: 12340: 12325: 12272: 11426: 11297: 11045: 10091: 9067: 6395: 5950: 5458: 4411: 3665: 3380: 3279: 3081: 2782:

and formalised a 1977 treaty of friendship and cooperation that created tensions with China.

2529: 2438: 2277: 1884: 1708: 1383:. Ngum was descended from a long line of Lao kings that traced back to Khoun Boulom. He made 31: 10528: 7092: 6800: 5241: 3508: 1414:. Settathirath disappeared in the mountains on his way back from a military expedition into 1058:, which existed from the 13th century to the 18th century as one of the largest kingdoms in 13126: 12245: 12148: 11945: 11678: 11588: 11411: 11339: 11307: 11257: 11252: 10913: 10386: 10341: 10305: 10182: 10162: 9975: 9970: 9892: 9068:

Asian Migrations: Social and Geographical Mobilities in Southeast, East, and Northeast Asia

7387: 6589: 6342: 5509: 5367: 4368: 3838:, which evolved sometime between the 13th and 14th centuries, was derived from the ancient 3683: 3575: 3545: 3536: 3447: 3053: 3028: 2957: 2481: 2429: 2177: 2012: 1541: 1505: 1431: 1222: 1071: 1067: 731: 685: 589: 585: 458: 442: 409: 35: 11921: 8475: 8281: 7782: 7313: 7029: 8: 14423: 13746: 13579: 13540: 13484: 13365: 13182: 12320: 12064: 11708: 11416: 11267: 11220: 11208: 10990: 10262: 10187: 9013: 8747: 8443: 7339: 7148: 6762: 4479: 4211: 3611: 3476: 3431:

improved water supply and 2.4 million people without access to improved sanitation.

3282:

sites. Major festivals include Lao New Year celebrated around 13–15 April and involves a

3235: 3224: 3065: 3057: 2986: 2755: 2688: 2617: 2555: 2377: 2251: 2086: 2015:

preservation. The country is one of four in the opium poppy growing region known as the "

1997: 1989: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1903: 1835:

On 2 December 1975, after taking control of the country, the Pathet Lao government under

1787: 1750:

forces of the "Secret Army" backed by the United States and Thailand, and led by General

1603: 1548:, which was only derailed by the Japanese invasion of Indochina. Otherwise, according to 1478: 1473: 485: 14242: 6910: 6593: 6466:. Sri Venkateswara University. Chapter IV: The Metamorphosed Foreign Relations, pg. 154. 5886:"Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Northern Thailand: Archival Anecdotes and Village Voices" 5513: 4894: 3854:) are spoken by minorities, particularly in the midland and highland areas. A number of 3234:, which in 2017 was exported to more than 20 countries worldwide. It is produced by the 100: 14580: 14088: 13998: 13947: 13853: 13840: 13771: 13569: 13520: 13512: 13370: 13167: 12282: 12207: 11703: 11282: 11272: 10969: 10449: 10050: 9643: 9447: 9137: 8937: 8929: 8031: 6618: 6577: 6318: 6291: 6167: 5540: 5497: 4899: 4392: 4300: 3701: 3647: 3593: 3085: 2981: 2789:

has been marked through improved and expanded relations with other countries including

2707: 2700: 2641: 2503: 2360: 2351: 2225: 2203: 1907: 1880: 1872: 1836: 1828:. Between 20,000 and 62,000 Laotians died during the civil war. The royalists set up a 1779: 1249:. In English, the "s" in the name of the country is pronounced, and not silent. In the 1142: 1012: 519: 500: 7531: 7353: 4813:"Lao People's Democratic Republic's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2003" 2635: 14370: 14318: 14257: 14062: 14045: 13668: 13663: 13172: 12909: 12433: 12013: 11610: 11376: 11277: 11123: 10748: 10637: 10346: 10310: 10226: 10167: 10074: 10025: 10015: 9111: 9079: 8941: 8820: 8262: 7873: 7579:"Arbitrary Detention, Physical Abuse, and Suicide inside a Lao Drug Detention Center" 7449: 7237: 7168: 7121:"Laos agrees to voluntary repatriation of refugees in Thailand", U.P.I., 5 June 1991. 6623: 6605: 6437: 6407: 6323: 6054: 6017: 5954: 5943: 5868: 5858: 5830: 5796: 5786: 5760: 5740: 5660: 5545: 5527: 5464: 5100: 4539: 4157: 3966: 3920: 3873: 3764: 3719: 3495: 3360: 3303: 3110: 3069: 2888: 2685: 2626: 2561: 2412: 2386: 2325: 2234: 2114: 2090: 2070: 1930: 1821: 1791: 1770: 1685: 1653: 1639: 1592: 1549: 1110: 700: 672: 475: 403: 295: 14375: 11856: 8716:"Focales n° 8. Energy Efficiency Retrofitting of Buildings – Challenges and Methods" 6197: 5306: 4750: 3286:

similar but more subdued than that of Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries.

86: 14409: 14237: 13977: 13942: 13622: 12547: 12297: 12287: 12214: 12168: 11401: 11008: 10391: 10361: 10145: 10126: 9935: 9103: 8985: 8921: 8323: 8315: 7132: 6613: 6597: 6475: 6313: 6305: 5850: 5535: 5517: 5181: 4966: 4594: 4565: 4471: 4396: 3945: 3899: 3883: 3518: 3341: 2934:

to return to Laos as proof of the repatriation programme's success, disappeared in

2834: 2611: 2597: 2464: 2403: 2260: 2186: 2133: 2053: 1684:

in 1962 was unsuccessful, and the situation steadily deteriorated into large scale

1501: 1310: 1242: 1204: 1146: 870: 452: 415: 397: 305: 14379: 8550: 6396:

Politics in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Authority, Democracy and Political Change

5652: 5427: 5022: 4289: 3172:

to collect seed samples of each of the thousands of rice varieties found in Laos.

1824:

to abdicate on 2 December 1975. He later died under suspicious circumstances in a

1330:

tribes migrated southwestward to the modern territories of Laos and Thailand from

1294: 14428: 14399: 14164: 14057: 14040: 13574: 13552: 13314: 12964: 11443: 10964: 10680: 10483: 10411: 10300: 10285: 10250: 10005: 9927: 9863: 9507: 9412:"Fantastic Fest 2013 Review: Chanthaly is A Haunting Portrait of Modern Day Laos" 9239: 9074: 9020: 8843: 8812: 8689: 8533: 8388: 8153:

Kyophilavong, Phouphet, et al. "Effects of AFTA on poverty: Evidence from Laos."

8125: 7995: 7676: 7516:. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. 5 February 2007. Archived from 6482: 6461: 6455:

Renovation in Vietnam since 1988 a study in political, economic and social change

6432: 6402: 6376: 6229:"'My friends were afraid of me': What 80 million unexploded US bombs did to Laos" 6096: 6049: 6012: 5635: 5151: 4710: 4489: 4451: 4283: 4127: 4064: 4034: 4016: 3861: 3768: 3402:, have been significantly upgraded in recent years. Laos's first expressway, the 3399: 3337: 3247: 3135: 3105: 3061: 3039: 2977: 2969: 2944: 2680:) holds ultimate power and authority over state and government and serves as the 2669: 2657: 2512: 2455: 2286: 2001: 1766: 1704: 1681: 1665: 1568: 1545: 1493: 1457: 1422: 1284: 1208: 1098: 654: 555: 462: 310: 181: 8806:

Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerry; Luo, Yongxian (2004). The Tai-Kadai Languages

8319: 7669: 7312:. Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration. 16 January 2004. Archived from 6645: 2031: 1187:

with annual GDP growth averaging 7.4% since 2009, despite being classified as a

14415: 14355: 13803: 13794: 13756: 13632: 13557: 13525: 13492: 13162: 11816: 11381: 10560: 10434: 10356: 10280: 10010: 9825: 9354: 6601: 5680: 4494: 4384: 4202: 4197: 4140: 4111: 3936: 3847: 3283: 3008: 3000: 2681: 2408: 2155: 1993: 1985: 1961: 1935: 1669: 1411: 1314: 1298: 1192: 1059: 1016: 290: 106: 14349: 13952: 8989: 7996:"Chinese marriage proposals become prostitution nightmares for some Lao girls" 7477: 6006:

Creating Laos: The Making of a Lao Space Between Indochina and Siam, 1860–1945

5872: 5563:

White, J.C.; Lewis, H.; Bouasisengpaseuth, B.; Marwick, B.; Arrell, K (2009).

14535: 14529: 14511: 14498: 14404: 14310: 14277: 14197: 14052: 13645: 13562: 13535: 13085: 12934: 12738: 12049: 12003: 11896: 11650: 11406: 11317: 11196: 11116: 10974: 10499: 10464: 10454: 10419: 10401: 10336: 9856: 8405: 6609: 5531: 5078: 4484: 4404: 4388: 4295: 4042: 3909: 3843: 3831: 3760: 3741: 3624: 3271: 3072:, and freedom of press and assembly. On 25 September 2009, Laos ratified the 3044:

Laos was classified as an "authoritarian regime", ranking lowest of the nine

3034: 2922: 2896: 2759: 2308: 1943: 1888: 1861: 1774: 1762: 1732: 1728: 1673: 1580: 1576: 1537: 1427: 1407: 1403: 1327: 1130: 1118: 1106: 980: 504: 365: 285: 247: 234: 148: 10515: 7639: 7260:. United States Embassy (Thailand). Refugee and Migration Affairs Unit. 1992 6962: 5800: 5522: 3999:

is the Lao state's public university. As a low-income country, Laos faces a

14083: 13937: 13929: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13530: 12839: 12202: 11901: 11790: 11770: 11312: 11029: 10908: 10873: 10444: 10381: 9384: 6627: 6327: 5982: 5599: 5549: 4695: 4683: 4671: 4362: 4207: 4189: 4115: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3783: 3678: 3349: 3333: 3261: 2880: 2860: 2722: 2677: 2538: 2334: 2282: 1953: 1939: 1876: 1747: 1677: 1619: 1560: 1509: 1448:. The rebellion failed, and Vientiane was ransacked. Anouvong was taken to 1388: 1372: 1368: 1250: 1165: 1122: 1086: 1044: 945: 344: 320: 300: 280: 267: 92: 62: 9537: 9443:"Laos Selects 'Dearest Sister' as First Foreign-Language Oscar Submission" 7499: 6993: 6087: 2089:, was established on 13 December 2013. Provinces are further divided into 1699: 14267: 13815: 13602: 13474: 13399: 13242: 13044: 13024: 12944: 12728: 12713: 12708: 12516: 12123: 11630: 11615: 11262: 11128: 10858: 10798: 10793: 10688: 10611: 10504: 10424: 10194: 9980: 9950: 9699: 8344:"Briefing note for countries on the 2015 Human Development Report – Laos" 8328: 6193: 5564: 4457: 4443: 4052: 4026: 4000: 3924: 3869: 3818:

or highland Laotians. Lao Soung account for about 10% of the population.

3811: 3799: 3779: 3772: 3570: 3523: 3364: 3169: 3016: 3012: 2818: 2775: 2434: 2011:

In 1993, the Laos government set aside 21% of the nation's land area for

1720: 1649: 1572: 1399: 1392: 1322: 1134: 377: 338: 9304: 9107: 8955: 7430:"Thailand: EU Presidency Declaration on the situation of Hmong refugees" 5785:. Logan, William Stewart, 1942–, Long, Colin, 1966–. London: Routledge. 5714: 4071: 3904: 2710:. Government policies are determined by the party through its 11-member 1168:, and other indigenous hill tribes live in the foothills and mountains. 14466: 14207: 14202: 13789: 13728: 13217: 13212: 13106: 13039: 12979: 12969: 12959: 12864: 12439: 12156: 11140: 10918: 10893: 10808: 10788: 10738: 10708: 10698: 10586: 10020: 10000: 9945: 9940: 8933: 6736: 6496:"Communist party of Laos names PM Thongloun as new leader -state media" 6290:

Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Gakidou, Emmanuela (2008).

4400: 4105: 3877: 3807: 3795: 3787: 3756: 3696: 3435: 3291: 3176: 3151: 2771: 2382: 1817: 1805: 1758: 1611: 1435: 1318: 1246: 1184: 1157: 1114: 1097:, until it won autonomy in 1949. It gained independence in 1953 as the 628: 437: 419: 356: 332: 14217: 9275:"Good Good Morning, Luang Prabang – and hello to Laos's film industry" 7131:"Lao Refugees Return Home Under European Union Repatriation Program". 3416:

are used in the country for long-distance and local public transport.

