769:
4802:
705:
3856:
9674:
28:
1873:
10732:
4816:
10742:
10324:
240:
5847:
5828:
4427:
5286:
4618:
against changes in the
Language Policy on the schools that promoted the use of Mandarin Chinese instead of Tibetan. They argued that the measure would erode their culture. In 2013, China's Education Ministry said that about 400 million people were unable to speak the national language Mandarin. In
4632:
in practice, and failure to protect ethnic languages does occur. In summer 2020, the Inner
Mongolian government announced an education policy change to phase out Mongolian as the language of instructions for humanities in elementary and middle schools, adopting the national instruction material
4558:
established that all minorities should be taught in their language at the primary and secondary levels when they count with a writing language. Those without a writing language or with an "imperfect" writing language should be helped to develop and reform their writing languages.
4158:
Many modern forms of spoken
Chinese languages have their own distinct writing system using Chinese characters that contain colloquial variants. These typically are used as sound characters to help determine the pronunciation of the sentence within that language:
4691:
In the late 1960s, English replaced the position of
Russian to become the most studied foreign language in China. After the Reform and Opening-up policy in 1988, English was taught in public schools starting in the third year of primary school.
4586:
encourage the development and use of different orthographies for the national languages and their use in educational and academic settings, realistically speaking it would seem that, as elsewhere in the world, the outlook for
5372:
4756:
have increased greatly, due in part to
Chinese investment in Latin America as well as in African nations such as Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde. Portuguese is also one of the official languages in
3870:, and Chinese languages. For the Tibetan, it includes both transliteration and a transcription into the Manchu alphabet. For the Chagatai, it includes a line of transcription into the Manchu alphabet.
4660:
has been the most widely-taught foreign language in China, as it is a required subject for students attending university. Other languages that have gained some degree of prevalence or interest are
5760:
Wang, Wenpu; Wei, Lin (2016). "Chinese
English in As Lingua Franca in Global Business Setting: A Case Study of Ongoing Emails of A Foreign Company in China". In Liu, X.; Wang, J.; Li, N. (eds.).
4786:
in several fields, especially for business settings, and in schools to teach
Standard Mandarin to people who are not Chinese citizens. English is also one of the official languages in
5002:
Mikael
Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin. Asterisks mark the 2010 estimates for the top dozen languages.
4599:
more. Because many languages exist in China, they also have problems regarding diglossia. Recently, in terms of
Fishman's typology of the relationships between bilingualism and
4719:, the former British prime minister, estimated that the total English-speaking population in China would outnumber the native speakers in the rest of the world in two decades.
5433:
8552:
9097:
5702:
5255:
4634:
5198:
9059:
1822:
418:
5785:
Wang, Danping (2013). "The Use of
English as a Lingua Franca in Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language: A Case Study of Native Chinese Teachers in Beijing". In
5380:
9799:
8581:
5463:
5494:
4550:
is heavily influenced by the Soviet nationalities policy and officially encourages the development of standard spoken and written languages for each of the
11175:
5577:
5524:
4163:
2677:
4707:, there are many bilingual schools (Mandarin-Japanese; Mandarin-Korean; Mandarin-Russian), in these schools, students learn languages other than English.
9606:
9596:
5341:
4961:
Tertiary institutions with instruction in the languages and literatures of the regional minorities (e.g., Xinjiang University) have faculties entitled
2712:
2666:
5311:
4768:. It was estimated in 2016 that 2.3% of Macau's locals spoke the language, although with government backing since then, interest in it has increased.
10778:
9601:
9360:
8908:
4208:
2722:
2717:
2673:
13309:
9515:
4273:
4060:
2700:
2690:
4574:
differently from the different national languages, even though their differences are as significant, if not more so, as those between the various
14989:
11300:
10697:
4190:
2647:
5403:
14631:
12925:
4311:
4070:
2656:
93:
4292:
149:
12621:
6020:
4934:
4064:
298:
9682:
8920:
4893:
5554:
15881:
8309:
1685:
1625:
735:
11180:
293:
5688:
5441:
11192:
10707:
8884:
8872:
177:
10646:
8896:
8388:
7915:
6064:
2106:
97:
5635:
5148:
9980:
5710:
4595:
argue that social pressures and political efforts result in a policy of sinicization and feels that Beijing should promote the
1315:
5263:
4726:, due to reasons of cultural interest and belief in better job opportunities. The language is also widely studied amongst the
10771:
10621:
9219:
5902:
5806:
5645:
5181:
1744:, 'Han language'), that are spoken by 92% of the population. The Chinese (or 'Sinitic') languages are typically divided into
1615:
634:
310:
288:
13302:
10371:
10030:
6082:
4837:
4742:
4607:
of diglossia (Fishman 1978, 1980) in China: more and more minority communities have been evolving from "diglossia without
1188:
1178:
101:
5206:
4619:
that year, the government pushed linguistic unity in China, focusing on the countryside and areas with ethnic minorities.
14982:
10666:
9872:
4741:, due to interest in Pakistani culture, close ties between the respective nations, and job opportunities provided by the
1657:
819:
14624:
12918:
6209:
5923:
809:
169:
5961:
5942:
5883:
5618:
4947:
3773:
3031:
1486:
173:
12614:
10764:
6013:
5471:
305:
159:
5502:
13295:
9952:
6112:
5608:
1240:
280:
5585:
5532:
15874:
14975:
14226:
10456:
8659:
8302:
4888:
1727:
1678:
1630:
728:
5349:
16362:
16357:
14617:
13266:
12911:
11554:
10873:
10702:
10268:
9722:
4615:
4567:
4474:
1719:
1652:
1578:
1513:
16749:
13729:
12529:
12184:
12145:
11187:
11030:
10661:
10566:
10327:
10238:
9762:
7145:
6205:
5937:. Canberra: Contemporary China Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.
5319:
4848:
4623:
4543:. Pinyin has been criticized for fear of an eventual replacement of the traditional character orthography.
3007:
1588:
3866:. The work contains four terms on each of its pages, arranged in the order of Manchu, Tibetan, Mongolian,
1793:
as their first language, accounting for 71% of the country's population. According to the 2019 edition of
16744:
13962:
12725:
12607:
10243:
10115:
10040:
9697:
6060:
6006:
4774:
in the early 20th century and reached its peak in the 1980s, though by 2024 its prominence had declined.
4611:" to "bilingualism without diglossia." This could be an implication of mainland China's power expanding.
4592:
1640:
1397:
778:
265:
4485:
published in early 2005, "by the end of 2003, 22 ethnic minorities in China used 28 written languages."
15827:
15806:
15452:
14147:
13424:
10671:
10285:
10258:
10135:
10047:
9794:
9774:
2906:
1761:
1645:
16739:
16421:
15867:
14821:
13841:
13201:
11970:
10616:
10581:
10536:
9837:
8535:
8295:
7054:
5837:, by James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray, a publication from 1916, now in the
5411:
3286:
1671:
1608:
1573:
1146:
842:
752:
721:
470:
275:
10336:
1352:
16175:
15358:
12934:
12536:
11469:
10506:
10501:
10396:
10388:
10364:
10211:
10196:
10186:
9900:
7535:
7074:
7039:
6140:
3498:
3491:
2862:
2847:
2007:
1924:
1749:
1342:
991:
320:
4434:
note with Chinese (Pinyin) at the top and Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur, and Zhuang along the bottom.
16536:
16250:
16204:
16187:
16152:
16113:
15972:
15918:
15442:
14769:
14764:
12638:
11760:
10787:
10626:
10601:
10516:
10496:
10446:
10416:
10406:
10223:
8462:
8236:
7930:
7188:
7099:
6981:
6976:
4830:
3663:
3539:
2783:
2778:
2753:
2212:
2013:
1977:
1931:
1897:
1869:
The spoken languages of nationalities that are a part of China belong to at least nine families:
1830:
1568:
669:
201:
10216:
10065:
5791:
Language Alternation, Language Choice and Language Encounter in International Tertiary Education
4953:
4452:
1764:
spoken by the remaining 8% of the population of China. The ones with greatest state support are
16590:
16563:
16376:
16230:
16120:
15689:
15663:
15612:
15592:
15330:
14598:
13367:
13362:
13318:
13271:
13053:
13008:
12778:
12543:
12477:
11490:
11464:
10712:
10591:
10586:
10466:
10157:
10000:
8598:
7959:
7776:
7458:
6283:
6278:
6249:
6237:
5097:
5093:
4873:
4723:
4551:
4406:
4124:
3947:
3820:
3804:
3644:
3373:
3301:
2877:
2238:
2068:
2040:
1882:
1620:
1598:
1583:
1069:
788:
270:
15432:
5149:"The Prospects for the Long-Term Survival of Non-Han Minority Languages in the South of China"
4633:
instead. Thousands of ethnic Mongolians in northern China gathered to protest the policy. The
1799:, 904 million people in China spoke some variety of Mandarin as their first language in 2017.
16710:
16396:
15906:
15787:
15754:
15427:
15422:
15394:
15348:
15096:
14998:
13574:
13276:
13058:
13048:
13038:
12586:
12550:
12482:
10656:
10606:
10561:
10541:
10531:
10431:
10152:
10075:
9789:
9767:
8522:
8355:
8248:
8224:
7947:
7910:
6408:
5562:
4858:
4853:
4504:
Mandarin has been promoted as the commonly spoken language for the country since 1956, based
4307:
4167:
3132:
3095:
2872:
2251:
2173:
1593:
1010:
664:
480:
475:
206:
196:
16686:
13656:
11199:
8122:
5287:"Nèiménggǔ jiàogǎi fēngbō zhēngyì yánshāo – Zhōngguó jiàoyùbù: Bùtóng kànfǎ shì zhànshí de"
16526:
16352:
16088:
15704:
15489:
15417:
15402:
15067:
14779:
14408:
13083:
13033:
12557:
12112:
11707:
10631:
10546:
10526:
10411:
10401:
9920:
9888:
9717:
8842:
8337:
7895:
7756:
7575:
7555:
7540:
7276:
7241:
7049:
5174:
Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949–2002
5049:
4843:
4571:
4498:
4181:
3896:
3860:
3296:
3137:
2897:
2790:
2132:
1817:
within the Mandarin-speaking regions (and, to a lesser extent, across the other regions of
1785:
1745:
1635:
848:
639:
614:
408:
8:
16326:
16235:
16042:
15834:
15412:
15407:
15353:
15245:
14834:
14532:
14102:
13749:
13229:
13073:
12831:
12359:
11626:
11170:
11005:
10995:
10686:
10676:
10611:
10576:
10511:
10491:
10481:
10441:
10426:
10421:
10357:
10164:
10130:
9965:
9932:
9779:
9707:
9624:
9465:
9460:
9214:
9024:
8530:
8208:
8188:
7952:
7879:
7580:
7530:
7525:
6936:
6503:
6087:
4883:
4749:
4673:
4639:
Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language
4554:. Language is one of the features used for ethnic identification. In September 1951, the
4539:
standard. Pronunciation is taught with the use of the romanized phonetic system known as
4420:
4357:
4353:
4241:
3730:
3709:
3676:
3635:
3568:
3322:
3312:
3060:
2801:
1858:
1760:) and are mutually intelligible in written form. There are in addition approximately 300
1748:, and their study is a distinct academic discipline. They differ as much from each other
800:
587:
65:
15647:
15607:
7565:
7550:
6165:
5053:
3901:
3202:
16005:
15820:
15813:
15699:
15694:
15642:
15602:
15597:
15499:
14788:
13990:
13326:
12951:
12770:
12734:
12696:
12630:
12345:
12238:
11773:
11745:
11527:
11204:
10833:
10800:
10717:
10636:
10596:
10571:
10551:
10486:
10461:
10451:
10280:
10147:
10110:
9995:
9893:
9827:
9822:
9712:
9702:
9328:
9306:
9199:
9007:
9002:
8925:
8913:
8901:
8889:
8877:
8401:
8153:
7925:
7859:
7808:
7761:
7705:
7435:
7378:
7104:
6260:
5130:
5073:
5065:
4942:. Political Studies 15. Washington, D.C.: East-West Center Washington. pp. 31–32.
4771:
4684:
had some social status among elites in mainland China as the international language of
4604:
4442:
4396:
4386:
4323:
4032:
4028:
3777:
3651:
3432:
3380:
3338:
3331:
3235:
2795:
2741:
2619:
2158:
2145:
2048:
2003:
1988:
1973:
1834:
1765:
1603:
783:
536:
393:
315:
85:
13149:
7560:
6170:
5637:
Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation, Communication
3892:
3197:
16652:
16541:
16197:
16142:
16058:
16035:
16028:
15549:
15514:
15484:
15479:
15115:
14873:
14806:
14747:
14582:
14431:
14138:
14035:
13922:
13852:
13706:
13686:
13661:
13411:
13382:
13196:
13191:
13181:
13096:
12942:
12796:
12658:
12487:
12443:
12433:
12354:
12278:
12153:
12085:
11679:
11591:
11393:
11388:
11092:
10741:
10556:
10521:
10476:
10471:
10380:
10191:
10181:
10060:
10025:
9880:
9832:
9784:
9551:
9404:
9338:
9194:
9179:
8850:
8827:
8781:
8706:
8632:
8512:
8480:
8434:
8373:
8363:
8328:
8132:
7792:
7666:
7611:
7503:
7411:
7406:
7363:
7285:
7016:
6996:
6921:
6898:
6671:
6553:
6523:
6365:
6356:
6308:
6298:
6145:
6077:
5957:
5938:
5919:
5898:
5879:
5802:
5786:
5641:
5614:
5228:
5177:
5155:
5077:
4982:
4943:
4868:
4661:
4629:
4588:
4575:
4482:
4478:
4438:
Chinese banknotes contain several scripts in addition to Chinese script. These are:
4237:
4172:
4106:
3931:
3875:
3867:
3786:
3769:
3697:
3670:
3584:
3546:
3252:
3047:
2997:
2949:
2912:
2889:
2857:
2768:
2199:
2075:
2017:
1531:
1099:
1079:
854:
457:
447:
429:
398:
366:
46:
38:
13754:
12303:
11778:
16622:
16551:
16546:
16391:
16331:
16303:
16298:
16293:
16083:
16073:
15952:
15890:
15764:
15728:
15627:
15617:
15570:
15565:
15384:
15320:
15260:
15230:
15220:
15151:
15136:
15062:
14855:
14719:
14677:
14558:
14553:
14548:
14500:
14463:
14393:
14286:
14020:
14015:
14010:
13972:
13957:
13942:
13721:
13701:
13691:
13681:
13676:
13666:
13646:
13626:
13613:
13564:
13503:
13397:
13219:
13186:
13176:
13168:
13154:
13068:
12815:
12710:
12685:
12674:
12386:
12364:
12335:
12288:
12224:
12212:
12189:
12163:
12158:
12135:
11965:
11949:
11939:
11929:
11829:
11697:
11657:
11596:
11566:
11421:
11328:
11279:
11152:
11053:
10964:
10959:
10919:
10899:
10297:
9817:
9692:
9556:
9546:
9531:
9477:
9399:
9350:
9311:
9260:
9174:
9126:
9110:
8990:
8950:
8945:
8832:
8786:
8732:
8727:
8717:
8711:
8540:
8485:
8470:
8346:
8318:
8203:
8198:
8168:
8127:
8107:
7996:
7991:
7935:
7905:
7854:
7743:
7616:
7596:
7545:
7512:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7421:
7416:
7398:
7246:
7236:
7140:
7089:
7084:
7059:
6986:
6679:
6656:
6651:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6533:
6473:
6398:
6341:
6336:
6321:
6092:
6043:
5794:
5765:
5122:
5057:
4903:
4878:
4753:
4681:
4677:
4669:
4657:
4642:
4596:
4335:
4255:
4110:
3990:
3962:
3790:
3722:
3691:
3630:
3595:
3573:
3527:
3447:
3423:
3390:
3368:
3230:
3223:
3207:
3182:
3171:
3055:
2992:
2922:
2866:
2852:
2736:
2119:
2093:
2080:
1981:
1954:
1947:
1854:
1826:
1802:
1790:
1789:, 955 million out of China's then-population of 1.34 billion spoke some variety of
1769:
1711:
1703:
1210:
768:
760:
564:
433:
413:
260:
250:
239:
230:
117:
75:
16386:
16010:
15632:
7751:
5993:
5770:
5013:
4703:
language classes have been made widely available in universities and colleges. In
3291:
2029:
16681:
16676:
16664:
16645:
16627:
16614:
16531:
16496:
16457:
16436:
16403:
16381:
16336:
16269:
16240:
16192:
16182:
16137:
16132:
15993:
15988:
15942:
15769:
15559:
15527:
15494:
15474:
15373:
15343:
15338:
15305:
15292:
15278:
15270:
15255:
15250:
15225:
15215:
15205:
15187:
15179:
15131:
15049:
15039:
15029:
14868:
14840:
14801:
14687:
14661:
14453:
14347:
14342:
14337:
14327:
14307:
14073:
14063:
14053:
14030:
14025:
13952:
13912:
13891:
13671:
13651:
13641:
13631:
13569:
13518:
13508:
13488:
13462:
13457:
13392:
13387:
13372:
13244:
13234:
13144:
13043:
13027:
13021:
12997:
12974:
12964:
12959:
12864:
12859:
12836:
12764:
12747:
12742:
12704:
12420:
12319:
12314:
12268:
12263:
12258:
12253:
12130:
12001:
11919:
11914:
11856:
11783:
11750:
11506:
11474:
11398:
11362:
11269:
11129:
10990:
10924:
10909:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10828:
10823:
10248:
10228:
10125:
10085:
10070:
9809:
9659:
9649:
9629:
9586:
9581:
9447:
9411:
9394:
9384:
9323:
9141:
9077:
9019:
8967:
8962:
8864:
8760:
8755:
8664:
8611:
8606:
8586:
8571:
8566:
8507:
8502:
8492:
8475:
8447:
8419:
8396:
8183:
8173:
8163:
8112:
8102:
7976:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7728:
7718:
7713:
7681:
7671:
7656:
7646:
7636:
7606:
7570:
7520:
7483:
7448:
7388:
7368:
7348:
7313:
7298:
7293:
7216:
7155:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7069:
6961:
6931:
6880:
6855:
6840:
6814:
6809:
6789:
6774:
6719:
6661:
6646:
6641:
6626:
6621:
6566:
6498:
6478:
6413:
6388:
6316:
6293:
6195:
6160:
6155:
6130:
6102:
6097:
5913:
5373:"Study of Portuguese and Spanish Explodes as China Expands Role in Latin America"
4863:
4821:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4665:
4516:
4457:
4431:
4391:
4368:
4349:
4269:
4227:
4212:
4199:
4138:
4120:
4018:
4014:
3986:
3972:
3958:
3921:
3905:
3850:
3828:
3780:
3715:
3484:
3475:
3470:
3442:
3415:
3355:
3274:
3262:
3257:
3240:
3212:
3189:
3177:
3147:
3065:
3022:
3002:
2917:
2838:
2763:
2746:
2333:
2225:
2021:
1810:
1777:
1773:
1707:
689:
592:
522:
517:
440:
403:
155:
141:
131:
107:
15437:
10868:
5798:
5662:"Chinese Students Eager to Learn Urdu Anticipating Job Opportunities Under Cpec"
4936:
The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur Identity, Language Policy, and Political Discourse
4730:. In the past, literary Arabic education was promoted in Islamic schools by the
4467:
16704:
16506:
16480:
16441:
16321:
16277:
16245:
16209:
16147:
16125:
16078:
15967:
15935:
15927:
15898:
15850:
15797:
15744:
15719:
15684:
15637:
15509:
15504:
15240:
15210:
15197:
15120:
15104:
15077:
15072:
15057:
15019:
14957:
14937:
14889:
14829:
14756:
14646:
14468:
14458:
14388:
14368:
14363:
14332:
14291:
14197:
14192:
14171:
14166:
14129:
14119:
14109:
14078:
14005:
14000:
13795:
13769:
13739:
13711:
13696:
13589:
13584:
13579:
13538:
13528:
13523:
13513:
13493:
13437:
13357:
13341:
13256:
13224:
13211:
13101:
13063:
13016:
12992:
12892:
12869:
12854:
12790:
12784:
12679:
12580:
12517:
12472:
12456:
12451:
12369:
12309:
12297:
12248:
12243:
12233:
12069:
12064:
12048:
12043:
12033:
12017:
11904:
11881:
11804:
11799:
11730:
11722:
11662:
11641:
11581:
11295:
11108:
11010:
11000:
10980:
10904:
10878:
10843:
10838:
10302:
10292:
10263:
10253:
9970:
9942:
9654:
9639:
9541:
9492:
9487:
9472:
9416:
9355:
9237:
9209:
9189:
9136:
9105:
9082:
9072:
9067:
9029:
9012:
8957:
8822:
8804:
8722:
8696:
8637:
8557:
8545:
8497:
8452:
8442:
8368:
8193:
8137:
8117:
7920:
7885:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7771:
7723:
7661:
7631:
7626:
7488:
7478:
7443:
7353:
7318:
7303:
7251:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7150:
7094:
7064:
7044:
7034:
7029:
7006:
6926:
6911:
6906:
6875:
6850:
6835:
6830:
6799:
6794:
6784:
6779:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6709:
6684:
6631:
6543:
6528:
6493:
6463:
6458:
6438:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6346:
6331:
6273:
6268:
6175:
6135:
6120:
5113:
Dreyer, June Teufel (1978). "Language Planning for China's Ethnic Minorities".
