202:
1661:
905:, the language of the previous Germanic rulers of Italy. In many cases, it is only evidence of the Second Sound Shift, which did not affect Gothic, that guarantees a Lombardic source for a loanword. However, the Sound Shift is equally present in Alemannic and Bavarian, which are also potential sources of loans into Northern Italian varieties at this period.
460:
Establishing sound values for
Lombardic is problematic for two reasons. Where words are attested in contemporary Lombardic documents, scribes trained in Latin could not be expected to record accurately, or even consistently, the sounds of Lombardic. In the case of loanwords, these are often attested
785:
It is not possible to say with certainty when the
Lombardic language died out and there are divergent views on the issue. It seems certain that it was in decline even before the end of the Lombardic kingdom in 774, though it may have survived longer in Northern areas, with their denser Lombardic
908:
The main areas of the
Lombardic vocabulary surviving in Italian are: warfare and weapons, the law, government and society, housebuilding and the household, objects and activities from daily life. Of these, however, Lombardic government and legal terms were to a great extent superseded by the
836:
Even as use of the language declined, Lombardic personal names remained popular, though they gradually lost their connection to the source language, adopting Latin endings. The 8th century also saw the development of hybrid names with both
Lombardic and Latin elements (e.g.
405:
The main evidence for
Lombardic comes from contemporary documents written in Latin, where (a) individual Lombardic terms are cited and (b) people with Lombardic names are mentioned. There are also a small number of inscriptions, a handful of which use the
1278:
When the
Lombards settled in Italy they had no previous acquaintance with Latin, with the result that the earliest Lombard settlements received Lombardic names. There are a number of distinct types of name.
377:
In view of the lack of
Lombardic texts and the narrow scope of the attested Lombardic vocabulary â almost entirely nouns in the nominative case and proper names â the classification rests entirely on
901:, though there is wide local variation and some are found only in areas settled by the Lombards. One problem in detecting Lombardic loans is that they are not always readily distinguishable from
821:
In the areas of Italy settled by the
Lombards, "there followed a rapid mixing of Roman and barbarian, especially among the population settled on the land." The Lombard conversion from
829:
in the 7th century would have removed a major barrier to the integration of the two populations. By the 8th century speakers of
Lombardic were bilingual, adopting the local
320:(literally, 'rubble-language'), that is, a language preserved only in fragmentary form: there are no texts in Lombardic, only individual words and personal names cited in
1561:
There are a number of Latin texts that include
Lombardic names, and Lombardic legal texts contain terms taken from the legal vocabulary of the vernacular, including:
853:). By this time occurrence of both Lombardic and Latin names within a single family "is so widespread that such cases make up the majority throughout Lombard Italy".
917:. The predominance of loans relating to daily life "would appear to be a sign that the Longobards fitted in and integrated with the locals at a grass-roots level."
3689:
2489:
370:. This is consistent with the accounts of classical historians, and indeed with the archaeological evidence of Langobardic settlement along the river
2651:
4064:
3142:
3862:
2461:]. Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach- und Culturgeschichte der germanischen Völker (in German). Vol. LXXV. Strassburg: TrĂŒbner.
1591:
2665:
2617:
3679:
914:
5112:
5107:
1286:
was the lord of a group of military clans, who were settled in the area he ruled. The Lombardic term for such a clan was
786:
settlement. In any case, the Lombard host which had invaded Italy was not monolingual: in addition to a sizeable body of
224:
4591:
2893:
461:
much later, by which time their form will have been affected not only by the adaptation to the phonology of the various
2970:
2926:
2780:
2769:
2686:
2598:
Die Ostgoten. Die Langobarden. Die altgermanischen Bestandteile des Ostromanischen. Altgermanisches im Alpenromanischen
866:, cap. 38). But some knowledge of Lombardic remained: the Salerno chronicler nonetheless knows that the Lombardic term
3002:
2948:
2640:
2545:
2872:
2851:
2830:
2809:
3135:
138:
1465:
Finally, there are over 30 Lombardic common nouns which have formed the basis for Italian place names, including:
481:
system. The three main vowel developments characteristic of other Upper German dialects are lacking in Lombardic.
5097:
214:
2525:
3083:
2701:
Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanische und frĂŒhdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde
2478:
278:
in the sixth century. It was already declining by the seventh century because the invaders quickly adopted the
4958:
2602:
The Ostrogoths. The Lombards. The old Germanic components of Eastern Romanic. Old Germanic in Alpine Romance
178:
4988:
4158:
4120:
4105:
294:
3432:
679:
675:
655:
651:
596:
592:
588:
584:
541:
537:
529:
525:
521:
517:
490:
5092:
5087:
4968:
4828:
4178:
4137:
4127:
3128:
2696:
633:
382:
17:
2705:
North Germanic and Alemannic: studies of Germanic and early German language history, tribal and folklore
1721:, and the reading is uncertain. The futhark on the Breza half-column is regarded as either Lombardic or
3344:
2538:
The Gothic Version of the Gospels and Pauline Epistles: Cultural Background, Transmission and Character
1566:
1422:
In many cases a Lombard personal name was appended to the Latin word for a natural feature. Thus Latin
4685:
3013:
1522:
674:
shows the same shift. Many names in the Lombard royal families show shifted consonants, particularly
4963:
4917:
4912:
4836:
4446:
4430:
4309:
4168:
4059:
4054:
2650:
Krause, Wolfgang (2014). "BeitrÀge zur Runenforschung " [Contributions to Runic Research].
282:
spoken by the local population. Lombardic may have been in use in scattered areas until as late as
2452:
4902:
4846:
4841:
4761:
4434:
4384:
3684:
3502:
3258:
3186:
3174:
1156:
910:
478:
444:
96:
86:
5024:
4744:
4142:
1381:
Many settlements took their names from Lombardic personal names. For example the Lombardic name
4907:
4389:
4355:
3973:
3789:
3649:
3489:
3384:
1578:
857:
830:
638:
306:
257:
2789:
Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse
5065:
5029:
4297:
4290:
4242:
4012:
3983:
3952:
3915:
3840:
3597:
3510:
3371:
3333:
3071:
2490:"Langobardische (?) Inschrift auf einem Schwert aus dem 8. Jahrhundert in bulgarischem Boden"
1375:
1344:
4530:
3405:
5034:
5014:
4983:
4856:
4716:
4462:
4280:
3872:
3699:
3661:
3656:
3530:
3477:
3235:
1419:), Garleri (Porto Maurizio), and Garlazzolo (Pavia). Gamillscheg counts over 700 of these.
4690:
2540:. Arbeiten zur neutestamentlichen Textforschung. Vol. 46. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter.
