298:, only 2 bore inscriptions. A similar ratio is estimated for Alemannia, with an estimated 170 excavated graves to every inscription found (Lüthi 2004:323). Estimates of the total number of inscriptions produced are based on the "minimal runological estimate" of 40,000 (ten individuals making ten inscriptions per year for four centuries). The actual number was probably considerably higher, maybe close to 400,000 in total, so that on the order of 0.1% of the corpus has come down to us, and Fischer (2004:281) estimates a population of several hundred active literati throughout the period, with as many as 1,600 during the Alamannic "runic boom" of the 6th century.
33:
94:
The division into
Scandinavian, North Sea (Anglo-Frisian), and South Germanic inscriptions makes sense from the 5th century. In the 3rd and 4th centuries, the Elder Futhark script was still in its early phase of development, with inscriptions concentrated in what is now
293:
Elder
Futhark inscriptions were rare, with very few active literati, in relation to the total population, at any time, so that knowledge of the runes was probably an actual "secret" throughout the Migration period. Of 366 lances excavated at
392:
coins: Skanomody solidus, Harlingen solidus, Schweindorf solidus, Folkestone tremissis, Midlum sceat, Kent II coins (some 30 items), Kent III, IV silver sceattas, Suffolk gold shillings (three items), Upper Thames Valley gold coins (four
910:, i.e. a simple X-shape that may also be ornamental. Most interpretable inscriptions contain personal names, and only ten inscriptions contain more than one interpretable word. Of these, four translate to "(PN) wrote the runes".
901:
The precise number of inscriptions is debatable, as some proposed inscriptions consist of a single sign, or a row of signs that may also be "rune-like", in imitation of writing, or purely ornamental. For example, a ring found in
585:(early 5th century). A total of 133 known inscriptions on bracteates. There are several legible and partly interpretable inscription that date from the 1st half of the 5th century such as a Silver neck ring found near
306:
Especially the earliest inscriptions are found on all types of everyday objects. Later, a preference for valuable or prestigious objects (jewelry or weapons) seems to develop, inscriptions often indicating ownership.
734:", Martin 2004:173), continental inscriptions can be divided in those of the "Alemannic runic province" (Martin 2004), with a few dozen examples dating to the 6th and 7th centuries, and those associated with the
667:
While the Nordic bracteates are jewelry imitating Roman gold coins, there were a number of actual coins (currency) in Anglo-Saxon
England inscribed with runes, notably the coins from Kent, inscribed with
608:, discovered in 2021, is dated even earlier. The longest known inscription in the Elder Futhark, and one of the youngest, consists of some 200 characters and is found on the early 8th-century
708:
Unlike the situation on the continent, the tradition of runic writing does not disappear in
England after Christianization but continues for a full three centuries, disappearing after the
991:("God for/before you, devil/Theophilus". The inscription is one of the youngest of the Alemannic sphere, dating to between 660 and 690, and clearly reflects a Christianized background).
664:, central France, exhibits the longest coherent inscriptions in Anglo-Saxon runes by far, including five alliterating long-lines, qualifying as the oldest preserved Anglo-Saxon poetry.
864:
mostly date to the century between AD 520 and 620. There are some 70 inscriptions in total, about half of them on fibulae. Some are explicitly dedications among lovers, containing
852:
letters being identical in the Elder
Futhark and Latin scripts), and may thus reflect a stage of development before the runes became fixed as a separate script in its own right.
1478:
Lüthi, Katrin (2004). "Von Þruþhild und Hariso: Alemannische und ältere skandinavische
Runenkultur im Vergleich". In Naumann, Hans-Peter; Lanter, Franziska; et al. (eds.).
746:
in
Romania), dating to the 4th and 5th centuries. The cessation of both the Gothic and Alemannic runic tradition coincides with the Christianization of the respective peoples.
574:
About 260 items in Elder
Futhark, and close to 6,000 items (mostly runestones) in Younger Futhark. The highest concentration of Elder Futhark inscriptions is in Denmark.
420:, Rasquert swordhandle (whalebone handle of a symbolic sword), Hantum whalebone plate, Bernsterburen whalebone staff, Hamwick horse knucklebone, Wijnaldum A antler piece
384:, Schretzheim ring-sword, Ash Gilton (Kent) gilt silver sword pommel, Chessel Down II (Isle of Wight) silver plate (attached to the scabbard mouthpiece of a ring-sword),
1378:
Looijenga, Tineke. , Two Runic finds from the
Netherlands – both with a Frankish connection. In: Essays on the early Franks, ed. Taayke, Ernst. Barkhuis 2003, 231–240.
589:
with "noru" inscribed in runic alphabets on its inner edge. others discoveries were unearthed around
Germany, Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Belgium, England and Bosnia.
52:. They generally contained practical information or memorials instead of magic or mythic stories. The body of runic inscriptions falls into the three categories of
749:
Lüthi (2004:321) identifies a total of about 81 continental inscriptions found south of the "North Germanic Koine". Most of these originate in southern Germany (
91:. The precise figures are debatable because some inscriptions are very short and/or illegible so that it is uncertain whether they qualify as inscriptions at all.
458:
The earliest period of Elder Futhark (2nd to 4th centuries) predates the division in regional script variants, and linguistically essentially still reflect the
1308:
1520:
Martin, Max (2004). "Kontinentalgermanische Runeninschriften und 'Alamannische Runenprovinz'". In Naumann, Hans-Peter; Lanter, Franziska; et al. (eds.).
1407:
Fischer, Svante (2004). "Alemannia and the North — Early Runic Contexts Apart (400–800)". In Naumann, Hans-Peter; Lanter, Franziska; et al. (eds.).
1293:
in Gotland. The inscription, consisting of only five runes, might be dated to the end of the third century of our era." Sven Birger Fredrik Jansson,
5769:
5402:
1357:
785:
83:
and Gothic, c. 81 items). These inscriptions are on many types of loose objects, but the North Germanic tradition shows a preference for
17:
1369:
Wolfgang Jungandreas, 'God fura dih, deofile †' in: Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur, 101, 1972, pp. 84–85.
336:
brooches: Boarley (Kent), Harford (Norfolk) brooch, West Heslerton (North Yorkshire), Wakerley (Northamptonshire), Dover (Kent)
462:
stage. Their distribution is mostly limited to southern Scandinavia, northern Germany and Frisia (the "North Sea Germanic runic
1189:
684:
828:, found in Ukraine (now lost) is a special case. Its date is very early (3rd century) and it shows a mixture of runic and
3171:
2530:
705:
inscription could also be mentioned, but its authenticity is dubious; it might have been added only in the 10th century.
1289:"The oldest known runic inscription from Sweden is found on a spearhead, recovered from a grave at Mos in the parish of
6727:
6722:
1560:
1531:
1513:
1489:
1468:
1418:
788:(vol. 6, p. 576); the location of Liebenau is close to the boundary of the North Sea and South Germanic zones.