4583:
4547:
4447:
4401:
4339:
4078:
4056:
3939:
3855:
3812:
3800:
3794:
3748:
3702:
3614:
3609:
3579:
3556:
3551:
3522:
3459:
3398:
3385:
3343:
3306:
3279:
3267:
3245:
3160:
3153:
3125:
3084:
3074:
3036:
2942:
2932:
2882:
2831:
2826:
2807:
2773:
2758:
2605:
2592:
2577:
1935:
1838:
1818:
1756:
as do English, German and Danish, but meanwhile share the same writing system (
1112:
1029:
606:
582:
574:
560:
549:
388:
336:
221:
89:
9673:
6150:
5793:. Multilingual Education. Vol. 5. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 161–177.
4715:
reported in 2006 that up to one fifth of the population was learning English.
4245:
2033:
16733:
16558:
16501:
16159:
15679:
15622:
15586:
15554:
15520:
15469:
15368:
15315:
15169:
15161:
15126:
15024:
15014:
15006:
14921:
14905:
14863:
14796:
14737:
14732:
14727:
14705:
14695:
14505:
14484:
14403:
14398:
14322:
14317:
14312:
14281:
14276:
14266:
14250:
14245:
14212:
14202:
14187:
14124:
14114:
14088:
14083:
14068:
14058:
14048:
13995:
13985:
13980:
13937:
13907:
13886:
13870:
13860:
13827:
13785:
13764:
13759:
13744:
13734:
13636:
13621:
13594:
13559:
13554:
13533:
13498:
13483:
13467:
13452:
13377:
13123:
13115:
13091:
12823:
12801:
12653:
12494:
12038:
11944:
11934:
11909:
11824:
11735:
11586:
11522:
11439:
11378:
11346:
11305:
11253:
11238:
11230:
11220:
11124:
10985:
10954:
10934:
10894:
10735:
10103:
9915:
9910:
9482:
9426:
9421:
9389:
9376:
9252:
9204:
9131:
9087:
8977:
8814:
8737:
8576:
8424:
8411:
8178:
8052:
8028:
7971:
7800:
7733:
7691:
7676:
7601:
7453:
7358:
7231:
7226:
7079:
6991:
6971:
6966:
6956:
6946:
6941:
6916:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6845:
6804:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6714:
6704:
6699:
6689:
6636:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6538:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6488:
6468:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6403:
6393:
6378:
6373:
6326:
6288:
6190:
6180:
5987:
5857:
5838:
5733:
4783:
4711:
4382:, palaces, temples, and coins have sometimes been inscribed in five scripts:
4372:
4345:
4265:
4251:
4134:
4130:
4082:
4046:
4042:
4000:
3982:
3935:
3917:
3759:
3684:
3656:
3563:
3454:
3407:
3360:
3166:
3120:
3079:
3041:
3017:
2982:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2927:
2820:
2815:
2426:
2413:
2186:
2056:
2025:
1962:
1958:
1905:
1901:
1872:
1814:
902:
869:
659:
465:
188:
27:
5918:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
5040:
Barnes, Dayle (1978). "The Language of Instruction in Chinese Communities".
3874:
The following languages traditionally had written forms that do not involve
1813:, is the official national spoken language for the mainland and serves as a
15544:
15379:
15235:
15146:
15141:
15109:
15082:
14811:
14413:
14271:
13947:
13865:
13811:
13790:
13599:
13139:
12982:
12428:
12179:
11768:
11702:
11612:
11383:
11274:
11248:
11243:
11076:
11071:
10914:
10818:
9975:
9925:
9301:
9184:
9157:
8701:
8691:
8158:
8023:
7986:
7686:
7651:
7641:
7621:
7493:
7373:
7338:
7328:
7323:
7308:
7196:
7120:
7024:
7001:
6694:
6561:
6483:
6433:
6383:
6185:
6125:
4807:
4716:
4608:
4494:
4413:
4379:
4288:
4185:
4092:
4052:
3943:
3927:
3836:
3808:
3532:
3348:
3142:
2954:
2726:
2704:
2694:
2660:
2638:
2551:
2452:
2387:
2292:
1966:
1939:
1477:
1453:
1440:
1427:
1371:
1330:
1268:
982:
972:
949:
709:
10756:
16367:
15998:
15300:
15288:
15034:
14700:
14207:
13287:
13239:
11924:
11740:
11712:
11687:
10929:
10745:
10120:
10094:
9990:
9960:
9937:
9905:
9644:
9634:
9438:
9333:
9318:
9281:
9229:
9050:
9041:
8937:
8776:
8651:
8378:
8069:
8045:
8018:
8008:
7981:
7966:
7942:
7766:
7343:
7266:
7261:
7221:
6951:
5978:
4563:
4513:
4303:
4148:
4038:
4004:
3996:
3913:
3620:
3589:
3115:
2564:
2538:
2525:
2504:
2478:
2439:
2400:
2346:
2318:
2266:
1913:
1886:
1384:
1255:
1089:
1057:
1044:
878:
499:
165:
16583:
16574:
15759:
15363:
14609:
12903:
12273:
11692:
9536:
9510:
9276:
9242:
8747:
8674:
8097:
8035:
8013:
7383:
7256:
5738:
5134:
5069:
5061:
4731:
4727:
4536:
4528:
4284:
4096:
4088:
4074:
3887:
3755:
3738:
3601:
2517:
2372:
2305:
2279:
2060:
1943:
1909:
1795:
1136:
925:
380:
344:
5634:
Dudoignon, Stéphane A.; Komatsu, Hisao; Kosugi, Yasushi, eds. (2006).
5012:
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019).
16093:
12987:
12599:
10341:
9985:
9736:
9727:
9455:
9345:
8997:
8985:
8796:
8627:
8074:
8062:
8057:
8001:
7333:
6072:
5998:
5256:"Curbs on Mongolian Language Teaching Prompt Large Protests in China"
4908:
4898:
4787:
4685:
4600:
4505:
4176:
4152:
4144:
2491:
2359:
1917:
1850:
1842:
79:
55:
51:
14967:
10349:
5661:
5404:"Increasing Number of Middle Schools Offer Russian Language Courses"
5126:
4737:
There have also been a growing number of students choosing to learn
4218:
Some non-Sinitic peoples have historically used Chinese characters:
15859:
10275:
9861:
9502:
8683:
8287:
8040:
4815:
4761:
4566:
are considered a single nationality and the official policy of the
4331:
4102:
1890:
1753:
135:
10307:
4760:, although its use had stagnated since the nation's transfer from
4326:
influenced by, but not directly derived from, Chinese characters:
10174:
9854:
9741:
9570:
9166:
8079:
4524:
4520:
4509:
4497:
in 1912, Mandarin was promoted in the planning for China's first
4473:
Ten nationalities who never had a written system have, under the
4364:
4259:
4223:
4203:
4116:
4024:
4010:
3968:
3954:
3763:
2937:
2465:
2044:
1992:
1279:
1130:
1124:
507:
145:
125:
111:
2036:
in southwestern Xinjiang, who are officially considered Uyghurs.
16668:
10233:
10035:
4579:
4532:
4426:
3976:
3507:
3104:
1996:
1735:
544:
512:
485:
9746:
5994:
Audio Bible recordings in various minority languages of China
5686:
5610:
China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects
4765:
4757:
4463:
Other writing system for Chinese languages in China include:
4231:
4194:
2052:
1846:
1757:
1699:
121:
69:
59:
5954:
Language & Linguistics in the People's Republic of China
5199:"Tibetans Protest Against Language Curbs in Chinese Schools"
4991:
The number of individual languages listed for China is 299.
4738:
5856:, by Albert Fytche, a publication from 1878, now in the
5229:"Beijing Says 400 Million Chinese Cannot Speak Mandarin"
5600:
5434:"Top 6 Most Popular Foreign Language Teachers in China"
5633:
4722:
There have been a growing number of students studying
12885:
indicates languages with more than 1 million speakers
4969:("Literatures of the Languages of China Department").
5703:"In Macau, the Old Colonial Tongue Is Back in Vogue"
5011:
4797:
1496:
1418:
1298:
1231:
1161:
1035:
5876:
The Chinese Language: Its History and Current Usage
4989:(16th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
5303:
5020:(22nd ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
10342:Articles and topics related to languages of China
4637:describes the move as a natural extension of the
1825:have additional official languages. For example,
16731:
5492:
4322:Other languages, all now extinct, used separate
1841:. Language laws of China do not apply to either
5892:
5464:"English Craze Hits Chinese Language Standards"
3859:The first page of the astronomy section of the
2028:). There is also a heavily Persian-influenced
15875:
14983:
14625:
13303:
12919:
12615:
10772:
10365:
8303:
6014:
5835:Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 8
5640:. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 251.
5525:"German Language Study on the Rise Worldwide"
5456:
5309:
5108:
5106:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5027:
4772:Esperanto became prominent in certain circles
4652:
1984:, and related groups; 6 official ethnicities.
1679:
729:
10102:
5951:
5689:"2016 Population By-Census Detailed Results"
5486:
5161:on 21 August 2008 – via linguapax.org.
10786:
5725:
5495:"Asians Offer Region a Lesson – in English"
4894:Classification of Southeast Asian languages
1849:, which have different official languages (
15882:
15868:
14990:
14976:
14632:
14618:
13317:
13310:
13296:
12926:
12912:
12622:
12608:
10779:
10765:
10372:
10358:
10323:
10093:
8310:
8296:
6236:
6021:
6007:
5789:; Lønsmann, Dorte; Preisler, Bent (eds.).
5732:He, Kai; Wu, Huiyuan (15 September 2023).
5103:
5024:
1686:
1672:
736:
722:
32:Distribution of language families in China
5769:
4556:All-China Minorities Education Conference
1885:: 19 official ethnicities (including the
14639:
12933:
5893:Halliday, M. A. K.; Webster, J. (2005).
5402:Zhou, Lihua; Zhou, Sally (9 July 2017).
5401:
5370:
5196:
4425:
3854:
1871:
10018:
5759:
5613:. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 155.
5089:
5087:
1698:There are several hundred languages in
16732:
12629:
6028:
5911:
5687:Statistics and Census Service (2017).
5606:
5575:
5112:
5039:
4965:("Languages of China Department") and
4535:writings are used as the basis of the
15863:
14997:
14971:
14613:
13291:
13082:
12907:
12603:
12515:
12408:
12210:
12110:
11854:
11552:
11419:
11326:
11150:
11051:
10798:
10760:
10379:
10353:
10340:
8291:
7176:
6235:
6002:
5956:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
5952:Cheng, C. C.; Lehmann, W. P. (1975).
5555:"English Beginning to be Spoken Here"
5342:"What Languages Are Spoken in China?"
5312:"Retooling English Learning in China"
4980:
4932:
15889:
15048:
8317:
5932:
5873:
5852:This article incorporates text from
5833:This article incorporates text from
5784:
5731:
5668:. Agence France-Presse. 11 June 2017
5578:"More Chinese Students Study Arabic"
5171:
5084:
4838:Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects
4493:One decade before the demise of the
3844:
1710:, but there are hundreds of related
12516:
11553:
7177:
5576:Walker, Alyssa (18 December 2017).
5284:
5253:
5197:Branigan, Tania (20 October 2010).
4591:perceived as inferior is grim. The
4416:, the official writing system was:
1864:
13:
16709:Languages between parentheses are
12888:? indicates classification dispute
12585:Languages between parentheses are
11176:Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern
5866:
5493:The Miami Herald (25 April 2004).
5371:Phillips, Tom (2 September 2018).
5018:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
4987:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
4488:
2047:, who speak many languages of the
1900:: several languages spoken by the
14:
16761:
12483:Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer)
5972:
5734:"China's Last Esperanto Students"
5709:. 8 November 2018. Archived from
5310:Faisal Kidwai (22 October 2018).
5285:Lin, Jin 林瑾 (24 September 2020).
5042:International Review of Education
4777:
1783:According to the 2010 edition of
10740:
10731:
10730:
10322:
9800:Literary and colloquial readings
9672:
5845:
5826:
4814:
4800:
3662:
3538:
767:
703:
238:
26:
5878:. North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle.
5778:
5764:. Vol. 25. p. 01013.
5753:
5695:
5680:
5654:
5627:
5569:
5561:. 12 April 2006. Archived from
5547:
5531:. 30 April 2015. Archived from
5517:
5426:
5395:
5364:
5334:
5278:
5247:
5221:
5190:
4782:In China, English is used as a
4546:The Chinese language policy in
3819:
3643:
2067:
1999:, etc.; 5 official ethnicities.
1969:, etc.; 7 official ethnicities.
1829:has official status within the
16713:of the language on their left.
12589:of the language on their left.
12111:
10698:British Indian Ocean Territory
5165:
5141:
5096:is a Turkic language, whereas
5005:
4996:
4974:
4926:
4889:List of ethnic groups in China
4734:when it ruled mainland China.
4680:. During the 1950s and 1960s,
2016:: 2 official ethnicities, the
1740:
1731:
1723:
1702:. The predominant language is
1626:Science and technology history
1:
5254:Qin, Amy (4 September 2020).
5176:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
4914:
4582:. While official policies in
3497:
996:
955:
931:
908:
884:
825:
12478:Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer)
10799:
10328:List of varieties of Chinese
4981:Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009).
4919:
4849:List of varieties of Chinese
4624:2020 Inner Mongolia protests
4477:'s encouragement, developed
3729:
2043:: 1 official ethnicity (the
1876:Ethnolinguistic map of China
7:
5981:Minority Languages of China
5895:Studies in Chinese Language
5799:10.1007/978-94-007-6476-7_8
5771:10.1051/shsconf/20162501013
5289:内蒙古教改风波争议延烧 中国教育部: 不同看法是暂时的
4793:
4593:Tibetan Government-in-Exile
4570:(PRC) treats the different
3431:
3330:
3044:(Midzu, Kman, Geman, Kaman)
2051:branch), 1 unofficial (the
1837:has official status within
1811:Mandarin dialect of Beijing
1746:seven major language groups
10:
16766:
12409:
12211:
11420:
11327:
11151:
11052:
10286:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
5912:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987).
5819:
4653:Study of foreign languages
4621:
4616:Tibetan students protested
4568:People's Republic of China
4519:is set up as the standard
3848:
3094:
1934:: 4 official ethnicities (
16695:
16663:
16638:
16613:
16572:
16519:
16489:
16473:
16466:
16450:
16429:
16420:
16345:
16314:
16286:
16268:
16223:
16168:
16106:
16066:
16057:
16019:
15981:
15960:
15951:
15926:
15917:
15897:
15844:
15796:
15778:
15741:
15717:
15672:
15656:
15579:
15537:
15462:
15451:
15393:
15329:
15314:
15287:
15269:
15196:
15178:
15160:
15095:
15005:
14950:
14930:
14914:
14898:
14882:
14854:
14820:
14787:
14778:
14755:
14746:
14718:
14686:
14670:
14654:
14645:
14591:
14575:
14541:
14525:
14518:
14493:
14477:
14446:
14439:
14430:
14381:
14356:
14300:
14259:
14238:
14225:
14180:
14159:
14146:
14137:
14101:
13971:
13930:
13921:
13900:
13879:
13851:
13840:
13820:
13804:
13778:
13720:
13612:
13547:
13476:
13445:
13436:
13423:
13410:
13350:
13334:
13325:
13253:
13210:
13167:
13132:
13114:
13007:
12973:
12950:
12941:
12878:
12847:
12814:
12757:
12733:
12724:
12695:
12667:
12646:
12637:
12571:
12524:
12511:
12465:
12442:
12419:
12415:
12404:
12378:
12344:
12328:
12287:
12223:
12219:
12206:
12172:
12144:
12123:
12119:
12106:
12078:
12057:
12026:
12010:
11994:
11987:
11958:
11897:
11890:
11874:
11867:
11863:
11855:
11850:
11817:
11792:
11759:
11721:
11678:
11671:
11650:
11634:
11625:
11605:
11574:
11565:
11561:
11548:
11515:
11499:
11483:
11457:
11448:
11432:
11428:
11415:
11371:
11355:
11339:
11335:
11322:
11288:
11262:
11229:
11213:
11163:
11159:
11146:
11117:
11101:
11085:
11064:
11060:
11047:
11023:
10973:
10950:
10943:
10887:
10811:
10807:
10794:
10726:
10685:
10645:
10387:
10347:
10320:
10204:
10173:
10084:
10009:
9951:
9871:
9846:
9808:
9755:
9681:
9670:
9617:
9569:
9524:
9501:
9446:
9437:
9375:
9294:
9269:
9251:
9228:
9165:
9156:
9119:
9096:
9058:
9049:
9040:
8976:
8936:
8863:
8841:
8813:
8795:
8769:
8746:
8682:
8673:
8650:
8620:
8597:
8521:
8461:
8433:
8410:
8387:
8354:
8345:
8336:
8325:
8259:
8232:Southern (Shanghai) Sign
8217:
8146:
8090:
7894:
7832:
7785:
7742:
7704:
7589:
7511:
7502:
7434:
7397:
7284:
7275:
7187:
7183:
7172:
7113:
7015:
6897:
6823:
6670:
6552:
6364:
6355:
6307:
6259:
6248:
6244:
6231:
6224:
6204:
6111:
6059:
6052:
6036:
4646:
4562:However, in this schema,
4315:
4296:
4277:
3694:(mislabelled as "Tajik")
3514:
3510:
3483:
3222:
3107:
2685:
2681:
2651:
2642:
2629:
2625:
2613:
2609:
2600:
2596:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2568:
2559:
2555:
2546:
2542:
2533:
2529:
2512:
2508:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2469:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2404:
2395:
2391:
2380:
2376:
2367:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2337:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2296:
2287:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2259:
2255:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2177:
2166:
2162:
2153:
2149:
2140:
2136:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2084:
1920:; 9 official ethnicities.
1500:
1422:
1302:
1235:
1165:
1039:
187:
37:
25:
20:
10447:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
5988:Linguistic maps of China
5607:Dillon, Michael (1999).
5296:
5288:
4628:Mandarin Chinese is the
4483:a government white paper
4367:(Sino-Tibetan people) –
3747:
1927:: 3 official ethnicities
1714:, collectively known as
16639:Disputed classification
11507:Somray (Northern Chong)
10788:Austroasiatic languages
10708:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
8229:Northern (Beijing) Sign
5172:Zhou, Minglang (2003).
5100:is a Mongolic language.
4933:Dwyer, Arienne (2005).