8:
4973:
4209:
4163:
4097:
3850:
3497:
3410:
3208:
3094:
1528:
1311:
1302:
1152:
4520:
4365:
3612:
342:
languages are descended from Lombardic, but this is rejected by a majority of scholars.
339:
5019:
4943:
4871:
4861:
4816:
4578:
4505:
4247:
4222:
4217:
4110:
3938:
3823:
3644:
3422:
3417:
3396:
3357:
3161:
3151:
2517:
433:
390:
91:
4173:
2492:[Langobard (?) Inscription on a sword from the 8th century in Bulgarian soil]
5102:
4993:
4792:
4708:
4701:
4656:
4600:
4360:
4350:
4333:
4328:
4232:
3994:
3794:
3755:
3735:
3573:
3465:
3447:
3299:
3079:
2998:
2966:
2944:
2922:
2765:
2682:
2661:
2636:
2613:
2541:
2521:
2474:
1396:
1371:
1359:
1144:
826:
438:
410:. Additional information about the vocabulary of Lombardic comes from later-attested
367:
335:
2713:
2225:
331:. As a result, there are many aspects of the language about which nothing is known.
220:
4948:
4739:
4673:
4629:
4624:
4584:
4573:
4565:
4370:
4338:
4285:
4274:
4187:
3896:
3835:
3625:
3607:
3442:
3203:
3195:
3115:
2793:
Meeting Reports of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Philosophical-Historical Class
2605:
2509:
1722:
1320:
1140:
726:
466:
415:
363:
302:
66:
31:
4785:
1711:
4978:
4938:
4771:
4678:
4661:
4646:
4641:
4634:
4343:
4252:
4237:
4192:
4044:
4007:
3999:
3978:
3965:
3945:
3931:
3694:
3671:
3602:
3592:
3584:
3364:
1718:
1669:
1599:
1573:
1365:
902:
670:
643:
632:
Lombardic participated in and indeed shows some of the earliest evidence for the
494:
486:
315:
271:
249:
78:
1769:
856:
Explicit evidence of the death of Lombardic comes in the late 10th century: the
5059:
4953:
4933:
4885:
4777:
4651:
4321:
4088:
4027:
3806:
3763:
3720:
3637:
3632:
3521:
3471:
3322:
3273:
3228:
3221:
2958:
1516:
1350:
1326:
1283:
298:
131:
201:
5081:
5009:
4851:
4607:
4558:
4375:
4314:
4227:
4132:
4070:
4017:
3901:
3828:
2466:
1620:
1335:
477:
The vowel system of Lombardic is very conservative and largely preserves the
462:
394:
359:
351:
171:
101:
3038:
30:
For the group of modern-day Romance varieties of Switzerland and Italy, see
4878:
4302:
4266:
4199:
4022:
3845:
3818:
3801:
3745:
3704:
3286:
3265:
2936:
1608:
1510:
A number of Lombardic personal names survive in modern Italy (for example,
722:
355:
279:
142:
106:
4525:
2875:[Profile: Belt Buckle from SzabadbattyĂĄn (Eastern Europe, Hun.)].
2707:] (in German) (3rd ed.). Bern, Munich: Francke. pp. 115â121.
2609:
162:
4695:
4668:
4486:
4394:
4076:
4037:
3620:
3315:
3279:
3214:
2913:
Tischler, Johann (1989). "Zum Langobardischen". In Beck, Heinrich (ed.).
1714:
1627:
1459:
1400:
1148:
533:
386:
324:
4540:
2513:
524:/ are preserved, whereas in other Old High German dialects they become /
4535:
4515:
3880:
3550:
3251:
2728:
803:
799:
513:
411:
2579:[The language of the Lombards, characteristics and problems].
1151:. It, too, has loans from Lombardic. The following examples come from
4721:
4469:
4115:
4032:
3813:
3768:
3740:
3566:
3120:
1498:
378:
187:
155:
4545:
2812:[Profile: Bronze Capsule from Schretzheim (Bavaria, Ger.)].
2627:
Hutterer, Claus JĂŒrgen (1999). "Langobardisch" [Lombardic].
1475:("mountain") > Berghi (Trient), Berga (Vicenza), Valperga (Turin)
860:
mentions the "German language which the Lombards previously spoke" (
618:
606:
575:
563:
551:
504:
4510:
3858:
2854:[Profile: Bow brooch B by Bezenye (Eastern Europe, Hun.)].
2833:[Profile: Bow brooch A by Bezenye (Eastern Europe, Hun.)].
2676:
2576:
1710:
There is debate as to whether the inscription on the fifth-century
1540:
1534:
1449:
1435:
1339:
1315:
898:
822:
448:
290:
261:
232:
55:
2556:
2502:
Contributions to the history of the German language and literature
4551:
4147:
4049:
1677:
1673:
1412:
1388:
1306:
811:
795:
704:
419:
328:
228:
1815:
1813:
1660:
3854:
3016:[On the history of the Germanic loanwords of Italian].
2991:
Vestigia longobarde in Italia (468-774). Lessico e antroponimia
2660:] (in German). Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter. pp. 67â103.
2604:]. Romania Germanica (in German). Vol. 2. de Gruyter.
2054:
2030:
1408:
1404:
1354:
791:
787:
362:
languages, most closely related to its geographical neighbours
3014:"Zur Geschichte der germanischen Lehnwörter des Italienischen"
2729:"Das Langobardische und die althochdeutsche Dialektgeographie"
2261:
2174:
2150:
2042:
1958:
1706:
Translation: "Godahi(l)d, (with) sympathy (I?) Arsiboda bless"
1514:), but where they have it is mostly in the form of a surname:
599:/ respectively, remain unchanged in Lombardic. Examples: Lgb.
3772:
2995:
Lombard vestiges in Italy (468-774). Lexicon and anthroponymy
2873:"Steckbrief: GĂŒrtelschnalle von SzabadbattyĂĄn (Osteuropa, H)"
1810:
1749:
1485:
1416:
1392:
1330:
897:
At least 280 Italian words have been identified as Lombardic
807:
647:
407:
321:
275:
59:
3078:(3rd revised ed.). London: Hutchinson. pp. 43â63.
2319:
2317:
2249:
2191:
2189:
2090:
2731:[Longobard and Old High German dialect geography].
2498:
BeitrÀge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur
2018:
1607:
In 2006, Emilia DenÄeva argued that the inscription of the
1439:
465:
but also by subsequent sound changes in the development of
371:
3066:] (PhD) (in German). Rotterdam: University of Utrecht.
2764:] (in German) (3rd ed.). de Gruyter. p. 22.
2346:
2344:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2237:
2213:
2126:
2114:
1982:
231:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2356:
2314:
2201:
2186:
2078:
1739:
1737:
2921:] (in German). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 195â209.