631:
stones. In the early 9th century, both the older and the younger futhark were known and used, which is shown on the
6049:
5310:
4664:
1065:, of dubious authenticity and possibly a hoax. Considered an obvious falsification by Looijenga (2003: 223). Reads
1635:
1062:
433:
6229:
5258:
4620:
4355:
3970:
3369:
3316:
2728:
2675:
2112:
1056:
1604:
538:
417:
131:
The following table lists the number of known inscriptions (in any alphabet variant) by geographical region:
730:
Apart from the earliest inscriptions found on the continent along the North Sea coast (the "North Germanic
5923:
4959:
4350:
4276:
3965:
3880:
1950:
894:, and outside of Germany there is a single example from Switzerland, and a small number of what are likely
6717:
4281:
3884:
802:
Out of about a dozen candidate inscriptions, only three are widely accepted to be of Gothic origin: the
6022:
4949:
4340:
3951:
3238:
2597:
2032:
709:
725:
6603:
6202:
5184:
5029:
4559:
4428:
3838:
3401:
3393:
2756:
1929:
797:
467:
3078:
1449:
963:("to the Traveller (Wotan?), Leubo (Beloved)", or perhaps "love to my travel-companion" or similar)
688:
582:
72:
4285:
3888:
803:
713:
483:
347:
1145:. The only other inscription definitely classified as Frankish is the Borgharen buckle, reading
624:
3018:
3011:
2836:
2420:
2413:
2237:
1391:
780:
with an early 5th-century runic inscription (mostly illegible, interpreted as possibly reading
777:
557:
377:
371:
1343:, in: Marie Stoklund, Michael Lerche Nielsen, Gillian Fellows-Jensen, Bente Holmberg (eds.),
1427:
Ilkjær, Jørgen (1996a). "Runeindskrifter fra mosefund i Danmark - kontekst og oprindelse" in
1179:
1138:
424:
57:
1059:
of Late Antiquity, and the Christian practice of arranging monograms on the arms of a cross.
6686:
810:
739:
628:
544:
508:
423:
pieces of wood: Vimose woodplane, Neudingen/Baar, Arum sword (a yew-wood miniature sword),
76:
879:
813:, and two spearheads inscribed with what is probably the weapon's name, one found in the
750:
8:
6076:
5451:
4606:
4433:
4051:
2070:
1660:
1628:
1325:
649:
Some 110 items (not including coins) spanning the 5th to 11th centuries. The 5th-century
605:
502:
1265:
5434:
3470:
3466:
3455:
1158:
1091:
935:
825:
743:
692:
1542:
6252:
3515:
2781:
2182:
1556:
1527:
1509:
1485:
1464:
1414:
1209:
1185:
1137:, reflecting their early Romanization and Christianization. An important find is the
875:
318:
32:
1588:
3665:
1400:
1043:: the sword blade has four runes arranged so that the staves form a cross. Read as
650:
613:
365:
100:
1222:
1083:
999:
762:
632:
6696:
4065:
3492:
1551:
1521:
1500:
1479:
1458:
1408:
891:
712:. A type of object unique to Christianized Anglo-Saxon England are the six known
620:
517:
495:
459:
410:
385:
381:
350:, a few examples from Alemannia (Vörstetten-Schupfholz, Pforzen, Aalen neck-ring)
327:
111:
88:
80:
61:
1341:
Karin Lüthi, 'South Germanic runic inscriptions as testimonies of early literacy
295:
4678:
1621:
1580:
1205:
1112:
917:
829:
702:
340:
114:
script. Close to 6,000 Younger Futhark inscriptions are known, many of them on
49:
784:) is classed as the earliest South Germanic (German) inscription known by the
644:
6711:
1675:
1505:
695:, and the Whitby II bone comb (7th century) has a pious plea for God's help,
657:
487:
400:, Schretzheim capsule, Gammertingen case, Ferwerd combcase, Kantens combcase
397:
68:
53:
1608:
6691:
6263:
6259:
5908:
5894:
5797:
5755:
5748:
5637:
5348:
5129:
5067:
4803:
4729:
4689:
4685:
4517:
4190:
4116:
4076:
4072:
3769:
3695:
3619:
3545:
3503:
3479:
3474:
2947:
2792:
2348:
1841:
1730:
1142:
738:, loosely scattered along the Oder to south-eastern Poland, as far as the
609:
601:
597:
478:. Linguistically, the 3rd and 4th centuries correspond to the formation of
6681:
3875:
3499:
3053:
2788:
2193:
2189:
1686:
1682:
1436:
945:
895:
770:
578:
479:
449:
45:
1596:
6671:
6661:
3039:
2437:
1572:
1386:
1040:
1009:
806:, bearing a votive inscription, part of a larger treasure found in the
776:
A silver-plated copper disk, originally part of a sword-belt, found at
407:
322:
317:: some 133 Elder Futhark inscriptions, popular during the Scandinavian
115:
107:
6676:
5901:
5862:
5831:
5824:
5811:
5610:
5107:
5053:
4780:
4715:
4456:
4167:
4102:
3746:
3681:
3596:
3531:
3025:
2822:
2427:
2223:
1716:
1600:
1290:
903:
861:
593:
569:
561:
491:
403:
331:
314:
288:
213:
84:
5887:
5881:
5849:
5843:
5790:
5630:
5624:
5540:
5391:
5120:
4793:
4180:
3759:
3609:
2937:
2338:
1831:
1825:
1030:
1022:
766:
330:: some 50 Elder Futhark inscriptions, popular in 6th to 7th century
5804:
5762:
5644:
5617:
5136:
5060:
4810:
4722:
4524:
4463:
4197:
4109:
3776:
3688:
3626:
3538:
3167:
2954:
2829:
2526:
2355:
2230:
1848:
1723:
1655:
980:
942:(three theonyms, or "Wodan and Wigi-þonar are magicians/sorcerers")
3032:
2923:
2907:
2901:
2324:
2308:
2302:
1811:
1795:
1599:
by Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the
106:
The tradition of runic literacy continued in Scandinavia into the
56:(some 350 items, dating to between the 2nd and 8th centuries AD),
1665:
1052:
966:
883:
814:
807:
773:), and a handful from Eastern Europe (Poland, Romania, Ukraine).
754:
661:
623:
begins from the 6th century, with transitional examples like the
475:
471:
429:
cremation urns: Loveden Hill (Lincolnshire), Spong Hill (Norfolk)
233:
223:
165:
96:
5855:
5838:
5776:
5741:
5734:
5728:
5721:
5700:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5372:
5357:
5091:
5076:
4819:
4764:
4757:
4743:
4489:
4474:
4206:
4151:
4144:
4130:
3785:
3730:
3723:
3709:
3635:
3580:
3573:
3559:
3002:
2968:
2916:
2887:
2880:
2874:
2850:
2403:
2369:
2317:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2251:
1896:
1862:
1804:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1744:
1134:
1079:
887:
565:
453:
253:
243:
195:
155:
145:
1181:
Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs
683:
There are a number of Christian inscriptions from the time of
6112:
5874:
5868:
5783:
5714:
5707:
5489:
5160:
5147:
4839:
4826:
4736:
4535:
4226:
4213:
4123:
3805:
3792:
3702:
3655:
3642:
3552:
3060:
3046:
2995:
2988:
2982:
2975:
2961:
2930:
2843:
2396:
2389:
2383:
2376:
2362:
2331:
2244:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1869:
1855:
1818:
1737:
1644:
758:
735:
635:. By the 10th century, only Younger Futhark remained in use.