3134:

second and third largest investors respectively. The economy receives

2008:

mean score of 5.59/10, ranking it 98th globally out of 172 countries.

191: 14472: 13202: 13197: 13142: 12984: 12723: 12683: 12658: 12128: 12103: 11171: 11082: 10883: 10878: 10758: 10616: 10591: 8413: 6309: 4856:"Global Religious Landscape; Table: Religious Composition by Country" 4354: 4343: 4335: 4193: 4184: 4091: 3916: 3752: 3737: 3714: 3660: 3531: 3513: 3412: 3004: 2935: 2802: 2661: 2534: 2486: 2356: 2330: 1865: 1809: 1693: 1615: 1584: 1492:

In the late 19th century, Luang Prabang was ransacked by the Chinese

1384: 1380: 1302: 1048: 371: 226: 13650: 8925: 8912:

Benedict, Paul K. (1947). "Languages and Literatures of Indochina".

7563:

Xiong, T (2008). "Bush Signs Law Excluding Hmong From Patriot Act".

7146:

Karen J. (26 April 1994). "House Panel Hears Concerns About Hmong".

4353:, the national sport, is a form of kickboxing similar to Thailand's 4229:

There are some public holidays, festivities and ceremonies in Laos.

3941: 3434:

Laos has made particularly noteworthy progress increasing access to

1508:

and the territory of Vientiane were added to the protectorate. King

1255: 14571:

Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

13962: 13779: 13344: 13268: 13237: 13232: 12899: 12894: 12854: 12849: 12834: 12733: 12698: 12668: 12133: 12113: 12098: 11332: 11101:

Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.

10959: 10898: 10853: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10723: 10621: 10601: 10581: 10106: 9960: 9955: 8704:

Department of Statistics, Ministry of Planning and Investment, 2009

7536: 7517: 4350: 4323: 4319: 4076: 3989: 3815: 3745: 3642: 3275: 3257: 2892: 2798: 2508: 2230: 2160: 1981: 1751: 1564: 1497: 1441: 1415: 1356: 1343: 1055: 1040: 1036: 975: 927: 568: 13799: 12785: 11984: 5562: 3736:

The people of Laos are often categorised by their distribution by

1949: 14460: 14212: 13848: 13784: 13640: 13584: 13252: 13247: 13222: 13177: 13157: 13147: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13034: 13014: 12999: 12989: 12954: 12879: 12844: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12743: 12703: 12138: 12118: 11645: 10923: 10838: 10818: 10703: 10693: 10626: 10606: 10272: 9339: 9041:"Human Development Report 2009. Lao People's Democratic Republic" 6384:(1980). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Stuides, pg. 191. 5817:. Asianewsnet.net. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010 4550:, Laos's top decision-making bodies, making the officeholder the 4358: 4100: 4022: 3606: 3560: 3345: 3332:

also having a few international flights. The national carrier is

3252: 3231: 3188: 3175:

Laos is rich in mineral resources and imports petroleum and gas.

3033:

Human rights violations remain a significant concern in Laos. In

2931: 2806: 2779: 2580: 2256: 2138: 2040: 1849: 1844: 1801: 1644: 1629: 1529: 1449: 1364: 1352: 1331: 1032: 1024: 923: 429: 9884: 8305: 6880: 4221:

As of 2018, Laos has three theatres dedicated to showing films.

4047: 3387:, was opened. Two new lines connecting with Vietnam, namely the 1348: 13825: 13736: 13545: 13227: 13207: 13192: 13187: 13121: 13116: 13090: 13019: 12994: 12929: 12924: 12914: 12859: 12718: 12663: 12093: 11421: 11213: 10979: 10903: 10868: 10803: 10783: 10773: 10733: 10718: 10713: 10576: 10101: 9879: 9664:"Social Discrimination in the Lao People's Democratic Republic" 9237: 9023:. CIA – The World Factbook. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 28 July 2018. 8418:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

8235:. Institute of Developing Economies. p. 69. Archived from 7720: 4937:"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Laos)" 3196: 2790: 2460: 2182: 1552:, the Lao might well have lost control over their own country. 1518: 1376: 1094: 13919: 8547:"The Lao People's Democratic Republic's Vision for Ecotourism" 7436:. 1 February 2007. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010 4058: 3886:, the language of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( 13967: 13858: 13111: 13009: 13004: 12939: 12919: 12904: 12829: 12688: 12678: 12673: 12264: 11985: 11635: 11605: 11087: 10928: 10888: 10863: 10843: 10778: 10753: 10743: 10728: 10558: 9830: 9476:"Cannes: Southeast Asia Is Ready for Its Big-Screen Close-up" 7913: 7338:. Hmong Resettlement Task Force. 7 March 2012. Archived from 5498:"Anatomically modern human in Southeast Asia (Laos) by 46 ka" 4621: 4603: 4571: 4086: 3887: 3588: 3550: 3119: 3045: 2814: 2810: 2794: 2208: 2039:

The climate is mostly tropical savanna and influenced by the

1857: 1853: 1533: 1028: 968: 205: 8775: 8773: 5900: 3814:

who are indigenous to Laos. Collectively, they are known as

3383:

at the northern border with China, built as part of China's

13049: 12974: 12874: 11544: 11486: 10938: 10848: 10768: 10763: 10672: 9788: 8861:":: Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.o.c. ::" 8607:

Lao Social Indicator Survey II 2017, Survey Findings Report

8410:"UN expert: Lao PDR's economic strategy entrenches poverty" 7874:

United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.

4639: 4606: 3398:

The major roads connecting to urban centres, in particular

3312: 3208: 3204: 3184: 3180: 13716: 9568:"Laos: Crony scheme in control of press and civil society" 7492:"Deportation of Hmong Lao refugees stopped in last minute" 6436:. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, p. 271. 4642: 4624: 3858:

are used in areas with high rates of congenital deafness.

8770: 7776: 7774: 6851:"Laos promotes PM Thongloun as leader of communist party" 6296: 6233: 6086:

Savada, Andrea Matles (editor) (1994). "Events in 1945".

5659:. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 4536:

General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party

4218:, marking the country's first submission for the Oscars. 3192: 2693:

General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party

1731:

since 1958 for use as a supply route for its war against

1525: 1160:

make up 53.2% of the population, mostly in the lowlands.

992: 9795: 9250:. Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival: 27. 8381: 7936:"Two teenagers rescued from forced prostitution in Laos" 7610:"In charts: How the Philippines fares in Southeast Asia" 6938:""Vietnam, Laos Sign 3 Treaties Solidifying Their Ties"" 6082: 6080: 5597: 3992:

rate for women in 2017 was 62.9%; for adult men, 78.1%.

2770:

The foreign relations of Laos after the takeover by the

1783:

notes this was "nearly a ton for every person in Laos".

127:

Santiphap, Ekalat, Paxathipatai, Ekaphap, Vatthanathavon

8178:

Barclay, Adam and Shrestha, Samjhana (April–June 2006)

7294:"Laos refuses to take back Thai-based Hmong refugees". 7189:"Hmong Leader's Vanishing In Laos Reverberates in U.S." 6963:"OEC – Laos (LAO) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners" 5940: 5857:. Encyclopedia of Warfare Series. London: Amber Books. 5735:

Sanda Simms, ch. 3, "Through Chaos to a New Order", in

3223:(HDI), indicating medium development. According to the 30:

This article is about the country. For other uses, see

10667: 7771: 6668:"Mekong Divides Different Worlds In 'Golden Triangle'" 6289: 4391:, but has participated in minor competitions like the 2942:

and some human rights advocates. In a 23 October 1995

2684:. As of 22 March 2021, the head of state is 1309:

An ancient human skull was recovered in 2009 from the

131:"Peace, Independence, Democracy, Unity and Prosperity" 9224:

Bounchao Pichit, "Laos Cinema", in David Hanan, ed.,

9035: 9033: 9031: 9029: 8613:. Vientiane: Lao Statistics Bureau and UNICEF. 2018. 7780: 6077: 5622: 4654: 4645: 4627: 4609: 4574: 3995:

In 2004 the net primary enrollment rate was 84%. The

1988:

form most of the eastern border with Vietnam and the

8573:"China's BRI and its High-Speed Railways to Nowhere" 8504:. World Travel & Tourism Council. Archived from 7876:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016" 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 4636: 4618: 4600: 4568: 4433: 4210:: ນ້ອງຮັກ), Mattie Do's second feature film, to the 3890:), has become increasingly studied in recent years. 3230:

The country's most widely recognised product may be

3074:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

7668:Smith, Philip, Washington, D.C. (12 December 2014) 5783:

Vientiane : transformations of a Lao landscape

5755:Sanda Simms, ch. 6, "Seventy Years of Anarchy", in 5602:. In Habu, Junko; Lape, Peter; Olsen, John (eds.). 5598:Marwick, Ben; Bouasisengpaseuth, Bounheung (2017). 4633: 4615: 4597: 3842:and is very similar to Thai script. Languages like 3316:

Rivers are an important means of transport in Laos.