2404:
2368:
2329:
1837:
3060:
Die germanischen Wörter in den langobardischen Gesetzen
2635:] (in German). Wiesbaden: Albus. pp. 336â341.
2392:
2380:
2341:
2302:
2285:
2138:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1656:
Translation: "Arogis and Alaguth (and) Leuba made (it)"
1484:("mayor") > Scaldasole (Pavia), Casale di Scodosia (
664:(ablative) (the second element is cognate with English
418:
and its dialects, as well as a large number of Italian
3103:] (in Italian). Bologna: Libreria Editrice Treves.
2965:. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruzter. pp. 1â20.
2810:"Steckbrief: Bronzekapsel von Schretzheim (Bayern, D)"
2577:"La lingua dei Longobardi, caratteristiche e problemi"
2273:
2066:
1994:
1921:
1909:
1861:
1798:
1734:
878:). As late as 1003, a charter uses the Lombardic term
2961:(2003). "Bemerkung zum frĂŒhgermanischen Wortschatz".
2852:"Steckbrief: BĂŒgelfibel B von Bezenye (Osteuropa, H)"
2831:"Steckbrief: BĂŒgelfibel A von Bezenye (Osteuropa, H)"
2678:
Texts & Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions
2428:
2416:
1825:
423:
1786:
429:
The documentary sources fall into three categories:
2102:
2006:
887:
2896:[Celtic and Germanic Words from Bergamo].
2722:] (in German). Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh.
1970:
1849:
2997:] (in Italian) (2 ed.). Rome: Artemide.
2988:
2720:Language and Linguistic Monuments of the Lombards
2574:
2554:
2267:
2162:
2060:
2048:
2036:
1964:
1819:
1755:
1428:("hill") appears coupled with, for example, lgb.
1298:) to a number of Italian settlements, including:
5079:
2783:[Germanic language heritage in Romania]
863:lingua todesca, quod olim Langobardi loquebantur
3070:
1696:
1686:
1646:
1636:
1492:
1479:
1470:
1453:
1443:
1429:
1382:
1293:
1287:
1264:
1250:
1230:
1216:
1210:
1197:
1183:
1169:
1130:
1117:
1104:
1091:
1078:
1072:
1059:
1046:
1032:
1018:
1005:
991:
978:
965:
952:
933:
879:
867:
842:
772:
760:
748:
736:
659:
612:
600:
569:
557:
545:
544:/ in certain phonetic contexts. Examples: Lgb.
498:
2653:Schriften zur Runologie und Sprachwissenschaft
3136:
2894:"Vocaboli celtici e germanici del bergamasco"
2557:"The Lombard Names Of Early Medieval Tuscany"
2159:, pp. 129â174, with many other examples.
1258:
1244:
1238:
1224:
1204:
1191:
1177:
1163:
1124:
1111:
1098:
1085:
1066:
1053:
1040:
1026:
1012:
999:
985:
972:
959:
946:
940:
927:
766:
754:
742:
730:
3101:The Germanic element in the Italian language
3057:
2943:. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell.
2473:. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell.
1768:Services, Diplomatic Language (2019-05-02).
1292:, and it has given its name (or the variant
334:Some scholars have proposed that the modern
313:
3011:
2870:
2849:
2828:
2807:
2755:
2715:Sprache und SprachdenkmÀler der Langobarden
2595:
2398:
2386:
2362:
2350:
2323:
2308:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2180:
2156:
2120:
2096:
2084:
1988:
1423:
1387:("spear") is the source of: Noci Garrioni (
873:
872:includes an element which means "sitting" (
861:
848:
265:
3143:
3129:
3096:L'elemento germanico nella lingua italiana
3024:] (in German). 10 (Neue Folge): 89â120
2535:
2487:
2279:
1843:
200:
2957:
2674:
2410:
2374:
2335:
2132:
1497:("stud farm") > Stoerda (Novara) (cf.
3092:
2912:
2781:"Germanisches Spracherbe in der Romania"
2626:
2465:
2450:
2296:
2234:, p. 108-119, with a count of 400..
2144:
2072:
2024:
2000:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1831:
1792:
1767:
1743:
1659:
1619:There are two short inscriptions in the
725:left two different sets of nouns in the
3036:
1942:, cap. 150: " districtus ab stolesazo."
400:
350:Lombardic is classified as part of the
225:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
5080:
3150:
3064:The Germanic words in the Lombard laws
2919:Germanic Residual and Debris Languages
2871:———— (2008d).
2850:———— (2008c).
2829:———— (2008b).
2778:
2726:
2695:
2649:
2434:
2422:
2108:
1855:
1804:
1592:Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani
591:/, which are diphthongized in OHG to /
4814:
4428:
3172:
3124:
2989:Francovich Onesti, Nicoletta (2000).
2915:Germanische Rest- und TrĂŒmmersprachen
2891:
2711:
2575:———— (2014).
2555:Francovich Onesti, Nicoletta (2002).
2168:
1976:
397:, as some earlier scholars proposed.
2935:
2795:] (in German). 1944â46 (8): 1â39
2756:Naumann, Hans; Betz, Werner (1962).
2658:Writings on Runology and Linguistics
2012:
1664:The Futhark on the Breza half-column
3705:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
24:
5064:Languages between parentheses are
4429:
3074:(1996). "Italy and the Lombards".
2981:
2963:Europa Vasconica - Europa Semitica
682:in the following name components:
309:vocabulary derive from Lombardic.
25:
5124:
3109:
2727:Mitzka, Walther (December 1951).
1623:which are regarded as Lombardic.
1505:
1263:, "to clean the house" < lgb.
381:. Here the clear evidence of the
345:
206:Italy at the time of the Lombards
2733:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Mundartforschung
888:Influence on Italian and Lombard
884:("filthy fellow") as an insult.
443:Administrative documents of the
385:shows that the language must be
2879:(in German). University of Kiel
2858:(in German). University of Kiel
2837:(in German). University of Kiel
2816:(in German). University of Kiel
2762:Old High German Elementary Book
2675:Looijenga, Tineke J.H. (2003).
1945:
1933:
1415:), Ghirla, (Verona), Garlasco (
1182:, "cultivated field" < lgb.
5068:of the language on their left.
2758:Althochdeutsches Elementarbuch
1761:
1630:bronze capsule, from 540â590:
1273:
13:
1:
4959:Germanic substrate hypothesis
4815:
2808:SiegmĂŒller, Annette (2008a).
2443:
1582:
1548:are all of Lombardic origin.
1147:spoken in Northern Italy and
892:
627:
283:
4989:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
3680:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
2737:Journal for Dialect Research
2596:Gamillscheg, Ernst (2017) .
2459:The Language of the Lombards
1774:Diplomatic Language Services
485:There is no evidence of the
455:
7:
4969:High German consonant shift
3076:The Barbarian West 400-1100
3012:Gamillscheg, Ernst (1939).