4831:Language Atlas of China
3864:Yuzhi Wuti Qing Wenjian
2213:Central Plains Mandarin
1831:Tibet Autonomous Region
14267:Sani (Southeastern Yi)
13319:Lolo-Burmese languages
6238:Sino-Tibetan languages
5915:The Languages of China
5854:Burma past and present
5762:SHS Web of Conferences
4874:Languages of Hong Kong
4552:nationalities of China
4435:
4125:Uyghur Arabic alphabet
3948:Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong
3871:
3805:Lower Yangtze Mandarin
2989:Jingpho–Nungish–Luish
2239:Lower Yangtze Mandarin
1877:
16398:Old Anatolian Turkish
5897:. London: Continuum.
5860:in the United States.
5841:in the United States.
4859:Demographics of China
4854:Han Chinese subgroups
4635:Ministry of Education
4430:The reverse of a one
4429:
4334:(Manchu ancestors) –
4308:Dong language (China)
3858:
3725:(spoken in Hong Kong)
3506:Possibly the ancient
3103:Possibly the ancient
2252:Southwestern Mandarin
2174:Northeastern Mandarin
1875:
1861:) from the mainland.
1491:(mainland, 1912–1949)
14640:Na-Qiangic languages
14227:Southeastern Loloish
12935:Hmong–Mien languages
10622:United Arab Emirates
5979:Minzu Yuwen (民族语文):
5935:Chinese Language Use
5266:on 19 September 2020
4983:"Languages of China"
4844:Varieties of Chinese
4572:varieties of Chinese
4348:(Mongolic people) –
4182:Written Shanghainese
2798:(rGyalrong, Jiarong)
2133:Singaporean Mandarin
2014:Indo-European family
1932:Austroasiatic family
1805:, known in China as
1786:Nationalencyklopedin
1706:, which is based on
635:World Heritage Sites
16750:Separatism in China
16327:Chaharmahali Turkic
14230:(Southeastern Ngwi)
14167:Nuosu (Northern Yi)
14064:Lolopo (Central Yi)
12530:Proto-Austroasiatic
12185:Southern Nicobarese
11575:Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam
10649:limited recognition
8272:NM = Inner Mongolia
5713:on 10 November 2018
5582:Academiccourses.com
5505:on 19 February 2010
5474:on 25 February 2020
5209:on 12 November 2020
5054:1978IREdu..24..371B
4884:Macanese Portuguese
4453:Arabic (for Uyghur)
4324:logographic scripts
4242:Vietnamese language
3977:Chosŏn'gŭl alphabet
2059:but are considered
2041:Austronesian family
1883:Sino-Tibetan family
1728:traditional Chinese
16745:Languages of China
15780:proposed groupings
14246:Nisu (Southern Yi)
12631:Formosan languages
10381:Languages of Asia
10281:Cantonese Bopomofo
10148:Chinese characters
10076:Written Sichuanese
8660:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
7809:Formosan languages
6030:Languages of China
5787:Haberland, Hartmut
5260:The New York Times
5235:. 6 September 2013
5062:10.1007/BF00598052
5014:"China: Languages"
4589:minority languages
4479:phonetic alphabets
4458:Latin (for Zhuang)
4436:
4412:During the Mongol
4164:Written Sichuanese
4033:Mongolian alphabet
4029:Mongolian language
3876:Chinese characters
3872:
3831:(Rouran) (extinct)
3712:(spoken in Macau)
3652:Formosan languages
2678:Jianchuan language
2200:Jiao-Liao Mandarin
2159:Taiwanese Mandarin
2146:Malaysian Mandarin
1878:
1823:autonomous regions
1762:minority languages
1720:simplified Chinese
1506:
1316:Five Dynasties and
1308:
1243:Southern dynasties
1171:
1070:Chu–Han Contention
1062:(206 BCE – 220 CE)
471:Confucian religion
21:Languages of China
16727:
16726:
16721:
16720:
16705:extinct languages
16609:
16608:
16605:
16604:
16601:
16600:
16515:
16514:
16416:
16415:
16363:South Azerbaijani
16358:North Azerbaijani
16264:
16263:
16053:
16052:
15857:
15856:
15851:extinct languages
15737:
15736:
15713:
15712:
15091:
15090:
14999:Kra–Dai languages
14965:
14964:
14958:extinct languages
14946:
14945:
14850:
14849:
14714:
14713:
14607:
14606:
14592:(Proto-languages)
14571:
14570:
14567:
14566:
14514:
14513:
14426:
14425:
14422:
14421:
14377:
14376:
14221:
14220:
14188:Nasu (Eastern Yi)
14172:Nyisu (Yellow Yi)
14097:
14096:
14044:
14043:
13938:Lalo (Western Yi)
13836:
13835:
13608:
13607:
13406:
13405:
13285:
13284:
13163:
13162:
13110:
13109:
12901:
12900:
12810:
12809:
12720:
12719:
12597:
12596:
12581:extinct languages
12567:
12566:
12507:
12506:
12503:
12502:
12400:
12399:
12396:
12395:
12202:
12201:
12198:
12197:
12102:
12101:
12098:
12097:
12094:
12093:
11983:
11982:
11979:
11978:
11846:
11845:
11842:
11841:
11838:
11837:
11813:
11812:
11621:
11620:
11544:
11543:
11540:
11539:
11536:
11535:
11411:
11410:
11407:
11406:
11318:
11317:
11314:
11313:
11142:
11141:
11138:
11137:
11043:
11042:
11039:
11038:
11019:
11018:
10754:
10753:
10691:other territories
10334:
10333:
10316:
10315:
10143:
10142:
10061:Written Cantonese
10056:
10055:
9838:Classical grammar
9833:Cantonese grammar
9668:
9667:
9565:
9564:
9371:
9370:
9290:
9289:
9152:
9151:
8859:
8858:
8646:
8645:
8536:Chengdu–Chongqing
8329:Sinitic languages
8285:
8284:
7828:
7827:
7824:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7813:
7805:
7797:
7700:
7699:
7430:
7429:
7168:
7167:
7164:
7163:
6893:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6220:
6219:
5990:on Muturzikin.com
5933:Hong, B. (1978).
5904:978-1-84714-449-2
5874:Kane, D. (2006).
5808:978-94-007-6475-0
5647:978-0-415-36835-3
5565:on 17 April 2006.
5499:YaleGlobal Online
5468:YaleGlobal Online
5408:Chinadaily.com.cn
5316:Chinadaily.com.cn
5183:978-3-11-092459-6
4959:on 16 July 2007.
4869:Hong Kong English
4630:prestige language
4576:Romance languages
4173:Written Cantonese
4047:Dongba characters
3932:Hmongic languages
3845:Written languages
1925:Hmong–Mien family
1821:). Several other
1712:Chinese languages
1696:
1695:
1653:Transport history
1579:Education history
1551:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1532:Republic of China
1514:People's Republic
1487:Republic of China
1466:
1465:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1295:
1294:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1159:
1158:
992:Spring and Autumn
855:Liao civilization
746:
745:
367:Sinitic languages
311:Foreign relations
215:
214:
47:Standard Mandarin
16757:
16740:Turkic languages
16471:
16470:
16464:
16463:
16427:
16426:
16294:Khorasani Turkic
16284:
16283:
16064:
16063:
15958:
15957:
15924:
15923:
15891:Turkic languages
15884:
15877:
15870:
15861:
15860:
15460:
15459:
15327:
15326:
15046:
15045:
14992:
14985:
14978:
14969:
14968:
14785:
14784:
14753:
14752:
14652:
14651:
14634:
14627:
14620:
14611:
14610:
14542:Nuclear Southern
14523:
14522:
14444:
14443:
14437:
14436:
14236:
14235:
14157:
14156:
14148:Northern Loloish
14144:
14143:
13928:
13927:
13849:
13848:
13443:
13442:
13434:
13433:
13425:Southern Loloish
13421:
13420:
13351:Nuclear Mondzish
13332:
13331:
13312:
13305:
13298:
13289:
13288:
13267:Proto-Hmong–Mien
13202:Yangchun Pai Yao
13080:
13079:
12948:
12947:
12928:
12921:
12914:
12905:
12904:
12731:
12730:
12644:
12643:
12624:
12617:
12610:
12601:
12600:
12513:
12512:
12417:
12416:
12406:
12405:
12221:
12220:
12208:
12207:
12121:
12120:
12108:
12107:
11992:
11991:
11895:
11894:
11872:
11871:
11865:
11864:
11852:
11851:
11676:
11675:
11632:
11631:
11572:
11571:
11563:
11562:
11550:
11549:
11455:
11454:
11430:
11429:
11417:
11416:
11337:
11336:
11324:
11323:
11184:
11161:
11160:
11148:
11147:
11062:
11061:
11049:
11048:
10948:
10947:
10809:
10808:
10796:
10795:
10781:
10774:
10767:
10758:
10757:
10744:
10734:
10733:
10703:Christmas Island
10389:Sovereign states
10374:
10367:
10360:
10351:
10350:
10338:
10337:
10326:
10325:
10298:Taiwanese Hangul
10187:Mainland Chinese
10100:
10099:
10091:
10090:
10016:
10015:
9693:Standard Chinese
9676:
9444:
9443:
9163:
9162:
9056:
9055:
9047:
9046:
8929:
8917:
8905:
8893:
8881:
8680:
8679:
8352:
8351:
8343:
8342:
8319:Chinese language
8312:
8305:
8298:
8289:
8288:
8241:
7811:
7803:
7795:
7509:
7508:
7282:
7281:
7185:
7184:
7174:
7173:
6362:
6361:
6257:
6256:
6246:
6245:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6057:
6056:
6044:Standard Chinese
6023:
6016:
6009:
6000:
5999:
5967:
5948:
5929:
5908:
5889:
5849:
5848:
5830:
5829:
5813:
5812:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5584:. Archived from
5573:
5567:
5566:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5501:. Archived from
5490:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5470:. Archived from
5460:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5440:. Archived from
5430:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5410:. Archived from
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5379:. Archived from
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5348:. Archived from
5338:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5318:. Archived from
5307:
5301:
5300:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5262:. Archived from
5251:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5205:. Archived from
5194:
5188:
5187:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5154:. Archived from
5153:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5110:
5101:
5091:
5082:
5081:
5037:
5022:
5021:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4958:
4952:. Archived from
4941:
4930:
4904:Standard Chinese
4879:Culture of Macau
4824:
4819:
4818:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4648:
4597:Tibetan language
4512:of Beijing. The
4421:'Phags-pa script
4336:Jurchen language
4317:
4298:
4279:
4256:Zhuang languages
4111:Tibetan alphabet
4107:Tibetan language
3991:Kyrgyz alphabets
3963:Kazakh alphabets
3906:Tai Nüa alphabet
3902:Tai Nüa language
3741:(Kjet) (extinct)
3617:(Pulang, Samtao)
3592:(Angku, Kon Keu)
3576:(De'ang, Ta'ang)
3516:
3512:
3208:Tai Dam language
3203:Tai Nüa language
3109:
2867:Standard Tibetan
2713:Bijiang language
2687:
2683:
2667:Xiangyun dialect
2653:
2644:
2631:
2627:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2598:
2587:
2583:
2574:
2570:
2561:
2557:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2531:
2518:Hai Lok Hong Min
2514:
2510:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2462:
2458:
2449:
2445:
2436:
2432:
2423:
2419:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2393:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2365:
2356:
2352:
2343:
2339:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2298:
2289:
2285:
2276:
2272:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2244:
2235:
2231:
2226:Lan-Yin Mandarin
2222:
2218:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2179:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2151:
2142:
2138:
2129:
2125:
2120:Standard Chinese
2116:
2112:
2107:Beijing Mandarin
2103:
2099:
2094:Mandarin Chinese
2090:
2086:
2055:, who speak the
1944:Gin (Vietnamese)
1918:Hlai (Li people)
1898:Tai–Kadai family
1865:Spoken languages
1803:Standard Chinese
1791:Mandarin Chinese
1742:
1733:
1725:
1704:Standard Chinese
1688:
1681:
1674:
1616:Military history
1574:Economic history
1562:Related articles
1539:
1521:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1459:
1446:
1433:
1420:
1419:
1403:
1390:
1377:
1358:
1348:
1336:
1323:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1284:
1274:
1261:
1248:
1233:
1232:
1216:
1211:Sixteen Kingdoms
1194:
1184:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1118:
1105:
1095:
1085:
1084:(202 BCE – 9 CE)
1075:
1063:
1050:
1037:
1036:
1015:
1007:
1005:
1001:
998:
988:
978:
966:
964:
960:
957:
942:
940:
936:
933:
919:
917:
913:
910:
895:
893:
889:
886:
836:
834:
830:
827:
771:
761:History of China
748:
747:
738:
731:
724:
710:China portal
708:
707:
706:
276:Military history
242:
233:
231:Culture of China
217:
216:
118:Standard Tibetan
30:
18:
17:
16765:
16764:
16760:
16759:
16758:
16756:
16755:
16754:
16730:
16729:
16728:
16723:
16722:
16717:
16716:
16691:
16659:
16634:
16597:
16568:
16511:
16485:
16462:
16446:
16412:
16405:Ottoman Turkish
16341:
16310:
16282:
16260:
16219:
16177:Fergana Kipchak
16164:
16133:Karachay-Balkar
16102:
16049:
16015:
15977:
15947:
15913:
15893:
15888:
15858:
15853:
15840:
15798:Proto-languages
15792:
15774:
15733:
15709:
15668:
15652:
15575:
15533:
15455:
15447:
15389:
15359:Longsang Zhuang
15339:Standard Zhuang
15318:
15310:
15283:
15265:
15192:
15174:
15156:
15087:
15044:
15001:
14996:
14966:
14961:
14942:
14926:
14910:
14894:
14878:
14846:
14822:West Gyalrongic
14816:
14789:East Gyalrongic
14774:
14742:
14710:
14682:
14666:
14641:
14638:
14608:
14603:
14587:
14563:
14537:
14510:
14489:
14473:
14418:
14373:
14352:
14296:
14255:
14231:
14229:
14217:
14176:
14152:
14151:(Northern Ngwi)
14150:
14133:
14093:
14040:
13967:
13917:
13896:
13875:
13844:
13842:Central Loloish
13832:
13816:
13800:
13774:
13716:
13604:
13543:
13472:
13429:
13428:(Southern Ngwi)
13427:
13416:
13414:
13402:
13346:
13321:
13316:
13286:
13281:
13257:Proto-languages
13249:
13212:Mixed languages
13206:
13159:
13128:
13106:
13078:
13003:
12969:
12937:
12932:
12902:
12897:
12874:
12843:
12806:
12753:
12716:
12691:
12663:
12633:
12628:
12598:
12593:
12592:
12563:
12537:Proto-Palaungic
12520:
12518:Proto-languages
12499:
12461:
12438:
12411:
12392:
12374:
12340:
12324:
12283:
12215:
12194:
12168:
12140:
12115:
12090:
12074:
12053:
12022:
12006:
11975:
11954:
11886:
11859:
11834:
11809:
11788:
11755:
11717:
11667:
11646:
11617:
11601:
11557:
11555:Khasi–Palaungic
11532:
11511:
11495:
11479:
11450:
11444:
11424:
11403:
11367:
11351:
11331:
11310:
11284:
11258:
11225:
11209:
11178:
11155:
11134:
11113:
11097:
11081:
11056:
11035:
11015:
10969:
10939:
10883:
10803:
10790:
10785:
10755:
10750:
10722:
10690:
10681:
10662:Northern Cyprus
10648:
10641:
10383:
10378:
10343:
10335:
10330:
10312:
10249:Tongyong Pinyin
10229:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
10217:Dungan Cyrillic
10200:
10169:
10139:
10080:
10071:Written Hokkien
10052:
10011:
10005:
9981:Middle Mandarin
9947:
9867:
9842:
9804:
9751:
9684:
9677:
9664:
9613:
9561:
9520:
9497:
9433:
9367:
9286:
9265:
9247:
9224:
9148:
9115:
9092:
9036:
8972:
8932:
8923:
8911:
8899:
8887:
8875:
8855:
8837:
8809:
8791:
8765:
8742:
8669:
8642:
8616:
8593:
8517:
8457:
8429:
8406:
8383:
8332:
8321:
8316:
8286:
8281:
8255:
8235:
8213:
8142:
8086:
7897:
7890:
7816:
7796:(Indo-European)
7781:
7738:
7696:
7585:
7498:
7426:
7393:
7271:
7179:
7178:Other languages
7160:
7109:
7040:Central Tibetan
7011:
6885:
6819:
6666:
6548:
6351:
6303:
6251:
6240:
6216:
6200:
6107:
6048:
6032:
6027:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5945:
5926:
5905:
5886:
5869:
5867:Further reading
5864:
5846:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5816:
5809:
5783:
5779:
5758:
5754:
5744:
5742:
5730:
5726:
5716:
5714:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5685:
5681:
5671:
5669:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5648:
5632:
5628:
5621:
5605:
5601:
5591:
5589:
5588:on 23 June 2019
5574:
5570:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5538:
5536:
5535:on 23 June 2019
5523:
5522:
5518:
5508:
5506:
5491:
5487:
5477:
5475:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5447:
5445:
5444:on 23 June 2019
5432:
5431:
5427:
5417:
5415:
5414:on 23 June 2019
5400:
5396:
5386:
5384:
5383:on 23 June 2019
5369:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5352:on 23 June 2019
5340:
5339:
5335:
5325:
5323:
5322:on 23 June 2019
5308:
5304:
5298:
5290:
5283:
5279:
5269:
5267:
5252:
5248:
5238:
5236:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5212:
5210:
5195:
5191:
5184:
5170:
5166:
5158:
5151:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5127:10.2307/2757936
5115:Pacific Affairs
5111:
5104:
5092:
5085:
5038:
5025:
5010:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4979:
4975:
4967:Hanyu wenxue xi
4956:
4950:
4939:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4864:Racism in China
4822:Language portal
4820:
4813:
4806:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4780:
4705:Northeast China
4655:
4626:
4491:
4489:Language policy
4481:. According to
4369:Tangut language
4350:Khitan language
4270:Bouyei language
4254:(Tai people) –
4228:Korean language
4209:Written Teochew
4200:Written Hokkien
4139:Manchu alphabet
4121:Uyghur language
4019:Manchu alphabet
4015:Manchu language
3987:Kyrgyz language
3973:Korean language
3959:Kazakh language
3922:Manchu alphabet
3897:Tai Lü alphabet
3893:Tai Lü language
3853:
3851:Written Chinese
3847:
3824:
3815:mixed language)
3797:mixed language)
3766:mixed language)
3752:
3734:
3716:Macanese Patois
3667:
3648:
3543:
3502:
3488:
3436:
3335:
3227:
3213:Tai Ya language
3198:Tai Lü language
3183:Southern Zhuang
3178:Northern Zhuang
3099:
2863:Central Tibetan
2723:Lanping dialect
2718:Bijiang dialect
2674:Yitdut language
2334:Huizhou Chinese
2072:
2004:Koreanic family
1989:Tungusic family
1974:Mongolic family
1867:
1809:, based on the
1750:morphologically
1692:
1663:
1662:
1658:Women's history
1564:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1495:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1346:
1334:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1282:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1192:
1182:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1142:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1061:
1053:
1048:
1033:
1032:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1003:
999:
994:
986:
976:
962:
958:
953:
945:
938:
934:
929:
916: 1046 BCE
915:
911:
906:
898:
892: 1600 BCE
891:
887:
882:
873:
872:
861:
860:
833: 2000 BCE
832:
828:
823:
815:
804:
803:
742:
704:
702:
695:
694:
685:
684:
675:
674:
670:National anthem
655:
654:
645:
644:
630:
629:
620:
619:
610:
609:
598:
597:
578:
577:
565:performing arts
555:
554:
540:
539:
528:
527:
503:
502:
491:
490:
461:
460:
424:
423:
384:
383:
372:
371:
362:
361:
350:
349:
340:
339:
328:
327:
326:
325:
254:
253:
229:
211:
183:
33:
12:
11:
5:
16763:
16753:
16752:
16747:
16742:
16725:
16724:
16719:
16718:
16715:
16714:
16707:
16697:
16696:
16693:
16692:
16690:
16689:
16684:
16679:
16673:
16671:
16661:
16660:
16658:
16657:
16650:
16642:
16640:
16636:
16635:
16633:
16632:
16625:
16619:
16617:
16611:
16610:
16607:
16606:
16603:
16602:
16599:
16598:
16596:
16595:
16588:
16580:
16578:
16570:
16569:
16567:
16566:
16561:
16556:
16555:
16554:
16549:
16544:
16537:Northern Altai
16534:
16529:
16523:
16521:
16517:
16516:
16513:
16512:
16510:
16509:
16504:
16499:
16493:
16491:
16487:
16486:
16484:
16483:
16477:
16475:
16468:
16461:
16460:
16454:
16452:
16448:
16447:
16445:
16444:
16439:
16433:
16431:
16424:
16418:
16417:
16414:
16413:
16411:
16410:
16409:
16408:
16401:
16389:
16384:
16379:
16374:
16373:
16372:
16365:
16360:
16349:
16347:
16343:
16342:
16340:
16339:
16334:
16329:
16324:
16318:
16316:
16312:
16311:
16309:
16308:
16307:
16306:
16296:
16290:
16288:
16281:
16280:
16274:
16272:
16266:
16265:
16262:
16261:
16259:
16258:
16257:
16256:
16251:Siberian Tatar