586:
525:
1326:"Runes around the North Sea and on the Continent AD 150–700"
653:
is considered the earliest known Anglo-Frisian inscription.
5818:
5693:
5686:
5658:
5651:
5098:
5046:
4771:
4708:
4496:
4449:
4158:
4095:
3737:
3674:
3587:
3524:
3069:
2894:
2864:
2857:
2815:
2295:
2265:
2258:
2216:
1788:
1758:
1751:
1709:
1208:
in Sweden, and the early modern and modern inscriptions in
818:
361:
6639:
6630:
6621:
6238:
6220:
6157:
6094:
5995:
5959:
5423:
5211:
5206:
5197:
4876:
4590:
4572:
4564:
4267:
3914:
3867:
3862:
3842:
3388:
3365:
3360:
3342:
3254:
3249:
3200:
3188:
3179:
3141:
3137:
3124:
3119:
2747:
2724:
2719:
2701:
2613:
2608:
2559:
2547:
2538:
2500:
2496:
2483:
2478:
2169:
2165:
2152:
2138:
2048:
2043:
1990:
1955:
1942:
1937:
1450:
Runes around the North Sea and on the Continent AD 150–700
339:
belt parts (plaques, buckles, strap-ends): Vimose buckle,
1345:
Runes and their secrets: studies in runology, Volume 2000
1613:
817:
Carpathians, and the other in eastern Germany, near the
1543:
Schrift auf den Goldbrakteaten der Völkerwanderungszeit
1396:
906:
has been interpreted as being inscribed with a single
443:
436:
is a singular example of an inscription on a cave wall
6612:
6594:
6585:
6576:
6567:
6558:
6549:
6540:
6531:
6522:
6513:
6504:
6495:
6486:
6477:
6468:
6459:
6450:
6441:
6432:
6423:
6414:
6211:
6193:
6184:
6175:
6166:
6148:
6139:
6130:
6121:
6103:
6085:
6067:
6058:
6040:
6031:
6013:
6004:
5986:
5977:
5968:
5950:
5941:
5932:
5589:
5477:
5472:
5325:
5297:
5288:
5278:
5273:
5247:
5238:
5221:
5189:
5175:
5014:
5005:
4994:
4985:
4974:
4944:
4935:
4927:
4922:
4908:
4903:
4894:
4885:
4868:
4863:
4854:
4651:
4642:
4615:
4585:
4550:
4413:
4404:
4393:
4384:
4374:
4369:
4335:
4326:
4317:
4302:
4293:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4241:
4036:
4027:
4017:
4012:
4004:
3999:
3989:
3984:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3910:
3905:
3896:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3833:
3825:
3820:
3437:
3428:
3379:
3351:
3333:
3324:
3311:
3302:
3293:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3229:
3220:
3211:
3192:
3184:
3163:
3158:
3149:
3132:
3111:
3106:
3098:
3093:
2738:
2710:
2692:
2683:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2551:
2543:
2522:
2517:
2508:
2491:
2470:
2465:
2457:
2452:
2160:
2147:
2129:
2120:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2078:
2065:
2056:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1995:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1924:
1916:
1911:
913:
The other six "long" interpretable inscriptions are:
380:
and sword-sheaths: Vimose chape, Vimose sheathplate,
1094:(considered an obvious falsification by Looijenga):
87:, while the South Germanic one has a preference for
1460:
Texts and Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions
1434:
374:: Vimose, Kovel, Dahmsdorf-Müncheberg, Wurmlingen
71:script fall into two main geographical categories,
289:Estimates of total number of inscriptions produced
1133:Very few inscriptions can be associated with the
1051:, interpreting it as abbreviating the magic word
1008:Wurmlingen spearhead, from an Alemannic grave in
187:Continental Europe except Scandinavia and Frisia
6709:
1078:A small number of inscriptions found in eastern
1526:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 165–212.
1484:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 318–339.
1413:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 266–317.
868:"beloved", or in the case of the Bülach fibula
126:
64:(close to 6,000 items, 8th to 12th centuries).
956:("Arogast / Alaguth Leubo (Beloved) made it")
6401:
6396:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5882:
5875:
5869:
5863:
5856:
5850:
5844:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5541:
5403:
5392:
5373:
5358:
5349:
5161:
5148:
5137:
5130:
5121:
5108:
5099:
5092:
5077:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
4840:
4827:
4820:
4811:
4804:
4794:
4781:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4536:
4525:
4518:
4497:
4490:
4475:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4227:
4214:
4207:
4198:
4191:
4181:
4168:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
3806:
3793:
3786:
3777:
3770:
3760:
3747:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3656:
3643:
3636:
3627:
3620:
3610:
3597:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3079:
3070:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2908:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2875:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2438:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2309:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2276:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1832:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1769:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1629:
1118:
1117:fuþarkgwhnijïpʀstbem | ' uþfþai ' id | dan '
1102:
1096:
1068:
1014:
985:
971:
926:
869:
726:Elder Futhark § Continental inscriptions
696:
301:
874:"lover". Most were found in Germany, in the
60:(some 100 items, 5th to 11th centuries) and
1358:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
1177:
1636:
1622:
1498:MacLeod, Mindy, and Mees, Bernard (2006).
1456:
1429:Frisian Runes and Neighbouring Traditions
1306:
1184:. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–.
1171:
1047:by Düwel (1997). Schwab (1998:378) reads
466:"), with stray finds associated with the
757:), with a single one found south of the
67:The total 350 known inscriptions in the
31:
1443:. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag.
1406:
534:wagagastiz / alu:??hgusikijaz:aiþalataz
14:
6710:
1552:Norwegian Runes and Runic Inscriptions
1519:
1453:, dissertation, Groningen University.
1347:, Museum Tusculanum Press, 2006, 172f.
1012:, inscription read as a personal name
701:"my God, almighty God, help Cy…". The
660:, preserved during the Middle Ages in
406:: from about AD 400, very popular for
1617:
1477:
1297:, Bedminster Press, 1962, pp. iii–iv.
1141:, suggested as recording 5th-century
343:, Heilbronn-Böckingen, Szabadbattyan
698:deus meus, god aluwaldo, helpæ Cy...
36:Younger futhark inscription on bone.
29:Inscription made in a runic alphabet
1266:"Runic alphabets / Runes / Futhark"
612:, and may even contain a stanza of
482:, just predating the separation of
444:Early period (2nd to 4th centuries)
24:
6662:Runic inscriptions interactive map
1447:Looijenga, Jantina Helena (1997).
1204:not including the inscriptions in
898:inscriptions from eastern France.
25:
6739:
1566:
1508:: Woodbridge, UK; Rochester, NY,
1309:"Runes, Runology and Runologists"
1223:"runic alphabet | writing system"
691:, dated to 698, even has a runic
205:The British Isles except Ireland
75:(Scandinavian, c. 267 items) and
6270:
4696:
4083:
3510:
2799:
2200:
1693:
886:. A lesser number originates in
638:
532:Nydam axe-handle (4th century):
1501:Runic Amulets and Magic Objects
1372:
1363:
1351:
1335:
1178:John Lindow (17 October 2002).