2488:Dentschewa, Emilia (2006).
2454:Die Sprache der Langobarden
1196:, "sour, unripe" < lgb.
634:High German consonant shift
10:
5129:
5113:Extinct Germanic languages
5108:Extinct languages of Italy
3507:WestlauwersâTerschellings
3160:According to contemporary
3116:Sources of Lombard history
3037:Ronchee, Adalbert (2015).
3018:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Volkskunde
2536:Falloumini, Carla (2015).
2451:Bruckner, Wilhelm (1895).
1697:
1687:
1647:
1637:
1567:Origo gentis Langobardorum
1551:
1168:, "chopped hay" < lgb.
1129:, "mop of hair" < lgb.
1103:, "scale, skin" < lgb.
780:
29:
5051:
5002:
4926:
4895:
4827:
4823:
4810:
4759:
4732:
4686:Southern Schleswig Danish
4617:
4498:
4454:
4445:
4441:
4424:
4265:
4208:
4096:
4087:
3992:
3964:
3923:
3914:
3889:
3871:
3782:
3754:
3728:
3719:
3670:
3583:
3558:
3549:
3488:
3383:
3332:
3307:
3298:
3194:
3185:
3181:
3168:
3158:
3093:Zaccaria, Enrico (1901).
2629:Die Germanischen Sprachen
703:: Gundperga (daughter of
568:("body snatching"); Lgb.
493:/, which is prevalent in
472:
422:of Lombardic origin (see
211:
199:
185:
169:
153:
148:
128:
75:
65:
51:
44:
39:
27:Extinct Germanic language
4964:West Germanic gemination
4918:Ancient Belgian language
4913:Germanic parent language
4857:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
3979:Austrian Standard German
3173:
3058:van der Rhee, F (1970).
2779:Rohlfs, Gerhard (1947).
1728:
1614:
1556:
977:, "blood feud" <lgb.
2363:Naumann & Betz 1962
2324:Naumann & Betz 1962
2085:Naumann & Betz 1962
1770:"The Cimbrian Language"
1493:
1480:
1471:
1454:
1444:
1430:
1383:
1294:
1288:
1265:
1259:
1251:
1239:
1231:
1225:
1221:("horse" + "bone/head")
1217:
1211:
1209:, "stubborn" < lgb.
1205:
1198:
1192:
1184:
1178:
1170:
1164:
1157:Eastern Lombard dialect
1131:
1118:
1105:
1092:
1079:
1073:
1060:
1047:
1033:
1019:
1006:
992:
979:
966:
953:
934:
880:
868:
843:
773:
761:
749:
737:
660:
619:
613:
607:
601:
576:
570:
564:
558:
552:
546:
505:
499:
260:that was spoken by the
5098:Upper German languages
5025:Preterite-present verb
4908:Proto-Germanic grammar
4862:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
3974:German Standard German
3650:East Frisian Low Saxon
3072:Wallace-Hadrill, J. M.
2633:The Germanic Languages
2268:Francovich Onesti 2014
2061:Francovich Onesti 2002
2049:Francovich Onesti 2002
2037:Francovich Onesti 2002
1965:Francovich Onesti 2014
1953:Dizionario etimologico
1820:Francovich Onesti 2014
1756:Francovich Onesti 2014
1665:
1579:Historia Langobardorum
1424:
1245:
1235:("bundle of branches")
1229:, "railing" < lgb.
1125:
1112:
1099:
1086:
1067:
1058:, "knuckle" < lgb.
1054:
1041:
1027:
1013:
1000:
986:
973:
960:
947:
941:
928:
874:
862:
849:
816:Historia Langobardorum
767:
755:
743:
731:
639:Historia Langobardorum
497:(OHG), e.g. Lombardic
463:Gallo-Italic languages
314:
266:
258:West Germanic language
253:
213:This article contains
5030:Grammatischer Wechsel
4013:Namibian Black German
3984:Swiss Standard German
3953:Early New High German
3511:Mainland West Frisian
3372:Harlingerland Frisian
2892:Sizzi, Paolo (2014).
2610:10.1515/9783110827439
1663:
1376:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1345:Fara Olivana con Sola
1116:, "jackdaw" < lgb
717:: Ansprand, Liutprand
583:The mid long vowels /
5035:Indo-European ablaut
5015:Germanic strong verb
4984:Germanic spirant law
4121:Southeast Limburgish
3617:Gelders-Overijssels
3246:Irish Middle English
3236:Early Modern English
3039:"El lessegh lombard"
2712:Meyer, Carl (1877).
1347:, Bergamo, Lombardy
1249:, "chair" < lgb.
1090:, "snore" < lgb.
1071:, "bench" < lgb.
990:, "brace" < lgb.
951:, "shelf" < lgb.
753:, "wood platform");
401:The Lombardic Corpus
5003:Synchronic features
4974:Germanic a-mutation
4927:Diachronic features
4277:in the broad sense
4210:East Central German
4164:Lorraine Franconian
4138:Transylvanian Saxon
4098:West Central German
3873:East Low Franconian
3783:West Low Franconian
2739:] (in German).
2514:10.1515/BGSL.2006.1
2504:] (in German).
2183:, pp. 134â157.
2027:, pp. 337â338.
1303:Fara Filiorum Petri
1031:, "fast" < lgb.
964:, "knock" < lgb
790:, there were also "
693:: Aripert, Godepert
439:Narrative histories
434:Lombardic law codes
289:. Many toponyms in
5093:Germanic languages
5088:Medieval languages
5020:Germanic weak verb
4829:Language subgroups
4179:Pennsylvania Dutch
4128:Moselle Franconian
4106:Central Franconian
3939:Middle High German
3690:Central Pomeranian
3645:Northern Low Saxon
3358:Wangerooge Frisian
3152:Germanic languages
1698:(k?)arsiboda segun
1666:
1611:may be Lombardic.
1434:in Colle-Alberti (
1045:, "mud" < lgb.
1017:, "owl" < lgb.
1004:"cheek", < lgb
932:, "hip" < lgb.
913:vocabulary of the
391:North Sea Germanic
383:Second Sound Shift
5075:
5074:
5060:extinct languages
5047:
5046:
5043:
5042:
4994:Great Vowel Shift
4806:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4755:
4754:
4601:Greenlandic Norse
4420:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4351:Southern Bavarian
4334:Northern Bavarian
4310:Highest Alemannic
4261:
4260:
3995:standard variants
3910:
3909:
3756:Standard variants
3715:
3714:
3574:Middle Low German
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3345:Saterland Frisian
2941:The Early Germans
2877:Runenprojekt Kiel
2856:Runenprojekt Kiel
2835:Runenprojekt Kiel
2814:Runenprojekt Kiel
2697:Maurer, Friedrich
2681:. Leiden: Brill.