9026: 8263:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341793965 7211: 7209: 7087: 7085: 6569: 5942: 4155:, made in 2008. The 2017 documentary feature film 2699:leader of Laos, since January 2021. The incumbent 1321:types have been found at sites dating to the Late 1074:. In 1893, the three kingdoms were united under a 1054:Laos traces its historic and cultural identity to 9332:"Q&A with director Kim Mordaunt (The Rocket)" 9240:"Starting an Asian Cinema: Laos Past and Present" 8713: 8398: 7845:"Human Rights Abuses in Laos Must be Tackled Now" 6553: 6551: 6361: 6099:. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 6027: 5338:"10 Things You Need to Know Before Visiting Laos" 4407:has been the most successful club with 8 titles. 3453:country in Asia with a median age of 21.6 years. 2019:". According to the October 2007 UNODC fact book 1482:Local Lao soldiers in the French Colonial guard, 1375:troops, conquered many Lao principalities in the 146: 125: 69: 14527: 12331:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia 7454:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7242:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7162: 5604:Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology 4850: 4848: 3320:The main international airports are Vientiane's 1820:overthrew the royalist government, forcing King 1664:. In 1960, amidst a series of rebellions in the 1500:and added Luang Phrabang to the protectorate of 121:ສັນຕິພາບ ເອກະລາດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ເອກະພາບ ວັດທະນະຖາວອນ 12356:ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program 8752:Central Intelligence Agency: The World Factbook 7224:. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010 7206: 7082: 7060:"Q+A – What is the East Asia Summit all about?" 6387: 5901:Librios Semantic Environment (11 August 2006). 5502:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4781:"Results of Population and Housing Census 2015" 2871:, who are charged with protecting the country. 1972:(a small area is south of 14°), and longitudes 1769:central government, and to deny the use of the 1289: 1275:), both of which literally mean 'Lao Country'. 1171:Laos's strategies for development are based on 1089:and briefly regained independence in 1945 as a 12787:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 11986:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 9355:"A tale of revenge in Laos challenges censors" 9226:Film in South East Asia: Views from the Region 7336:"History of the Hmong Resettlement Task Force" 7167:. Indiana University Press. pp. xix–xxi. 6548: 5242:"Lao People's Democratic Republic and the WTO" 5204: 5122:"China train project runs roughshod over Laos" 3256:Near the sanctuary on the main upper level of 3154:and mining (most notably of copper and gold). 2766:heads of state in New Delhi on 25 January 2018 2081:), which includes the capital city Vientiane ( 1630:Independence and communist rule (1953–present) 1402:came to the throne and moved the capital from 1367:, whose father had his family exiled from the 712:236,800 km (91,400 sq mi) ( 14149: 13905: 13702: 13460: 13415: 13294:Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique 12771: 12532: 11970: 11156: 10653: 10544: 10520: 9900: 9630:. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014 9228:, Hanoi, Vietnam Film Institute, 2001, 83–91. 9059: 8027:"Communism and Capitalism Are Mixing in Laos" 8024: 7470:"Hmong refugees facing removal from Thailand" 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 5997: 5769:Encyclopaedia of South East and Far East Asia 5600:"History and Practice of Archaeology in Laos" 5152:"Laos approves Xayaburi 'mega' dam on Mekong" 5097:The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang: Rise and Decline 5090: 5088: 4845: 3336:. Other carriers serving the country include 2904:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2101:). An "urban" village is essentially a town. 1757:Massive aerial bombardments against the PAVN/ 1334:sometime between the 8th and 10th centuries. 12451:Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award 12220:ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit 9102:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 8742: 8740: 8393:International Food Policy Research Institute 8221: 6698:"Opium Poppy Cultivation in South East Asia" 5780: 5450: 5300: 5298: 4724: 4718: 3146:, and other international sources; and also 2833:in 2016. In 2005, it attended the inaugural 2579: 1536:were Vietnamese, with only the exception of 14299: 13335:Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie 12336:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 9715:"Muay Lao, the forgotten art of kickboxing" 9009: 9007: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8594: 7514:"Hmong: UNHCR Protests Refugee Deportation" 7386:. Rebecca Sommer Film Clips. Archived from 6192: 5212:"Laos Securities Exchange to start trading" 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 2577:An updated map of Lao provinces (from 2014) 2058: 1379:river basin, culminating in the capture of 1221:have routinely characterised the country's 14591:States and territories established in 1949 14156: 14142: 13912: 13898: 13709: 13695: 13467: 13453: 13429: 13422: 13408: 13289:Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie 12778: 12764: 12546: 12539: 12525: 11977: 11963: 11163: 11149: 10660: 10646: 10551: 10537: 9907: 9893: 9238:Southiponh, Som Ock; Gerow, Aaron (1999). 9099:Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition 8536:. Ectt.webs.com. Retrieved on 5 July 2015. 7310:"Refugee Admissions Program for East Asia" 6881:"Laos economy set for impressive recovery" 6731: 6729: 6102: 5815:"Let's hope Laos hangs on to its identity" 5094: 5085: 3782:and minority cultures of Laos such as the 3150:for development of the society, industry, 2887:-backed units on the royalist side in the 2591: 2021:Opium Poppy Cultivation in South East Asia 1463: 1406:to Vientiane to avoid a Burmese invasion. 190: 180: 14176: 9766:"Laos Stumbles on Path to Sporting Glory" 9194:"Evaluation Synthesis of Rice in Lao PDR" 8737: 8327: 7608:Cigaral, Ian Nicolas (11 November 2017). 7278: 6848: 6821: 6617: 6317: 5849: 5539: 5521: 5295: 4773: 4703: 2035:Köppen climate classification map of Laos 1270: 1260: 140: 119: 53: 11170: 9004: 8911: 8887:"Khmu people of Laos. OMF International" 8677: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8640:"Water Supply and Sanitation in Lao PDR" 8591: 7670:CPPA – Center for Public Policy Analysis 7424: 7422: 7218:"Acts of Betrayal: Persecution of Hmong" 7145: 6575: 5456: 4922: 4534:The most powerful political position is 4334: 4098:traditionally accompanied the singer in 4070: 4057: 4046: 3976: 3940: 3903: 3311: 3251: 3109: 2921: 2829:(ASEAN) in July 1997 and acceded to the 2749: 2727: 2664:. The only legal political party is the 2030: 1948: 1934: 1895:from Thailand, including 130,000 Hmong. 1800: 1698: 1643: 1477: 1347: 1293: 1156:The politically and culturally dominant 185: 13299:Agence universitaire de la Francophonie 9616: 9473: 9272: 8714:Laponche, Bernard; et al. (2008). 8444:"The Heart of ASEAN sets pulses racing" 8227: 7607: 6726: 6446: 5657:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 5495: 5428:"Definition of Laos by Merriam-Webster" 4959: 4371:is the most popular sport in Laos. Its 3751:In the central and southern mountains, 1964:, and it lies mostly between latitudes 1960:Laos is the only landlocked country in 1446:he rebelled against the Siamese in 1826 1241:, who united the three Lao kingdoms in 1113:began in 1959, which saw the communist 14: 14528: 9763: 9590: 9440: 8683:Lao PDR's progress in rural sanitation 8478:. World Travel & Tourism Council. 8456:from the original on 23 September 2020 8404: 8351:HDRO (Human Development Report Office) 7400: 6935: 6824:"Laos parliament elects new president" 6417: 6271:from the original on 21 September 2013 6226: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 5905:. Culturalprofiles.net. Archived from 5759:(London: Taylor & Francis, 2013). 5739:(London: Taylor & Francis, 2013). 5651: 5645: 5335: 5329: 5144: 5059:Oxford Dictionaries (American English) 4214:(or the Oscars) for consideration for 3826:The official and majority language is 2827:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 2823:Trade relations with the United States 2656:The Lao PDR is one of the world's few 1913:On 3 December 2021, the 422-kilometre 14298: 14175: 14137: 13893: 13690: 13448: 13403: 12759: 12520: 11958: 11144: 10641: 10532: 10519: 9888: 9441:Frater, Patrick (19 September 2017). 9409: 9336:Melbourne International Film Festival 8787:from the original on 27 December 2016 8668: 8336: 8059:"USA: Obama promotes Laos e Cambogia" 7789:from the original on 30 November 2018 7759:from the original on 25 February 2021 7727:from the original on 20 February 2020 7701:from the original on 25 February 2021 7562: 7544:from the original on 24 February 2021 7419: 7215: 7103:from the original on 12 November 2022 6994:"Laos: Background and U.S. Relations" 6849:Kishimoto, Marimi (15 January 2021). 6576:Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). 6506:from the original on 13 November 2023 6053:. Cambridge University Press, p. 51. 5267: 5265: 5263: 5029:from the original on 25 February 2021 4889: 4887: 4829:from the original on 10 December 2017 4761:from the original on 25 February 2021 4715:République démocratique populaire Lao 4682: 4542:. The general secretary controls the 4176:Melbourne International Film Festival 3166:International Rice Research Institute 3092:and foreigners, have been victims of 208: (dark grey) – [ 71:Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao 18:Lao People's Democratic Republic 9866:, FIBA.com, accessed 24 August 2017. 9712: 9422:from the original on 28 October 2020 9352: 9124:from the original on 22 October 2023 9095: 8354:United Nations Development Programme 8100:from the original on 13 October 2021 8087: 7650:from the original on 24 October 2019 6678:from the original on 4 February 2021 6241:from the original on 17 January 2019 6227:Wright, Rebecca (6 September 2016). 5579:from the original on 10 October 2017 5222:from the original on 25 October 2020 5132:from the original on 13 October 2021 5077:. Government of Laos. Archived from 4997:United Nations Development Programme 4973:from the original on 9 February 2015 4947:from the original on 30 October 2023 4500: 4200:. In September 2017, Laos submitted 2952:labelled the Hmong's repatriation a 2739: 14576:Member states of the United Nations 14163: 13872:French colonization of the Americas 9338:. MIFF. August 2013. Archived from 9043:. HDRstats.undp.org. Archived from 8656:from the original on 20 August 2019 8632: 8363:from the original on 1 January 2016 8025:Thomas Fuller (17 September 2009). 7532:"Thailand halts Hmong repatriation" 7194:from the original on 7 October 2016 6991: 6644:. Indochinatrek.com. Archived from 6265:The United Nations Office at Geneva 6145: 5304: 5248:from the original on 12 August 2014 5234: 5119: 4985: 4383:. It has failed to qualify for the 3426:Water supply and sanitation in Laos 3326:Luang Prabang International Airport 1856:, leading to isolation in trade by 24: 9410:Marsh, James (26 September 2013). 9254:from the original on 10 April 2023 8725:from the original on 9 August 2017 8620:from the original on 29 April 2021 8141:About Greater Mekong Subregion at 7781:Amnesty International (May 2010). 7589:from the original on 22 April 2021 7216:Johns, Michael (23 October 1995). 7040:from the original on 10 April 2023 6973:from the original on 13 April 2021 6917:from the original on 30 April 2017 6891:from the original on 11 April 2023 6830:from the original on 24 March 2021 6822:ul Khaliq, Riyaz (22 March 2021). 6763:"East Asia/Southeast Asia ::" 6526:"The Completed China-Laos Railway" 5890:The Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia 5477:from the original on 10 April 2023 5348:from the original on 23 March 2021 5260: 5003:from the original on 19 March 2024 4993:"Human Development Report 2023/24" 4884: 4872:from the original on 23 March 2018 4094:that has prehistoric origins. The 3114:GDP per capita development in Laos 2914:, a programme to stem the tide of 1902:(Communist Party of Laos) elected 529:President of the National Assembly 202:Location of Laos (green) 25: 14607: 9914: 9873: 9838:from the original on 14 July 2022 9806:from the original on 24 June 2021 9776:from the original on 24 June 2021 9764:Fuller, Thomas (5 October 2009). 9745:from the original on 24 June 2021 9698:. Genderindex.org. Archived from 9676:from the original on 8 March 2021 9604:from the original on 24 June 2021 9598:"2012 Human Rights Reports: Laos" 9578:from the original on 3 March 2021 9548:from the original on 15 June 2019 9518:from the original on 8 March 2021 9488:from the original on 24 June 2021 9455:from the original on 24 June 2021 9391:from the original on 24 June 2021 9365:from the original on 24 June 2021 9313:from the original on 24 June 2021 9285:from the original on 3 April 2020 9170:. 28 October 2013. Archived from 8758:from the original on 7 March 2021 8424:from the original on 11 June 2019 8088:Lowe, Sandra (10 December 2016). 8069:from the original on 8 March 2021 8039:from the original on 8 March 2021 8006:from the original on 8 March 2021 7976:from the original on 4 April 2021 7942:. 4 November 2014. Archived from 7886:from the original on 2 March 2021 7825:from the original on 7 March 2021 7620:from the original on 8 March 2021 7498:. 30 January 2007. Archived from 7364:from the original on 10 June 2021 7354:"Hmong refugees pleading to stay" 7070:from the original on 8 March 2021 7010:from the original on 8 March 2021 6773:from the original on 7 March 2021 6714:from the original on 8 March 2021 6267:. United Nations. November 2011. 6208:from the original on 1 March 2017 6174:from the original on 8 March 2021 5691:from the original on 8 March 2021 5438:from the original on 8 March 2021 5408:from the original on 8 March 2021 5378:from the original on 8 March 2021 5317:from the original on 3 March 2021 5283:from the original on 8 March 2021 5192:from the original on 12 July 2018 5099:. White Lotus Press. p. 49. 