16248:
16243:
16238:
16233:
16231:Dobrujan Tatar
16227:
16225:
16221:
16220:
16218:
16217:
16216:
16215:
16212:
16205:Siberian Tatar
16202:
16201:
16200:
16195:
16188:Southern Altai
16185:
16180:
16172:
16170:
16166:
16165:
16163:
16162:
16157:
16154:Mamluk-Kipchak
16150:
16145:
16140:
16135:
16130:
16123:
16118:
16115:Armeno-Kipchak
16110:
16108:
16104:
16103:
16101:
16100:
16099:
16098:
16091:
16086:
16076:
16070:
16068:
16061:
16055:
16054:
16051:
16050:
16048:
16047:
16040:
16033:
16025:
16023:
16017:
16016:
16014:
16013:
16008:
16003:
16002:
16001:
15996:
15985:
15983:
15979:
15978:
15976:
15975:
15973:Southern Uzbek
15970:
15968:Northern Uzbek
15964:
15962:
15955:
15949:
15948:
15946:
15945:
15940:
15932:
15930:
15921:
15915:
15914:
15912:
15911:
15903:
15901:
15899:Proto-language
15895:
15894:
15887:
15886:
15879:
15872:
15864:
15855:
15854:
15845:
15842:
15841:
15839:
15838:
15831:
15824:
15817:
15810:
15802:
15800:
15794:
15793:
15791:
15790:
15784:
15782:
15776:
15775:
15773:
15772:
15767:
15762:
15757:
15751:
15749:
15739:
15738:
15735:
15734:
15732:
15731:
15725:
15723:
15715:
15714:
15711:
15710:
15708:
15707:
15702:
15697:
15692:
15687:
15682:
15676:
15674:
15670:
15669:
15667:
15666:
15660:
15658:
15654:
15653:
15651:
15650:
15645:
15640:
15635:
15630:
15625:
15620:
15615:
15610:
15605:
15600:
15595:
15590:
15583:
15581:
15577:
15576:
15574:
15573:
15568:
15563:
15557:
15552:
15547:
15541:
15539:
15535:
15534:
15532:
15531:
15524:
15517:
15512:
15507:
15502:
15497:
15492:
15487:
15482:
15477:
15472:
15466:
15464:
15457:
15449:
15448:
15446:
15445:
15440:
15435:
15430:
15425:
15420:
15415:
15410:
15405:
15399:
15397:
15391:
15390:
15388:
15387:
15382:
15377:
15371:
15366:
15361:
15356:
15351:
15346:
15341:
15335:
15333:
15324:
15312:
15311:
15309:
15308:
15303:
15297:
15295:
15285:
15284:
15282:
15281:
15275:
15273:
15267:
15266:
15264:
15263:
15258:
15253:
15248:
15243:
15238:
15233:
15228:
15223:
15218:
15213:
15208:
15202:
15200:
15194:
15193:
15191:
15190:
15184:
15182:
15176:
15175:
15173:
15172:
15166:
15164:
15158:
15157:
15155:
15154:
15149:
15144:
15139:
15134:
15129:
15124:
15118:
15113:
15107:
15101:
15099:
15093:
15092:
15089:
15088:
15086:
15085:
15080:
15075:
15070:
15065:
15060:
15054:
15052:
15043:
15042:
15037:
15032:
15027:
15022:
15017:
15011:
15009:
15003:
15002:
14995:
14994:
14987:
14980:
14972:
14963:
14962:
14952:Cross (†) and
14951:
14948:
14947:
14944:
14943:
14941:
14940:
14934:
14932:
14928:
14927:
14925:
14924:
14918:
14916:
14912:
14911:
14909:
14908:
14902:
14900:
14896:
14895:
14893:
14892:
14886:
14884:
14880:
14879:
14877:
14876:
14871:
14866:
14860:
14858:
14852:
14851:
14848:
14847:
14845:
14844:
14837:
14832:
14826:
14824:
14818:
14817:
14815:
14814:
14809:
14804:
14799:
14793:
14791:
14782:
14776:
14775:
14773:
14772:
14770:Southern Qiang
14767:
14765:Northern Qiang
14761:
14759:
14750:
14744:
14743:
14741:
14740:
14735:
14730:
14724:
14722:
14716:
14715:
14712:
14711:
14709:
14708:
14703:
14698:
14692:
14690:
14684:
14683:
14681:
14680:
14674:
14672:
14668:
14667:
14665:
14664:
14658:
14656:
14649:
14643:
14642:
14637:
14636:
14629:
14622:
14614:
14605:
14604:
14602:
14601:
14595:
14593:
14589:
14588:
14586:
14585:
14579:
14577:
14573:
14572:
14569:
14568:
14565:
14564:
14562:
14561:
14556:
14551:
14545:
14543:
14539:
14538:
14536:
14535:
14529:
14527:
14520:
14516:
14515:
14512:
14511:
14509:
14508:
14503:
14501:Lhao Vo (Maru)
14497:
14495:
14491:
14490:
14488:
14487:
14481:
14479:
14475:
14474:
14472:
14471:
14466:
14461:
14456:
14450:
14448:
14441:
14434:
14428:
14427:
14424:
14423:
14420:
14419:
14417:
14416:
14411:
14406:
14401:
14396:
14391:
14385:
14383:
14379:
14378:
14375:
14374:
14372:
14371:
14366:
14360:
14358:
14357:Riverine Phula
14354:
14353:
14351:
14350:
14345:
14340:
14335:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14304:
14302:
14301:Highland Phula
14298:
14297:
14295:
14294:
14289:
14284:
14279:
14274:
14269:
14263:
14261:
14257:
14256:
14254:
14253:
14248:
14242:
14240:
14233:
14223:
14222:
14219:
14218:
14216:
14215:
14210:
14205:
14200:
14195:
14190:
14184:
14182:
14178:
14177:
14175:
14174:
14169:
14163:
14161:
14154:
14141:
14135:
14134:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14112:
14107:
14105:
14099:
14098:
14095:
14094:
14092:
14091:
14086:
14081:
14076:
14071:
14066:
14061:
14056:
14051:
14045:
14042:
14041:
14039:
14038:
14033:
14028:
14023:
14018:
14013:
14008:
14003:
13998:
13993:
13988:
13983:
13977:
13975:
13969:
13968:
13966:
13965:
13960:
13955:
13950:
13945:
13940:
13934:
13932:
13925:
13919:
13918:
13916:
13915:
13910:
13904:
13902:
13898:
13897:
13895:
13894:
13889:
13883:
13881:
13877:
13876:
13874:
13873:
13868:
13863:
13857:
13855:
13846:
13845:(Central Ngwi)
13838:
13837:
13834:
13833:
13831:
13830:
13824:
13822:
13818:
13817:
13815:
13814:
13808:
13806:
13802:
13801:
13799:
13798:
13793:
13788:
13782:
13780:
13776:
13775:
13773:
13772:
13767:
13762:
13757:
13752:
13747:
13742:
13737:
13732:
13726:
13724:
13718:
13717:
13715:
13714:
13709:
13704:
13699:
13694:
13689:
13684:
13679:
13674:
13669:
13664:
13659:
13654:
13649:
13644:
13639:
13634:
13629:
13624:
13618:
13616:
13610:
13609:
13606:
13605:
13603:
13602:
13597:
13592:
13587:
13582:
13577:
13572:
13567:
13562:
13557:
13551:
13549:
13545:
13544:
13542:
13541:
13536:
13531:
13526:
13521:
13516:
13511:
13506:
13501:
13496:
13491:
13486:
13480:
13478:
13474:
13473:
13471:
13470:
13465:
13460:
13455:
13449:
13447:
13440:
13431:
13418:
13408:
13407:
13404:
13403:
13401:
13400:
13395:
13390:
13385:
13380:
13375:
13370:
13365:
13360:
13354:
13352:
13348:
13347:
13345:
13344:
13338:
13336:
13329:
13323:
13322:
13315:
13314:
13307:
13300:
13292:
13283:
13282:
13280:
13279:
13274:
13269:
13263:
13261:
13251:
13250:
13248:
13247:
13242:
13237:
13232:
13227:
13222:
13216:
13214:
13208:
13207:
13205:
13204:
13199:
13194:
13189:
13184:
13179:
13173:
13171:
13165:
13164:
13161:
13160:
13158:
13157:
13152:
13147:
13142:
13136:
13134:
13130:
13129:
13127:
13126:
13120:
13118:
13112:
13111:
13108:
13107:
13105:
13104:
13099:
13094:
13088:
13086:
13077:
13076:
13071:
13066:
13061:
13056:
13051:
13046:
13041:
13036:
13031:
13025:
13019:
13013:
13011:
13005:
13004:
13002:
13001:
12995:
12990:
12985:
12979:
12977:
12971:
12970:
12968:
12967:
12962:
12956:
12954:
12945:
12939:
12938:
12931:
12930:
12923:
12916:
12908:
12899:
12898:
12896:
12895:
12893:extinct status
12889:
12886:
12879:
12876:
12875:
12873:
12872:
12867:
12862:
12857:
12851:
12849:
12845:
12844:
12842:
12841:
12840:
12839:
12834:
12826:
12820:
12818:
12812:
12811:
12808:
12807:
12805:
12804:
12799:
12794:
12788:
12782:
12776:
12775:
12774:
12761:
12759:
12755:
12754:
12752:
12751:
12745:
12739:
12737:
12728:
12722:
12721:
12718:
12717:
12715:
12714:
12708:
12701:
12699:
12693:
12692:
12690:
12689:
12683:
12677:
12671:
12669:
12665:
12664:
12662:
12661:
12656:
12650:
12648:
12641:
12635:
12634:
12627:
12626:
12619:
12612:
12604:
12595:
12594:
12591:
12590:
12583:
12573:
12572:
12569:
12568:
12565:
12564:
12562:
12561:
12554:
12547:
12540:
12533:
12525:
12522:
12521:
12509:
12508:
12505:
12504:
12501:
12500:
12498:
12497:
12492:
12491:
12490:
12485:
12480:
12469:
12467:
12463:
12462:
12460:
12459:
12454:
12448:
12446:
12440:
12439:
12437:
12436:
12431:
12425:
12423:
12413:
12412:
12402:
12401:
12398:
12397:
12394:
12393:
12391:
12390:
12382:
12380:
12376:
12375:
12373:
12372:
12367:
12362:
12357:
12351:
12349:
12342:
12341:
12339:
12338:
12332:
12330:
12326:
12325:
12323:
12322:
12317:
12312:
12307:
12300:
12294:
12292:
12285:
12284:
12282:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12266:
12261:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12241:
12236:
12230:
12228:
12217:
12216:
12204:
12203:
12200:
12199:
12196:
12195:
12193:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12176:
12174:
12170:
12169:
12167:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12150:
12148:
12142:
12141:
12139:
12138:
12133:
12127:
12125:
12117:
12116:
12104:
12103:
12100:
12099:
12096:
12095:
12092:
12091:
12089:
12088:
12082:
12080:
12076:
12075:
12073:
12072:
12067:
12061:
12059:
12055:
12054:
12052:
12051:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12030:
12028:
12024:
12023:
12021:
12020:
12014:
12012:
12008:
12007:
12005:
12004:
11998:
11996:
11989:
11985:
11984:
11981:
11980:
11977:
11976:
11974:
11973:
11968:
11962:
11960:
11956:
11955:
11953:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11907:
11901:
11899:
11892:
11888:
11887:
11885:
11884:
11878:
11876:
11869:
11861:
11860:
11848:
11847:
11844:
11843:
11840:
11839:
11836:
11835:
11833:
11832:
11827:
11821:
11819:
11815:
11814:
11811:
11810:
11808:
11807:
11802:
11796:
11794:
11790:
11789:
11787:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11765:
11763:
11757:
11756:
11754:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11727:
11725:
11719:
11718:
11716:
11715:
11710:
11705:
11700:
11695:
11690:
11684:
11682:
11673:
11672:East Palaungic
11669:
11668:
11666:
11665:
11660:
11654:
11652:
11651:West Palaungic
11648:
11647:
11645:
11644:
11638:
11636:
11629:
11623:
11622:
11619:
11618:
11616:
11615:
11609:
11607:
11603:
11602:
11600:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11578:
11576:
11569:
11559:
11558:
11546:
11545:
11542:
11541:
11538:
11537:
11534:
11533:
11531:
11530:
11525:
11519:
11517:
11513:
11512:
11510:
11509:
11503:
11501:
11497:
11496:
11494:
11493:
11487:
11485:
11481:
11480:
11478:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11461:
11459:
11452:
11449:Western Pearic
11446:
11445:
11443:
11442:
11436:
11434:
11426:
11425:
11413:
11412:
11409:
11408:
11405:
11404:
11402:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11375:
11373:
11369:
11368:
11366:
11365:
11359:
11357:
11353:
11352:
11350:
11349:
11343:
11341:
11333:
11332:
11320:
11319:
11316:
11315:
11312:
11311:
11309:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11292:
11290:
11286:
11285:
11283:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11266:
11264:
11260:
11259:
11257:
11256:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11235:
11233:
11227:
11226:
11224:
11223:
11217:
11215:
11211:
11210:
11208:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11196:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11167:
11165:
11157:
11156:
11144:
11143:
11140:
11139:
11136:
11135:
11133:
11132:
11127:
11121:
11119:
11115:
11114:
11112:
11111:
11105:
11103:
11099:
11098:
11096:
11095:
11089:
11087:
11083:
11082:
11080:
11079:
11074:
11068:
11066:
11058:
11057:
11045:
11044:
11041:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11033:
11027:
11025:
11021:
11020:
11017:
11016:
11014:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10977:
10975:
10971:
10970:
10968:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10951:
10945:
10941:
10940:
10938:
10937:
10932:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10891:
10889:
10885:
10884:
10882:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10815:
10813:
10805:
10804:
10792:
10791:
10784:
10783:
10776:
10769:
10761:
10752:
10751:
10749:
10748:
10738:
10727:
10724:
10723:
10721:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10694:
10692:
10683:
10682:
10680:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10653:
10651:
10643:
10642:
10640:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10393:
10391:
10385:
10384:
10377:
10376:
10369:
10362:
10354:
10348:
10345:
10344:
10332:
10331:
10321:
10318:
10317:
10314:
10313:
10311:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10293:Taiwanese kana
10290:
10289:
10288:
10283:
10273:
10272:
10271:
10266:
10264:Lessing-Othmer
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10231:
10221:
10220:
10219:
10208:
10206:
10202:
10201:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10177:
10171:
10170:
10168:
10167:
10162:
10161:
10160:
10155:
10144:
10141:
10140:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10106:
10097:
10088:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10066:Written Dungan
10063:
10057:
10054:
10053:
10051:
10050:
10045:
10044:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10022:
10020:
10013:
10007:
10006:
10004:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9971:Middle Chinese
9968:
9963:
9957:
9955:
9949:
9948:
9946:
9945:
9940:
9938:Wubi (Wang Ma)
9935:
9930:
9929:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9897:
9896:
9886:
9883:
9877:
9875:
9869:
9868:
9866:
9865:
9858:
9850:
9848:
9844:
9843:
9841:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9814:
9812:
9806:
9805:
9803:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9771:
9770:
9759:
9757:
9753:
9752:
9750:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9733:
9732:
9731:
9730:
9725:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9689:
9687:
9679:
9678:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9665:
9663:
9662:
9657:
9655:Xiangnan Tuhua
9652:
9647:
9642:
9640:Shaozhou Tuhua
9637:
9632:
9627:
9621:
9619:
9615:
9614:
9612:
9611:
9610:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9591:
9590:
9589:
9584:
9575:
9573:
9567:
9566:
9563:
9562:
9560:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9528:
9526:
9522:
9521:
9519:
9518:
9513:
9507:
9505:
9499:
9498:
9496:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9469:
9468:
9463:
9452:
9450:
9441:
9435:
9434:
9432:
9431:
9430:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9409:
9408:
9407:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9381:
9379:
9373:
9372:
9369:
9368:
9366:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9343:
9342:
9341:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9315:
9314:
9309:
9298:
9296:
9292:
9291:
9288:
9287:
9285:
9284:
9279:
9273:
9271:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9263:
9257:
9255:
9249:
9248:
9246:
9245:
9240:
9234:
9232:
9226:
9225:
9223:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9171:
9169:
9160:
9154:
9153:
9150:
9149:
9147:
9146:
9145:
9144:
9139:
9129:
9123:
9121:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9113:
9108:
9102:
9100:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9064:
9062:
9053:
9044:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9034:
9033:
9032:
9022:
9017:
9016:
9015:
9010:
9005:
8995:
8994:
8993:
8982:
8980:
8974:
8973:
8971:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8954:
8953:
8942:
8940:
8934:
8933:
8931:
8930:
8918:
8906:
8894:
8882:
8869:
8867:
8861:
8860:
8857:
8856:
8854:
8853:
8847:
8845:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8819:
8817:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8807:
8801:
8799:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8773:
8771:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8763:
8758:
8752:
8750:
8744:
8743:
8741:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8688:
8686:
8677:
8671:
8670:
8668:
8667:
8662:
8656:
8654:
8648:
8647:
8644:
8643:
8641:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8624:
8622:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8614:
8609:
8603:
8601:
8595:
8594:
8592:
8591:
8590:
8589:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8563:
8562:
8561:
8560:
8553:Renshou–Fushun
8550:
8549:
8548:
8538:
8527:
8525:
8519:
8518:
8516:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8489:
8488:
8478:
8473:
8467:
8465:
8463:Central Plains
8459:
8458:
8456:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8439:
8437:
8431:
8430:
8428:
8427:
8422:
8416:
8414:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8404:
8399:
8393:
8391:
8385:
8384:
8382:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8360:
8358:
8349:
8340:
8334:
8333:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8315:
8314:
8307:
8300:
8292:
8283:
8282:
8280:
8279:
8276:
8273:
8270:
8267:
8266:HK = Hong Kong
8264:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8253:
8246:
8245:
8244:
8243:
8242:
8237:Hong Kong Sign
8230:
8221:
8219:
8215:
8214:
8212:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8150:
8148:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8094:
8092:
8088:
8087:
8085:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8077:
8067:
8066:
8065:
8060:
8050:
8049:
8048:
8043:
8033:
8032:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8005:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7963:
7962:
7957:
7956:
7955:
7945:
7940:
7939:
7938:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7902:
7900:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7888:
7883:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7836:
7834:
7830:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7814:
7812:(Austronesian)
7806:
7804:(Austronesian)
7798:
7789:
7787:
7783:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7748:
7746:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7710:
7708:
7702:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7593:
7591:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7517:
7515:
7506:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7440:
7438:
7432:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7425:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7403:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7290:
7288:
7279:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7193:
7191:
7181:
7180:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7021:
7019:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6982:Southern Qiang
6979:
6977:Northern Qiang
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6903:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6676:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6558:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6370:
6368:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6313:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6265:
6263:
6254:
6242:
6241:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6117:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6069:
6067:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6026:
6025:
6018:
6011:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5985:
5974:
5973:External links
5971:
5969:
5968:
5962:
5949:
5943:
5930:
5925:978-0691014685
5924:
5909:
5903:
5890:
5884:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5843:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5807:
5777:
5752:
5724:
5694:
5679:
5653:
5646:
5626:
5619:
5599:
5568:
5546:
5516:
5485:
5455:
5425:
5394:
5363:
5333:
5302:
5277:
5246:
5220:
5189:
5182:
5164:
5140:
5121:(3): 369–383.