2667:978-3-11-030723-8
2619:978-3-11-082743-9
2135:, pp. 13â14.
2099:, pp. 174â5.
1807:, pp. 51â52.
1648:alaguĂŸleuba dedun
1458:in Collerinaldo (
1407:), Ghiringhello (
1368:, Treviso, Veneto
1362:, Belluno, Veneto
1323:, Chieti, Abruzzo
945:, "balcony", and
915:Frankish conquest
858:Salerno Chronicle
827:Roman Catholicism
239:
238:
221:rendering support
217:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
5120:
4852:Elbe (Irminonic)
4825:
4824:
4812:
4811:
4740:Mainland Gutnish
4630:Swedish dialects
4592:Middle Icelandic
4566:Middle Norwegian
4455:Historical forms
4452:
4451:
4443:
4442:
4426:
4425:
4385:South Franconian
4371:Hutterite German
4339:Central Bavarian
4159:Rhine Franconian
4094:
4093:
3924:Historical forms
3921:
3920:
3836:Surinamese Dutch
3729:Historical forms
3726:
3725:
3559:Historical forms
3556:
3555:
3308:Historical forms
3305:
3304:
3192:
3191:
3183:
3182:
3170:
3169:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3104:
3089:
3067:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3043:Lombardia Granda
3033:
3031:
3029:
3022:Folklore Journal
3008:
2976:
2954:
2932:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2786:
2775:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2723:
2708:
2692:
2671:
2646:
2623:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2551:
2532:
2530:
2524:. Archived from
2495:
2484:
2462:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2399:SiegmĂŒller 2008d
2396:
2390:
2387:SiegmĂŒller 2008c
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2351:SiegmĂŒller 2008b
2348:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2312:
2309:SiegmĂŒller 2008a
2306:
2300:
2294:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2258:, p. 63-69.
2256:Gamillscheg 2017
2253:
2247:
2244:Gamillscheg 2017
2241:
2235:
2232:Gamillscheg 2017
2229:
2223:
2220:Gamillscheg 2017
2217:
2211:
2208:Gamillscheg 2017
2205:
2199:
2196:Gamillscheg 2017
2193:
2184:
2181:Gamillscheg 2017
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2157:Gamillscheg 2017
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2121:Gamillscheg 2017
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2097:Gamillscheg 2017
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1989:Gamillscheg 2017
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1951:Giacomo Devoto:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1717:is Lombardic or
1700:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1680:, from 510â590.
1650:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1587:
1584:
1496:
1483:
1474:
1457:
1447:
1433:
1427:
1386:
1321:Fara San Martino
1312:Fara Gera d'Adda
1297:
1291:
1269:("to rub away").
1268:
1262:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1234:
1228:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1201:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1173:
1167:
1145:Romance language
1141:Lombard language
1134:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1063:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1036:
1030:
1022:
1016:
1009:
1003:
995:
989:
982:
976:
969:
963:
956:
950:
944:
937:
931:
883:
877:
871:
865:
852:
846:
776:
770:
764:
759:(< Lombardic
758:
752:
747:(< Lombardic
746:
740:
735:(< Lombardic
734:
727:Italian language
681:
677:
663:
657:
653:
650:of 574, showing
646:mentions a duke
622:
616:
611:("price"); Lgb.
610:
604:
598:
594:
590:
586:
579:
573:
567:
561:
556:("mayor"); Lgb.
555:
549:
543:
539:
531:
527:
523:
519:
508:
502:
492:
327:, histories and
319:
295:Greater Lombardy
288:
285:
280:Latin vernacular
269:
256:) is an extinct
204:
181:
165:
158:
134:
81:
37:
36:
32:Lombard language
21:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5039:
4998:
4979:Germanic umlaut
4944:Holtzmann's law
4922:
4891:
4819:
4798:
4751:
4728:
4662:South Jutlandic
4647:Danish dialects
4613:
4494:
4437:
4408:
4390:East Franconian
4344:Viennese German
4257:
4238:Silesian German
4204:
4193:Central Hessian
4083:
4008:Namibian German
3997:
3988:
3966:Standard German
3960:
3946:New High German
3932:Old High German
3906:
3885:
3867:
3778:
3750:
3711:
3695:East Pomeranian
3685:Brandenburgisch
3672:East Low German
3666:
3593:Dutch Low Saxon
3585:West Low German
3579:
3537:
3503:Schiermonnikoog
3484:
3379:
3365:Wursten Frisian
3328:
3294:
3177:
3164:
3154:
3149:
3112:
3107:
3086:
3048:
3046:
3027:
3025:
3005:
2984:
2982:Further reading
2979:
2973:
2959:Vennemann, Theo
2951:
2929:
2903:
2901:
2882:
2880:
2861:
2859:
2840:
2838:
2819:
2817:
2798:
2796:
2784:
2772:
2746:
2744:
2689:
2668:
2643:
2620:
2586:
2584:
2565:
2563:
2548:
2528:
2493:
2481:
2446:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2286:
2280:Dentschewa 2006
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1940:Edictus rothari
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1844:Falloumini 2015
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1778:
1776:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1735:
1731:
1644:On the bottom:
1617:
1600:Edictum Rothari
1585:
1574:Paulus Diaconus
1559:
1554:
1508:
1448:in Collegonzi (
1366:Farra di Soligo
1276:
895:
890:
783:
671:Edictum Rothari
644:Paulus Diaconus
630:
534:monophthongized
495:Old High German
475:
458:
445:Lombard kingdom
403:
348:
312:Lombardic is a
301:) and items of
291:modern Lombardy
286:
274:who settled in
272:Germanic people
219:Without proper
207:
177:
174:
161:
154:
135:
130:
124:
82:
79:Language family
77:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5126:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5062:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4903:Proto-Germanic
4899:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4821:
4820:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4778:Crimean Gothic
4767:
4765:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4654:
4652:Insular Danish
4649:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4635:Rinkebysvenska
4632:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4483:
4481:Old East Norse
4478:
4476:Old West Norse
4466:
4458:
4456:
4449:
4439:
4438:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4356:South Tyrolean
4348:
4347:
4346:
4336:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4298:High Alemannic
4295:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4271:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4166:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4140:
4135:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4102:
4100:
4091:
4089:Central German
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4030:
4028:Barossa German
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3942:
3935:
3927:
3925:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3807:French Flemish
3799:
3798:
3797:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3723:
3721:Low Franconian
3717:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3570:
3562:
3560:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3522:Westereendersk
3516:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3453:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3400:
3389:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3323:Middle Frisian
3319:
3311:
3309:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3229:Modern English
3225:
3222:Middle English
3218:
3211:
3200:
3198:
3189:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3110:External links
3108:
3106:
3105:
3090:
3084:
3068:
3055:
3034:
3009:
3003:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:978-3110170542
2971:
2955:
2949:
2933:
2928:978-3110119480
2927:
2910:
2889:
2868:
2847:
2826:
2805:
2776:
2771:978-3111254845
2770:
2753:
2724:
2709:
2693:
2688:978-9004123960
2687:
2672:
2666:
2647:
2641:
2624:
2618:
2593:
2572:
2552:
2546:
2533:
2531:on 2011-02-06.