4793:from the original on 8 March 2021 4700:ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ 4196:, which was screened at the 2013 3297: 3199:, and other valuable metals. The 2906:(UNHCR), with the support of the 2874: 1992:the northwestern border with the 1668:, fighting broke out between the 1177:construction of four new railways 55:ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ 13384: 13383: 12885:Democratic Republic of the Congo 12225:ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit 11122: 11111: 11110: 10937: 10064: 9850: 9818: 9757: 9738:Thailand – Sports and recreation 9729: 9706: 9688: 9656: 9560: 9530: 9514:(in Turkish). 11 November 2016. 9500: 9467: 9434: 9403: 9377: 9353:Catt, Georgia (22 August 2012). 9346: 9324: 9297: 9273:Buncomb, Andrew (10 June 2010). 9266: 9231: 9218: 9186: 9156: 9089: 8974: 8962:from the original on 18 May 2021 8948: 8905: 8879: 8853: 8830: 8799: 8707: 8698: 8579:from the original on 20 May 2021 8565: 8539: 8520: 8494: 8482:from the original on 2 July 2014 8468: 8436: 8375: 8299: 8267: 8254: 8189: 8172: 8167:Rice: The Fabric of Life in Laos 8160: 8147: 8135: 8112: 8081: 8051: 8018: 7988: 7958: 7928: 7898: 7867: 7851:. 31 August 2016. Archived from 7837: 7801: 7739: 7713: 7681: 7662: 7632: 7601: 7571: 7556: 7524: 7506: 7496:Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker 7484: 6861:from the original on 1 July 2021 6743:from the original on 20 May 2011 6536:from the original on 12 May 2022 6196:; Owen, Taylor (26 April 2015). 6133:from the original on 11 May 2011 5941:Cummings, Joe and Burke (2005). 5610:from the original on 6 July 2019 5496:Demeter, F; et al. (2012). 5398:"Laos – definition and synonyms" 5162:from the original on 1 July 2019 5075:Asia Pacific Parliamentary Forum 5037:– via The Free Dictionary. 4593: 4564: 4464: 4450: 4436: 4174:, the film appeared at the 2013 4147:Gun Voice from the Plain of Jars 3908:Wat Nong Sikhounmuang pagoda in 3554: 3544: 3517: 3507: 2869:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 2865:Lao People's Democratic Republic 2734:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 2666:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 2634: 2610: 2065:Administrative divisions of Laos 2006:Forest Landscape Integrity Index 1900:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 1841:Lao People's Democratic Republic 1139:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 1005:Lao People's Democratic Republic 900: 899: 857: 856: 838: 837: 805: 804: 786: 785: 156: 99: 85: 47:Lao People's Democratic Republic 14366:French domains of the Holy Land 12029:Treaty of Amity and Cooperation 9474:Brzeski, Patrick (9 May 2018). 8848:MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities, 8155:Journal of Economic Integration 7644:The Economist Intelligence Unit 7462: 7394: 7376: 7346: 7328: 7302: 7287: 7272: 7250: 7181: 7163:Hamilton-Merritt, Jane (1993). 7156: 7139: 7124: 7115: 7052: 7022: 6992:Lum, Thomas (5 February 2007). 6985: 6955: 6929: 6903: 6873: 6842: 6815: 6785: 6755: 6690: 6660: 6634: 6518: 6488: 6469: 6370:LAOS: The Vietnamese Connection 6335: 6283: 6253: 6220: 6186: 6064: 5981:. 9 August 1960. Archived from 5967: 5934: 5921: 5894: 5879: 5843: 5807: 5774: 5749: 5729: 5703: 5673: 5655:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). 5591: 5556: 5489: 5420: 5390: 5360: 5174: 5113: 5063: 5052: 5041: 5015: 4689: 4557: 4287:and the French-language weekly 4251:Boun Bang Fai (Rocket festival) 4163:News and Documentary Emmy Award 3472:Largest cities or towns in Laos 3441: 3419: 3022: 1898:On 15 January 2021, the ruling 1796:Convention on Cluster Munitions 1765:to prevent the collapse of the 1761:forces were carried out by the 1741:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 1305:is the national symbol of Laos. 1151:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1043:to the west and southwest. Its 14361:French domains of Saint Helena 13478:in Africa and the Indian Ocean 13325:International Francophonie Day 12407:ASEAN Human Rights Declaration 11669:Azerbaijan People's Government 11052:British Indian Ocean Territory 8694:Overseas Development Institute 7135:Worldstream. 22 November 1994. 6936:Simons, Lewis (19 July 1977). 5640:MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities 4805: 4751:"The Languages spoken in Laos" 4743: 4528: 4519: 4515:over 100 smaller ethnic groups 4507: 4257:Pi Mai/Songkran (Lao New Year) 1996:. There are two plateaus, the 1452:as a prisoner, where he died. 1434:eventually came under Siamese 1219:Non-governmental organisations 13: 1: 9538:"Laos Festivals & Events" 7747:"Constitution of the Lao PDR" 6343:"#KYR: Laos - Special Issues" 5903:"Laos: Laos under the French" 5713:. History.com. Archived from 5642:, Special Issue No 20: 47–64. 5336:Ragusa, Nina (4 April 2019). 4736: 4272:Lao National Day (2 December) 2895:, with many ending up in the 2623:general secretary of the LPRP 1483: 14096:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa) 8476:"International visitor data" 7966:"Trafficking Racket Smashed" 7723:. World Bank. 14 July 2011. 7476:. March 2007. Archived from 7401:Sommer, Rebecca (May 2006). 7281:Congressional Press Releases 6561:. Nsc.gov.la. Archived from 5767:; see also P.C. Sinha, ed., 5368:"Meaning of Laos in English" 5244:. World Trade Organization. 5182:"Lao PDR [Overview]" 4377:Asian Football Confederation 4307:is the state owned service. 4224: 3960: 3915:66 percent of Laotians were 3821: 3731: 3322:Wattay International Airport 2912:Comprehensive Plan of Action 2695:, a position making him the 1924: 1656:in Luang Prabang, 4 May 1953 1290:Prehistory and early history 1228: 1197:Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement 7: 14541:1949 establishments in Laos 14336: and Antarctic Lands 13081:French Community of Belgium 12351:ASEAN–India Free Trade Area 12346:ASEAN–China Free Trade Area 11709:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 10559:Countries and territory in 9741:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 8850:Special Issue No 20: 47–64. 8320:10.1016/j.egycc.2020.100019 8063:La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno 6485:. U.S. Department of State. 6380:. In Suryadinata, L (Ed.), 6367:Stuart-Fox, Martin (1980). 6040:Stuart-Fox, Martin (1997). 5931:, Karthala, 1999, pp. 69–72 5460:Culture and customs of Laos 5095:Stuart-Fox, Martin (1998). 4941:International Monetary Fund 4905:Central Intelligence Agency 4429: 4314: 3997:National University of Laos 3982:National University of Laos 3893: 3755:-speaking groups, known as 3375:that runs from the capital 3330:Pakse International Airport 3260:, looking back towards the 3140:International Monetary Fund 2867:and the institution of the 2840: 2758:with Indian Prime Minister 2047: 1839:renamed the country as the 1719:Laos was a key part of the 1608:Indochinese Communist Party 1470:French protectorate of Laos 1337: 147: 126: 70: 10: 14612: 11056:British Overseas Territory 10669:Countries and dependencies 9880:Official Laos tourism site 9826:"Laos – List of Champions" 8781:"UN Demographic Yearbooks" 6602:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 6423:Savada, Andrea M. (1995). 6393:Kingsbury, Damien (2016). 5949:. Lonely Planet. pp. 4426:in the eighth place game. 4420:2017 Southeast Asian Games 4216:Best Foreign Language Film 4138: 4020: 4014: 4010: 3970: 3964: 3934: 3897: 3543: 3506: 3463: 3445: 3423: 3404:Vientiane–Boten Expressway 3308:Telecommunications in Laos 3301: 3245: 3241: 3103: 3099: 3026: 2844: 2743: 2595: 2062: 2051: 2026: 1928: 1854:People's Republic of China 1852:to end relations with the 1636:History of Laos since 1945 1633: 1467: 1341: 1282: 1278: 1195:. Laos is a member of the 29: 14586:Southeast Asian countries 14561:Least developed countries 14449: 14388: 14344: 14327: 14309: 14305: 14294: 14266: 14253:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 14226: 14186: 14182: 14171: 14130: 14114:French East India Company 14104: 14076: 14024: 13976: 13928: 13889: 13877:French West India Company 13867: 13839: 13770: 13727: 13686: 13659: 13631: 13593: 13511: 13483: 13444: 13437: 13379: 13358: 13307: 13281: 13261: 13135: 13099: 13074:National/regional members 13073: 12802: 12793: 12653: 12555: 12426: 12394: 12371: 12364: 12313: 12263: 12233: 12195: 12188: 12147: 12086: 12077: 12042: 11999: 11992: 11943: 11804: 11736: 11661: 11568: 11537: 11451: 11440: 11369: 11348: 11179: 11096: 11069: 11038: 11022: 11001: 10988: 10946: 10935: 10679: 10567: 10526: 10521:Links to related articles 10477: 10410: 10332: 10323: 10258: 10249: 10153: 10144: 10082: 10073: 10062: 9926: 9648:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 9164:"Global Innovation Index" 8914:The Far Eastern Quarterly 8889:. Omf.org. Archived from 8308:Energy and Climate Change 7030:"Laos – Trade Agreements" 5835:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4786:. Lao Statistics Bureau. 4704: 4699: 4675: 4381:ASEAN Football Federation 4340:New Laos National Stadium 4134: 4039:List of festivals in Laos 4031:Dance and theatre of Laos 3930: 3148:foreign direct investment 2926:Hmong girls in Laos, 1973 2853:Lao People's Armed Forces 2847:Lao People's Armed Forces 2746:Foreign relations of Laos 2602:Foreign relations of Laos 2124: 2121: 2118: 2113: 2110: 1887:. From 1975 to 1996, the 1723:since parts of Laos were 1662:Geneva Conference of 1954 1587:to represent Laos to the 1271: 1261: 1181:fastest growing economies 1064:Kingdom of Luang Phrabang 986: 974: 962: 952: 934: 919: 889: 869: 850: 831: 817: 798: 779: 761: 757:26.7/km (69.2/sq mi) 751: 737: 730: 720: 706: 699: 695: 682: 669: 651: 638: 625: 612: 599: 578: 565: 561: 554: 544: 540: 525: 510: 491: 472: 468: 451: 428: 389: 319: 273: 263: 219: 177: 141: 135: 120: 115: 81: 54: 45: 27:Country in Southeast Asia 14392: the Indian Ocean 12870:Central African Republic 12381:Disaster Relief Exercise 10158:Administrative divisions 9387:. Fantastic Fest. 2013. 8681:O'Meally, Simon (2010). 8382:2015 Global Hunger Index 8119:Field Listing – Land use 7880:U.S. Department of State 7689:"2003 Laos Constitution" 7099:. London. 30 July 2006. 6202:The Asia-Pacific Journal 6003:Ivarsson, Søren (2008). 5463:. ABC-CLIO. p. 20. 4918:(Archived 2022 edition.) 4416:national basketball team 4330: 4276: 4233:Hmong New Year (Nopejao) 4192:: ຈັນທະລີ), directed by 4104:, the dominant style of 3973:National Library of Laos 3954:life expectancy at birth 3385:Belt and Road Initiative 3162:Greater Mekong Subregion 2962:House of Representatives 2831:World Trade Organization 2311:(Luang Prabang district) 2069:Laos is divided into 17 2059:Administrative divisions 1919:Belt and Road Initiative 1713:American bombing of Laos 1690:People's Army of Vietnam 1672:(RLA) and the communist 1654:Prince Sisavang Vatthana 1253:, the country's name is 1213:World Trade Organization 1141:established a one-party 1093:but was re-colonised by 154:"Hymn of the Lao People" 14300:Uninhabited territories 13811:Saint Kitts & Nevis 13330:Jeux de la Francophonie 12376:Centre for Biodiversity 11719:North Korea (1947–1948) 11714:North Korea (1946–1947) 11014:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 9065:Fielding, Tony (2015). 8688:17 January 2012 at the 8230:"Mining Sector in Laos" 8228:Kyophilvong, Phouphet. 7296:Deutsche Presse-Agentur 7001:CRS Report for Congress 6481:24 October 2020 at the 6406:. Taylor & Francis; 6382:Southeast Asian Affairs 6375:13 October 2021 at the 6127:Encyclopædia Britannica 5855:Imperial Wars 1815–1914 5771:, vol. 3 (Anmol, 2006). 5685:Encyclopædia Britannica 5523:10.1073/pnas.1208104109 5457:Kislenko, Arne (2009). 5071:"About Laos: Geography" 4305:Lao National Television 4299:('The People') and the 4075:Lao dancers during the 4005:Global Innovation Index 3373:Boten–Vientiane railway 3221:Human Development Index 3201:mining industry of Laos 3158:Subsistence agriculture 3094:sex trafficking in Laos 2787:international isolation 2592:Politics and government 2489:(Chanthabouly district) 2083:Nakhon Louang Viangchan 1915:Boten-Vientiane railway 1773:to attack US forces in 1624:constitutional monarchy 1464:French Laos (1893–1953) 1371:. Fa Ngum, with 10,000 1189:least developed country 1103:constitutional monarchy 264:Official languages 14566:Member states of ASEAN 14230: collectivities 14068:Sanjak of Alexandretta 13921:Former French colonies 13718:Former French colonies 13476:Former French colonies 13431:French overseas empire 13320:UN French Language Day 13153:Bosnia and Herzegovina 11441:Current and historical 11072:Special administrative 11048:(Sovereign Base Areas) 9696:"Lao PDR: Family Code" 9508:"Laos'un Festivalleri" 9481:The Hollywood Reporter 8387:31 August 2018 at the 8143:Asian Development Bank 7849:Civil Rights Defenders 7640:"Democracy Index 2016" 6016:. NIAS Press, p. 102. 5781:Askew, Marc. (2010) . 4725: 4719: 4714: 4373:national football team 4346: 4152:Sabaidee Luang Prabang 4080: 4068: 4055: 3985: 3949: 3912: 3856:Laotian sign languages 3367:railway that connects 3354:China Eastern Airlines 3317: 3264: 3144:Asian Development Bank 3115: 2954:Clinton administration 2940:American conservatives 2927: 2785:Laos's emergence from 2767: 2736: 2584: 2141:(Samakkhixay district) 2077:) and one prefecture ( 2036: 1957: 1946: 1881:continued in key areas 1832:in the United States. 