5102:
5083:
5048:(3): 371–374.
5023:
5004:
4995:
4973:
4948:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4834:
4826:
4825:
4811:
4795:
4792:
4779:
4778:Use of English
4776:
4654:
4651:
4584:mainland China
4548:mainland China
4517:language group
4506:phonologically
4490:
4487:
4471:
4470:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4424:
4423:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4376:
4375:
4361:
4342:
4340:Jurchen script
4320:
4319:
4300:
4281:
4274:Bouyei writing
4262:
4248:
4234:
4216:
4215:
4206:
4197:
4188:
4179:
4170:
4156:
4155:
4141:
4127:
4113:
4099:
4085:
4079:Santa language
4077:in Chinese) –
4067:
4061:Rrmea language
4057:Qiang language
4049:
4035:
4021:
4007:
3993:
3979:
3965:
3951:
3940:Pollard script
3924:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3899:
3849:Main article:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3833:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3798:
3784:
3767:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3582:
3577:
3566:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3420:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3118:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2995:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2848:Tibeto-Kanauri
2845:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2784:Southern Qiang
2781:
2779:Northern Qiang
2766:
2761:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2701:Heqing dialect
2698:
2691:Yitdut dialect
2671:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2620:Ba–Shu Chinese
2616:
2606:Shaozhou Tuhua
2603:
2593:Xiangnan Tuhua
2590:
2589:
2588:
2578:Shao-Jiang Min
2575:
2562:
2549:
2536:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2502:
2489:
2476:
2437:
2424:
2411:
2398:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2370:
2344:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2316:
2303:
2277:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2249:
2236:
2223:
2210:
2197:
2187:Ji-Lu Mandarin
2184:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2156:
2143:
2130:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2037:
2032:spoken by the
2010:
2000:
1985:
1970:
1951:
1928:
1921:
1894:
1866:
1863:
1839:Inner Mongolia
1819:mainland China
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1589:Jewish history
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1520:(1949–present)
1509:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1493:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1448:
1447:
1435:
1434:
1423:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1391:
1381:
1378:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1338:
1337:
1325:
1324:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1263:
1262:
1250:
1249:
1236:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1141:
1140:
1120:
1119:
1113:Three Kingdoms
1107:
1106:
1096:
1086:
1076:
1065:
1064:
1052:
1051:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1011:Warring States
1008:
1004: 476 BCE
979:
977:(1046–771 BCE)
968:
967:
963: 256 BCE
944:
943:
921:
920:
897:
896:
874:
868:
867:
866:
863:
862:
859:
858:
838:
837:
814:
813:
805:
799:
798:
797:
794:
793:
792:
791:
789:Historiography
786:
781:
773:
772:
764:
763:
757:
756:
744:
743:
741:
740:
733:
726:
718:
715:
714:
713:
712:
697:
696:
693:
692:
686:
682:
681:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
667:
662:
656:
652:
651:
650:
647:
646:
643:
642:
637:
631:
627:
626:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:
611:
605:
604:
603:
600:
599:
596:
595:
590:
585:
579:
573:
572:
571:
568:
567:
557:
556:
553:
552:
547:
541:
535:
534:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:
520:
515:
510:
504:
498:
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
462:
456:
455:
454:
451:
450:
444:
443:
437:
436:
426:
425:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
385:
379:
378:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
363:
357:
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
341:
335:
334:
333:
330:
329:
324:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
302:
301:
296:
291:
283:
278:
273:
271:Historiography
268:
263:
257:
256:
255:
249:
248:
247:
244:
243:
235:
234:
226:
225:
213:
212:
210:
209:
204:
202:Hong Kong Sign
199:
193:
191:
185:
184:
182:
181:
163:
153:
139:
129:
115:
105:
90:Inner Mongolia
83:
73:
63:
49:
43:
41:
35:
34:
31:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16762:
16751:
16748:
16746:
16743:
16741:
16738:
16737:
16735:
16712:
16708:
16706:
16702:
16699:
16698:
16694:
16688:
16685:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16675:
16674:
16672:
16670:
16666:
16662:
16656:
16655:
16651:
16649:
16648:
16644:
16643:
16641:
16637:
16631:
16630:
16626:
16624:
16621:
16620:
16618:
16616:
16612:
16594:
16593:
16592:Orkhon Turkic
16589:
16587:
16586:
16582:
16581:
16579:
16577:
16576:
16571:
16565:
16564:Western Yugur
16562:
16560:
16557:
16553:
16550:
16548:
16545:
16543:
16540:
16539:
16538:
16535:
16533:
16530:
16528:
16525:
16524:
16522:
16518:
16508:
16505:
16503:
16500:
16498:
16495:
16494:
16492:
16488:
16482:
16479:
16478:
16476:
16472:
16469:
16465:
16459:
16456:
16455:
16453:
16449:
16443:
16440:
16438:
16435:
16434:
16432:
16428:
16425:
16423:
16419:
16407:
16406:
16402:
16400:
16399:
16395:
16394:
16393:
16390:
16388:
16385:
16383:
16380:
16378:
16377:Balkan Gagauz
16375:
16371:
16370:
16366:
16364:
16361:
16359:
16356:
16355:
16354:
16351:
16350:
16348:
16344:
16338:
16335:
16333:
16330:
16328:
16325:
16323:
16320:
16319:
16317:
16313:
16305:
16302:
16301:
16300:
16297:
16295:
16292:
16291:
16289:
16285:
16279:
16276:
16275:
16273:
16271:
16267:
16254:
16253:
16252:
16249:
16247:
16244:
16242:
16239:
16237:
16234:
16232:
16229:
16228:
16226:
16222:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16207:
16206:
16203:
16199:
16196:
16194:
16191:
16190:
16189:
16186:
16184:
16181:
16179:
16178:
16174:
16173:
16171:
16167:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16155:
16151:
16149:
16146:
16144:
16141:
16139:
16136:
16134:
16131:
16129:
16128:
16124:
16122:
16121:Crimean Tatar
16119:
16117:
16116:
16112:
16111:
16109:
16105:
16097:
16096:
16092:
16090:
16087:
16085:
16082:
16081:
16080:
16077:
16075:
16072:
16071:
16069:
16065:
16062:
16060:
16056:
16046:
16045:
16041:
16039:
16038:
16034:
16032:
16031:
16027:
16026:
16024:
16022:
16018:
16012:
16009:
16007:
16004:
16000:
15997:
15995:
15992:
15991:
15990:
15987:
15986:
15984:
15980:
15974:
15971:
15969:
15966:
15965:
15963:
15959:
15956:
15954:
15950:
15944:
15941:
15939:
15938:
15934:
15933:
15931:
15929:
15925:
15922:
15920:
15919:Common Turkic
15916:
15910:
15909:
15905:
15904:
15902:
15900:
15896:
15892:
15885:
15880:
15878:
15873:
15871:
15866:
15865:
15862:
15852:
15848:
15843:
15837:
15836:
15832:
15830:
15829:
15828:Proto-Kam–Sui
15825:
15823:
15822:
15818:
15816:
15815:
15811:
15809:
15808:
15807:Proto-Kra–Dai
15804:
15803:
15801:
15799:
15795:
15789:
15786:
15785:
15783:
15781:
15777:
15771:
15768:
15766:
15763:
15761:
15758:
15756:
15753:
15752:
15750:
15747:
15746:
15745:mixed origins
15740:
15730:
15727:
15726:
15724:
15721:
15716:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15698:
15696:
15693:
15691:
15690:Tai Muong Vat
15688:
15686:
15683:
15681:
15678:
15677:
15675:
15671:
15665:
15664:Southern Thai
15662:
15661:
15659:
15655:
15649:
15646:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15624:
15621:
15619:
15616:
15614:
15613:Tai Hang Tong
15611:
15609:
15606:
15604:
15601:
15599:
15596:
15594:
15593:Northern Thai
15591:
15588:
15585:
15584:
15582:
15578:
15572:
15569:
15567:
15564:
15561:
15558:
15556:
15553:
15551:
15548:
15546:
15543:
15542:
15540:
15536:
15530:
15529:
15525:
15523:
15522:
15518:
15516:
15513:
15511:
15508:
15506:
15503:
15501:
15498:
15496:
15493:
15491:
15488:
15486:
15483:
15481:
15478:
15476:
15473:
15471:
15468:
15467:
15465:
15461:
15458:
15454:
15450:
15444:
15441:
15439:
15436:
15434:
15431:
15429:
15426:
15424:
15421:
15419:
15416:
15414:
15411:
15409:
15406:
15404:
15401:
15400:
15398:
15396:
15392:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15375:
15372:
15370:
15367:
15365:
15362:
15360:
15357:
15355:
15352:
15350:
15347:
15345:
15342:
15340:
15337:
15336:
15334:
15332:
15328:
15325:
15322:
15317:
15313:
15307:
15304:
15302:
15299:
15298:
15296:
15294:
15290:
15286:
15280:
15277:
15276:
15274:
15272:
15268:
15262:
15259:
15257:
15254:
15252:
15249:
15247:
15244:
15242:
15239:
15237:
15234:
15232:
15229:
15227:
15224:
15222:
15219:
15217:
15214:
15212:
15209:
15207:
15204:
15203:
15201:
15199:
15195:
15189:
15186:
15185:
15183:
15181:
15177:
15171:
15168:
15167:
15165:
15163:
15159:
15153:
15150:
15148:
15145:
15143:
15140:
15138:
15135:
15133:
15130:
15128:
15125:
15122:
15119:
15117:
15114:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15103:
15102:
15100:
15098:
15094:
15084:
15081:
15079:
15076:
15074:
15071:
15069:
15066:
15064:
15061:
15059:
15056:
15055:
15053:
15051:
15047:
15041:
15038:
15036:
15033:
15031:
15028:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15018:
15016:
15013:
15012:
15010:
15008:
15004:
15000:
14993:
14988:
14986:
14981:
14979:
14974:
14973:
14970:
14959:
14955:
14949:
14939:
14936:
14935:
14933:
14929:
14923:
14920:
14919:
14917:
14913:
14907:
14904:
14903:
14901:
14897:
14891:
14888:
14887:
14885:
14881:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14861:
14859:
14857:
14853:
14843:
14842:
14838:
14836:
14833:
14831:
14828:
14827:
14825:
14823:
14819:
14813:
14810:
14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14794:
14792:
14790:
14786:
14783:
14781:
14777:
14771:
14768:
14766:
14763:
14762:
14760:
14758:
14754:
14751:
14749:
14745:
14739:
14736:
14734:
14731:
14729:
14726:
14725:
14723:
14721:
14717:
14707:
14704:
14702:
14699:
14697:
14694:
14693:
14691:
14689:
14685:
14679:
14676:
14675:
14673:
14669:
14663:
14660:
14659:
14657:
14653:
14650:
14648:
14644:
14635:
14630:
14628:
14623:
14621:
14616:
14615:
14612:
14600:
14599:Proto-Loloish
14597:
14596:
14594:
14590:
14584:
14581:
14580:
14578:
14574:
14560:
14557:
14555:
14552:
14550:
14547:
14546:
14544:
14540:
14534:
14531:
14530:
14528:
14524:
14521:
14517:
14507:
14504:
14502:
14499:
14498:
14496:
14492:
14486:
14483:
14482:
14480:
14476:
14470:
14467:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14455:
14452:
14451:
14449:
14447:High Northern
14445:
14442:
14438:
14435:
14433:
14429:
14415:
14412:
14410:
14407:
14405:
14402:
14400:
14397:
14395:
14392:
14390:
14387:
14386:
14384:
14380:
14370:
14367:
14365:
14362:
14361:
14359:
14355:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14334:
14331:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14314:
14311:
14309:
14306:
14305:
14303:
14299:
14293:
14290:
14288:
14285:
14283:
14280:
14278:
14275:
14273:
14270:
14268:
14265:
14264:
14262:
14258:
14252:
14249:
14247:
14244:
14243:
14241:
14237:
14234:
14228:
14224:
14214:
14211:
14209:
14206:
14204:
14201:
14199:
14196:
14194:
14191:
14189:
14186:
14185:
14183:
14179:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14164:
14162:
14158:
14155:
14149:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14136:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14106:
14104:
14100:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14070:
14067:
14065:
14062:
14060:
14057:
14055:
14052:
14050:
14047:
14046:
14037:
14034:
14032:
14029:
14027:
14024:
14022:
14019:
14017:
14014:
14012:
14009:
14007:
14004:
14002:
13999:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13989:
13987:
13984:
13982:
13979:
13978:
13976:
13974:
13970:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13944:
13941:
13939:
13936:
13935:
13933:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13920:
13914:
13911:
13909:
13906:
13905:
13903:
13899:
13893:
13890:
13888:
13885:
13884:
13882:
13878:
13872:
13869:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13858:
13856:
13854:
13850:
13847:
13843:
13839:
13829:
13826:
13825:
13823:
13819:
13813:
13810:
13809:
13807:
13803:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13784:
13783:
13781:
13777:
13771:
13768:
13766:
13763:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13753:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13731:
13728:
13727:
13725:
13723:
13719:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13700:
13698:
13695:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13685:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13670:
13668:
13665:
13663:
13660:
13658:
13655:
13653:
13650:
13648:
13645:
13643:
13640:
13638:
13635:
13633:
13630:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13620:
13619:
13617:
13615:
13611:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13581:
13578:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13563:
13561:
13558:
13556:
13553:
13552:
13550:
13546:
13540:
13537:
13535:
13532:
13530:
13527:
13525:
13522:
13520:
13517:
13515:
13512:
13510:
13507:
13505:
13502:
13500:
13497:
13495:
13492:
13490:
13487:
13485:
13482:
13481:
13479:
13475:
13469:
13466:
13464:
13461:
13459:
13456:
13454:
13451:
13450:
13448:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13435:
13432:
13426:
13422:
13419:
13413:
13409:
13399:
13396:
13394:
13391:
13389:
13386:
13384:
13381:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13355:
13353:
13349:
13343:
13340:
13339:
13337:
13333:
13330:
13328:
13324:
13320:
13313:
13308:
13306:
13301:
13299:
13294:
13293:
13290:
13278:
13275:
13273:
13272:Proto-Hmongic
13270:
13268:
13265:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13258:
13252:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13233:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13223:
13221:
13218:
13217:
13215:
13213:
13209:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13190:
13188:
13185:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13174:
13172:
13170:
13166:
13156:
13153:
13151:
13148:
13146:
13143:
13141:
13138:
13137:
13135:
13131:
13125:
13122:
13121:
13119:
13117:
13113:
13103:
13100:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13089:
13087:
13085:
13081:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13065:
13062:
13060:
13057:
13055:
13052:
13050:
13047:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13032:
13029:
13026:
13023:
13022:Small Flowery
13020:
13018:
13015:
13014:
13012:
13010:
13006:
12999:
12996:
12994:
12991:
12989:
12986:
12984:
12981:
12980:
12978:
12976:
12972:
12966:
12963:
12961:
12958:
12957:
12955:
12953:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12940:
12936:
12929:
12924:
12922:
12917:
12915:
12910:
12909:
12906:
12894:
12890:
12887:
12884:
12881:
12880:
12877:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12852:
12850:
12846:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12829:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12821:
12819:
12817:
12813:
12803:
12800:
12798:
12795:
12792:
12789:
12786:
12783:
12780:
12779:Papora-Hoanya
12777:
12772:
12769:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12762:
12760:
12756:
12749:
12746:
12744:
12741:
12740:
12738:
12736:
12732:
12729:
12727:
12723:
12712:
12709:
12706:
12703:
12702:
12700:
12698:
12694:
12687:
12684:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12672:
12670:
12666:
12660:
12657:
12655:
12652:
12651:
12649:
12645:
12642:
12640:
12636:
12632:
12625:
12620:
12618:
12613:
12611:
12606:
12605:
12602:
12588:
12584:
12582:
12578:
12575:
12574:
12570:
12560:
12559:
12555:
12553:
12552:
12548:
12546:
12545:
12544:Proto-Khmeric
12541:
12539:
12538:
12534:
12532:
12531:
12527:
12526:
12523:
12519:
12514:
12510:
12496:
12493:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12475:
12474:
12471:
12470:
12468:
12464:
12458:
12457:Bugan (Pakan)
12455:
12453:
12450:
12449:
12447:
12445:
12441:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12426:
12424:
12422:
12418:
12414:
12407:
12403:
12389:
12388:
12384:
12383:
12381:
12377:
12371:
12368:
12366:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12353:
12352:
12350:
12347:
12343:
12337:
12334:
12333:
12331:
12327:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12305:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12295:
12293:
12290:
12286:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12231:
12229:
12226:
12222:
12218:
12214:
12209:
12205:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12177:
12175:
12171:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12151:
12149:
12147:
12143:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12128:
12126:
12124:Chaura-Teresa
12122:
12118:
12114:
12109:
12105:
12087:
12084:
12083:
12081:
12077:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12062:
12060:
12056:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12031:
12029:
12025:
12019:
12016:
12015:
12013:
12009:
12003:
12000:
11999:
11997:
11993:
11990:
11986:
11972:
11969:
11967:
11964:
11963:
11961:
11957:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11902:
11900:
11896:
11893:
11889:
11883:
11880:
11879:
11877:
11873:
11870:
11866:
11862:
11858:
11853:
11849:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11822:
11820:
11816:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11797:
11795:
11791:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11766:
11764:
11762:
11758:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11728:
11726:
11724:
11720:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11685:
11683:
11681:
11677:
11674:
11670:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11655:
11653:
11649:
11643:
11640:
11639:
11637:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11624:
11614:
11611:
11610:
11608:
11604:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11579:
11577:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11564:
11560:
11556:
11551:
11547:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11520:
11518:
11514:
11508:
11505:
11504:
11502:
11498:
11492:
11491:Western Chong
11489:
11488:
11486:
11482:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11465:Central Chong
11463:
11462:
11460:
11456:
11453:
11447:
11441:
11438:
11437:
11435:
11431:
11427:
11423:
11418:
11414:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11376:
11374:
11370:
11364:
11361:
11360:
11358:
11354:
11348:
11345:
11344:
11342:
11338:
11334:
11330:
11325:
11321:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11293:
11291:
11287:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11267:
11265:
11261:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11236:
11234:
11232:
11228:
11222:
11219:
11218:
11216:
11212:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11182:
11177:
11174:
11173:
11172:
11169:
11168:
11166:
11162:
11158:
11154:
11149:
11145:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11122:
11120:
11116:
11110:
11107:
11106:
11104:
11100:
11094:
11091:
11090:
11088:
11084:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11069:
11067:
11063:
11059:
11055:
11050:
11046:
11032:
11029:
11028:
11026:
11022:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10978:
10976:
10972:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10952:
10949:
10946:
10942:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10892:
10890:
10886:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10816:
10814:
10810:
10806:
10802:
10797:
10793:
10789:
10782:
10777:
10775:
10770:
10768:
10763:
10762:
10759:
10747:
10743:
10739:
10737:
10729:
10728:
10725:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10695:
10693:
10688:
10684:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10672:South Ossetia
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10654:
10652:
10650:
10644:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10394:
10392:
10390:
10386:
10382:
10375:
10370:
10368:
10363:
10361:
10356:
10355:
10352:
10346:
10339:
10329:
10319:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10278:
10277:
10274:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10226:
10225:
10222:
10218:
10215:
10214:
10213:
10212:Cyrillization
10210:
10209:
10207:
10203:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10176:
10172:
10166:
10163:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10150:
10149:
10146:
10145:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10105:
10104:Script styles
10101:
10098:
10096:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10083:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10058:
10049:
10046:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10028:
10027:
10024:
10023:
10021:
10017:
10014:
10008:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9958:
9956:
9954:
9950:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9913:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9895:
9892:
9891:
9890:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9878:
9876:
9874:
9870:
9864:
9863:
9859:
9857:
9856:
9852:
9851:
9849:
9845:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9815:
9813:
9811:
9807:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9769:
9766:
9765:
9764:
9761:
9760:
9758:
9754:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9720:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9695:
9694:
9691:
9690:
9688:
9686:
9680:
9675:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9622:
9620:
9616:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9594:
9592:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9579:
9577:
9576:
9574:
9572:
9568:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9529:
9527:
9523:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9508:
9506:
9504:
9500:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9458:
9457:
9454:
9453:
9451:
9449:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9436:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9414:
9413:
9410:
9406:
9403:
9402:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9382:
9380:
9378:
9374:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9348:
9347:
9344:
9340:
9337:
9336:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9304:
9303:
9300:
9299:
9297:
9293:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9274:
9272:
9268:
9262:
9259:
9258:
9256:
9254:
9250:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9235:
9233:
9231:
9227:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9168:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9155:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9134:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9118:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9103:
9101:
9099:
9095:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9065:
9063:
9061:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9039:
9031:
9028:
9027:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
9000:
8999:
8996:
8992:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8984:
8983:
8981:
8979:
8975:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8947:
8944:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8935:
8927:
8922:
8919:
8915:
8910:
8907:
8903:
8898:
8895:
8891:
8886:
8883:
8879:
8874:
8871:
8870:
8868:
8866:
8862:
8852:
8849:
8848:
8846:
8844:
8840:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8820:
8818:
8816:
8812:
8806:
8803:
8802:
8800:
8798:
8794:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8772:
8768:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8751:
8749:
8745:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8685:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8672:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8657:
8655:
8653:
8649:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8625:
8623:
8619:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8604:
8602:
8600:
8596:
8588:
8585:
8584:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8559:
8556:
8555:
8554:
8551:
8547:
8544:
8543:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8533:
8532:
8529:
8528:
8526:
8524:
8520:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8487:
8484:
8483:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8464:
8460:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8440:
8438:
8436:
8432:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8413:
8409:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8390:
8386:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8357:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8330:
8324:
8320:
8313:
8308:
8306:
8301:
8299:
8294:
8293:
8290:
8277:
8275:XJ = Xinjiang
8274:
8271:
8268:
8265:
8262:
8261:
8258:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8240:
8238:
8234:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8223:
8222:
8220:
8216:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8151:
8149:
8145:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8089:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8071:
8068:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8055:
8054:
8051:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8038:
8037:
8034:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7985:
7984:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7961:
7958:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7899:
7893:
7887:
7884:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7831:
7810:
7807:
7802:
7799:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7778:
7777:Western Yugur
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7745:
7741:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7707:
7703:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7588:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7501:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7459:Eastern Yugur
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7433:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7379:Small Flowery
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7274:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7189:Austroasiatic
7186:
7182:
7175:
7171:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6900:
6896:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6223:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6024:
6019:
6017:
6012:
6010:
6005:
6004:
6001:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5977:
5976:
5965:
5963:0-292-74615-6
5959:
5955:
5950:
5946:
5944:0-909596-29-8
5940:
5936:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5917:
5916:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5896:
5891:
5887:
5885:0-8048-3853-4
5881:
5877:
5872:
5871:
5861:
5859:
5858:public domain
5853:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5839:public domain
5834:
5825:
5824:
5810:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5781:
5772:
5767:
5763:
5756:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5728:
5712:
5708:
5707:The Economist
5704:
5698:
5690:
5683:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5649:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5630:
5622:
5620:0-7007-1026-4
5616:
5612:
5611:
5603:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5572:
5564:
5560:
5559:Economist.com
5556:
5550:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5459:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5367:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5295:
5294:Duōwéi xīnwén
5291:
5281:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5193:
5185:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5157:
5150:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5107:
5099:
5098:Eastern Yugur
5095:
5094:Western Yugur
5090:
5088:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5019:
5015:
5008:
4999:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4955:
4951:
4949:1-932728-29-5
4945:
4938:
4937:
4929:
4925:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4812:
4809:
4798:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4784:lingua franca
4775:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4712:The Economist
4708:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4650:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4625:
4620:
4617:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4527:. Meanwhile,
4526:
4522:
4521:grammatically
4518:
4515:
4514:North Chinese
4511:
4507:
4502:
4500:
4499:public school
4496:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4374:
4373:Tangut script
4370:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4266:Bouyei people
4263:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4191:Written Hakka
4189:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4135:Xibe language
4132:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4083:Arabic script
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4043:Naxi language
4040:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:Lisu language
3998:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3936:Hmong writing
3933:
3929:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:Daur language
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:Indo-European
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:Austroasiatic
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3509:
3500:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:Para-Mongolic
3406:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3374:Eastern Yugur
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3365:Southeastern
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:Western Yugur
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3097:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:Khams Tibetan
2876:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2754:Tibeto-Burman
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2648:Dali language
2646:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2604:
2594:
2591:
2579:
2576:
2566:
2563:
2553:
2550:
2540:
2537:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2506:
2503:
2493:
2490:
2480:
2477:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2441:
2438:
2428:
2427:Hakka Chinese
2425:
2415:
2414:Xiang Chinese
2412:
2402:
2399:
2389:
2386:
2374:
2371:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2348:
2345:
2335:
2332:
2320:
2317:
2307:
2304:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2281:
2278:
2268:
2265:
2253:
2250:
2240:
2237:
2227:
2224:
2214:
2211:
2201:
2198:
2188:
2185:
2175:
2172:
2160:
2157:
2147:
2144:
2134:
2131:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2057:Tsat language
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2030:Äynu language
2027:
2026:Pamiri people
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:Turkic family
1952:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1815:lingua franca
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1621:Naval history
1619:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:Music history
1602:
1600:
1599:Media history
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Legal history
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1538:1949–present)
1534:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1353:Southern Song
1350:
1345:
1344:
1343:Northern Song
1340:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1074:(206–202 BCE)
1072:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:(221–207 BCE)
1047:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1014:(475–221 BCE)
1012:
1009:
993:
990:
989:
987:(771–256 BCE)
985:
984:
980:
975:
974:
970:
969:
952:
951:
947:
946:
928:
927:
923:
922:
905:
904:
900:
899:
881:
880:
876:
875:
871:
865:
864:
857:
856:
851:
850:
845:
844:
840:
839:
822:
821:
817:
816:
812:
811:
807:
806:
802:
796:
795:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
775:
774:
770:
766:
765:
762:
759:
758:
754:
750:
749:
739:
734:
732:
727:
725:
720:
719:
717:
716:
711:
701:
700:
699:
698:
691:
688:
687:
683:Organisations
679:
678:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
649:
648:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
624:
623:
616:
613:
612:
608:
602:
601:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
576:
570:
569:
566:
562:
559:
558:
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
538:
532:
531:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
501:
495:
494:
487:
484:
482:
481:New religions
479:
477:
476:Folk religion
474:
472:
469:
467:
466:Chan Buddhism
464:
463:
459:
453:
452:
449:
446:
445:
442:
439:
438:
435:
431:
428:
427:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
382:
376:
375:
368:
365:
364:
360:
354:
353:
346:
343:
342:
338:
332:
331:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
306:Ethnic groups
304:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
252:
246:
245:
241:
237:
236:
232:
228:
227:
223:
219:
218:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
192:
190:
186:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
161:
157:
154:
151:
147:
143:
140:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
53:
50:
48:
45:
44:
42:
40:
36:
29:
24:
19:
16:
16700:
16653:
16646:
16628:
16591:
16584:
16573:
16404:
16397:
16368:
16255:Tobol-Irtysh
16176:
16153:
16126:
16114:
16094:
16089:Mishar Tatar
16043:
16036:
16029:
16020:
15936:
15908:Proto-Turkic
15907:
15846:
15833:
15826:
15819:
15812:
15805:
15779:
15755:Hezhang Buyi
15743:
15526:
15519:
15463:Northwestern
15453:Southwestern
15428:Myang Zhuang
15423:Pyang Zhuang
15349:Hezhang Buyi
14953:
14839:
14494:Mid Northern
13277:Proto-Mienic
13255:
13009:West Hmongic
12891:† indicates
12882:
12576:
12556:
12551:Proto-Aslian
12549:
12542:
12535:
12528:
12385:
12379:unclassified
12302:
11399:Phong-Kniang
10687:Dependencies
10617:Turkmenistan
10582:Saudi Arabia
10436:
10234:Hanyu Pinyin
10224:Romanization
10131:Semi-cursive
9976:Old Mandarin
9933:Stroke count
9860:
9853:
9775:Old National
9618:Unclassified
8523:Southwestern
8356:Northeastern
8338:Major groups
8327:
8263:GX = Guangxi
8251:
8249:Tibetan Sign
8239:
8225:Chinese Sign
8091:Creole/Mixed
7960:Southeastern
7948:Southwestern
7911:Northeastern
7896:Varieties of
6029:
5980:
5953:
5934:
5914:
5894:
5875:
5855:
5851:
5836:
5832:
5790:
5780:
5761:
5755:
5743:. Retrieved
5737:
5727:
5715:. Retrieved
5711:the original
5706:
5697:
5682:
5670:. Retrieved
5665:
5656:
5636:
5629:
5609:
5602:
5590:. Retrieved
5586:the original
5581:
5571:
5563:the original
5558:
5549:
5537:. Retrieved
5533:the original
5529:ICEF Monitor
5528:
5519:
5507:. Retrieved
5503:the original
5498:
5488:
5476:. Retrieved
5472:the original
5467:
5458:
5446:. Retrieved
5442:the original
5437:
5428:
5416:. Retrieved
5412:the original
5407:
5397:
5385:. Retrieved
5381:the original
5377:The Guardian
5376:
5366:
5354:. Retrieved
5350:the original
5345:
5336:
5324:. Retrieved
5320:the original
5315:
5305:
5293:
5280:
5270:18 September
5268:. Retrieved
5264:the original
5259:
5249:
5237:. Retrieved
5232:
5223:
5211:. Retrieved
5207:the original
5203:The Guardian
5202:
5192:
5173:
5167:
5156:the original
5143:
5118:
5114:
5045:
5041:
5017:
5007:
4998:
4990:
4986:
4976:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4954:the original
4935:
4928:
4836:
4829:
4808:China portal
4781:
4770:
4748:Interest in
4747:
4736:
4721:
4717:Gordon Brown
4710:
4709:
4694:
4690:
4656:
4638:
4627:
4613:
4609:bilingualism
4561:
4555:
4545:
4540:
4503:
4495:Qing dynasty
4492:
4472:
4468:Nüshu script
4462:
4437:
4414:Yuan dynasty
4411:
4380:Qing dynasty
4377:
4321:
4312:Dong writing
4289:Bai language
4217:
4186:Shanghainese
4157:
4153:Yi syllabary
4093:Sui language
4071:Santa people
4053:Qiang people
3944:Pahawh Hmong
3928:Hmong people
3879:
3873:
3863:
3835:
3827:
3821:Unclassified
3737:
3683:
3675:
3645:Austronesian
3505:
3503:
3422:
3414:
3397:
3349:Torgut Oirat
3321:
3311:
3174:(Vahcuengh)
3102:
3100:
2907:Lolo–Burmese
2896:
2873:Amdo Tibetan
2837:
2707:: hhop kait)
2657:Dali dialect
2618:
2552:Northern Min
2520:, 海陆丰话, 海陸豐話
2453:Southern Min
2388:Ping Chinese
2293:Shanghainese
2069:Sino-Tibetan
1995:(formerly),
1868:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1754:phonetically
1739:
1715:
1697:
1594:LGBT history
1530:
1512:
1485:
1452:
1439:
1426:
1396:
1383:
1370:
1351:
1341:
1329:
1318:Ten Kingdoms
1314:
1267:
1254:
1241:Northern and
1239:
1209:
1187:
1177:
1145:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:(220–280 CE)
1111:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1068:
1056:
1043:
983:Eastern Zhou
981:
973:Western Zhou
971:
948:
924:
901:
877:
853:
847:
841:
818:
808:
665:Coat of arms
640:Architecture
615:Martial arts
409:Tea ceremony
358:
299:1949–present
207:Tibetan Sign
197:Chinese Sign
172:in Sichuan,
162:in Xinjiang)
104:in Xinjiang)
96:in Qinghai,
15:
16527:Fuyu Kyrgyz
16369:Ajem-Turkic
16353:Azerbaijani
15580:Chiang Saen
15490:Tai Hongjin
15418:Yang Zhuang
15403:Nong Zhuang
14232:(Axi-Puoid)
13240:She Chinese
13028:Big Flowery
12558:Proto-Munda
11708:Muak Sa-aak
11179: [
11065:West Katuic
10746:Asia portal
10647:States with
10567:Philippines
10507:South Korea
10502:North Korea
10397:Afghanistan
10303:Xiao'erjing
10165:Punctuation
10158:Traditional
10111:Oracle bone
10095:Logographic
9991:Proto-Hakka
9966:Eastern Han
9961:Old Chinese
9823:Classifiers
9790:Northern Wu
9718:Singaporean
8924: [
8912: [
8900: [
8888: [
8876: [
7757:Fuyu Kyrgyz
7556:Tai Hongjin
7242:Muak Sa-aak
4649:) of 2000.
4564:Han Chinese
4304:Dong people
4293:Bai writing
4149:Yi language
4005:Lisu script
3997:Lisu people
3914:Daur people
3297:Fuyu Kyrgyz
2729:: ket dant)
2663:: Darl lit)
2565:Central Min
2539:Pu-Xian Min
2526:Eastern Min
2505:Leizhou Min
2479:Teochew Min
2440:Min Chinese
2401:Gan Chinese
2347:Yue Chinese
2319:Wenzhounese
2267:Jin Chinese
2034:Äynu people
1641:Discoveries
1636:Cartography
1631:Archaeology
1569:Art history
1458:(1644–1912)
1445:(1368–1644)
1432:(1271–1368)
1402:(1115–1234)
1389:(1038–1227)
1385:Western Xia
1357:(1127–1279)
1189:Eastern Jin
1179:Western Jin
1104:(25–220 CE)
1100:Eastern Han
1080:Western Han
959: 1046
939: 1046
935: 1250
912: 1600
888: 2070
829: 8500
810:Paleolithic
801:Prehistoric
289:before 1912
16734:Categories
16585:Old Uyghur
16387:Karapapakh
16236:Karakalpak
16044:Karakhanid
16037:Khorezmian
15835:Proto-Hlai
15538:Lao–Phutai
15413:Min Zhuang
15408:Dai Zhuang
15354:Yei Zhuang
15246:Changjiang
15123:(Naxi Yao)
14835:Khroskyabs
14780:Gyalrongic
14533:Intha-Danu
14526:Intha-Danu
13230:Badong Yao
12832:Kanakanavu
12360:Semaq Beri
12348:(Southern)
12227:(Northern)
12113:Nicobarese
12058:Gutob-Remo
12027:Sora-Gorum
11891:Kherwarian
11289:Phong–Liha
11171:Vietnamese
11164:Viet-Muong
11006:Mel-Khaonh
10627:Uzbekistan
10602:Tajikistan
10517:Kyrgyzstan
10497:Kazakhstan
10417:Bangladesh
10407:Azerbaijan
10254:Wade–Giles
10153:Simplified
10048:Vernacular
10041:in Vietnam
9894:Simplified
9881:Biaoxingma
9828:Honorifics
9763:Historical
9708:Philippine
9698:Sichuanese
9625:Badong Yao
9329:Shao–Jiang
9200:Philippine
9008:Xiangxiang
9003:Shuangfeng
8748:Taizhou Wu
8531:Sichuanese
8278:XZ = Tibet
8269:MC = Macau
8209:Zhangzhung
7953:Sichuanese
7880:Vietnamese
7277:Hmong-Mien
7156:Waxianghua
6937:Khroskyabs
6225:Indigenous
6113:Prefecture
6088:Portuguese
5739:Sixth Tone
5438:At0086.com
5346:WorldAtlas
5239:15 January
5213:15 January
4915:References
4750:Portuguese
4732:Kuomintang
4728:Hui people
4674:Portuguese
4622:See also:
4529:Mao Zedong
4285:Bai people
4238:Vietnamese
4168:Sichuanese
4097:Sui script
4075:Dongxiangs
4065:Rma script
3888:Dai people
3774:Portuguese
3710:Portuguese
3636:Vietnamese
3499:Hmong–Mien
3323:Old Turkic
3313:Old Uyghur
2898:Zhangzhung
2802:Khroskyabs
2791:Gyalrongic
2697:: Yit dut)
2373:Taishanese
2306:Suzhounese
2280:Wu Chinese
2024:(actually
1916:, and the
1859:Portuguese
1796:Ethnologue
1708:Beijingese
1646:Inventions
1376:(916–1125)
1347:(960–1127)
1335:(960–1279)
1002: – c.
1000: 770
961: – c.
937: – c.
926:Late Shang
914: – c.
890: – c.
831: – c.