2485:
2479:
2467:Christie, Neil
2463:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2437:, p. 285.
2427:
2425:, p. 120.
2415:
2413:, p. 148.
2411:Looijenga 2003
2403:
2391:
2379:
2377:, p. 230.
2375:Looijenga 2003
2367:
2355:
2340:
2338:, p. 255.
2336:Looijenga 2003
2328:
2313:
2301:
2299:, p. 341.
2284:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2246:, p. 112.
2236:
2224:
2222:, p. 119.
2212:
2200:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2147:, p. 167.
2137:
2133:Vennemann 2003
2125:
2123:, p. 128.
2113:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2015:, p. 246.
2005:
1993:
1991:, p. 200.
1981:
1969:
1957:
1944:
1932:
1920:
1908:
1906:, p. 105.
1896:
1894:, p. 103.
1884:
1882:, p. 100.
1872:
1860:
1848:
1846:, p. 111.
1836:
1824:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1760:
1748:
1746:, p. 195.
1732:
1730:
1727:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1616:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1571:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1507:
1506:Personal names
1504:
1503:
1502:
1489:
1476:
1379:
1378:
1372:Farra d'Isonzo
1369:
1363:
1360:Farra d'Alpago
1357:
1351:Fara Vicentino
1348:
1342:
1333:
1327:Fara in Sabina
1324:
1318:
1309:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1256:
1236:
1222:
1202:
1189:
1188:("open plain")
1175:
1143:is a distinct
1137:
1136:
1122:
1109:
1096:
1083:
1064:
1051:
1038:
1024:
1010:
997:
983:
970:
957:
938:
894:
891:
889:
886:
782:
779:
741:, "beam") vs.
719:
718:
708:
694:
629:
626:
625:
624:
581:
510:
487:Primary Umlaut
479:Proto-Germanic
474:
471:
457:
454:
453:
452:
441:
436:
408:Runic alphabet
402:
399:
389:, rather than
347:
346:Classification
344:
316:TrĂŒmmersprache
299:Northern Italy
287: 1000 AD
237:
236:
223:, you may see
209:
208:
205:
197:
196:
191:
183:
182:
175:
170:
167:
166:
159:
151:
150:
149:Language codes
146:
145:
136:
132:Writing system
129:
126:
125:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
85:
83:
76:
73:
72:
69:
63:
62:
53:
49:
48:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5125:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5067:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5010:Germanic verb
5008:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4949:Sievers's law
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:Reconstructed
4894:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4709:Middle Danish
4706:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4585:Old Icelandic
4582:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4559:Old Norwegian
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4377:
4376:Gottscheerish
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4315:Walser German
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4281:Low Alemannic
4279:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4243:High Prussian
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4228:Erzgebirgisch
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4133:Luxembourgish
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4071:Klezmer-loshn
4068:
4066:
4065:Scots Yiddish
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3902:Meuse-Rhenish
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:Kleverlandish
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3790:Central Dutch
3788:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3598:Stellingwarfs
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3532:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:Wood Frisian
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3385:North Frisian
3382:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3187:Anglo-Frisian
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3004:9788886291347
3000:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2950:9781405117142
2946:
2942:
2938:
2937:Todd, Malcolm
2934:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2642:3-928127-57-8
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2547:9783110334500
2543:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2371:
2365:, p. 86.
2364:
2359:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2332:
2326:, p. 85.
2325:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2298:
2297:Hutterer 1999
2293:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2210:, p. 92.
2209:
2204:
2198:, p. 62.
2197:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2145:Christie 1995
2141:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2087:, p. 22.
2086:
2081:
2075:, p. 14.
2074:
2073:Bruckner 1895
2069:
2063:, p. 17.
2062:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2039:, p. 11.
2038:
2033:
2026:
2025:Hutterer 1999
2021:
2014:
2009:
2003:, p. 64.
2002:
2001:Christie 1995
1997:
1990:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1930:, p. 93.
1929:
1928:Bruckner 1895
1924:
1918:, p. 90.
1917:
1916:Bruckner 1895
1912:
1905:
1904:Bruckner 1895
1900:
1893:
1892:Bruckner 1895
1888:
1881:
1880:Bruckner 1895
1876:
1870:, p. 57.
1869:
1868:Bruckner 1895
1864:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1834:, p. 37.
1833:
1832:Bruckner 1895
1828:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1793:Christie 1995
1789:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1744:Tischler 1989
1740:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:SzabadbattyĂĄn
1705:
1704:
1701:
1693:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1643:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1621:Elder Futhark
1612:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1595:(9th century)
1594:
1593:
1589:
1586: 790 AD
1581:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1570:(7th century)
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1336:Fara Novarese
1334:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
984:
981:
975:
971:
968:
962:
958:
955:
949:
943:
939:
936:
930:
926:
925:
924:
922:
918:
916:
912:
906:
904:
900:
885:
882:
876:
870:
864:
859:
854:
851:
845:
840:
834:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
778:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
728:
724:
716:
712:
709:
706:
702:
698:
695:
692:
688:
685:
684:
683:
673:
672:
667:
662:
649:
645:
641:
640:
635:
621:
615:
609:
603:
582:
578:
572:
566:
560:
554:
548:
535:
515:
511:
509:("champion").