1813: 1716: 1657: 1496:. France rescued King 1489: 1360: 1306: 1173:generating electricity 1127:Royal Lao Armed Forces 1039:to the southeast, and 1023:, Laos is bordered by 1019:. At the heart of the 842:$ 14.244 billion ( 790:$ 74.205 billion ( 535:Saysomphone Phomvihane 14177:Inhabited territories 14109:France–Asia relations 13664:Somaliland (Djibouti) 13030:São Tomé and Príncipe 12890:Republic of the Congo 12341:ASEAN Free Trade Area 12326:Chiang Mai Initiative 12298:Football Championship 11046:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 9996:Japanese puppet state 9862:23 March 2021 at the 9624:"Off the air in Laos" 9073:10 April 2023 at the 8811:10 April 2023 at the 8197:"A Race Against Time" 8124:26 March 2014 at the 7384:"Hunted like animals" 6739:. Countrystudies.us. 6582:Nature Communications 6460:19 April 2018 at the 6431:19 April 2018 at the 6426:Laos: a country study 6401:10 April 2023 at the 6089:A Country Study: Laos 6011:10 April 2023 at the 4820:constituteproject.org 4412:Southeast Asian Games 4338: 4074: 4061: 4050: 3980: 3944: 3907: 3315: 3280:UNESCO World Heritage 3255: 3215:In 2018, the country 3128:US Export-Import Bank 3113: 3082:Amnesty International 2925: 2753: 2731: 2583: 2439:Khanthabouly District 2097:) and then villages ( 2034: 2000:in the north and the 1952: 1938: 1885:Xiangkhouang Province 1804: 1709:Xiangkhouang province 1702: 1647: 1504:. Shortly after, the 1481: 1351: 1297: 1091:Japanese puppet state 1021:Indochinese Peninsula 722:• Water (%) 32:Laos (disambiguation) 14556:Landlocked countries 14455:overseas departments 14390:Scattered Islands in 14271: collectivity 13729:French North America 13127:United Arab Emirates 12489:Cities by population 12386:Smart Cities Network 12246:ASEAN Regional Forum 11946:History of socialism 10914:United Arab Emirates 10132:World Heritage Sites 9096:WIPO (28 May 2024). 9078:. Routledge, p. 77. 9019:7 March 2021 at the 8842:27 June 2015 at the 8754:. 17 February 2019. 8532:24 June 2021 at the 8002:. 13 February 2017. 7675:6 April 2008 at the 7520:on 25 February 2021. 7502:on 24 February 2012. 6911:"Laos – Foreign Aid" 6642:"Laos travel guides" 6532:. 21 December 2021. 6452:Prayaga, M. (2005). 6095:21 July 2015 at the 6048:5 April 2023 at the 5757:The Kingdoms of Laos 5737:The Kingdoms of Laos 5634:27 June 2015 at the 5402:Macmillan Dictionary 5372:Cambridge Dictionary 4865:. 2010. p. 47. 4369:Association football 3846:(Austroasiatic) and 3830:, a language of the 3448:Demographics of Laos 3124:Obama administration 3054:Constitution of Laos 3029:Human rights in Laos 2916:Indochinese refugees 2672:status of Laos, the 2482:Vientiane Prefecture 2013:habitat conservation 1917:, a flagship of the 1893:250,000 Lao refugees 1737:incursions into Laos 1725:invaded and occupied 1707:, former capital of 1557:World War II in Laos 1506:Kingdom of Champasak 1125:, fight against the 1072:Kingdom of Champasak 1068:Kingdom of Vientiane 1047:and largest city is 739:• 2022 estimate 686:Current constitution 36:Lao (disambiguation) 14508: / 14424:Juan de Nova Island 14311:North Pacific Ocean 13923:in Asia and Oceania 13366:Francophone economy 12464:Subdivisions by GDP 12321:Asian Monetary Unit 12293:Football Federation 12251:Asia–Europe Meeting 11882:Estonia (1918–1919) 11776:Hungary (1949–1989) 10949:States with limited 10031:Vietnamese invasion 9986:French protectorate 9572:index on censorship 9174:on 2 September 2021 9108:10.34667/tind.46596 8982:"Languages of Laos" 8958:. La Francophonie. 8553:on 22 November 2010 7972:. 14 October 2010. 7946:on 24 February 2021 7614:The Philippine Star 7585:. 11 October 2011. 7540:. 30 January 2007. 7480:on 13 October 2007. 7342:on 21 October 2008. 7149:States News Service 7066:. 24 October 2009. 6942:The Washington Post 6648:on 10 November 2010 6594:2020NatCo..11.5978G 6565:on 23 January 2012. 6530:ASEAN Business News 6502:. 15 January 2021. 6304:(7659): 1482–1486. 5985:on 25 February 2021 5514:2012PNAS..10914375D 5508:(36): 14375–14380. 5307:"How to Say "Laos"" 5218:. 10 January 2011. 5158:. 5 November 2012. 5048:Oxford Dictionaries 4943:. 10 October 2023. 4480:Drug policy in Laos 4375:is a member of the 4349:The martial art of 4212:90th Academy Awards 4090:, a type of bamboo 3393:Savannakhet–Lao Bao 3236:Lao Brewery Company 3225:Global Hunger Index 3066:freedom of religion 3058:multinational state 2994:Hunted Like Animals 2756:Thongloun Sisoulith 2732:Flag of the ruling 2689:Thongloun Sisoulith 2618:Thongloun Sisoulith 2163:(Houayxay district) 2087:Xaisomboun province 2085:). A new province, 1990:Luang Prabang Range 1921:(BRI), was opened. 1904:Thongloun Sisoulith 1830:government in exile 1788:unexploded ordnance 1711:, destroyed by the 1604:First Indochina War 1474:First Indochina War 1460:on a large scale". 1458:slave-hunting raids 1223:human rights record 1137:ended in 1975, the 1129:, supported by the 1076:French protectorate 616:French protectorate 580:• Kingdoms of 569:Kingdom of Lan Xang 486:Thongloun Sisoulith 244: / 14329:Overseas territory 13854:France Antarctique 13841:Equinoctial France 13804:Dominican Republic 13371:Senghor University 13168:Dominican Republic 11847:Byelorussia (1919) 10296:Telecommunications 10046:History since 1945 10041:History until 1945 9770:The New York Times 9342:on 5 October 2013. 8992:on 27 October 2012 8893:on 9 November 2007 8502:"Laos – Key Facts" 8449:. 14 August 2017. 8169:. Lao_IRRI Project 8130:CIA World Factbook 8090:"Out of obscurity" 8032:The New York Times 7816:Human Rights Watch 7583:Human Rights Watch 7390:on 5 January 2011. 6826:. Anadolu Agency. 6793:"ABOUT XAYSOMBOUN" 6767:The World Factbook 6349:. 25 February 2022 6170:. 9 January 2018. 4900:The World Factbook 4393:AFC Solidarity Cup 4347: 4301:Xinhua News Agency 4263:Haw Khao Padap Din 4081: 4069: 4062:Lao women wearing 4056: 3986: 3950: 3913: 3748:(lowland people). 3389:Vientiane–Vũng Áng 3369:southern Vientiane 3318: 3265: 3116: 3086:Human Rights Watch 2982:illegal drug trade 2928: 2768: 2737: 2708:Sonexay Siphandone 2701:head of government 2642:Sonexay Siphandone 2585: 2504:Vientiane Province 2361:Phongsaly District 2037: 1958: 1947: 1837:Kaysone Phomvihane 1814: 1780:The New York Times 1717: 1658: 1542:Savannakhet region 1490: 1456:"transformed into 1385:Theravada Buddhism 1361: 1315:Annamite Mountains 1307: 1237:was coined by the 1143:socialist republic 1031:to the northwest, 1013:landlocked country 827:2023 estimate 775:2023 estimate 673:Monarchy abolished 601:• Vassals of 520:Sonexay Siphandone 501:Bounthong Chitmany 463:socialist republic 321:Ethnic groups 248:17.967°N 102.600°E 14551:Countries in Asia 14491: 14490: 14485: 14484: 14481: 14480: 14445: 14444: 14441: 14440: 14437: 14436: 14380:Amsterdam Islands 14371:Kerguelen Islands 14319:Clipperton Island 14290: 14289: 14286: 14285: 14258:Wallis and Futuna 14126: 14125: 14122: 14121: 14026:Mandate for Syria 14016:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan 13978:Indochinese Union 13885: 13884: 13682: 13681: 13595:Equatorial Africa 13397: 13396: 13277: 13276: 13262:Suspended members 13100:Associate members 12910:Equatorial Guinea 12753: 12752: 12514: 12513: 12422: 12421: 12305:Armies Rifle Meet 12259: 12258: 12184: 12183: 12073: 12072: 12024:Secretary General 12014:Founding document 11952: 11951: 11939: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11732: 11731: 11474:Congo-Brazzaville 11370:Regional variants 11138: 11137: 11065: 11064: 10635: 10634: 10513: 10512: 10473: 10472: 10319: 10318: 10245: 10244: 10222:Political parties 10210:National Assembly 10178:General Secretary 10173:Foreign relations 10140: 10139: 10056:2007 coup attempt 10026:Laotian Civil War 10016:Ho Chi Minh trail 9991:Japanese invasion 9725:on 15 April 2018. 9628:Asia Times Online 9484:. Valence Media. 9117:978-92-805-3432-0 9084:978-1-317-95208-4 8867:on 4 January 2011 8408:(28 March 2019). 8242:on 6 January 2013 7855:on 5 October 2017 7298:. 20 August 1998. 6887:. 11 April 2023. 6412:978-1-317-49628-1 6123:"Laos – Overview" 6059:978-0-521-59746-3 6043:A History of Laos 6022:978-8-776-94023-2 5975:"History of Laos" 5960:978-1-74104-086-9 5864:978-1-78274-125-1 5851:Showalter, Dennis 5792:978-0-415-59662-6 5666:978-0-8248-0368-1 5470:978-0-313-33977-6 5081:on 16 April 2016. 4999:. 13 March 2024. 4903:(2024 ed.). 4501:Explanatory notes 3967:Education in Laos 3728: 3727: 3361:geography of Laos 3304:Transport in Laos 3070:freedom of speech 2910:, instituted the 2889:Laotian Civil War 2883:groups fought as 2740:Foreign relations 2716:Central Committee 2674:General Secretary 2668:(LPRP). With the 2660:openly endorsing 2589: 2588: 2574: 2573: 2562:Anouvong district 2513:Phonhong District 2387:Xayabury District 1931:Geography of Laos 1908:Bounnhang Vorachi 1826:re-education camp 1792:cluster munitions 1790:(UXO), including 1771:Ho Chi Minh Trail 1715:in the late 1960s 1640:Laotian Civil War 1550:Martin Stuart-Fox 1355:, founder of the 1083:occupied by Japan 1003:, officially the 998: 997: 883:medium inequality 852:• Per capita 800:• Per capita 629:Free Lao Movement 549:National Assembly 480:General Secretary 404:Tai folk religion 196:Show map of ASEAN 170: 16:(Redirected from 14603: 14596:One-party states 14546:Communist states 14523: 14522: 14520: 14519: 14518: 14513: 14509: 14506: 14505: 14504: 14501: 14410:Glorioso Islands 14391: 14342: 14341: 14335: 14331: 14307: 14306: 14296: 14295: 14270: 14243:Saint Barthélemy 14238:French Polynesia 14229: 14189: 14184: 14183: 14173: 14172: 14158: 14151: 14144: 14135: 14134: 13943:Coromandel Coast 13914: 13907: 13900: 13891: 13890: 13772:French Caribbean 13752:Terre Neuve 13711: 13704: 13697: 13688: 13687: 13469: 13462: 13455: 13446: 13445: 13442: 13441: 13424: 13417: 13410: 13401: 13400: 13387: 13386: 12800: 12799: 12780: 12773: 12766: 12757: 12756: 12548:East Asia Summit 12541: 12534: 12527: 12518: 12517: 12479:Science Olympiad 12474:Countries by HDI 12459:Countries by GDP 12369: 12368: 12278:University Games 12241:ASEAN Plus Three 12215:East Asia Summit 12193: 12192: 12169:Papua New Guinea 12084: 12083: 11997: 11996: 11979: 11972: 11965: 11956: 11955: 11802: 11801: 11659: 11658: 11449: 11448: 11444:socialist states 11323:African-American 11165: 11158: 11151: 11142: 11141: 11126: 11114: 11113: 11074:regions of China 11009:Christmas Island 10999: 10998: 10941: 10681:Sovereign states 10662: 10655: 10648: 10639: 10638: 10569:Sovereign states 10553: 10546: 10539: 10530: 10529: 10517: 10516: 10493: 10486: 10330: 10329: 10276: 10256: 10255: 10151: 10150: 10080: 10079: 10068: 9909: 9902: 9895: 9886: 9885: 9867: 9854: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9843: 9822: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9811: 9792: 9786: 9785: 9783: 9781: 9761: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9750: 9733: 9727: 9726: 9721:. Archived from 9719:GoAbroad Network 9710: 9704: 9703: 9702:on 9 March 2011. 9692: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9675: 9668: 9660: 9654: 9653: 9647: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9594: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9583: 9564: 9558: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9534: 9528: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9504: 9498: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9471: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9438: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9427: 9407: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9381: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9350: 9344: 9343: 9328: 9322: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9301: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9270: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9235: 9229: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9205: 9199:. Archived from 9198: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9168:INSEAD Knowledge 9160: 9154: 9153: 9147: 9143: 9141: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9093: 9087: 9063: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9037: 9024: 9011: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8988:. Archived from 8986:Laval University 8978: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8952: 8946: 8945: 8909: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8863:. Archived from 8857: 8851: 8834: 8828: 8817:Routledge (2004) 8803: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8777: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8763: 8744: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8720: 8711: 8705: 8702: 8696: 8679: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8655: 8644: 8636: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8619: 8612: 8602: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8569: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8549:. Archived from 8543: 8537: 8524: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8472: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8455: 8448: 8440: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8402: 8396: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8362: 8348: 8340: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8286: 8280:. Archived from 8279: 8271: 8265: 8258: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8241: 8234: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8208: 8202:. Archived from 8201: 8193: 8187: 8176: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8157:(2016): 353–376. 8151: 8145: 8139: 8133: 8116: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8055: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7912:. Archived from 7906:"LAO PDR UN ACT" 7902: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7824: 7813: 7805: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7778: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7758: 7751: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7700: 7693: 7685: 7679: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7453: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7426: 7417: 7416: 7415:on 6 April 2012. 7414: 7408:. Archived from 7407: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7360:. 28 July 2005. 7350: 7344: 7343: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7241: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7213: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7165:Tragic Mountains 7160: 7154: 7153: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7133:Associated Press 7128: 7122: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7089: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7009: 6998: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6799:. Archived from 6789: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6737:"Laos – Climate" 6733: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6713: 6707:. October 2007. 