1063:Kleines Schulerloch inscription
596:date to the early 5th century (
551:
434:Kleines Schulerloch inscription
1318:
1300:
1283:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1215:
1198:
1055:, suggesting influence of the
719:
716:of the 9th to 10th centuries.
581:inscription was on one of the
13:
1:
1605:University of Texas at Austin
1164:
539:Caistor-by-Norwich astragalus
418:Caistor-by-Norwich astragalus
353:amber: Weingarten amber-pearl
140:Number of runic inscriptions
121:
77:Continental or South Germanic
1609:lesson on runic inscriptions
1149:(a Frankish personal name).
995:Other notable inscriptions:
932:("Aigil and Ailrun fought ")
860:The known inscriptions from
855:
127:Number of known inscriptions
7:
1601:Linguistics Research Center
1152:
1128:
645:Futhorc § Inscriptions
48:made in one of the various
10:
6744:
1457:Looijenga, Tineke (2004).
1307:Looijenga, Tineke (2014).
1119:
1103:
1097:
1069:
1015:
986:
972:
927:
795:
723:
642:
555:
447:
302:Types of inscribed objects
18:Elder Futhark inscriptions
6728:Early Germanic literature
6723:Inscriptions by languages
6652:
6251:
4677:
4064:
3491:
2782:Later Anglo-Saxon Futhorc
2780:
2181:
1674:
1651:
1643:
1581:Samnordisk runtextdatabas
1549:Spurkland, Terje (2005).
1523:Alemannien und der Norden
1481:Alemannien und der Norden
1410:Alemannien und der Norden
798:Gothic runic inscriptions
791:
1441:Danmarks Runeindskrifter
1067:birg : leub :
954:alaguþleuba : dedun
838:⟨TIᛚᚨRIDS⟩
834:⟨TᛁᛚᚨᚱᛁDᛊ⟩
824:The inscription on the
583:Golden Horns of Gallehus
523:Mos spearhead (c. 300),
1227:Encyclopedia Britannica
1086:rather than Alemannic:
1031:
1023:
870:
804:gold ring of Pietroassa
714:Anglo-Saxon runic rings
697:
505:(6 objects, AD 160–300)
368:, Steindorf, Hailfingen
348:Anglo-Saxon runic rings
1676:Germanic Elder Futhark
1392:Sveriges Runinskrifter
977:("Madali, protection")
940:logaþorewodanwigiþonar
778:Liebenau, Lower Saxony
558:Sveriges runinskrifter
264:Non-Scandinavian total
110:, developing into the
37:
4066:Later Younger Futhark
3493:Norse Younger Futhark
2183:Anglo-Frisian Futhorc
1360:, s.v. "Schretzheim".
1139:Bergakker inscription
724:Further information:
689:St. Cuthbert's coffin
680:(early 7th century).
556:Further information:
448:Further information:
425:Westeremden yew-stick
396:boxes or containers:
58:Anglo-Frisian Futhorc
35:
6687:Modern runic writing
6256:Dalecarlian alphabet
1540:Nowak, Sean (2003).
987:god fura dih deofile
959:Schretzheim fibula:
740:Carpathian Mountains
545:Illerup inscriptions
509:Ovre Stabu spearhead
1661:List of runologists
1589:Gamla Runinskrifter
1295:The runes of Sweden
936:Nordendorf I fibula
606:Svingerud Runestone
503:Vimose inscriptions
6718:Runic inscriptions
6667:Runic inscriptions
1546:, Diss. Göttingen.
1159:List of runestones
826:spearhead of Kovel
744:ring of Pietroassa
693:monogram of Christ
619:The transition to
176:Scandinavian total
38:
6705:
6704:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6634:
6625:
6616:
6607:
6598:
6589:
6580:
6571:
6562:
6553:
6544:
6535:
6526:
6517:
6508:
6499:
6490:
6481:
6472:
6463:
6454:
6445:
6436:
6427:
6418:
6280:
6253:Dalecarlian runes
6246:
6245:
6242:
6233:
6224:
6215:
6206:
6197:
6188:
6179:
6170:
6161:
6152:
6143:
6134:
6125:
6116:
6107:
6098:
6089:
6080:
6071:
6062:
6053:
6044:
6035:
6026:
6017:
6008:
5999:
5990:
5981:
5972:
5963:
5954:
5945:
5936:
5927:
5604:
5593:
5493:
5480:
5455:
5438:
5427:
5329:
5314:
5301:
5292:
5281:
5262:
5251:
5242:
5225:
5214:
5201:
5192:
5179:
5033:
5018:
5009:
4998:
4989:
4978:
4963:
4952:
4939:
4930:
4911:
4898:
4889:
4880:
4871:
4858:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4655:
4646:
4623:
4610:
4593:
4576:
4567:
4554:
4436:
4417:
4408:
4397:
4388:
4377:
4358:
4343:
4330:
4321:
4306:
4297:
4288:
4271:
4262:
4245:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4040:
4031:
4020:
4007:
3992:
3973:
3958:
3941:
3932:
3917:
3900:
3891:
3870:
3857:
3828:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3459:
3448:
3441:
3432:
3423:
3414:
3405:
3396:
3383:
3372:
3355:
3346:
3337:
3328:
3319:
3306:
3297:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3242:
3233:
3224:
3215:
3204:
3195:
3174:
3153:
3144:
3127:
3114:
3101:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2731:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2665:
2656:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2563:
2554:
2533:
2512:
2503:
2486:
2473:
2460:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2155:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2102:
2093:
2082:
2073:
2060:
2051:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
1998:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1945:
1932:
1919:
1573:Runenprojekt Kiel
1555:, Boydell Press.
1463:. Leiden: Brill.