507:
501:
496:
488:
484:
483:
482:
480:
470:
468:
464:
450:
446:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
430:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
398:
396:
395:East Germanic
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:West Germanic
357:
353:
352:Elbe Germanic
343:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
323:
318:
317:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
281:
277:
273:
268:
263:
259:
255:
254:Langobardisch
251:
247:
243:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
216:
210:
203:
198:
195:
192:
190:
189:
184:
180:
176:
173:
172:Linguist List
168:
164:
160:
157:
152:
147:
144:
140:
137:
133:
127:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
104:
103:
102:Elbe Germanic
100:
99:
98:
97:West Germanic
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
87:Indo-European
84:
80:
74:
70:
68:
64:
61:
57:
54:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
5055:
4939:Verner's law
4884:
4879:Gotho-Nordic
4877:
4870:
4791:
4784:
4776:
4770:
4760:
4745:FÄrö Gutnish
4707:
4700:
4606:
4599:
4590:
4583:
4564:
4557:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4402:
4401:
4303:Swiss German
4267:Upper German
4200:Amana German
4174:Volga German
4143:HunsrĂŒckisch
4069:
4023:Unserdeutsch
4018:Berlinerisch
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3890:Cover groups
3846:Mohawk Dutch
3841:Jersey Dutch
3819:East Flemish
3802:West Flemish
3746:Middle Dutch
3700:Low Prussian
3572:
3565:
3531:Terschelling
3515:Clay Frisian
3490:West Frisian
3478:Wiedingharde
3470:
3458:
3418:Heligolandic
3395:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3351:
3334:East Frisian
3321:
3314:
3287:Middle Scots
3285:
3278:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3245:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3100:
3095:
3075:
3063:
3059:
3049:20 September
3047:. Retrieved
3045:(in Lombard)
3042:
3026:. Retrieved
3021:
3017:
2994:
2990:
2962:
2940:
2918:
2914:
2904:20 September
2902:. Retrieved
2900:(in Italian)
2897:
2881:. Retrieved
2876:
2860:. Retrieved
2855:
2839:. Retrieved
2834:
2818:. Retrieved
2813:
2797:. Retrieved
2792:
2788:
2761:
2757:
2745:. Retrieved
2740:
2736:
2732:
2719:
2714:
2704:
2700:
2677:
2657:
2652:
2632:
2628:
2601:
2597:
2585:. Retrieved
2583:(in Italian)
2580:
2564:. Retrieved
2560:
2537:
2526:the original
2505:
2501:
2497:
2471:The Lombards
2470:
2458:
2453:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2331:
2304:
2275:
2270:, p. 2.
2263:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2111:, p. 9.
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2051:, p. 2.
2044:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1979:, p. 5.
1972:
1967:, p. 9.
1960:
1952:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1858:, p. 4.
1851:
1839:
1827:
1822:, p. 3.
1800:
1795:, p. 5.
1788:
1777:. Retrieved
1773:
1763:
1758:, p. 1.
1751:
1709:
1695:
1685:
1667:
1645:
1635:
1634:On the lid:
1625:
1618:
1609:Pernik sword
1606:
1598:
1590:
1577:
1565:
1560:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1464:
1421:
1411:), Gairilo (
1403:), Carengo (
1380:
1284:Lombard duke
1281:
1277:
1138:
1037:"cleverness"
920:
919:
907:
896:
855:
838:
835:
831:Gallo-Italic
820:
815:
814:and so on" (
784:
777:, "bench").
723:sound change
720:
714:
710:
705:King Agilulf
700:
696:
690:
686:
669:
665:
637:
631:
580:("payment").
476:
459:
428:
404:
376:
358:) group of
356:Upper German
349:
333:
311:
307:Gallo-Italic
305:and broader
245:
241:
240:
212:
193:
186:
143:Latin script
139:Runic script
111:
107:Upper German
71:11th century
45:
4954:Kluge's law
4934:Grimm's law
4717:Dalecarlian
4696:Perkerdansk
4669:East Danish
4487:Old Gutnish
4463:Proto-Norse
4403:Langobardic
4395:Vogtlandian
4223:Upper Saxon
4077:Lachoudisch
4038:Lotegorisch
3916:High German
3662:Westphalian
3657:Eastphalian
3621:Achterhooks
3498:Hindeloopen
3433:Bökingharde
3402:FöhrâAmrum
3316:Old Frisian
3280:Early Scots
3215:Old English
2435:Krause 2014
2423:Krause 2014
2109:Rohlfs 1947
1856:Mitzka 1951
1805:Maurer 1952
1715:belt buckle
1688:godahid unj
1628:Schretzheim
1401:Alessandria
1395:), Garini (
1374:, Gorizia,
1353:, Vicenza,
1314:, Bergamo,
1274:Place names
1153:Bergamasque
1149:Switzerland
911:Gallo-Roman
839:Alipertulus
818:, II, 26).
771:(Lombardic
658:. The term
654:shifted to
623:("plough").
420:place names
387:High German
246:Langobardic
227:instead of
46:Langobardic
18:Langobardic
5082:Categories
4786:Burgundian
4702:Old Danish
4691:GĂžtudanskt
4674:Bornholmsk
4536:Vestlandsk
4516:Kebabnorsk
4253:Halcnovian
4218:Thuringian
3881:Limburgish
3851:Stadsfries
3824:Brabantian
3551:Low German
3397:Eiderstedt
3252:Fingallian
3085:0631202927
2480:0631182381
2444:References
2169:Sizzi 2014
1977:Meyer 1877
1779:2024-08-11
1694:Fibula B:
1684:Fibula A:
1481:skuldhaizo
1391:), Garin (
1338:, Novara,
1305:, Chieti,
1266:straufinĂŽn
1174:("flower")
893:Loan words
833:language.
804:Pannonians
800:Sarmatians
628:Consonants
553:scultheizo
547:schuldhais
514:diphthongs
412:loan words
267:Langobardi
5066:varieties
5058:indicate
4872:Northwest
4817:Philology
4722:Elfdalian
4657:Jutlandic
4579:Icelandic
4554:(written)
4548:(written)
4526:TrĂžndersk
4506:Norwegian
4470:Old Norse
4291:Coloniero
4275:Alemannic
4248:Wymysorys
4116:Colognian
4111:Ripuarian
4033:Rotwelsch
3863:Midslands
3814:Zeelandic
3795:Hollandic
3769:Afrikaans
3741:Old Dutch
3567:Old Saxon
3466:Karrharde
3448:Goesharde
3429:Mainland
3162:philology
3028:30 August
2883:25 August
2862:25 August
2841:25 August
2820:25 August
2799:31 August
2747:29 August
2587:24 August
2566:26 August
2522:162360568
2013:Todd 2004
1723:Alemannic
1529:Garibaldi
1499:Stuttgart
1494:stĂŽdigard
1455:Raginwald
1329:, Rieti,
1255:("bench")
1023:"cry out"
881:scarnafol
869:stoleseyz
668:) in the
661:stolesazo
571:launegild
532:/ or are
456:Phonology
379:phonology
364:Alemannic
325:law codes
242:Lombardic
188:Glottolog
156:ISO 639-3
112:Lombardic
40:Lombardic
5103:Lombards
4793:Vandalic
4736:Gutnish
4541:VikvĂŠrsk
4521:SognamÄl
4511:Bergensk
4361:Cimbrian
4329:Bavarian
4286:Alsatian
4233:Lusatian
4169:Palatine
3859:Amelands
3736:Frankish
3626:Sallaans
3608:Gronings
3459:Southern
3452:Northern
3443:Halligen
3392:Insular
3209:dialects
2939:(2004).
