124:), with the latter viewed "floating" being initially part of North Germanic (in the 2nd century BC), but moving closer to the more southerly dialects in the subsequent five centuries. This view has received some support, although a number of those who share Schwarz's view, such as Lehmann, use instead the terms
151:. Although it can be seen as a development of Schwarz's theory, it implies that North Sea Germanic and South Germanic did not form any sort of larger West Germanic grouping. The German term
159:) is also used informally in a similar sense to distinguish between the coastal West Germanic dialects and the rest, though it does not imply that they are not all part of West Germanic.
995:
1370:
448:
1168:
985:
17:
1897:
417:
380:
357:
311:
441:
73:. However, this usage is also found occasionally in the work of linguists — for example, Stefan Sonderegger. (The
339:
Lehmann, Winfred P. (1966). "The
Grouping of the Germanic Languages". In Birnbaum, Henrik; Puhvel, Jaan (eds.).
139:. This usage seems to be exclusive to Claus JĂĽrgen Hutterer, who groups North Sea Germanic separately from the
2264:
2294:
1464:
1426:
1411:
738:
2393:
2274:
2134:
1484:
1443:
1433:
434:
650:
108:) languages in the former. A feature of his grouping is the intermediate position of two other groups,
1991:
81:
69:, where it covers continental German sources in contrast to those from Scandinavia, which are termed
2269:
2223:
2218:
2142:
1752:
1736:
1615:
1474:
1365:
1360:
179:
169:
70:
2208:
2152:
2147:
2067:
1740:
1690:
990:
808:
564:
492:
480:
184:
174:
97:
74:
54:
2330:
2050:
1448:
2213:
1695:
1661:
1279:
1095:
955:
795:
690:
2371:
2335:
1603:
1596:
1548:
1318:
1289:
1258:
1221:
1146:
903:
816:
677:
639:
148:
136:
96:(or Continental Germanic) group, with the Scandinavian (or Nordic) languages and the extinct
1836:
711:
392:
Goten, Nordgermanen, Angelsachsen : Studien zur
Ausgliederung der germanischen Sprachen
2340:
2320:
2289:
2162:
2022:
1768:
1586:
1178:
1005:
967:
962:
836:
783:
541:
140:
66:
1996:
8:
2279:
1515:
1469:
1403:
1156:
803:
716:
514:
1826:
1671:
918:
2325:
2249:
2177:
2167:
2122:
1884:
1811:
1708:
1553:
1528:
1523:
1416:
1244:
1129:
950:
728:
723:
702:
663:
467:
457:
369:
129:
125:
85:
62:
38:
1479:
2299:
2098:
2014:
2007:
1962:
1906:
1666:
1656:
1639:
1634:
1538:
1300:
1100:
1061:
1041:
879:
771:
753:
605:
413:
376:
353:
321:
307:
2254:
2045:
1979:
1935:
1930:
1890:
1879:
1871:
1676:
1644:
1591:
1580:
1493:
1202:
1141:
931:
913:
748:
509:
501:
2091:
2284:
2244:
2077:
1984:
1967:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1649:
1558:
1543:
1498:
1350:
1313:
1305:
1284:
1271:
1251:
1237:
1000:
977:
908:
898:
890:
670:
101:
34:
2365:
2259:
2239:
2083:
1957:
1627:
1394:
1333:
1112:
1069:
1026:
943:
938:
827:
777:
628:
579:
534:
527:
105:
89:
2387:
2315:
2157:
1913:
1864:
1681:
1620:
1533:
1438:
1376:
1323:
1207:
1134:
144:
117:
109:
58:
2184:
1608:
1572:
1505:
1328:
1151:
1124:
1107:
1051:
1010:
592:
571:
1831:
2001:
1974:
1792:
1700:
1382:
1343:
926:
621:
585:
520:
1846:
320:
H.L. Kufner, "The grouping and separation of the
Germanic languages" in
1841:
1821:
1186:
856:
557:
113:
2027:
1775:
1421:
1338:
1119:
1074:
1046:
872:
426:
121:
1851:
1816:
1164:
371:
The
Germanic Languages. Origins and Early Dialectal Interrelations
343:. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California. pp. 13–27.
1857:
1453:
1355:
348:
Marchand, James M. (2016). "Mythology". In Jeep, John M. (ed.).
77:
are generally ignored because there are no pre-Christian texts.)