588:Television
537:Literature
381:Traditions
345:Sinosphere
180:in Yunnan)
152:in Yunnan)
98:Bayingolin
66:Portuguese
16711:varieties
16703:indicate
16687:Qoqmončaq
16095:Old Tatar
16006:Ili Turki
15849:indicate
15821:Proto-Tai
15814:Proto-Kra
15700:Tai Khang
15695:Tai Thanh
15643:Thai Song
15603:Tai Meuay
15598:Tai Daeng
15589:(Siamese)
15500:Tai Laing
15443:Tsʻün-Lao
14956:indicate
14260:Sani–Azha
14103:Kazhuoish
13430:(Hanoish)
12988:Kiong Nai
12828:Southern
12771:Favorlang
12758:Northwest
12686:Ketagalan
12668:Kavalanic
12587:varieties
12579:indicate
12488:Khmer Khe
12291:(Central)
12239:Cheq Wong
11774:Quang Lam
11761:Bit-Khang
11746:Meung Yum
11627:Palaungic
11372:Phay-Pram
10713:Hong Kong
10667:Palestine
10592:Sri Lanka
10587:Singapore
10467:Indonesia
10192:Taiwanese
10182:Cantonese
10026:Classical
9986:Proto-Min
9921:Microsoft
9780:Cantonese
9756:Phonology
9737:Cantonese
9728:Singdarin
9713:Malaysian
9703:Taiwanese
9607:Rongjiang
9597:Yongjiang
9593:Southern
9578:Northern
9552:Luo–Guang
9461:Hong Kong
9456:Guangzhou
9412:Taiwanese
9405:Changting
9339:Zhanjiang
9253:Zhongshan
9220:Malaysian
9215:Singapore
9180:Zhangzhou
9132:Zhongshan
9025:Yong–Quan
8921:Jing-Zhan
8851:Xuancheng
8828:Jiangshan
8707:Changzhou
8628:Junjiahua
8481:Guanzhong
8364:Changchun
8189:Tocharian
8123:Qoqmončaq
8075:Cantonese
8029:Shaojiang
8002:Hainanese
7931:Zhongyuan
7926:Jiao-Liao
7860:Esperanto
7762:Ili Turki
7469:Khamnigan
7334:Kiong Nai
7105:Zitsadegu
6083:Mongolian
6073:Cantonese
5745:6 January
5078:144750671
4920:Citations
4909:Chinglish
4899:Cantonese
4788:Hong Kong
4695:Russian,
4686:socialism
4614:In 2010,
4601:diglossia
4537:stylistic
4525:lexically
4352:– Khitan
4177:Cantonese
3839:(extinct)
3778:Cantonese
3731:Yeniseian
3687:(extinct)
3679:(extinct)
3677:Tocharian
3569:Palaungic
3467:Northern
3439:Southern
3426:(extinct)
3418:(extinct)
3401:(extinct)
3381:Dongxiang
3339:Mongolian
3325:(extinct)
3315:(extinct)
3236:Ili Turki
2900:(extinct)
2841:(extinct)
2804:(Lavrung)
2622:(extinct)
2492:Hainanese
2360:Cantonese
1982:Dongxiang
1851:Cantonese
1843:Hong Kong
1835:Mongolian
1807:Putonghua
1766:Mongolian
1322:(907–979)
1283:(690–705)
1273:(618–907)
1260:(581–618)
1247:(420–589)
1215:(304–439)
1193:(317–420)
1183:(266–316)
1151:(266–420)
1094:(9–23 CE)
820:Neolithic
784:Dynasties
628:Monuments
448:Festivals
430:Mythology
394:Etiquette
359:Languages
316:Dynasties
294:1912–1949
285:Economic
170:Liangshan
114:in Jilin)
86:Mongolian
80:Hong Kong
56:Hong Kong
52:Cantonese
16654:Pecheneg
16451:Southern
16430:Northern
16422:Siberian
16315:Southern
16304:Trukhmen
16198:Telengit
16143:Krymchak
16084:Nagaibak
16030:Chagatai
15657:Southern
15550:Phu Thai
15515:Khamyang
15485:Tai Long
15480:Tai Nuea
15331:Northern
15116:Cao Miao
14874:Drag-yab
14807:Tshobdun
14583:Pai-lang
14576:Pai-lang
14519:Southern
14440:Northern
14153:(Nisoid)
14036:Gomotage
13707:Khongsat
13687:Phongset
13662:Sangkong
13383:Muangphe
13327:Mondzish
13220:Lingling
13197:Dzao Min
13192:Biao Min
13182:Biao Mon
13097:Nao Klao
13054:Pingtang
13030:(A-Hmao)
13024:(Gha-Mu)
12952:Bahengic
12797:Saisiyat
12735:Atayalic
12726:Northern
12697:Sirayaic
12659:Sakizaya
12434:Nyah Kur
12355:Mah Meri
12346:Semelaic
12173:Southern
12154:Nancowry
11959:Santalic
11898:Mundaric
11592:Lyngngam
11516:Southern
11500:Northern
11389:Ksingmul
11188:in China
11086:Ta'oihic
10801:Bahnaric
10736:Category
10657:Abkhazia
10607:Thailand
10562:Pakistan
10542:Mongolia
10537:Maldives
10532:Malaysia
10432:Cambodia
10276:Bopomofo
10205:Phonetic
10197:Two-cell
10126:Clerical
10036:in Japan
10031:Adoption
10019:Official
10010:Literary
9885:Boshiamy
9862:Xiehouyu
9818:Numerals
9795:Mandarin
9723:Standard
9683:Standard
9557:Qin–Lian
9547:Yong–Xun
9532:Gao–Yang
9478:Jiujiang
9466:Malaysia
9400:Tingzhou
9351:Wenchang
9312:Jianyang
9302:Northern
9261:Sanxiang
9175:Quanzhou
9158:Southern
9127:Manjiang
8991:Changsha
8951:Nanchang
8946:Chang–Du
8843:Xuanzhou
8833:Qingtian
8787:Wencheng
8733:Jiangyin
8728:Jinxiang
8718:Shaoxing
8712:Hangzhou
8692:Shanghai
8633:Qinjiang
8541:Minjiang
8513:Xinjiang
8471:Dongping
8435:Jiaoliao
8374:Shenyang
8347:Mandarin
8133:Tangwang
8113:Macanese
8108:Lingling
8041:Northern
8024:Northern
7987:Southern
7906:Mandarin
7833:Minority
7793:Sarikoli
7706:Tungusic
7667:Naxi Yao
7612:Cao Miao
7536:Ningming
7436:Mongolic
7412:Dzao Min
7407:Biao Min
7364:Qo Xiong
7359:Pingtang
7055:Dongwang
6997:Tshobdun
6922:Guiqiong
6524:Sangkong
6299:Muangphe
6261:Mondzish
6215:numerous
6206:Counties
6053:Regional
6037:Official
5233:BBC News
4963:Hanyu xi
4794:See also
4762:Portugal
4662:Japanese
4605:taxonomy
4603:and his
4501:system.
4407:Chagatai
4332:Jurchens
4103:Tibetans
3868:Chagatai
3791:Mandarin
3787:Tangwang
3770:Macanese
3698:Sarikoli
3433:Tungusic
3332:Mongolic
3287:Siberian
3056:Digarish
3048:Zakhring
2890:Tshangla
2796:Gyalrong
2742:Cai-Long
2049:Formosan
2018:Russians
1891:Tibetans
1609:Timeline
1536:(Taiwan,
1516:of China
1030:Imperial
779:Timeline
753:a series
751:Part of
458:Religion
434:folklore
414:Clothing
404:Funerals
399:Marriage
321:Monarchs
281:Language
266:Timeline
222:a series
220:Part of
174:Chuxiong
136:Xinjiang
39:Official
16701:Italics
16669:pidgins
16665:Creoles
16623:Chuvash
16547:Chelkan
16542:Kumandy
16520:Yenisei
16392:Turkish
16346:Western
16337:Sonqori
16332:Qashqai
16322:Afshari
16299:Turkmen
16287:Eastern
16074:Bashkir
16059:Kipchak
15982:Eastern
15961:Western
15847:Italics
15788:Kam–Tai
15765:Cao Lan
15729:Cao Lan
15673:(other)
15648:Tày Tac
15628:Tai Dam
15618:Tai Lue
15608:Tai Dón
15571:Kaloeng
15566:Lao Nyo
15395:Central
15385:Tai Pao
15323:, etc.)
15261:Yuanmen
15231:Baoting
15221:Tongzha
15152:Ai-Cham
15137:Chadong
15097:Kam–Sui
14954:italics
14748:Qiangic
14678:Shixing
14671:Shixing
14559:Tavoyan
14554:Rakhine
14549:Burmese
14464:Chashan
14432:Burmish
14287:Alingpo
14139:Nisoish
14021:Laizisi
14016:Kuamasi
14011:Kua-nsi
13958:Xuzhang
13943:Yangliu
13923:Lisoish
13901:Nusoish
13880:Lahoish
13853:Lawoish
13702:Bantang
13692:Phunyot
13682:Phongku
13677:Laoseng
13667:Tsukong
13647:Sinsali
13627:Laomian
13565:Baihong
13504:Luomian
13412:Loloish
13398:Mongphu
13245:Younian
13187:Kim Mun
13177:Iu Mien
13155:Sanqiao
13069:Dongjia
13059:Luobohe
13049:Huishui
13039:Guiyang
12943:Hmongic
12750:(Truku)
12711:Taivoan
12675:Kavalan
12577:Italics
12444:Pakanic
12387:Kenaboi
12365:Semelai
12336:Jah Hut
12329:Jah Hut
12274:Ten'edn
12190:Shompen
12164:Katchal
12159:Camorta
12146:Central
12136:Teressa
11966:Santali
11950:Agariya
11940:Majhwar
11930:Mundari
11830:Tai Loi
11698:Man Met
11680:Angkuic
11658:Palaung
11597:Maharam
11484:Western
11458:Central
11451:(Chong)
11280:Thavưng
10965:Tampuan
10960:Tariang
10944:Central
10920:Nyaheun
10632:Vietnam
10547:Myanmar
10527:Lebanon
10457:Georgia
10412:Bahrain
10402:Armenia
10175:Braille
10136:Cursive
10086:Scripts
9953:History
9943:ZhengMa
9889:Cangjie
9855:Chengyu
9810:Grammar
9785:Hokkien
9742:Hokkien
9650:Waxiang
9630:Danzhou
9602:Guandao
9587:Younian
9582:Tongdao
9571:Pinghua
9511:Taishan
9427:Raoping
9395:Huizhou
9385:Meixian
9361:Banqiao
9334:Leizhou
9324:Pu–Xian
9319:Central
9307:Jian'ou
9282:Longyan
9230:Teochew
9167:Hokkien
9142:Nanlang
9098:Fu–Ning
9078:Changle
9060:Houguan
9051:Eastern
8998:Loushao
8986:Changyi
8968:Da–Tong
8963:Ying–Yi
8909:Yanzhou
8777:Wenzhou
8770:Oujiang
8761:Tiantai
8756:Taizhou
8665:Zhi–Yan
8612:Nantong
8607:Nanjing
8582:Gui–Liu
8572:Nanping
8567:Kunming
8493:Luoyang
8448:Qingdao
8420:Tianjin
8397:Beijing
8389:Beijing
8204:Xianbei
8199:Tuyuhun
8169:Old Yue
8147:Extinct
8128:Sanqiao
8019:Central
8009:Eastern
7992:Hokkien
7936:Lan-Yin
7916:Beijing
7898:Chinese
7855:Russian
7617:Chadong
7597:Ai-Cham
7566:Tai Nüa
7551:Tai Dón
7546:Tai Dam
7504:Kra-Dai
7474:Monguor
7464:Kangjia
7422:Kim Mun
7417:Iu Mien
7339:Luobohe
7329:Huishui
7309:Guiyang
7286:Hmongic
7247:Palaung
7237:Man Met
7141:Longjia
7090:Ladakhi
7085:Kyirong
7075:Khalong
7060:Drugchu
7017:Tibetic
6987:Shixing
6899:Qiangic
6680:Alingpo
6672:Nisoish
6657:Yangliu
6652:Xuzhang
6582:Laizisi
6577:Kuamasi
6572:Kua-nsi
6554:Lisoish
6534:Tsukong
6474:Laomian
6399:Baihong
6366:Hanoish
6357:Loloish
6342:Lhao Vo
6337:Chashan
6322:Xiandao
6309:Burmish
6252:Burmese
6210:Banners
6166:Tai Nüa
6093:Tibetan
6078:English
5983:journal
5820:Sources
5717:23 June
5672:23 June
5592:23 June
5539:23 June
5509:6 March
5478:27 July
5448:23 June
5418:23 June
5387:23 June
5356:22 June
5326:22 June
5135:2757936
5070:3443833
5050:Bibcode
4764:to the
4754:Spanish
4682:Russian
4678:Russian
4670:Spanish
4658:English
4647:通用语言文字法
4643:Chinese
4510:dialect
4508:on the
4448:Tibetan
4402:Tibetan
4387:Chinese
4378:During
4365:Tanguts
4360:scripts
4346:Khitans
4260:Sawndip
4246:Chữ nôm
4224:Koreans
4213:Teochew
4204:Hokkien
4117:Uyghurs
4025:Mongols
4011:Manchus
3969:Koreans
3955:Kazakhs
3950:, etc.)
3861:御製五體清文鑑
3764:Pinghua
3723:English
3671:Russian
3604:(Pouma)
3598:(Kemie)
3596:Man Met
3585:Angkuic
3574:Palaung
3547:Pakanic
3462:/Hezhen
3448:Jurchen
3424:Tuyuhun
3391:Kangjia
3369:Monguor
3253:Kipchak
3133:Kam–Sui
3096:Kra–Dai
3050:(Meyor)
3037:Mijuish
2998:Nungish
2993:Jingpho
2950:Loloish
2923:Chashan
2913:Burmish
2858:Tibetan
2834:(Queyu)
2823:(Munya)
2769:Qiangic
2737:Songlin
2466:Hokkien
2081:Chinese
2076:Sinitic
2045:Gaoshan
1993:Manchus
1978:Mongols
1963:Kazakhs
1959:Uyghurs
1855:English
1827:Tibetan
1770:Tibetan
1280:Wu Zhou
870:Ancient
849:Yangtze
690:Museums
653:Symbols
523:Pottery
518:Gardens
508:Ikebana
441:Cuisine
261:History
251:History
150:Wenshan
146:Guangxi
126:Qinghai
112:Yanbian
102:Bortala
76:English
16682:Kurbet
16677:Hezhou
16647:Khazar
16629:Bulgar
16532:Khakas
16497:Dukhan
16474:Steppe
16458:Chulym
16437:Dolgan
16382:Gagauz
16241:Kazakh
16210:Baraba
16193:Teleut
16183:Kyrgyz
16169:Kyrgyz
16138:Karaim
16067:Bulgar
15994:Khoton
15989:Uyghur
15953:Karluk
15943:Khalaj
15770:Jiamao
15562:(Nyaw)
15560:Tai Yo
15528:Turung
15495:Khamti
15475:Tai Ya
15456:(Thai)
15376:(Nyaw)
15374:Tai Yo
15344:Bouyei
15321:Zhuang
15306:Jizhao
15293:Jizhao
15279:Jiamao
15271:Jiamao
15256:Baisha
15251:Moyfaw
15226:Zandui
15216:Lauhut
15206:Bouhin
15188:Lakkia
15180:Lakkia
15132:Maonan
15112:(Dong)
15040:Qabiao
15030:Buyang
14869:Larong
14856:Chamdo
14841:Tangut
14802:Japhug
14720:Ersuic
14662:Namuyi
14655:Namuyi
14454:Achang
14382:others
14348:Zokhuo
14343:Thopho
14338:Phukha
14328:Laghuu
14308:Khlula
14181:Nasoid
14160:Nosoid
14074:Hlersu
14054:Toloza
14031:Sonaga
14026:Zibusi
13991:Lang'e
13973:Taloid
13953:Mangdi
13931:Laloid
13913:Zauzou
13892:Kucong
13750:Phana’
13722:Siloid
13672:Laopan
13652:Cantan
13642:Phunoi
13632:Laopin
13614:Bisoid
13570:Bukong
13519:Guozuo
13509:Angluo
13489:Nuomei
13463:Muteun
13458:Chepya
13438:Hanoid
13417:(Ngwi)
13393:Motang
13388:Mauphu
13373:Mantsi
13235:Yeheni
13225:Maojia
13169:Mienic
13150:Ná-Meo
13145:Raojia
13084:Bu–Nao
13044:Mo Piu
13034:Mashan
12998:Younuo
12965:Hm Nai
12960:Pa-Hng
12865:Puyuma
12860:Paiwan
12848:Others
12837:Saaroa
12816:Tsouic
12765:Babuza
12748:Seediq
12743:Atayal
12705:Siraya
12466:Others
12410:Others
12320:Temiar
12315:Semnam
12289:Senoic
12269:Mintil
12264:Minriq
12259:Kintaq
12254:Kensiu
12225:Jahaic
12213:Aslian
12131:Chaura
12002:Kharia
11995:Kharia
11920:Birhor
11915:Birjia
11818:Others
11784:Bumang
11751:Savaiq
11567:Khasic
11528:Sa'och
11475:Kasong
11422:Pearic
11363:Mlabri
11356:Mlabri
11329:Khmuic
11270:Maleng
11153:Vietic
11130:Phuong
11054:Katuic
10996:Ra’ong
10991:Stieng
10925:Sapuan
10864:Rengao
10859:Bahnar
10854:Sedang
10849:Todrah
10829:Kayong
10824:Halang
10677:Taiwan
10612:Turkey
10577:Russia
10512:Kuwait
10492:Jordan
10482:Israel
10442:Cyprus
10427:Brunei
10422:Bhutan
10244:Postal
10239:MPS II
10116:Bronze
9996:Ba–Shu
9916:Google
9911:Pinyin
9847:Idioms
9660:Yeheni
9542:Wu–Hua
9537:Goulou
9516:Xinhui
9493:Dapeng
9488:Weitou
9473:Xiguan
9448:Yuehai
9417:Sixian
9356:Haikou
9346:Hainan
9277:Zhenan
9243:Haklau
9238:Swatow
9210:Penang
9195:Taiwan
9190:Chawan
9137:Longdu
9106:Ningde
9083:Gutian
9073:Fuqing
9068:Fuzhou
9030:Qiyang
9013:Wugang
8958:Yi–Liu
8885:Xiu-Yi
8873:Ji-She
8823:Quzhou
8815:Chu–Qu
8805:Jinhua
8797:Wuzhou
8782:Rui'an
8723:Ningbo
8697:Suzhou
8587:Wuming
8558:Zigong
8546:Leshan
8508:Lanyin
8503:Dungan
8498:Xuzhou
8476:Gangou
8453:Weihai
8443:Dalian
8402:Taiwan
8369:Harbin
8184:Tangut
8174:Rouran
8164:Khitan
8154:Ba–Shu
8118:Maojia
8103:Hezhou
8014:Puxian
7997:Teoswa
7882:(Kinh)
7850:Kyrgyz
7845:Korean
7840:Kazakh
7744:Turkic
7729:Oroqen
7719:Manchu
7714:Evenki
7682:Qabiao
7672:Ong Be
7657:Maonan
7647:Lakkja
7637:Jiamao
7607:Buyang
7571:Tai Ya
7561:Tai Lü
7521:Bouyei
7513:Zhuang
7494:Torgut
7449:Buryat
7399:Mienic
7389:Younuo
7369:Raojia
7349:Pa-Hng
7344:Mashan
7314:Hm Nai
7299:Bu-Nao
7294:A-Hmao
7217:Bumang
7136:Jingpo
7131:Derung
7126:Caijia
7100:Zhongu
7070:Gserpa
6962:Namuyi
6932:Japhug
6881:Zauzou
6856:Namuyi
6841:Kucong
6815:Zokhuo
6810:Thopho
6790:Phupha
6775:Phukha
6720:Khlula
6662:Zibusi
6647:Toloza
6642:Sonaga
6627:Mangdi
6622:Lolopo
6567:Hlersu
6504:Phana’
6499:Nuomei
6479:Laopin
6414:Bukong
6389:Angluo
6317:Achang
6294:Mondzi
6196:Zhuang
6171:Tai Lü