1210:Dalecarlian runes
1191:978-0-19-983969-8
1004:frifridil du aftm
922:aigil andi aïlrun
880:Baden-Württemberg
832:letters, reading
751:Baden-Württemberg
592:The oldest known
346:rings: six known
319:Germanic Iron Age
286:
285:
42:runic inscription
16:(Redirected from
6735:
6658:
6637:
6628:
6619:
6610:
6601:
6592:
6583:
6574:
6565:
6556:
6547:
6538:
6529:
6520:
6511:
6502:
6493:
6484:
6475:
6466:
6457:
6448:
6439:
6430:
6421:
6412:
6403:
6398:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6274:
6271:
6236:
6227:
6218:
6209:
6200:
6191:
6182:
6173:
6164:
6155:
6146:
6137:
6128:
6119:
6110:
6101:
6092:
6083:
6074:
6065:
6056:
6047:
6038:
6029:
6020:
6011:
6002:
5993:
5984:
5975:
5966:
5957:
5948:
5939:
5930:
5921:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5884:
5877:
5871:
5865:
5858:
5852:
5846:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5821:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5598:
5587:
5543:
5487:
5470:
5449:
5432:
5421:
5405:
5394:
5375:
5360:
5351:
5323:
5308:
5295:
5286:
5271:
5256:
5245:
5236:
5219:
5204:
5195:
5182:
5173:
5163:
5150:
5139:
5132:
5123:
5110:
5101:
5094:
5079:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5027:
5012:
5003:
4992:
4983:
4972:
4957:
4942:
4933:
4920:
4901:
4892:
4883:
4874:
4861:
4852:
4842:
4829:
4822:
4813:
4806:
4796:
4783:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4697:
4662:
4649:
4640:
4613:
4604:
4583:
4570:
4557:
4548:
4538:
4527:
4520:
4499:
4492:
4477:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4426:
4411:
4402:
4391:
4382:
4367:
4348:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4300:
4291:
4274:
4265:
4248:
4239:
4229:
4216:
4209:
4200:
4193:
4183:
4170:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4084:
4049:
4034:
4025:
4010:
3997:
3982:
3963:
3944:
3935:
3926:
3903:
3894:
3873:
3860:
3831:
3818:
3808:
3795:
3788:
3779:
3772:
3762:
3749:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3658:
3645:
3638:
3629:
3622:
3612:
3599:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3511:
3464:
3453:
3444:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3408:
3399:
3386:
3377:
3358:
3349:
3340:
3331:
3322:
3309:
3300:
3291:
3280:
3271:
3262:
3247:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3198:
3177:
3156:
3147:
3130:
3117:
3104:
3091:
3081:
3072:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2910:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2877:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2800:
2765:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2717:
2708:
2699:
2690:
2681:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2606:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2557:
2536:
2515:
2506:
2489:
2476:
2463:
2450:
2440:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2278:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2201:
2158:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2076:
2063:
2054:
2041:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1948:
1935:
1922:
1909:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1694:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1597:Old Norse Online
1593:
1585:
1577:
1537:
1495:
1474:
1444:
1424:
1379:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1270:www.omniglot.com
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1246:Fischer 2004:281
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1219:
1213:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1175:
1122:
1121:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1072:
1071:
1057:magic traditions
1034:
1026:
1018:
1017:
989:
988:
975:
974:
961:siþwagadin leubo
930:
929:
873:
839:
835:
700:
685:Christianization
656:The 8th-century
651:Undley bracteate
614:Old Norse poetry
604:), although the
366:Thames scramasax
134:
133:
101:Northern Germany
21:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6697:Staveless runes
6656:
6648:
6277:
6257:
6255:
6247:
5886:
5873:
5867:
5854:
5848:
5823:
5733:
5629:
5601:
5476:
5277:
5210:
5188:
4948:
4926:
4907:
4867:
4683:
4682:Medieval Fuþark
4681:
4673:
4619:
4589:
4563:
4432:
4373:
4354:
4339:
4280:
4258:
4254:
4070:
4068:
4060:
4016:
4003:
3988:
3969:
3954:
3950:
3913:
3909:
3883:
3879:
3866:
3849:
3845:
3837:
3824:
3497:
3495:
3487:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3421:
3412:
3392:
3368:
3364:
3315:
3257:
3253:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3140:
3136:
3123:
3110:
3097:
2987:
2906:
2879:
2811:
2805:
2786:
2784:
2776:
2769:
2727:
2723:
2674:
2616:
2612:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2499:
2495:
2482:
2469:
2456:
2388:
2307:
2280:
2212:
2206:
2187:
2185:
2177:
2168:
2164:
2151:
2111:
2069:
2047:
1994:
1954:
1941:
1928:
1915:
1881:
1830:
1773:
1705:
1699:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1647:
1642:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1534:
1492:
1471:
1435:Jacobsen, Lis;
1421:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1155:
1131:
892:Rheinland-Pfalz
858:
837:
833:
800:
794:
728:
722:
710:Norman conquest
647:
641:
621:Younger Futhark
572:
554:
518:Thorsberg chape
460:Common Germanic
456:
446:
411:Younger Futhark
382:Thorsberg chape
304:
291:
129:
124:
112:Younger Futhark
62:Younger Futhark
50:runic alphabets
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6741:
6731:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6635:
6626:
6617:
6608:
6599:
6590:
6581:
6572:
6563:
6554:
6545:
6536:
6527:
6518:
6509:
6500:
6491:
6482:
6473:
6464:
6455:
6446:
6437:
6428:
6419:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6281:
6269:
6267:
6249:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6234:
6225:
6216:
6207:
6198:
6189:
6180:
6171:
6162:
6153:
6144:
6135:
6126:
6117:
6108:
6099:
6090:
6081:
6072:
6063:
6054:
6045:
6036:
6027:
6018:
6009:
6000:
5991:
5982:
5973:
5964:
5955:
5946:
5937:
5928:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5879:
5860:
5836:
5829:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5726:
5719:
5712:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5656:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5605:
5595:
5594:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5430:
5428:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5355:
5353:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5293:
5284:
5282:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5254:
5252:
5243:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5217:
5215:
5202:
5193:
5180:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5125:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5105:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5074:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5010:
5001:
4999:
4990:
4981:
4979:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4955:
4953:
4940:
4931:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4899:
4890:
4881:
4872:
4859:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4798:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4778:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4703:
4695:
4693:
4679:Medieval runes
4675:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4647:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4611:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4568:
4555:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4409:
4400:
4398:
4389:
4380:
4378:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4346:
4344:
4331:
4322:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4298:
4289:
4272:
4263:
4246:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4185:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4165:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4090:
4082:
4080:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4032:
4023:
4021:
4008:
3995:
3993:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3961:
3959:
3942:
3933:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3901:
3892:
3871:
3858:
3829:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3764:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3744:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3614:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3594:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3496:16-type Fuþark
3489:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3462:
3460:
3451:
3449:
3442:
3433:
3424:
3415:
3406:
3397:
3384:
3375:
3373:
3356:
3347:
3338:
3329:
3320:
3307:
3298:
3289:
3287:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3245:
3243:
3234:
3225:
3216:
3207:
3205:
3196:
3175:
3154:
3145:
3128:
3115:
3102:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3074:
3067:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2912:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2872:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2785:33-type Fuþorc
2778:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2715:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2604:
2602:
2593:
2584:
2575:
2566:
2564:
2555:
2534:
2513:
2504:
2487:
2474:
2461:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2273:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2186:28-type Fuþorc
2179:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2156:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2061:
2052:
2039:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1946:
1933:
1920:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1766:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1679:24-type Fuþark
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1594:
1586:
1578:
1568:
1567:External links
1565:
1564:
1563:
1547:
1538:
1532:
1517:
1496:
1490:
1475:
1469:
1454:
1445:
1432:
1425:
1419:
1404:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1350:
1334:
1317:
1299:
1282:
1257:
1255:Lüthi 2004:321
1248:
1239:
1214:
1206:medieval runes
1197:
1190:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1113:Charnay Fibula
1109:
1076:
1075:
1060:
1037:
1006:
993:
992:
978:
964:
957:
943:
933:
918:Pforzen buckle
857:
854:
796:Main article:
793:
790:
721:
718:
703:Ruthwell Cross
643:Main article:
640:
637:
553:
550:
549:
548:
542:
536:
530:
521:
515:
506:
445:
442:
441:
440:
439:spindle whorls
437:
430:
427:
421:
414:
401:
394:
390:
389:
388:
375:
369:
356:
355:
354:
351:
344:
341:Pforzen buckle
337:
334:
325:
303:
300:
290:
287:
284:
283:
278:
272:
271:
266:
260:
259:
256:
250:
249:
246:
240:
239:
236:
230:
229:
226:
220:
219:
216:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
198:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
178:
172:
171:
168:
162:
161:
158:
152:
151:
148:
142:
141:
138:
128:
125:
123:
120:
73:North Germanic
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6740:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6642:
6641:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6400:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6261:
6254:
6250:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5907:
5905:
5900:
5898:
5893:
5891:
5885:
5880:
5878:
5872:
5866:
5861:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5835:
5830:
5828:
5822:
5817:
5815:
5810:
5808:
5803:
5801:
5796:
5794:
5789:
5787:
5782:
5780:
5775:
5773:
5768:
5766:
5761:
5759:
5754:
5752:
5747:
5745:
5740:
5738:
5732:
5727:
5725:
5720:
5718:
5713:
5711:
5706:
5704:
5699:
5697:
5692:
5690:
5685:
5683:
5678:
5676:
5671:
5669:
5664:
5662:
5657:
5655:
5650:
5648:
5643:
5641:
5636:
5634:
5628:
5623:
5621:
5616:
5614:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5191:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5135:
5133:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5097:
5095:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5066:
5064:
5059:
5057:
5052:
5050:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4825:
4823:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4809:
4807:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4770:
4768:
4763:
4761:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4742:
4740:
4735:
4733:
4728:
4726:
4721:
4719:
4714:
4712:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4676:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4523:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4455:
4453:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4212:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4196:
4194:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4157:
4155:
4150:
4148:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4127:
4122:
4120:
4115:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4101:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4063:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3791:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3775:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3687:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3625:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3579:
3577:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3537:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3490:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2779:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:, contains a
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1561:1-84383-186-4
1558:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1533:3-11-017891-5
1529:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1514:1-84383-205-4
1511:
1507:
1506:Boydell Press
1503:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1491:3-11-017891-5
1487:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1470:90-04-12396-2
1466:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1439:(1941–1942).