1160:
41:. However, it is not widely used and has no agreed definition.
1078:
49:
The following uses of the term "South
Germanic" are found:
280:
147:
groups which give rise to (among others) the High German
33:
is a term used for a number of proposed groupings of the
331:
H. Kuhn, "Zur
Gliedering der germanischen Sprachen", in
244:
208:
412:. Vol. I. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
57:
with the exception of its exclusion of those of the
352:. Abingdon, New York: Routledge. pp. 553–555.
268:
196:
61:. This usage is particularly found in the study of
368:
256:
232:
220:
2385:
27:Proposed Language Dialect and Peoples Grouping
442:
375:. Tuscaloosa, London: University of Alabama.
407:
286:
214:
449:
435:
347:
301:
274:
202:
398:
389:
366:
338:
262:
250:
238:
226:
14:
2386:
456:
306:. Wiesbaden: Albus. pp. 251–360.
2120:
1734:
478:
430:
88:dialects. He divides Germanic into a
410:GrundzĂĽge deutscher Sprachgeschichte
1011:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
128:(for Schwarz's North Germanic) and
24:
2370:Languages between parentheses are
1735:
333:Zeitschrift fĂĽr deutsches Altertum
326:Toward a Grammar of Proto Germanic
25:
2405:
350:Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia
53:As a straightforward synonym for
302:Hutterer, Claus JĂĽrgen (1999).
295:
132:(for Schwarz's South Germanic).
2374:of the language on their left.
341:Ancient Indo-European Dialects
13:
1:
2265:Germanic substrate hypothesis
2121:
190:
2295:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
986:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
408:Sonderegger, Stefan (1979).
367:Nielsen, Hans Frede (1989).
7:
2275:High German consonant shift
163:
10:
2410:
813:Westlauwers–Terschellings
466:According to contemporary
324:& H.L. Kufner (eds.),
2357:
2308:
2232:
2201:
2133:
2129:
2116:
2065:
2038:
1992:Southern Schleswig Danish
1923:
1804:
1760:
1751:
1747:
1730:
1571:
1514:
1402:
1393:
1298:
1270:
1229:
1220:
1195:
1177:
1088:
1060:
1034:
1025:
976:
889:
864:
855:
794:
689:
638:
613:
604:
500:
491:
487:
474:
464:
304:Die germanischen Sprachen
2270:West Germanic gemination
2224:Ancient Belgian language
2219:Germanic parent language
2163:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
1285:Austrian Standard German
479:
401:Germanische Stammeskunde
180:North Germanic languages
170:South Germanic mythology
399:Schwarz, Ernst (1956).
390:Schwarz, Ernst (1951).
185:West Germanic languages
175:East Germanic languages
44:
2331:Preterite-present verb
2214:Proto-Germanic grammar
2168:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
1280:German Standard German
956:East Frisian Low Saxon
2336:Grammatischer Wechsel
1319:Namibian Black German
1290:Swiss Standard German
1259:Early New High German
817:Mainland West Frisian
678:Harlingerland Frisian
403:. Heidelberg: Winter.
2341:Indo-European ablaut
2321:Germanic strong verb
2290:Germanic spirant law
1427:Southeast Limburgish
923:Gelders-Overijssels
552:Irish Middle English
542:Early Modern English
141:Weser-Rhine Germanic
18:Continental Germanic
2309:Synchronic features
2280:Germanic a-mutation
2233:Diachronic features
1583:in the broad sense
1516:East Central German
1470:Lorraine Franconian
1444:Transylvanian Saxon
1404:West Central German
1179:East Low Franconian
1089:West Low Franconian
2394:Germanic languages
2326:Germanic weak verb
2135:Language subgroups
1485:Pennsylvania Dutch
1434:Moselle Franconian
1412:Central Franconian
1245:Middle High German
996:Central Pomeranian
951:Northern Low Saxon
664:Wangerooge Frisian
458:Germanic languages
130:Southwest Germanic
126:Northeast Germanic
114:North Sea Germanic
63:Germanic mythology
2381:
2380:
2366:extinct languages
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2300:Great Vowel Shift
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2061:
2060:
1907:Greenlandic Norse
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1657:Southern Bavarian
1640:Northern Bavarian
1616:Highest Alemannic
1567:
1566:
1301:standard variants
1216:
1215:
1062:Standard variants
1021:
1020:
880:Middle Low German
851:
850:
847:
846:
651:Saterland Frisian
253:, pp. 80–89.