6161:Kazakh
6156:Kyrgyz
6141:Korean
6131:Bouyei
6103:Zhuang
6098:Uyghur
5960:
5941:
5922:
5901:
5882:
5850:
5831:
5805:
5644:
5617:
5180:
5133:
5076:
5068:
4946:
4724:Arabic
4701:German
4699:, and
4697:French
4676:, and
4666:Korean
4645::
4580:Europe
4541:pinyin
4533:Lu Xun
4443:Mongol
4397:Mongol
4392:Manchu
4252:Zhuang
3983:Kyrgyz
3829:Rouran
3781:creole
3692:Pamiri
3631:Vietic
3508:Nánmán
3492:Korean
3485:Korean
3476:Oroqen
3471:Evenki
3443:Manchu
3416:Khitan
3356:Buryat
3263:Kyrgyz
3258:Kazakh
3241:Uyghur
3231:Karluk
3224:Turkic
3190:Bouyei
3172:Zhuang
3152:Mulao/
3148:Maonan
3105:Bǎiyuè
3066:Digaro
3032:Mishmi
3023:Rouruo
3003:Derung
2981:Nakhi/
2938:Langsu
2918:Achang
2909:–Naxi
2853:Bodish
2839:Tangut
2816:Prinmi
2810:(Stau)
2764:Puroik
2747:Caijia
2154:馬來西亞華語
2150:马来西亚华语
2053:Utsuls
2022:Tajiks
2008:Korean
1967:Salars
1946:, and
1936:De'ang
1912:, the
1908:, the
1906:Bouyei
1904:, the
1902:Zhuang
1778:Zhuang
1774:Uyghur
1738::
1736:pinyin
1730::
1722::
1478:Modern
1134:, and
852:, and
843:Yellow
755:on the
593:Cinema
550:Poetry
545:Manhua
513:Bonsai
486:Taoism
389:Values
337:People
224:on the
189:Signed
178:Honghe
156:Kazakh
142:Zhuang
132:Uyghur
108:Korean
16615:Oghur
16507:Soyot
16490:Taiga
16481:Tuvan
16467:Sayan
16442:Yakut
16278:Salar
16270:Oghuz
16246:Nogai
16224:Nogai
16148:Kumyk
16127:Cuman
16107:Cuman
16079:Tatar
15720:mixed
15685:Pa Di
15638:Phuan
15510:Aiton
15505:Phake
15241:Nadou
15211:Ha Em
15121:Nuoxi
15105:Mulam
15078:Telue
15073:Hagei
15068:Mulao
15058:Vandu
15050:Gelao
15020:Lachi
14938:Zhaba
14931:Zhaba
14890:Choyo
14883:Choyo
14830:Horpa
14757:Qiang
14688:Naish
14469:Zaiwa
14459:Lashi
14389:Pholo
14369:Phupa
14364:Phola
14333:Phowa
14292:Samei
14198:Luoji
14193:Chesu
14130:Meuma
14120:Sanie
14110:Katso
14079:Micha
14006:Naruo
14001:Popei
13796:Kaduo
13779:Bi-Ka
13770:Gokhy
13755:Wanyä
13740:Cosao
13712:Habei
13697:Cauho
13657:Cốông
13590:Duota
13585:Duoni
13580:Suobi
13548:Haoni
13539:Kabie
13529:Yiche
13524:Gehuo
13514:Guohe
13494:Nuobi
13368:Mango
13363:Manga
13358:Maang
13342:Kathu
13335:Kathu
13133:Hmuic
13102:Numao
13074:Xixiu
13064:Gejia
13017:Hmong
12993:Pa Na
12975:Sheic
12870:Rukai
12855:Bunun
12791:Pazeh
12785:Kulon
12680:Basay
12473:Khmer
12452:Bolyu
12421:Monic
12370:Temoq
12310:Semai
12304:Sabüm
12298:Lanoh
12279:Wila'
12249:Jedek
12244:Jahai
12234:Batek
12070:Gutob
12065:Bonda
12049:Lodhi
12044:Juray
12034:Gorum
12018:Juang
12011:Juang
11988:South
11905:Korwa
11882:Korku
11875:Korku
11868:North
11857:Munda
11805:Kiorr
11800:Lamet
11793:Lamet
11779:Kháng
11731:Blang
11663:Riang
11642:Danau
11635:Danau
11582:Khasi
11470:Samre
11296:Phong
11205:Nguồn
11200:Mường
11193:in US
11183:]
11109:Pacoh
11102:Pacoh
11093:Ta'Oi
11011:Thmon
11001:Mnong
10981:Chrau
10974:South
10905:Laven
10879:Katua
10844:Monom
10839:Takua
10834:Kaco’
10812:North
10718:Macau
10637:Yemen
10597:Syria
10572:Qatar
10552:Nepal
10487:Japan
10462:India
10452:Egypt
10437:China
10308:Nüshu
10012:forms
9926:Sogou
9873:Input
9747:Hakka
9685:forms
9525:Other
9483:Shiqi
9422:Hailu
9390:Wuhua
9377:Hakka
9295:Other
9270:Other
9205:Pedan
9120:Other
9111:Fu'an
9088:Matsu
9020:Ji–Xu
8978:Xiang
8928:]
8916:]
8904:]
8897:Qi-De
8892:]
8880:]
8738:Shadi
8684:Taihu
8638:Gyami
8621:Other
8577:Wuhan
8486:Xi'an
8425:Jinan
8194:Tuoba
8138:Wutun
8053:Xiang
8046:Auish
7972:Hakka
7921:Ji-Lu
7886:Wakhi
7875:Uzbek
7870:Tuvan
7865:Tatar
7786:Other
7772:Salar
7724:Nanai
7662:Mulam
7627:Gelao
7590:Other
7489:Santa
7484:Ordos
7479:Oirat
7444:Bonan
7384:Xixiu
7354:Pa Na
7319:Hmong
7304:Gejia
7252:Riang
7212:Bugan
7207:Bolyu
7202:Blang
7151:Tujia
7114:Other
7095:Tseku
7080:Khams
7065:Groma
7045:Choni
7035:Basum
7030:Baima
7007:Zhaba
6927:Horpa
6912:Choyo
6907:Baima
6876:Sanie
6851:Naruo
6836:Katso
6831:Gokhy
6824:Other
6800:Samei
6795:Phuza
6785:Phupa
6780:Phuma
6770:Phowa
6765:Phola
6760:Phala
6755:Nuosu
6710:Bokha
6685:Alugu
6632:Micha
6544:Yiche
6529:Suobi
6494:Nuobi
6464:Kaduo
6459:Kabie
6439:Habei
6429:Duota
6424:Duoni
6419:Cosao
6347:Zaiwa
6332:Lashi
6284:Mango
6279:Manga
6274:Maang
6269:Kathu
6250:Lolo-
6176:Zaiwa
6146:Qiang
6136:Tujia
6121:Hmong
5159:(PDF)
5152:(PDF)
5131:JSTOR
5074:S2CID
5066:JSTOR
4957:(PDF)
4940:(PDF)
4758:Macau
4358:small
4354:large
4278:方塊布依字
4232:Hanja
4195:Hakka
3880:hanzi
3813:Bonan
3801:Wutun
3795:Santa
3749:Mixed
3703:Wakhi
3615:Blang
3580:Riang
3557:Bugan
3552:Bolyu
3523:Hmong
3460:Nanai
3399:Tuoba
3386:Bonan
3344:Oirat
3307:Tuvan
3280:Salar
3275:Oghuz
3268:Tatar
3246:Uzbek
3154:Mulam
3126:Gelao
3085:Bokar
2943:Lashi
2933:Zaiwa
2883:Baima
2832:Choyo
2827:Zhaba
2808:Horpa
2774:Qiang
2759:Tujia
2141:新加坡華語
2137:新加坡华语
1997:Hezhe
1940:Blang
1847:Macau
1758:Hanzi
1741:Hànyǔ
1716:Hanyu
1700:China
903:Shang
607:Sport
583:Radio
575:Media
561:Music
419:Games
122:Tibet
94:Haixi
70:Macau
60:Macau
16667:and
16559:Shor
16552:Tuba
16502:Tofa
16160:Urum
16011:Äynu
15937:Argu
15928:Argu
15705:Kuan
15680:Sapa
15633:Khün
15623:Yong
15587:Thai
15555:Isan
15521:Ahom
15470:Shan
15433:Nùng
15369:Saek
15198:Hlai
15170:Biao
15162:Biao
15127:Then
15063:A'ou
15025:Paha
15015:Laha
14922:Pumi
14915:Pumi
14906:Muya
14899:Muya
14864:Lamo
14797:Situ
14738:Tosu
14733:Lizu
14728:Ersu
14706:Laze
14696:Naxi
14647:Naic
14506:Pela
14485:Hpon
14478:Hpon
14404:Xiqi
14399:Long
14394:Ache
14323:Moji
14318:Muzi
14313:Muji
14282:Azha
14277:Azhe
14251:Lope
14239:Nisu
14213:Aluo
14203:Gepo
14125:Sadu
14115:Samu
14089:Limi
14084:Lamu
14069:Mili
14059:Lipo
14049:Lisu
13996:Tagu
13986:Lavu
13981:Talu
13908:Nusu
13887:Lahu
13871:Lewu
13861:Lawu
13828:Jino
13821:Jino
13786:Piyo
13765:Luma
13760:Akeu
13745:Paza
13735:Khir
13730:Sila
13637:Pyen
13622:Bisu
13595:Asuo
13575:Budu
13560:Woni
13555:Honi
13534:Qidi
13499:Lami
13484:Hani
13477:Hani
13468:Muda
13453:Akha
13446:Akha
13415:(Yi)
13378:Maza
13124:Xong
13116:Xong
13092:Bunu
12883:Bold
12824:Tsou
12802:Thao
12654:Amis
12639:East
12495:Mang
12086:Gta’
12079:Gta’
12039:Sora
11945:Turi
11935:Koda
11910:Asur
11825:Kuan
11736:Lawa
11723:Waic
11587:Pnar
11523:Suoi
11440:Pear
11433:Pear
11394:O’du
11379:Prai
11347:Khmu
11340:Khmu
11306:Liha
11301:Tuom
11254:Sach
11239:Arem
11231:Chứt
11221:Cuoi
11214:Cuoi
11125:Katu
11118:Katu
11024:East
10986:Koho
10955:Alak
10935:Brao
10900:Jru'
10895:Lavi
10888:West
10874:Duan
10557:Oman
10522:Laos
10477:Iraq
10472:Iran
10269:Yale
10259:EFEO
10121:Seal
9906:Dayi
9503:Siyi
9185:Amoy
8702:Wuxi
8599:Huai
8412:Jilu
8218:Sign
8179:Saka
8080:Ping
7801:Tsat
7752:Äynu
7734:Xibe
7692:Then
7677:Paha
7632:Hlai
7602:Biao
7576:Yang
7541:Nong
7454:Daur
7232:Mang
7227:Kuan
7146:Nung
7025:Amdo
6992:Situ
6972:Pumi
6967:Naxi
6957:Muya
6947:Lizu
6942:Laze
6917:Ersu
6871:Samu
6866:Nusu
6861:Naxi
6846:Lahu
6805:Sani
6750:Nisu
6745:Nasu
6740:Muzi
6735:Muji
6730:Moji
6725:Lope
6715:Gepo
6705:Azhe
6700:Azha
6690:Aluo
6637:Mili
6617:Lisu
6612:Lipo
6607:Limi
6602:Lawu
6597:Lavu
6592:Lamu
6587:Lalo
6539:Woni
6519:Sadu
6514:Qidi
6509:Piyo
6489:Muda
6469:Lami
6454:Jino
6449:Honi
6444:Hani
6409:Budu
6404:Bisu
6394:Asuo
6379:Akha
6374:Akeu
6327:Pela
6289:Maza
6191:Hani
6181:Lisu
6065:SARs
5958:ISBN
5939:ISBN
5920:ISBN
5899:ISBN
5880:ISBN
5803:ISBN
5747:2023
5719:2019
5674:2019
5666:Dawn
5642:ISBN
5615:ISBN
5594:2019
5541:2019
5511:2010
5480:2018
5450:2019
5420:2019
5389:2019
5358:2019
5328:2019
5297:多维新闻
5272:2020
5241:2021
5215:2021
5178:ISBN
4944:ISBN
4752:and
4743:CPEC
4739:Urdu
4531:and
4523:and
4432:jiao
4363:The
4356:and
4344:The
4330:The
4316:方塊侗字
4302:The
4283:The
4264:The
4250:The
4236:The
4222:The
4143:The
4131:Xibe
4129:The
4115:The
4101:The
4087:The
4069:The
4051:The
4039:Naxi
4037:The
4023:The
4009:The
3995:The
3981:The
3967:The
3953:The
3926:The
3912:The
3886:The
3809:Amdo
3685:Saka
3657:Tsat
3623:(Va)
3610:Waic
3564:Mang
3528:Mien
3455:Xibe
3361:Daur
3292:Äynu
3194:Dai
3161:Hlai
3138:Dong
3080:Damu
3075:Tani
3042:Miju
3018:Nusu
3008:Nung
2983:Naxi
2975:Jino
2970:Hani
2965:Lahu
2960:Lisu
2928:Bola
2821:Muya
2614:韶州土話
2610:韶州土话
2601:湘南土話
2597:湘南土话
2260:西南官話
2256:西南官话
2247:江淮官話
2243:江淮官话
2234:蘭銀官話
2230:兰银官话
2221:中原官話
2217:中原官话
2208:膠遼官話
2204:胶辽官话
2195:冀魯官話
2191:冀鲁官话
2182:東北官話
2178:东北官话
2167:臺灣華語
2163:台湾华语
2115:北京官話
2111:北京官话
2039:The
2020:and
2012:The
2002:The
1987:The
1972:The
1953:The
1930:The
1923:The
1914:Dong
1896:The
1889:and
1881:The
1857:and
1833:and
1776:and
1752:and
1454:Qing
1441:Ming
1428:Yuan
1372:Liao
1331:Song
1269:Tang
950:Zhou
941:BCE)
660:Flag
563:and
432:and
176:and
100:and
58:and
16575:Old
16214:Tom
16021:Old
15999:Lop
15545:Lao
15438:Tày
15380:Yoy
15316:Tai
15236:Cun
15147:Mak
15142:Sui
15110:Kam
15083:Qau
15007:Kra
14812:Zbu
14414:Adu
14409:Ati
14272:Axi
13963:Alu
13948:Eka
13866:Awu
13812:Mpi
13805:Mpi
13791:Enu
13600:Amu
13140:Hmu
12983:She
12647:Ami
12429:Mon
12180:Car
11971:Kol
11769:Bit
11703:Mok
11613:War
11606:War
11384:Mal
11275:Kri
11263:Kri
11249:Ruc
11244:May
11077:Bru
11072:Kuy
11031:Cua
10915:Juk
10910:Su'
10869:Hrê
10819:Jeh
10689:and
10001:Gan
9901:CKC
9768:Old
9645:She
9635:Mai
9439:Yue
9042:Min
8938:Gan
8865:Hui
8714:(?)
8652:Jin
8379:Taz
8159:Jie
8070:Yue
8063:Old
8058:New
7982:Min
7977:Hui
7967:Gan
7943:Jin
7767:Lop
7687:Sui
7652:Mak
7642:Kam
7622:Cun
7581:Yei
7531:Min
7526:Dai
7374:She
7324:Hmu
7197:Bit
7121:Bai
7050:Dao
7002:Zbu
6695:Axi
6562:Eka
6484:Mpi
6434:Enu
6384:Amu
6186:Bai
6126:Kam
6061:ARs
5795:doi
5766:doi
5123:doi
5058:doi
4766:PRC
4578:of
4475:PRC
4089:Sui
4059:or
3882:):
3837:Nam
3760:Tai
3743:(?)
3739:Jie
3533:She
3167:Tai
3163:/Li
3143:Sui
3121:Kra
3061:Idu
3014:Nu
2727:Bai
2705:Bai
2695:Bai
2686:劍川語
2682:剑川语
2661:Bai
2652:大理語
2639:Bai
2630:巴蜀語
2626:巴蜀语
2586:邵將語
2582:邵将语
2573:閩中語
2569:闽中语
2560:閩北語
2556:闽北语
2547:莆仙話
2543:莆仙话
2534:閩東語
2530:闽东语
2513:雷州話
2509:雷州话
2500:海南話
2496:海南话
2487:潮州話
2483:潮州话
2474:泉漳話
2470:泉漳话
2461:閩南語
2457:闽南语
2435:客家話
2431:客家话
2381:臺山話
2377:台山话
2368:廣州話
2364:广州话
2327:溫州話
2323:温州话
2314:蘇州話
2310:苏州话
2301:上海話
2297:上海话
2128:普通話
2124:普通话
2061:Hui
1910:Dai
1887:Han
1845:or
1398:Jin
1256:Sui
1147:Jin
1131:Shu
1125:Wei
1090:Xin
1058:Han
1045:Qin
879:Xia
500:Art
160:Ili
16736::
15301:Be
15289:Be
15035:En
14701:Na
14208:Ku
12767:†
11925:Ho
11741:Wa
11713:Va
11688:Hu
11181:vi
10930:Oi
8926:zh
8914:zh
8902:zh
8890:zh
8878:zh
8675:Wu
8036:Wu
7267:Wa
7262:Va
7222:Hu
6952:Na
6151:Yi
6063:/
5801:.
5736:.
5705:.
5664:.
5580:.
5557:.
5527:.
5497:.
5466:.
5436:.
5406:.
5375:.
5344:.
5314:.
5292:.
5258:.
5231:.
5201:.
5129:.
5119:51
5117:.
5105:^
5086:^
5072:.
5064:.
5056:.
5046:24
5044:.
5026:^
5016:.
4985:.
4790:.
4745:.
4688:.
4672:,
4668:,
4664:,
4371:–
4338:–
4310:–
4306:–
4297:僰文
4291:–
4287:–
4272:–
4268:–
4258:–
4244:–
4240:–
4230:–
4226:–
4211:–
4202:–
4193:–
4184:–
4175:–
4166:–
4151:–
4147:–
4145:Yi
4137:–
4133:–
4123:–
4119:–
4109:–
4105:–
4095:–
4091:–
4081:–
4063:–
4055:–
4045:–
4041:–
4031:–
4027:–
4017:–
4013:–
4003:–
3999:–
3989:–
3985:–
3975:–
3971:–
3961:–
3957:–
3946:,
3942:,
3934:–
3930:–
3920:–
3916:–
3904:–
3895:–
3621:Wa
3590:Hu
3518:)
3515:南蠻
3513:,
3511:南蛮
3116:Be
3111:)
3108:百越
2955:Yi
2684:,
2680:,
2650:,
2643:白語
2641:,
2628:,
2624:,
2612:,
2608:,
2599:,
2595:,
2584:,
2580:,
2571:,
2567:,
2558:,
2554:,
2545:,
2541:,
2532:,
2528:,
2511:,
2507:,
2498:,
2494:,
2485:,
2481:,
2472:,
2468:,
2459:,
2455:,
2448:閩語
2446:,
2444:闽语
2442:,
2433:,
2429:,
2422:湘語
2420:,
2418:湘语
2416:,
2409:贛語
2407:,
2405:赣语
2403:,
2396:平話
2394:,
2392:平话
2390:,
2379:,
2375:,
2366:,
2362:,
2355:粤語
2353:,
2351:粤语
2349:,
2342:徽語
2340:,
2338:徽语
2336:,
2325:,
2321:,
2312:,
2308:,
2299:,
2295:,
2288:吳語
2286:,
2284:吴语
2282:,
2275:晉語
2273:,
2271:晋语
2269:,
2258:,
2254:,
2245:,
2241:,
2232:,
2228:,
2219:,
2215:,
2206:,
2202:,
2193:,
2189:,
2180:,
2176:,
2165:,
2161:,
2152:,
2148:,
2139:,
2135:,
2126:,
2122:,
2113:,
2109:,
2102:官話
2100:,
2098:官话
2096:,
2089:漢語
2087:,
2085:汉语
2083:,
2063:.)
2006::
1991::
1980:,
1976::
1965:,
1961:,
1957::
1948:Wa
1942:,
1938:,
1853:,
1780:.
1772:,
1768:,
1734:;
1732:漢語
1726:;
1724:汉语
1137:Wu
1128:,
997:c.
956:c.
932:c.
909:c.
885:c.
846:,
826:c.
166:Yi
148:,
124:,
92:,
15883:e
15876:t
15869:v
15760:E
15748:)
15742:(
15722:)
15718:(
15364:E
15319:(
15291:–
14991:e
14984:t
14977:v
14960:.
14633:e
14626:t
14619:v
13311:e
13304:t
13297:v
13260:)
13254:(
13000:?
12927:e
12920:t
12913:v
12793:†
12787:†
12781:†
12773:†
12713:†
12707:†
12688:†
12682:†
12623:e
12616:t
12609:v
11693:U
10780:e
10773:t
10766:v
10373:e
10366:t
10359:v
8311:e
8304:t
8297:v
8098:E
7257:U
6208:/
6022:e
6015:t
6008:v
5966:.
5947:.
5928:.
5907:.
5888:.
5811:.
5797::
5774:.
5768::
5749:.
5721:.
5691:.
5676:.
5650:.
5623:.
5596:.
5543:.
5513:.
5482:.
5452:.
5422:.
5391:.
5360:.
5330:.
5299:.
5274:.
5243:.
5217:.
5186:.
5137:.
5125::
5080:.
5060::
5052::
4641:(
4318:)
4314:(
4299:)
4295:(
4280:)
4276:(
4073:(
3938:(
3878:(
3811:–
3807:–
3803:(
3793:–
3789:(
3783:)
3776:–
3772:(
3762:–
3758:(
3756:E
3602:U
3504:(
3101:(
2869:)
2865:(
2725:(
2703:(
2693:(
2676:/
2659:(
1950:)
1893:)
1718:(
1687:e
1680:t
1673:v
1006:)
995:(
965:)
954:(
930:(
918:)
907:(
894:)
883:(
835:)
824:(
737:e
730:t
723:v
168:(
158:(
144:(
138:)
134:(
128:)
120:(
110:(
88:(
82:)
78:(
72:)
68:(
62:)
54:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