1438:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1420:3-11-017891-5
1416:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1327:
1321:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1124:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1093:
1092:Arguel pebble
1089:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
1000:Bülach fibula
998:
997:
996:
990:
982:
979:
976:
973:madali umbada
968:
965:
962:
958:
955:
951:
947:
944:
941:
937:
934:
931:
928:ltahu gasokun
923:
919:
916:
915:
914:
911:
909:
905:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
867:
863:
853:
851:
847:
843:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
812:
809:
805:
799:
789:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
763:Bülach fibula
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
727:
717:
715:
711:
706:
704:
699:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
665:
663:
659:
658:Franks Casket
654:
652:
646:
639:Anglo-Frisian
636:
634:
633:Rök runestone
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
577:An important
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
546:
543:
540:
537:
535:
531:
528:
527:
522:
519:
516:
514:
510:
507:
504:
501:
500:
499:
497:
493:
489:
488:Anglo-Frisian
485:
484:West Germanic
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
455:
451:
438:
435:
431:
428:
426:
422:
419:
415:
412:
409:
405:
402:
399:
398:Franks Casket
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
363:
360:
359:
358:Weapon parts
357:
352:
349:
345:
342:
338:
335:
333:
329:
326:
324:
320:
316:
313:
312:
310:
309:
308:
299:
297:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
257:
255:
252:
251:
247:
245:
242:
241:
237:
235:
232:
231:
227:
225:
222:
221:
217:
215:
212:
211:
207:
204:
203:
199:
197:
194:
193:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
169:
167:
164:
163:
159:
157:
154:
153:
149:
147:
144:
143:
139:
136:
135:
132:
119:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
69:Elder Futhark
65:
63:
59:
55:
54:Elder Futhark
51:
47:
43:
34:
27:
19:
6692:Pseudo-runes
6666:
6638:
6629:
6620:
6611:
6602:
6593:
6584:
6575:
6566:
6557:
6548:
6539:
6530:
6521:
6512:
6503:
6494:
6485:
6476:
6467:
6458:
6449:
6440:
6431:
6422:
6413:
6278:(incomplete)
6276:Alphabetical
6275:
6237:
6228:
6219:
6210:
6201:
6192:
6183:
6174:
6165:
6156:
6147:
6138:
6129:
6120:
6111:
6102:
6093:
6084:
6075:
6066:
6057:
6048:
6039:
6030:
6021:
6012:
6003:
5994:
5985:
5976:
5967:
5958:
5949:
5940:
5931:
5922:
5602:amalgamation
5600:Alphabetical
5599:
5588:
5498:
5488:
5471:
5450:
5433:
5422:
5334:
5324:
5309:
5296:
5287:
5272:
5257:
5246:
5237:
5220:
5205:
5196:
5183:
5174:
5038:
5028:
5013:
5004:
4993:
4984:
4973:
4958:
4943:
4934:
4921:
4902:
4893:
4884:
4875:
4862:
4853:
4700:
4663:
4650:
4641:
4614:
4605:
4584:
4571:
4558:
4549:
4441:
4427:
4412:
4403:
4392:
4383:
4368:
4349:
4334:
4325:
4316:
4301:
4292:
4275:
4266:
4249:
4240:
4087:
4069:Stung Fuþark
4050:
4035:
4026:
4011:
3998:
3983:
3964:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3904:
3895:
3874:
3861:
3832:
3819:
3664:
3514:
3465:
3454:
3445:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3400:
3387:
3378:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3310:
3301:
3292:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3248:
3237:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3199:
3178:
3157:
3148:
3131:
3118:
3105:
3092:
2803:
2766:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2718:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2607:
2596:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2558:
2537:
2516:
2507:
2490:
2477:
2464:
2451:
2204:
2159:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2077:
2064:
2055:
2042:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1949:
1936:
1923:
1910:
1697:
1592:(in Swedish)
1584:(in Swedish)
1550:
1541:
1522:
1499:
1480:
1459:
1448:
1440:
1437:Moltke, Erik
1428:
1409:
1390:
1374:
1365:
1353:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1320:
1302:
1294:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1226:
1217:
1200:
1180:
1173:
1146:
1143:Old Frankish
1132:
1116:
1095:
1077:
1066:
1048:
1044:
1039:Schretzheim
1029:
1021:
1013:
1003:
994:
984:
970:
960:
953:
949:
939:
925:
921:
912:
907:
900:
865:
859:
849:
845:
841:
823:
801:
781:
775:
748:
731:
729:
707:
682:
677:
673:
669:
666:
655:
648:
618:
610:Eggjum stone
602:Kylver Stone
598:Einang stone
591:
576:
573:
552:Scandinavian
533:
524:
512:
463:
457:
413:inscriptions
305:
292:
280:
275:
268:
263:
180:
175:
130:
105:
93:
66:
41:
39:
26:
6682:Runic magic
3516:Long-Branch
1576:(in German)
1397:online text
1387:Brate, Erik
1123:| ïia | r |
946:Schretzheim
811:Carpathians
771:Switzerland
765:, found in
720:Continental
579:Proto-Norse
547:(9 objects)
496:High German
480:Proto-Norse
450:Alu (runic)
46:inscription
6712:Categories
6677:Runestones
6672:Rune Poems
3666:Short-Twig
2806:Variations
2804:Normalized
2207:Variations
2205:Normalized
1700:Variations
1698:Normalized
1165:References
1104:luïgoaŋzej
1101:| wodan |
1084:Burgundian
1041:ring-sword
1010:Wurmlingen
896:Burgundian
742:(e.g. the
629:Stentoften
625:Björketorp
594:runestones
511:(c. 180),
492:Low German
408:Viking Age
404:runestones
386:Sæbø sword
372:spearheads
323:Vendel era
315:bracteates
281:> 6,400
122:Statistics
116:runestones
108:Viking Age
85:bracteates
5499:4th types
5335:3rd types
5039:2nd types
4701:1st types
1291:Stenkyrka
904:Bopfingen
862:Alemannia
856:Alemannic
815:Ukrainian
570:Runestone
562:bracteate
332:Alemannia
228:< 100
218:> 100
214:Greenland
208:> 200
6657:See also
1656:Runology
1431:. Rodopi
1389:(1922).