135:As a synonym for
84:'s theory of the
16:(Redirected from
2401:
2158:Elbe (Irminonic)
2131:
2130:
2118:
2117:
2046:Mainland Gutnish
1936:Swedish dialects
1898:Middle Icelandic
1872:Middle Norwegian
1761:Historical forms
1758:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1732:
1731:
1691:South Franconian
1677:Hutterite German
1645:Central Bavarian
1465:Rhine Franconian
1400:
1399:
1230:Historical forms
1227:
1226:
1142:Surinamese Dutch
1035:Historical forms
1032:
1031:
865:Historical forms
862:
861:
614:Historical forms
611:
610:
498:
497:
489:
488:
476:
475:
451:
444:
437:
428:
427:
423:
404:
395:
394:. Bern: Francke.
386:
374:
363:
344:
335:86 (1955), 1-47.
328:(Niemeyer, 1972)
317:
290:
287:Sonderegger 1979
284:
278:
272:
266:
260:
254:
248:
242:
236:
230:
224:
218:
215:Sonderegger 1979
212:
206:
200:
153:Binnengermanisch
21:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2345:
2304:
2285:Germanic umlaut
2250:Holtzmann's law
2228:
2197:
2125:
2104:
2057:
2034:
1968:South Jutlandic
1953:Danish dialects
1919:
1800:
1743:
1714:
1696:East Franconian
1650:Viennese German
1563:
1544:Silesian German
1510:
1499:Central Hessian
1389:
1314:Namibian German
1303:
1294:
1272:Standard German
1266:
1252:New High German
1238:Old High German
1212:
1191:
1173:
1084:
1056:
1017:
1001:East Pomeranian
991:Brandenburgisch
978:East Low German
972:
899:Dutch Low Saxon
891:West Low German
885:
843:
809:Schiermonnikoog
790:
685:
671:Wursten Frisian
634:
600:
483:
470:
460:
455:
420:
383:
360:
314:
298:
293:
285:
281:
273:
269:
261:
257:
249:
245:
237:
233:
225:
221:
213:
209:
201:
197:
193:
166:
157:Inland Germanic
47:
35:Germanic tribes
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2407:
2397:
2396:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:Proto-Germanic
2205:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2127:
2126:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2084:Crimean Gothic
2073:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1958:Insular Danish
1955:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1941:Rinkebysvenska
1938:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1787:Old East Norse
1784:
1782:Old West Norse
1772:
1764:
1762:
1755:
1745:
1744:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1662:South Tyrolean
1654:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1604:High Alemannic
1601:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1446:
1441:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1395:Central German
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1334:Barossa German
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1113:French Flemish
1105:
1104:
1103:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1029:
1027:Low Franconian
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
982:
980:
974:
973:
971:
970:
965:
960:
959:
958:
948:
947:
946:
941:
936:
935:
934:
929:
921:
916:
911:
906:
895:
893:
887:
886:
884:
883:
876:
868:
866:
859:
853:
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:
842:
841:
840:
839:
834:
833:
832:
831:
830:
828:Westereendersk
822:
811:
806:
800:
798:
792:
791:
789:
788:
787:
786:
781:
774:
769:
768:
767:
762:
759:
751:
746:
745:
744:
733:
732:
731:
726:
721:
720:
719:
714:
706:
695:
693:
687:
686:
684:
683:
682:
681:
674:
667:
655:
654:
653:
644:
642:
636:
635:
633:
632:
629:Middle Frisian
625:
617:
615:
608:
602:
601:
599:
598:
597:
596:
589:
577:
576:
575:
568:
561:
549:
548:
547:
546:
545:
535:Modern English
531:
528:Middle English
524:
517:
506:
504:
495:
485:
484:
472:
471:
465:
462:
461:
454:
453:
446:
439:
431:
425:
424:
418:
405:
396:
387:
381:
364:
358:
345:
336:
329:
322:F. van Coetsem
318:
312:
297:
294:
292:
291:
289:, p. 118.