2898:Il Sizzi
2743:(1): 1â7
2699:(1952).
2581:Academia
2561:Academia
2508:: 1â11.
2469:(1995).
1668:The two
1638:arogis d
1603:(643 AD)
1546:Siccardi
1541:Pandolfi
1535:Landolfi
1523:Grimaldi
1450:Florence
1442:), lgb.
1436:Florence
1340:Piedmont
1316:Lombardy
1260:strobiĂ :
1206:margnöch
921:Examples
823:Arianism
812:Noricans
506:chemphio
449:charters
447:such as
368:Bavarian
336:Cimbrian
329:charters
262:Lombards
233:Help:IPA
92:Germanic
56:Pannonia
5056:Italics
4679:Scanian
4625:Swedish
4574:Faroese
4552:Nynorsk
4531:Valdris
4366:MĂČcheno
4322:Swabian
4188:Hessian
4148:Hunsrik
4060:Western
4055:Eastern
4050:Yiddish
4000:creoles
3897:Bergish
3613:DrĂšents
3603:Tweants
3455:Central
3437:Mooring
3300:Frisian
3259:Kildare
3204:English
1678:Hungary
1674:Bezenye
1670:fibulae
1552:Sources
1517:Ansaldo
1452:), and
1431:Alibert
1413:Brescia
1389:Cremona
1307:Abruzzo
1252:skranna
1246:scranno
1232:hrausta
1126:zazzera
1119:tĂąhhala
1113:taccola
1100:scaglia
1093:hrĂ»ÊÊan
1087:russare
1001:guancia
980:faihida
967:bauÊÊan
961:bussare
942:balcone
875:sedendo
847:+ Lat.
844:Alipert
796:Bulgars
781:Decline
744:balcone
595:/ and /
587:/ and /
577:lĂŽngelt
559:rairaub
540:/ and /
528:/ and /
520:/ and /
500:camphio
467:Italian
416:Italian
340:MĂČcheno
303:Lombard
270:), the
229:Unicode
67:Extinct
4772:Gothic
4642:Danish
4546:BokmÄl
4045:Yenish
3855:Bildts
3638:Veluws
3633:Urkers
3472:Strand
3196:Anglic
3082:
3001:
2969:
2947:
2925:
2768:
2685:
2664:
2639:
2616:
2544:
2520:
2477:
1719:Gothic
1460:Aquila
1425:collis
1409:Verona
1405:Novara
1355:Veneto
1243:, it.
1240:scagna
1218:knohha
1185:braida
1171:blĂŽsem
1165:blösen
1106:skalja
1061:knohha
1020:gĂŽfjan
1007:wangja
996:"hook"
993:krÄpfo
987:graffa
903:Gothic
841:= Lgb
792:Gepids
788:Saxons
765:) vs.
715:-prand
711:-brand
636:. The
620:phluog
617:= OHG
614:plĂŽvum
605:= OHG
574:= OHG
565:rĂȘroup
562:= OHG
550:= OHG
503:= OHG
473:Vowels
250:German
52:Region
4886:South
4837:North
4447:North
4431:North
3773:Kaaps
3764:Dutch
3411:Amrum
3352:Weser
3274:Scots
3099:[
3062:[
3020:[
2993:[
2917:[
2791:[
2785:(PDF)
2760:[
2735:[
2718:[
2703:[
2656:[
2631:[
2600:[
2529:(PDF)
2518:S2CID
2500:[
2494:(PDF)
2457:[
1729:Notes
1672:from
1615:Runic
1557:Latin
1491:Lgb.
1486:Padua
1478:Lgb.
1472:berga
1469:Lgb.
1445:Gunzo
1417:Pavia
1397:Cuneo
1393:Turin
1384:Gairo
1331:Lazio
1295:farra
1282:Each
1226:rĂČsta
1199:harwi
1179:breda
1155:, an
1132:zazza
1080:panka
1074:banka
1068:panca
1055:nocca
1042:melma
1028:lesto
974:faida
948:palco
935:hanka
899:loans
850:-ulus
808:Suevi
774:banka
768:banca
762:panka
756:panca
732:palco
721:This
713:>
701:-perg
699:>
697:-berg
691:-pert
689:>
687:-bert
678:>
648:Zaban
608:miata
593:ea~ia
424:below
414:into
322:Latin
276:Italy
60:Italy
4847:West
4842:East
4762:East
4618:East
4608:Norn
4499:West
4435:East
4433:and
3998:and
3993:Non-
3423:Sylt
3406:Föhr
3341:Ems
3266:Yola
3175:West
3080:ISBN
3051:2020
3030:2020
2999:ISBN
2967:ISBN
2945:ISBN
2923:ISBN
2906:2020
2885:2020
2864:2020
2843:2020
2822:2020
2801:2020
2766:ISBN
2749:2020
2683:ISBN
2662:ISBN
2637:ISBN
2614:ISBN
2589:2020
2568:2020
2542:ISBN
2475:ISBN
1626:The
1512:Aldo
1440:Pisa
1399:and
1289:fara
1212:mahr
1193:garb
1139:The
1048:melm
1034:list
1014:gufo
954:balk
929:anca
750:balk
738:palk
666:seat
656:/ts/
602:mĂȘta
536:to /
512:The
489:of /
372:Elbe
366:and
338:and
293:and
194:None
58:and
2606:doi
2510:doi
2506:128
1462:).
825:to
680:/p/
676:/b/
652:/t/
642:of
426:).
393:or
244:or
215:IPA
179:lng
163:lng
5084::
3041:.
2787:.
2741:20
2612:.
2559:.
2516:.
2496:.
2343:^
2316:^
2287:^
2188:^
1812:^
1772:.
1736:^
1725:.
1676:,
1583:c.
1576:,
1544:,
1538:,
1532:,
1526:,
1520:,
1501:).
1438:,
1215:+
1159:.
1077:,
923::
810:,
806:,
802:,
798:,
794:,
729::
597:uo
589:o:
585:e:
542:o:
538:e:
530:ou
526:ei
522:au
518:ai
469:.
374:.
284:c.
252::
141:,
4781:)
4775:(
3861:/
3857:/
3853:/
3775:)
3771:(
3144:e
3137:t
3130:v
3088:.
3053:.
3032:.
3007:.
2975:.
2953:.
2931:.
2908:.
2887:.
2866:.
2845:.
2824:.
2803:.
2774:.
2751:.
2691:.
2670:.
2645:.
2622:.
2608::
2591:.
2570:.
2550:.
2512::
2483:.
2401:.
2389:.
2353:.
2311:.
2282:.
2171:.
1955:.
1782:.
1488:)
1135:.
707:)
516:/
491:a
451:.
354:(
297:(
264:(
248:(
235:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