6702: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6621: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6555: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6492: 6486: 6473: 6467: 6450: 6444: 6421: 6415: 6391: 6385: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6339: 6333: 6331: 6321: 6310:10.1136/bmj.a137 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6164: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6119: 6100: 6084: 6075: 6072:Histoire du Laos 6068: 6062: 6038: 6025: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5948: 5938: 5932: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5898: 5892: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5834: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5778: 5772: 5753: 5747: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5649: 5643: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5543: 5525: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5302: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5273:"Laos 2017/2018" 5269: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5120:Janssen, Peter. 5117: 5111: 5110: 5092: 5083: 5082: 5067: 5061: 5056: 5050: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5008: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4933: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4891: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4871: 4860: 4852: 4843: 4842: 4836: 4834: 4828: 4817: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4747: 4730: 4728: 4722: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4677: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4561: 4555: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4474: 4472:Geography portal 4469: 4468: 4467: 4460: 4455: 4454: 4446: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4418:competed at the 4397:AFF Championship 4242:Chinese New Year 3946:Mahosot Hospital 3925:local polytheism 3900:Religion in Laos 3558: 3548: 3521: 3511: 3473: 3461: 3460: 3359:The mountainous 3342:Vietnam Airlines 3052:Ostensibly, the 2835:East Asia Summit 2658:socialist states 2638: 2614: 2598:Politics of Laos 2413:Salavan District 2261:Thakhek District 2235:Xamneua District 2211:(Pakse District) 2187:Paksane District 2108: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2054:Wildlife of Laos 1942:flowing through 1879:rebels and Laos 1674:North Vietnamese 1502:French Indochina 1488: 1485: 1311:Tam Pa Ling Cave 1274: 1273: 1264: 1263: 1243:French Indochina 1205:East Asia Summit 1147:Marxism-Leninism 943: 910: 909: 903: 902: 896: 885: 884: 876: 860: 859: 841: 840: 824: 808: 807: 789: 788: 772: 459:Marxist–Leninist 274:Spoken languages 259: 258: 256: 255: 254: 249: 245: 242: 241: 240: 237: 222:and largest city 197: 194: 187: 184: 172: 171: 152: 144: 143: 129: 123: 122: 103: 89: 73: 66: 58: 57: 56: 43: 42: 21: 14611: 14610: 14606: 14605: 14604: 14602: 14601: 14600: 14526: 14525: 14516: 14514: 14510: 14507: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14495: 14494: 14492: 14487: 14486: 14477: 14459:Claimed by the 14433: 14429:Tromelin Island 14400:Bassas da India 14384: 14334:French Southern 14323: 14301: 14282: 14262: 14222: 14190: regions 14178: 14167: 14165:Overseas France 14162: 14118: 14100: 14072: 14058:Greater Lebanon 14028:and the Lebanon 14027: 14020: 13972: 13924: 13918: 13881: 13863: 13835: 13766: 13723: 13721:in the Americas 13715: 13678: 13655: 13627: 13589: 13507: 13479: 13473: 13433: 13428: 13398: 13393: 13375: 13354: 13315:French language 13303: 13273: 13257: 13131: 13095: 13069: 12965:North Macedonia 12789: 12784: 12754: 12749: 12748: 12649: 12551: 12545: 12515: 12510: 12484:Stock exchanges 12418: 12414:Rights of Women 12390: 12360: 12309: 12255: 12229: 12180: 12143: 12069: 12038: 11988: 11983: 11953: 11948: 11931: 11912:Slovakia (1919) 11812:Alsace-Lorraine 11800: 11728: 11657: 11564: 11533: 11442: 11436: 11365: 11344: 11175: 11169: 11139: 11134: 11107: 11092: 11076: 11073: 11061: 11034: 11018: 10995: 10992: 10984: 10965:Northern Cyprus 10953: 10950: 10942: 10933: 10675: 10666: 10636: 10631: 10563: 10557: 10522: 10514: 10509: 10496: 10489: 10482: 10469: 10460:Public holidays 10406: 10397:Sex trafficking 10315: 10274: 10241: 10200:Law enforcement 10136: 10117:Protected areas 10069: 10060: 10006:Kingdom of Laos 9922: 9913: 9876: 9871: 9870: 9864:Wayback Machine 9855: 9851: 9841: 9839: 9824: 9823: 9819: 9809: 9807: 9794: 9793: 9789: 9779: 9777: 9762: 9758: 9748: 9746: 9735: 9734: 9730: 9711: 9707: 9694: 9693: 9689: 9679: 9677: 9673: 9666: 9662: 9661: 9657: 9641: 9640: 9633: 9631: 9622: 9621: 9617: 9607: 9605: 9596: 9595: 9591: 9581: 9579: 9574:. 12 May 2014. 9566: 9565: 9561: 9551: 9549: 9536: 9535: 9531: 9521: 9519: 9506: 9505: 9501: 9491: 9489: 9472: 9468: 9458: 9456: 9439: 9435: 9425: 9423: 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8485: 8483: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8459: 8457: 8453: 8446: 8442: 8441: 8437: 8427: 8425: 8403: 8399: 8389:Wayback Machine 8380: 8376: 8366: 8364: 8360: 8346: 8342: 8341: 8337: 8304: 8300: 8290: 8288: 8284: 8277: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8259: 8255: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8232: 8226: 8222: 8212: 8210: 8209:on 14 June 2007 8206: 8199: 8195: 8194: 8190: 8180:"Genuinely Lao" 8177: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8152: 8148: 8140: 8136: 8126:Wayback Machine 8117: 8113: 8103: 8101: 8086: 8082: 8072: 8070: 8057: 8056: 8052: 8042: 8040: 8023: 8019: 8009: 8007: 8000:Radio Free Asia 7994: 7993: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7970:Radio Free Asia 7964: 7963: 7959: 7949: 7947: 7940:Thanh Nien News 7934: 7933: 7929: 7919: 7917: 7916:on 29 July 2020 7904: 7903: 7899: 7889: 7887: 7872: 7868: 7858: 7856: 7843: 7842: 7838: 7828: 7826: 7822: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7792: 7790: 7779: 7772: 7762: 7760: 7756: 7749: 7745: 7744: 7740: 7730: 7728: 7719: 7718: 7714: 7704: 7702: 7698: 7691: 7687: 7686: 7682: 7677:Wayback Machine 7667: 7663: 7653: 7651: 7638: 7637: 7633: 7623: 7621: 7606: 7602: 7592: 7590: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7561: 7557: 7547: 7545: 7530: 7529: 7525: 7512: 7511: 7507: 7490: 7489: 7485: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7447: 7446: 7439: 7437: 7428: 7427: 7420: 7412: 7405: 7399: 7395: 7382: 7381: 7377: 7367: 7365: 7352: 7351: 7347: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7319: 7317: 7316:on 14 June 2021 7308: 7307: 7303: 7293: 7292: 7288: 7277: 7273: 7263: 7261: 7256: 7255: 7251: 7235: 7234: 7227: 7225: 7222:National Review 7214: 7207: 7197: 7195: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7175: 7161: 7157: 7144: 7140: 7130: 7129: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7106: 7104: 7091: 7090: 7083: 7073: 7071: 7058: 7057: 7053: 7043: 7041: 7028: 7027: 7023: 7013: 7011: 7007: 6996: 6990: 6986: 6976: 6974: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6946: 6944: 6934: 6930: 6920: 6918: 6909: 6908: 6904: 6894: 6892: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6864: 6862: 6847: 6843: 6833: 6831: 6820: 6816: 6806: 6804: 6797:tourismlaos.org 6791: 6790: 6786: 6776: 6774: 6761: 6760: 6756: 6746: 6744: 6735: 6734: 6727: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6691: 6681: 6679: 6666: 6665: 6661: 6651: 6649: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6574: 6570: 6557: 6556: 6549: 6539: 6537: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6509: 6507: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6483:Wayback Machine 6474: 6470: 6462:Wayback Machine 6451: 6447: 6433:Wayback Machine 6422: 6418: 6403:Wayback Machine 6392: 6388: 6377:Wayback Machine 6366: 6362: 6352: 6350: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6288: 6284: 6274: 6272: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6244: 6242: 6225: 6221: 6211: 6209: 6191: 6187: 6177: 6175: 6166: 6165: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6121: 6120: 6103: 6097:Wayback Machine 6085: 6078: 6069: 6065: 6050:Wayback Machine 6039: 6028: 6013:Wayback Machine 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5961: 5939: 5935: 5926: 5922: 5912: 5910: 5909:on 18 July 2007 5899: 5895: 5884: 5880: 5865: 5848: 5844: 5828: 5827: 5820: 5818: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5793: 5779: 5775: 5754: 5750: 5734: 5730: 5720: 5718: 5717:on 8 March 2010 5709: 5708: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5650: 5646: 5636:Wayback Machine 5627: 5623: 5613: 5611: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5580: 5561: 5557: 5494: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5471: 5455: 5451: 5441: 5439: 5432:Merriam-Webster 5426: 5425: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5305:Rodgers, Greg. 5303: 5296: 5286: 5284: 5271: 5270: 5261: 5251: 5249: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5225: 5223: 5216:Financial Times 5210: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5093: 5086: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5006: 5004: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4950: 4948: 4935: 4934: 4923: 4909: 4907: 4893: 4892: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4858: 4854: 4853: 4846: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4733: 4709: 4694: 4690: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4632: 4614: 4596: 4592: 4583: 4582: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4554:leader of Laos. 4533: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4490:Outline of Laos 4470: 4465: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4333: 4317: 4284:Vientiane Times 4279: 4245:Boun Khoun Khao 4227: 4143: 4137: 4045: 4035:Laotian society 4019: 4017:Culture of Laos 4013: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3939: 3933: 3902: 3896: 3866:La Francophonie 3824: 3769:Laotian Chinese 3734: 3729: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3522: 3516: 3512: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3450: 3444: 3428: 3422: 3338:Bangkok Airways 3310: 3302:Main articles: 3300: 3250: 3248:Tourism in Laos 3244: 3136:development aid 3108: 3106:Economy of Laos 3102: 3062:gender equality 3040:Democracy Index 3031: 3025: 2978:Wat Tham Krabok 2970:Steve Gunderson 2945:National Review 2877: 2849: 2843: 2754:Prime Minister 2748: 2742: 2670:one-party state 2654: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2639: 2631: 2630: 2621: 2615: 2604: 2596:Main articles: 2594: 2578: 2465:Lamarm District 2287:Namtha District 2079:kampheng nakhon 2067: 2061: 2056: 2050: 2029: 2017:Golden Triangle 2002:Bolaven Plateau 1933: 1927: 1891:resettled some 1822:Savang Vatthana 1767:Kingdom of Laos 1692:(PAVN) and the 1682:Souvanna Phouma 1666:Kingdom of Laos 1642: 1634:Main articles: 1632: 1593:Prince Sisavang 1546:Bolaven Plateau 1494:Black Flag Army 1486: 1476: 1468:Main articles: 1466: 1423:Sourigna Vongsa 1346: 1340: 1292: 1287: 1285:History of Laos 1281: 1231: 1209:La Francophonie 1117:, supported by 1099:Kingdom of Laos 1011:), is the only 938: 907: 906: 905: 894: 882: 881: 880: 874: 853: 834: 822: 801: 782: 766: 754: 743:7,749,595 ( 740: 723: 709: 688: 678:2 December 1975 675: 665:22 October 1953 662: 657: 644: 642:Unified Kingdom 631: 618: 605: 592: 571: 531: 516: 503: 497: 482: 447: 424: 385: 325: 315: 253:17.967; 102.600 252: 250: 246: 243: 238: 235: 233: 231: 230: 229: 223: 215: 214: 199: 198: 195: 188: 173: 157: 153: 145: 130: 124: 111: 110: 109: 104: 96: 95: 90: 77: 76: 60: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14609: 14599: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14489: 14488: 14483: 14482: 14479: 14478: 14476: 14475: 14469: 14463: 14457: 14453:Also known as 14450: 14447: 14446: 14443: 14442: 14439: 14438: 14435: 14434: 14432: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14420: 14419: 14416:Banc du Geyser 14407: 14402: 14396: 14394: 14386: 14385: 14383: 14382: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14356:Crozet Islands 14353: 14345: 14339: 14325: 14324: 14322: 14321: 14315: 14313: 14303: 14302: 14292: 14291: 14288: 14287: 14284: 14283: 14281: 14280: 14274: 14272: 14264: 14263: 14261: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14234: 14232: 14224: 14223: 14221: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14194: 14192: 14180: 14179: 14169: 14168: 14161: 14160: 14153: 14146: 14138: 14132: 14128: 14127: 14124: 14123: 14120: 14119: 14117: 14116: 14111: 14105: 14102: 14101: 14099: 14098: 14093: 14092: 14091: 14080: 14078: 14074: 14073: 14071: 14070: 14065: 14063:Jabal al-Druze 14060: 14055: 14050: 14049: 14048: 14043: 14036:State of Syria 14032: 14030: 14022: 14021: 14019: 14018: 14013: 14012: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13993: 13988: 13982: 13980: 13974: 13973: 13971: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13934: 13932: 13926: 13925: 13917: 13916: 13909: 13902: 13894: 13887: 13886: 13883: 13882: 13880: 13879: 13874: 13868: 13865: 13864: 13862: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13845: 13843: 13837: 13836: 13834: 13833: 13831:Virgin Islands 13828: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13807: 13806: 13795:Saint-Domingue 13792: 13790:The Grenadines 13787: 13782: 13776: 13774: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13764: 13759: 13757:French Florida 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13733: 13731: 13725: 13724: 13714: 13713: 13706: 13699: 13691: 13684: 13683: 13680: 13679: 13677: 13676: 13674:Isle de France 13671: 13666: 13660: 13657: 13656: 13654: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13637: 13635: 13629: 13628: 13626: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13599: 13597: 13591: 13590: 13588: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13566: 13565: 13555: 13550: 13549: 13548: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13517: 13515: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13489: 13487: 13481: 13480: 13472: 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11733: 11730: 11729: 11727: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11694:Inner Mongolia 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11674:East Turkestan 11671: 11665: 