1153:See also
1129:Frankish
1070:selbrade
1016:(i)dorih
981:Osthofen
969:fibula:
950:arogisd
808:Romanian
541:(AD 400)
520:(AD 200)
513:raunijaz
311:jewelry
269:> 500
81:"German"
6264:20th c.
6260:16th c.
4690:16th c.
4686:13th c.
4088:Regular
4077:13th c.
4073:11th c.
3504:11th c.
2793:12th c.
1666:Rundata
1603:at the
1401:Swedish
1120:(l)iano
1107:| kim |
1098:arbitag
1082:may be
1053:Abraxas
1032:Dor-rīh
1024:Ido-rīh
967:Bad Ems
884:Bavaria
782:rauzwih
755:Bavaria
662:Brioude
476:Ukraine
472:Romania
328:fibulae
296:Illerup
234:Ireland
224:Iceland
166:Denmark
97:Denmark
89:fibulae
3500:8th c.
2944:
2871:
2789:8th c.
2434:
2410:
2345:
2272:
2194:9th c.
2190:5th c.
1687:9th c.
1559:
1530:
1512:
1488:
1467:
1417:
1275:24 May
1232:24 May
1188:
1135:Franks
1080:France
948:case:
888:Hessen
876:states
871:fridil
792:Gothic
767:Bülach
568:, and
566:Bautil
454:Erilaz
416:bone:
393:items)
378:swords
362:seaxes
254:Turkey
244:Faroes
196:Frisia
160:1,552
156:Norway
150:3,432
146:Sweden
44:is an
6258:(ca.
4684:(ca.
4442:Stung
4071:(ca.
3498:(ca.
2787:(ca.
2188:(ca.
1681:(ca.
1645:Runes
1329:(PDF)
1312:(PDF)
840:(the
830:Latin
759:Rhine
736:Goths
732:Koine
587:Aalen
526:gaois
486:into
470:from
468:Goths
464:Koine
276:Total
181:5,826
137:Area
1557:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1465:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1277:2017
1234:2017
1186:ISBN
1147:bobo
1111:the
1090:the
1049:abra
1045:arab
890:and
882:and
866:leub
848:and
819:Oder
753:and
676:and
670:pada
494:and
474:and
452:and
432:the
170:844
99:and
6262:to
4688:to
4075:to
3502:to
2791:to
2192:to
1685:to
1399:in
1395:, (
1028:or
924:/
878:of
836:or
786:RGA
678:epa
674:æpa
627:or
529:(?)
238:16
200:20
190:80
6714::
6382:ᛋᛌ
6353:𐋐
5435:ng
3480:kk
3475:ck
3471:c̄
3467:k̄
3446:st
3422:æa
3419:ea
3413:īo
3410:īa
3370:ōe
3366:oe
3258:ēo
2770:æa
2767:ea
2729:ōe
2725:oe
2617:ēo
1683:AD
1504:.
1268:.
1225:.
1115::
1002::
983::
952:/
938::
920::
844:,
821:.
769:,
687:.
672:,
616:.
600:,
564:,
560:,
498:.
490:,
364::
321:/
258:2
248:9
118:.
103:.
40:A
6640:ö
6631:ä
6622:å
6613:z
6604:y
6595:x
6586:u
6577:t
6568:s
6559:r
6550:q
6541:p
6532:o
6523:n
6514:m
6505:l
6496:k
6487:i
6478:h
6469:g
6460:f
6451:e
6442:d
6433:c
6424:b
6415:a
6402:ᛦ
6397:ᚯ
6393:Å
6387:ᛠ
6377:ᚢ
6372:ᛐ
6367:ᛌ
6362:ᚱ
6357:ᛩ
6349:ᛰ
6344:ᚿ
6339:ᛘ
6334:ᛚ
6329:ᚴ
6324:ᛁ
6319:ᚼ
6312:ᚠ
6307:ᛆ
6302:ᚦ
6297:ᛋ
6292:ᛒ
6287:ᛅ
6283:–
6266:)
6239:ö
6230:ä
6221:å
6212:z
6203:y
6194:x
6185:w
6176:v
6167:u
6158:þ
6149:t
6140:s
6131:r
6122:q
6113:ᴘ
6104:p
6095:ǫ
6086:o
6077:ɴ
6068:n
6059:m
6050:ʟ
6041:l
6032:k
6023:j
6014:i
6005:h
5996:ŋ
5987:g
5978:f
5969:e
5960:ð
5951:d
5942:c
5933:b
5924:a
5910:ᚯ
5903:ᛅ
5896:ᚰ
5889:ᛍ
5883:ᛎ
5876:ᛨ
5870:ᛦ
5864:ᚤ
5857:ᚼ
5851:ᛪ
5845:ᛋ
5840:ᚴ
5833:ᚢ
5826:ᚤ
5820:ᚡ
5813:ᚢ
5806:ᚦ
5799:ᛐ
5792:ᛋ
5785:ᚱ
5778:ᚴ
5771:ᛕ
5764:ᛔ
5757:ᚰ
5750:ᚮ
5743:ᛀ
5736:ᚾ
5730:ᚿ
5723:ᛘ
5716:ᛛ
5709:ᛚ
5702:ᚴ
5695:ᛁ
5688:ᛁ
5681:ᚼ
5674:ᚶ
5667:ᚵ
5660:ᚠ
5653:ᛂ
5646:ᚧ
5639:ᛑ
5632:ᛎ
5626:ᛍ
5619:ᛒ
5612:ᛆ
5607:–
5590:x
5542:ᛪ
5503:–
5490:ᴘ
5478:c
5473:z
5452:ɴ
5424:ö
5404:ᛕ
5393:ᛎ
5374:ᛀ
5359:ᚶ
5350:ᚯ
5339:–
5326:y
5311:ʟ
5298:p
5289:d
5279:z
5274:c
5259:ä
5248:e
5239:n
5222:g
5212:å
5207:ǫ
5198:ð
5190:v