11663: 11656: 11655: 11654: 11653: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11602: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11583: 11578: 11572: 11570: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11541: 11539: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11495: 11494: 11489: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11455: 11453: 11446: 11438: 11437: 11435: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11373: 11371: 11367: 11366: 11364: 11363: 11358: 11356:United Kingdom 11352: 11350: 11346: 11345: 11343: 11342: 11337: 11336: 11335: 11327: 11326: 11325: 11315: 11313:United Kingdom 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11237: 11236: 11223: 11218: 11217: 11216: 11206: 11201: 11200: 11199: 11189: 11183: 11181: 11177: 11176: 11168: 11167: 11160: 11153: 11145: 11136: 11135: 11133: 11132: 11120: 11106: 11105: 11102: 11098: 11097: 11094: 11093: 11091: 11090: 11085: 11079: 11077: 11070: 11067: 11066: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11059: 11049: 11042: 11040: 11039:United Kingdom 11036: 11035: 11033: 11032: 11026: 11024: 11020: 11019: 11017: 11016: 11011: 11005: 11003: 10996: 10989: 10986: 10985: 10983: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10956: 10954: 10947: 10944: 10943: 10936: 10934: 10932: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10685: 10683: 10677: 10676: 10665: 10664: 10657: 10650: 10642: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10573: 10571: 10565: 10564: 10561:Southeast Asia 10556: 10555: 10548: 10541: 10533: 10527: 10524: 10523: 10511: 10510: 10508: 10507: 10502: 10495: 10494: 10487: 10479: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10416: 10414: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10378: 10377: 10376:hybrid variant 10364: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10333: 10327: 10321: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10291:Stock exchange 10288: 10283: 10278: 10270: 10265: 10259: 10253: 10247: 10246: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10239: 10237:Prime Minister 10234: 10232:Vice President 10229: 10224: 10219: 10218: 10217: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10191: 10190: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10154: 10148: 10142: 10141: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10083: 10077: 10071: 10070: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10011:Indochina Wars 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9966:Luang Phrabang 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9932: 9930: 9924: 9923: 9912: 9911: 9904: 9897: 9889: 9883: 9882: 9875: 9874:External links 9872: 9869: 9868: 9857:FIBA LiveStats 9849: 9817: 9787: 9756: 9728: 9705: 9687: 9655: 9615: 9589: 9559: 9542:visit-laos.com 9529: 9499: 9466: 9433: 9402: 9376: 9345: 9323: 9296: 9265: 9230: 9217: 9206:on 2 July 2007 9185: 9155: 9146:|website= 9116: 9088: 9058: 9047:on 7 July 2010 9025: 9003: 8973: 8947: 8920:(4): 379–389. 8904: 8878: 8852: 8829: 8798: 8769: 8736: 8706: 8697: 8667: 8631: 8590: 8564: 8538: 8519: 8508:on 11 May 2011 8493: 8467: 8435: 8406:Alston, Philip 8397: 8374: 8335: 8298: 8287:on 15 May 2011 8266: 8253: 8220: 8188: 8171: 8159: 8146: 8134: 8111: 8080: 8050: 8017: 7987: 7957: 7927: 7897: 7866: 7836: 7800: 7770: 7738: 7712: 7680: 7661: 7631: 7600: 7570: 7555: 7523: 7505: 7483: 7461: 7418: 7393: 7375: 7345: 7327: 7301: 7286: 7271: 7249: 7205: 7180: 7173: 7155: 7138: 7123: 7114: 7081: 7051: 7021: 6984: 6954: 6928: 6902: 6872: 6841: 6814: 6784: 6754: 6725: 6689: 6659: 6633: 6568: 6547: 6517: 6487: 6468: 6445: 6416: 6386: 6360: 6334: 6282: 6252: 6219: 6185: 6168:"Laos profile" 6144: 6101: 6076: 6063: 6026: 5996: 5966: 5959: 5933: 5920: 5893: 5878: 5863: 5853:, ed. (2013). 5842: 5806: 5791: 5773: 5748: 5728: 5702: 5672: 5665: 5653:Coedès, George 5644: 5621: 5590: 5555: 5488: 5469: 5449: 5419: 5389: 5359: 5328: 5294: 5259: 5233: 5203: 5188:. March 2018. 5173: 5143: 5112: 5105: 5084: 5062: 5051: 5040: 5014: 4984: 4969:. World Bank. 4958: 4921: 4883: 4844: 4804: 4772: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4688: 4684:[láːw] 4556: 4527: 4518: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4495:Energy in Laos 4492: 4487: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4461: 4447: 4431: 4428: 4422:where it beat 4385:FIFA World Cup 4361:and Cambodian 4332: 4329: 4316: 4313: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4226: 4223: 4203:Dearest Sister 4198:Fantastic Fest 4180:At the Horizon 4141:Cinema of Laos 4139:Main article: 4136: 4133: 4051:An example of 4015:Main article: 4012: 4009: 3965:Main article: 3962: 3959: 3937:Health in Laos 3935:Main article: 3932: 3929: 3898:Main article: 3895: 3892: 3823: 3820: 3802:, and several 3733: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3475: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3459: 3446:Main article: 3443: 3440: 3424:Main article: 3421: 3418: 3299: 3298:Transportation 3296: 3294:destinations. 3284:water festival 3246:Main article: 3243: 3240: 3104:Main article: 3101: 3098: 3027:Main article: 3024: 3021: 3009:George W. Bush 3001:European Union 2958:US Senate 2876: 2875:Hmong conflict 2873: 2845:Main article: 2842: 2839: 2744:Main article: 2741: 2738: 2714:and 61-member 2705:Prime Minister 2691:. He has been 2682:supreme leader 2647:prime minister 2640: 2633: 2632: 2616: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2063:Main article: 2060: 2057: 2052:Main article: 2049: 2046: 2028: 2025: 1994:Thai highlands 1986:Annamite Range 1962:Southeast Asia 1929:Main article: 1926: 1923: 1670:Royal Lao Army 1631: 1628: 1569:Imperial Japan 1524:Laos produced 1465: 1462: 1421:In 1637, when 1342:Main article: 1339: 1336: 1299:Pha That Luang 1291: 1288: 1283:Main article: 1280: 1277: 1230: 1227: 1193:United Nations 1060:Southeast Asia 1017:Southeast Asia 996: 995: 990: 984: 983: 978: 972: 971: 966: 960: 959: 956: 950: 949: 936: 932: 931: 921: 917: 916: 897: 887: 886: 877: 867: 866: 854: 851: 848: 847: 835: 832: 829: 828: 825: 815: 814: 802: 799: 796: 795: 783: 780: 777: 776: 773: 759: 758: 755: 753:• Density 752: 749: 748: 741: 738: 735: 734: 728: 727: 724: 721: 718: 717: 710: 707: 704: 703: 697: 696: 693: 692: 691:14 August 1991 689: 683: 680: 679: 676: 670: 667: 666: 663: 652: 649: 648: 645: 639: 636: 635: 632: 626: 623: 622: 619: 613: 610: 609: 606: 600: 597: 596: 593: 579: 576: 575: 572: 566: 563: 562: 559: 558: 552: 551: 546: 542: 541: 538: 537: 532: 526: 523: 522: 517: 514:Prime Minister 511: 508: 507: 498: 495:Vice President 492: 489: 488: 483: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 455: 449: 448: 446: 445: 440: 434: 432: 426: 425: 423: 422: 412: 406: 400: 393: 391: 387: 386: 384: 383: 380: 374: 368: 362: 359: 353: 347: 341: 335: 328: 326: 323: 317: 316: 314: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 277: 275: 271: 270: 265: 261: 260: 224: 221: 217: 216: 201: 200: 189: 179: 178: 175: 174: 155: 133: 132: 113: 112: 105: 98: 97: 91: 84: 83: 82: 79: 78: 75: 74: 67: 50: 49: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14608: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14533: 14531: 14524: 14521: 14474: 14470: 14468: 14464: 14462: 14458: 14456: 14452: 14451: 14448: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14418: 14417: 14413: 14412: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14405:Europa Island 14403: 14401: 14398: 14397: 14395: 14393: 14387: 14381: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14351: 14347: 14346: 14343: 14340: 14337: 14330: 14326: 14320: 14317: 14316: 14314: 14312: 14308: 14304: 14297: 14293: 14279: 14278:New Caledonia 14276: 14275: 14273: 14269: 14265: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14235: 14233: 14231: 14225: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14198:French Guiana 14196: 14195: 14193: 14191: 14185: 14181: 14174: 14170: 14166: 14159: 14154: 14152: 14147: 14145: 14140: 14139: 14136: 14133: 14129: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14106: 14103: 14097: 14094: 14090: 14087: 14086: 14085: 14082: 14081: 14079: 14075: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14053:Alawite State 14051: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14038: 14037: 14034: 14033: 14031: 14029: 14023: 14017: 14014: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13996: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13983: 13981: 13979: 13975: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13935: 13933: 13931: 13927: 13922: 13915: 13910: 13908: 13903: 13901: 13896: 13895: 13892: 13888: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13869: 13866: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13846: 13844: 13842: 13838: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13821:Saint Vincent 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13805: 13801: 13798: 13797: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13777: 13775: 13773: 13769: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13734: 13732: 13730: 13726: 13722: 13719: 13712: 13707: 13705: 13700: 13698: 13693: 13692: 13689: 13685: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13661: 13658: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13646:Grande Comore 13644: 13642: 13639: 13638: 13636: 13634: 13630: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13600: 13598: 13596: 13592: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13564: 13563:Four Communes 13561: 13560: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13547: 13546:Arguin Island 13544: 13543: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13521:Côte d'Ivoire 13519: 13518: 13516: 13514: 13510: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13490: 13488: 13486: 13482: 13477: 13470: 13465: 13463: 13458: 13456: 13451: 13450: 13447: 13443: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13425: 13420: 13418: 13413: 13411: 13406: 13405: 13402: 13390: 13382: 13381: 13378: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13363: 13361: 13357: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13312: 13310: 13306: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13280: 13270: 13267: 13266: 13264: 13260: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13140: 13138: 13134: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13104: 13102: 13098: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13086:New Brunswick 13084: 13082: 13079: 13078: 13076: 13072: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12935:Guinea-Bissau 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12807: 12805: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12792: 12788: 12781: 12776: 12774: 12769: 12767: 12762: 12761: 12758: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12739:United States 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12656: 12652: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12557: 12554: 12549: 12542: 12537: 12535: 12530: 12528: 12523: 12522: 12519: 12505: 12504:Universities 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12456: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12441: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12425: 12415: 12412: 12408: 12405: 12404: 12403: 12400: 12399: 12397: 12393: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12373: 12370: 12367: 12363: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12318: 12316: 12312: 12306: 12303: 12299: 12296: 12295: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12270: 12268: 12266: 12262: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12238: 12236: 12232: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12209: 12206: 12205: 12204: 12201: 12200: 12198: 12194: 12191: 12187: 12175: 12172: 12171: 12170: 12167: 12163: 12160: 12159: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12150: 12146: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12076: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12047: 12045: 12041: 12035: 12034:Visa policies 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12019:Organisations 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12009:Customs union 12007: 12005: 12002: 12001: 11998: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11980: 11975: 11973: 11968: 11966: 11961: 11960: 11957: 11947: 11942: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11863: 11862:Crimea (1919) 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11827: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11809: 11807: 11803: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11756: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11735: 11725: 11724:South Vietnam 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11666: 11664: 11660: 11652: 11651:North Vietnam 11649: 11648: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11573: 11571: 11567: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11542: 11540: 11536: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11439: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11368: 11362: 11361:United States 11359: 11357: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11347: 11341: 11338: 11334: 11331: 11330: 11328: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11319: 11318:United States 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11230: 11227: 11226: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11215: 11212: 11211: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11198: 11197:New Australia 11195: 11194: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11178: 11173: 11166: 11161: 11159: 11154: 11152: 11147: 11146: 11143: 11131: 11130: 11125: 11121: 11119: 11118: 11109: 11108: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11095: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11068: 11057: 11053: 11050: 11047: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11037: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11025: 11021: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11000: 10997: 10994: 10987: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10975:South Ossetia 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10945: 10940: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10663: 10658: 10656: 10651: 10649: 10644: 10643: 10640: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10554: 10549: 10547: 10542: 10540: 10535: 10534: 10531: 10525: 10518: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10497: 10492: 10488: 10485: 10481: 10480: 10476: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10430:Dramatic arts 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10417: 10415: 10413: 10409: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10375: 10372: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10359: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10352:Ethnic groups 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10334: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10322: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10248: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10216: 10213: 10212: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10189: 10186: 10185: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10155: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10143: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10092:Deforestation 10090: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10072: 10067: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9933: 9931: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9910: 9905: 9903: 9898: 9896: 9891: 9890: 9887: 9881: 9878: 9877: 9865: 9861: 9858: 9853: 9837: 9833: 9832: 9827: 9821: 9805: 9801: 9800:laoleague.com 9797: 9791: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9760: 9744: 9740: 9739: 9732: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9709: 9701: 9697: 9691: 9672: 9665: 9659: 9651: 9645: 9629: 9625: 9619: 9603: 9600:. State.gov. 9599: 9593: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9563: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9533: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9503: 9487: 9483: 9482: 9477: 9470: 9454: 9450: 9449: 9444: 9437: 9421: 9417: 9416:ScreenAnarchy 9413: 9406: 9390: 9386: 9380: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9349: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9327: 9312: 9308: 9307: 9300: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9269: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9234: 9227: 9221: 9202: 9195: 9189: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9159: 9151: 9139: 9123: 9119: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9100: 9092: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9076: 9072: 9069: 9062: 9046: 9042: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9022: 9018: 9015: 9010: 9008: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8977: 8961: 8957: 8951: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8908: 8892: 8888: 8882: 8866: 8862: 8856: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8838: 8833: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8802: 8786: 8782: 8776: 8774: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8743: 8741: 8724: 8717: 8710: 8701: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8684: 8678: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8652: 8648: 8647:worldbank.org 8641: 8635: 8616: 8609: 8608: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8578: 8574: 8568: 8552: 8548: 8542: 8535: 8531: 8528: 8523: 8507: 8503: 8497: 8481: 8477: 8471: 8452: 8445: 8439: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8401: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8378: 8359: 8355: 8352: 8345: 8339: 8330: 8329:11250/2734506 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8302: 8283: 8276: 8270: 8264: 8257: 8238: 8231: 8224: 8205: 8198: 8192: 8185: 8181: 8175: 8168: 8163: 8156: 8150: 8144: 8138: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8115: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8084: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8054: 8038: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8021: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7961: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7931: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7901: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7870: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7840: 7821: 7817: 7810: 7804: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7775: 7755: 7748: 7742: 7726: 7722: 7716: 7697: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7665: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7635: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7574: 7566: 7559: 7543: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7487: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7457: 7451: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7423: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7297: 7290: 7282: 7275: 7259: 7253: 7245: 7239: 7223: 7219: 7212: 7210: 7193: 7190: 7184: 7176: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7151: 7150: 7142: 7134: 7127: 7118: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7088: 7086: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7006: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6958: 6943: 6939: 6932: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6845: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6803:on 7 May 2019 6802: 6798: 6794: 6788: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6730: 6710: 6706: 6699: 6693: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6663: 6647: 6643: 6637: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6572: 6564: 6560: 6559:"Nsc Lao Pdr" 6554: 6552: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6484: 6480: 6477: 6472: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6449: 6443: 6442:0-8444-0832-8 6439: 6435: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6390: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6364: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6329: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6286: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6261:"Disarmament" 6256: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6223: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6083: 6081: 6073: 6067: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6044: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6000: 5984: 5980: 5979:Lonely Planet 5976: 5970: 5962: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5946: 5937: 5930: 5927:Carine Hahn, 5924: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5838: 5832: 5816: 5810: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5766: 5765:9781136863370 5762: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5745:9781136863370 5742: 5738: 5732: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5668: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5625: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5462: 5461: 5453: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5299: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5108: 5106:974-8434-33-8 5102: 5098: 5091: 5089: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5055: 5049: 5044: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4919: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4890: 4888: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4841: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4808: 4789: 4782: 4776: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4742: 4727: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4697: 4692: 4685: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4650: 4586: 4579: 4560: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4485:Laos Memorial 4483: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4462: 4459: 4453: 4448: 4445: 4434: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4406: 4405:Lao Army F.C. 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4389:AFC Asian Cup 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4312: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4291: 4290:Le Rénovateur 4286: 4285: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4078: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4043:Music of Laos 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3968: 3958: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3910:Luang Prabang 3906: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3804:Tibeto-Burman 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3761:Austroasiatic 3758: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3631: 3630:Luang Prabang 3628: 3626: 3625:Luang Prabang 3623: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3478: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3295: 3293: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272:Luang Prabang 3269: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3112: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3090:ethnic groups 3087: 3083: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3041: 3036: 3035:The Economist 3030: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2973: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2950:Michael Johns 2947: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908:US government 2905: 2902:In 1989, the 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2760:Narendra Modi 2757: 2752: 2747: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2648: 2643: 2637: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2613: 2603: 2599: 2582: 2576: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2309:Luang Prabang 2307: 2305: 2304:Luang Prabang 2302: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2116: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2055: 2045: 2042: 2033: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1944:Luang Prabang 1941: 1937: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1889:United States 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1862:United States 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1816:In 1975, the 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1775:South Vietnam 1772: 1768: 1764: 1763:United States 1760: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733:South Vietnam 1730: 1729:North Vietnam 1726: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1650:General Salan 1646: 1641: 1637: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589:Allied forces 1586: 1582: 1581:Sisavang Vong 1578: 1577:Luang Prabang 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1538:Luang Prabang 1535: 1532:, and 62% of 1531: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1461: 1459: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1442:Chao Anouvong 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1428:Luang Prabang 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1408:Setthathirath 1405: 1404:Luang Prabang 1401: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1286: 1276: 1268: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131:United States 1128: 1124: 1120: 1119:North Vietnam 1116: 1112: 1108: 1107:Sisavang Vong 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1035:to the east, 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 994: 991: 989: 985: 982: 979: 977: 976:ISO 3166 code 973: 970: 967: 965: 961: 957: 955: 951: 947: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 922: 918: 914: 898: 892: 888: 878: 872: 868: 864: 861:$ 1,878 ( 855: 849: 845: 836: 830: 826: 820: 816: 812: 809:$ 9,787 ( 803: 797: 793: 784: 778: 774: 770: 764: 760: 756: 750: 746: 742: 736: 733: 729: 725: 719: 715: 711: 705: 702: 698: 694: 690: 687: 681: 677: 674: 668: 664: 661: 656: 650: 646: 643: 637: 633: 630: 624: 620: 617: 611: 607: 604: 598: 594: 591: 587: 583: 582:Luang Prabang 577: 573: 570: 564: 560: 557: 553: 550: 547: 543: 539: 536: 533: 530: 524: 521: 518: 515: 509: 506: 505:Pany Yathotou 502: 499: 496: 490: 487: 484: 481: 477: 471: 467: 464: 460: 456: 454: 450: 444: 441: 439: 436: 435: 433: 431: 427: 421: 417: 413: 411: 407: 405: 401: 399: 395: 394: 392: 388: 381: 379: 375: 373: 369: 367: 363: 360: 358: 354: 352: 348: 346: 342: 340: 336: 334: 330: 329: 327: 322: 318: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 278: 276: 272: 269: 266: 262: 257: 228: 225: 218: 213: 211: 207: 193: 183: 176: 151: 150: 149:Pheng Xat Lao 138: 134: 128: 118: 114: 108: 102: 94: 88: 80: 72: 68: 64: 52: 51: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 14493: 14414: 14348: 14248:Saint Martin 14084:New Hebrides 13938:Chandernagor 13930:French India 13762:French Texas 13618:Ubangi-Shari 13613:Middle Congo 13580:James Island 13485:North Africa 13282:Organization 12949: 12840:Burkina Faso 12693: 12469:Minimum wage 12446:EU relations 12402:Human Rights 12283:School Games 12203:ASEAN Summit 12108: 11822:Baranya–Baja 11791:Soviet Union 11771:East Germany 11620: 11469:Burkina Faso 11127: 11115: 11030:Kastellorizo 10909:Turkmenistan 10874:Saudi Arabia 10813: 10596: 10387:Prostitution 10342:Demographics 10306:Trade unions 10268:Central bank 10183:Human rights 10163:Constitution 9915: 9852: 9840:. Retrieved 9829: 9820: 9808:. Retrieved 9799: 9796:"Lao League" 9790: 9778:. Retrieved 9769: 9759: 9747:. Retrieved 9737: 9731: 9723:the original 9718: 9708: 9700:the original 9690: 9678:. Retrieved 9658: 9632:. Retrieved 9627: 9618: 9606:. Retrieved 9592: 9580:. Retrieved 9571: 9562: 9550:. Retrieved 9541: 9532: 9520:. Retrieved 9511: 9502: 9490:. Retrieved 9479: 9469: 9457:. Retrieved 9446: 9436: 9424:. Retrieved 9415: 9405: 9393:. Retrieved 9379: 9367:. Retrieved 9358: 9348: 9340:the original 9335: 9326: 9315:, retrieved 9305: 9299: 9287:. Retrieved 9278: 9268: 9256:. Retrieved 9247: 9243: 9233: 9225: 9220: 9208:. Retrieved 9201:the original 9188: 9176:. Retrieved 9172:the original 9167: 9158: 9126:. Retrieved 9098: 9091: 9066: 9061: 9049:. Retrieved 9045:the original 8994:. Retrieved 8990:the original 8976: 8964:. Retrieved 8950: 8917: 8913: 8907: 8895:. Retrieved 8891:the original 8881: 8871:23 September 8869:. Retrieved 8865:the original 8855: 8847: 8832: 8816: 8801: 8789:. 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