5185:y
5176:v
5162:ᛨ
5149:ᛛ
5138:ᛔ
5131:ᛑ
5122:ᛍ
5109:ᛅ
5100:ᛂ
5093:ᚾ
5078:ᚵ
5069:ᚰ
5062:ᚧ
5055:ᚤ
5048:ᚡ
5043:–
5030:y
5015:l
5006:m
4995:b
4986:t
4975:s
4960:a
4950:j
4945:i
4936:n
4928:x
4923:h
4909:q
4904:k
4895:r
4886:o
4877:þ
4869:w
4864:u
4855:f
4841:ᛦ
4828:ᛚ
4821:ᛘ
4812:ᛒ
4805:ᛐ
4800:᛬
4795:ᛋ
4782:ᛆ
4773:ᛁ
4766:ᚿ
4759:ᚼ
4754:᛬
4745:ᚴ
4738:ᚱ
4731:ᚮ
4724:ᚦ
4717:ᚢ
4710:ᚠ
4705:–
4692:)
4665:ʟ
4652:p
4643:d
4621:ä
4616:e
4607:ɴ
4591:ŋ
4586:g
4573:ð
4565:ö
4560:y
4551:v
4537:ᛛ
4526:ᛔ
4519:ᛑ
4498:ᛂ
4491:ᛀ
4476:ᚵ
4465:ᚧ
4458:ᚤ
4451:ᚡ
4446:–
4434:ʀ
4429:y
4414:l
4405:m
4394:b
4385:t
4375:z
4370:s
4356:ä
4351:a
4341:j
4336:i
4327:n
4318:h
4303:k
4294:r
4286:ǫ
4284:/
4282:å
4277:o
4268:þ
4260:w
4256:o
4251:u
4242:f
4228:ᛦ
4215:ᛚ
4208:ᛘ
4199:ᛒ
4192:ᛐ
4187:᛬
4182:ᛋ
4169:ᛅ
4160:ᛁ
4153:ᚾ
4146:ᚼ
4141:᛬
4132:ᚴ
4125:ᚱ
4118:ᚬ
4111:ᚦ
4104:ᚢ
4097:ᚠ
4092:–
4079:)
4052:ʀ
4037:l
4028:m
4018:p
4013:b
4005:d
4000:t
3990:z
3985:s
3971:ä
3966:a
3956:e
3952:j
3947:i
3938:n
3929:h
3915:ŋ
3911:g
3906:k
3897:r
3889:ǫ
3887:/
3885:å
3881:o
3876:ą
3868:ð
3863:þ
3855:w
3853:/
3851:v
3847:o
3843:ö
3841:/
3839:y
3834:u
3826:v
3821:f
3807:ᛧ
3794:ᛚ
3787:ᛙ
3778:ᛓ
3771:ᛐ
3766:᛬
3761:ᛌ
3748:ᛆ
3739:ᛁ
3732:ᚿ
3725:ᚽ
3720:᛬
3711:ᚴ
3704:ᚱ
3697:ᚭ
3690:ᚦ
3683:ᚢ
3676:ᚠ
3671:–
3657:ᛦ
3644:ᛚ
3637:ᛘ
3628:ᛒ
3621:ᛏ
3616:᛬
3611:ᛋ
3598:ᛅ
3589:ᛁ
3582:ᚾ
3575:ᚼ
3570:᛬
3561:ᚴ
3554:ᚱ
3547:ᚬ
3540:ᚦ
3533:ᚢ
3526:ᚠ
3521:–
3506:)
3456:ḡ
3438:k
3429:q
3402:y
3394:y
3389:æ
3380:a
3361:œ
3352:d
3343:ŋ
3334:l
3325:m
3317:ɛ
3312:e
3303:b
3294:t
3283:s
3274:x
3265:p
3255:é
3250:ï
3239:j
3230:i
3221:n
3212:h
3201:ƿ
3193:k
3189:ŋ
3185:g
3180:ȝ
3172:ɕ
3168:ɧ
3164:k
3159:c
3150:r
3142:ö
3138:å
3133:o
3125:ð
3120:þ
3112:o
3107:u
3099:v
3094:f
3080:ᛤ
3071:ᚸ
3062:ᛥ
3055:ᛣ
3048:ᛢ
3041:ᛠ
3034:ᛡ
3027:ᚣ
3020:ᚫ
3013:ᚪ
3004:ᛟ
2997:ᛞ
2990:ᛜ
2984:ᛝ
2977:ᛚ
2970:ᛗ
2963:ᛖ
2956:ᛒ
2949:ᛏ
2939:ᛋ
2932:ᛉ
2925:ᛈ
2918:ᛇ
2909:ᛡ
2903:ᛄ
2896:ᛁ
2889:ᚾ
2882:ᚺ
2876:ᚻ
2866:ᚹ
2859:ᚷ
2852:ᚳ
2845:ᚱ
2838:ᚩ
2831:ᚦ
2824:ᚢ
2817:ᚠ
2812:–
2810:–
2795:)
2757:y
2748:æ
2739:a
2720:œ
2711:d
2702:ŋ
2693:l
2684:m
2676:ɛ
2671:e
2662:b
2653:t
2642:s
2633:x
2624:p
2614:é
2609:ï
2598:j
2589:i
2580:n
2571:h
2560:ƿ
2552:k
2548:ŋ
2544:g
2539:ȝ
2531:ɕ
2527:ɧ
2523:k
2518:c
2509:r
2501:ö
2497:å
2492:o
2484:ð
2479:þ
2471:o
2466:u
2458:v
2453:f
2439:ᛠ
2429:ᚣ
2422:ᚫ
2415:ᚪ
2405:ᛟ
2398:ᛞ
2391:ᛜ
2385:ᛝ
2378:ᛚ
2371:ᛗ
2364:ᛖ
2357:ᛒ
2350:ᛏ
2340:ᛋ
2333:ᛉ
2326:ᛈ
2319:ᛇ
2310:ᛡ
2304:ᛄ
2297:ᛁ
2290:ᚾ
2283:ᚺ
2277:ᚻ
2267:ᚹ
2260:ᚷ
2253:ᚳ
2246:ᚱ
2239:ᚩ
2232:ᚦ
2225:ᚢ
2218:ᚠ
2213:–
2211:–
2196:)
2170:ö
2166:å
2161:o
2153:ð
2148:d
2139:ŋ
2130:l
2121:m
2113:ɛ
2108:e
2099:b
2090:t
2079:s
2071:ʀ
2066:z
2057:p
2049:é
2044:ï
2033:j
2024:i
2015:n
2006:h
1996:v
1991:ƿ
1982:g
1973:k
1964:r
1956:ã
1951:a
1943:ð
1938:þ
1930:y
1925:u
1917:v
1912:f
1898:ᛟ
1891:ᛞ
1884:ᛝ
1878:ᛜ
1871:ᛚ
1864:ᛗ
1857:ᛖ
1850:ᛒ
1843:ᛏ
1838:᛬
1833:ᛋ
1827:ᛊ
1820:ᛉ
1813:ᛈ
1806:ᛇ
1797:ᛃ
1790:ᛁ
1783:ᚾ
1776:ᚻ
1770:ᚺ
1765:᛬
1760:ᚹ
1753:ᚷ
1746:ᚲ
1739:ᚱ
1732:ᚨ
1725:ᚦ
1718:ᚢ
1711:ᚠ
1706:–
1704:–
1689:)
1637:e
1630:t
1623:v
1536:.
1516:.
1494:.
1473:.
1423:.
1403:)
1331:.
1314:.
1279:.
1236:.
1212:.
1194:.
1074:.
1036:)
1020:(
908:g
850:s
846:r
842:i
761:(
79:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