279:
267:
255:
243:
231:
219:
207:
194:
192:
189:
188:
187:
182:
177:
172:
165:
162:
161:
160:
133:
106:Crimean Gothic
94:South Germanic
90:North Germanic
78:
71:North Germanic
46:
43:
31:South Germanic
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2406:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Germanic verb
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:Sievers's law
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:Reconstructed
2200:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2015:Middle Danish
2012:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1891:Old Icelandic
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1865:Old Norwegian
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1682:Gottscheerish
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1621:Walser German
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:Low Alemannic
1585:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:High Prussian
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:Erzgebirgisch
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:Luxembourgish
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1377:Klezmer-loshn
1374:
1372:
1371:Scots Yiddish
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1208:Meuse-Rhenish
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:Kleverlandish
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:Central Dutch
1094:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
981:
979:
975:
969:
966:
964:
961:
957:
954:
953:
952:
949:
945:
942:
940:
937:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
904:Stellingwarfs
902:
901:
900:
897:
896:
894:
892:
888:
882:
881:
877:
875:
874:
870:
869:
867:
863:
860:
858:
854:
838:
835:
829:
826:
825:
824:Wood Frisian
823:
820:
819:
818:
815:
814:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
799:
797:
793:
785:
782:
780:
779:
775:
773:
770:
766:
763:
760:
757:
756:
755:
752:
750:
747:
742:
741:
740:
737:
736:
734:
730:
727:
725:
722:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
707:
705:
704:
700:
699:
697:
696:
694:
692:
691:North Frisian
688:
680:
679:
675:
673:
672:
668:
666:
665:
661:
660:
659:
656:
652:
649:
648:
646:
645:
643:
641:
637:
631:
630:
626:
624:
623:
619:
618:
616:
612:
609:
607:
603:
595:
594:
590:
588:
587:
583:
582:
581:
578:
574:
573:
569:
567:
566:
562:
560:
559:
555:
554:
553:
550:
544:
543:
539:
538:
537:
536:
532:
530:
529:
525:
523:
522:
518:
516:
513:
512:
511:
508:
507:
505:
503:
499:
496:
494:
493:Anglo-Frisian
490:
486:
482:
477:
473:
469:
463:
459:
452:
447:
445:
440:
438:
433:
432:
429:
421:
419:3-11-003570-7
415:
411:
406:
402:
397:
393:
388:
384:
382:0-8173-0423-1
378:
373:
372:
365:
361:
359:9781138062658
355:
351:
346:
342:
337:
334:
330:
327:
323:
319:
315:
313:3-928127-57-8
309:
305:
300:
299:
288:
283:
276:
275:Hutterer 1999
271:
264:
259:
252:
247:
240:
235:
228:
223:
216:
211:
204:
203:Marchand 2016
199:
195:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:Elbe Germanic
142:
138:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:Anglo-Frisian
115:
111:
110:Elbe Germanic
107:
103:
99:
98:East Germanic
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:Ernst Schwarz
80:As a term in
79:
76:
75:East Germanic
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:British Isles
56:
55:West Germanic
52:
51:
50:
42:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2361:
2245:Verner's law
2191:
2190:
2185:Gotho-Nordic
2183:
2176:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2076:
2066:
2051:Fårö Gutnish
2013:
2006:
1912:
1905:
1896:
1889:
1870:
1863:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1707:
1609:Swiss German
1573:Upper German
1506:Amana German
1480:Volga German
1449:HunsrĂĽckisch
1375:
1329:Unserdeutsch
1324:Berlinerisch
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1196:Cover groups
1152:Mohawk Dutch
1147:Jersey Dutch
1125:East Flemish
1108:West Flemish
1052:Middle Dutch
1006:Low Prussian
878:
871:
837:Terschelling
821:Clay Frisian
796:West Frisian
784:Wiedingharde
776:
764:
724:Heligolandic
701:
676:
669:
662:
657:
640:East Frisian
627:
620:
593:Middle Scots
591:
584:
570:
563:
556:
551:
540:
533:
526:
519:
409:
400:
391:
370:
349:
340:
332:
325:
303:
296:Bibliography
282:
270:
263:Lehmann 1966
258:
251:Nielsen 1989
246:
239:Schwarz 1956
234:
227:Schwarz 1951
222:
210:
198:
156:
152:
93:
48:
30:
29:
2260:Kluge's law
2240:Grimm's law
2023:Dalecarlian
2002:Perkerdansk
1975:East Danish
1793:Old Gutnish
1769:Proto-Norse
1709:Langobardic
1701:Vogtlandian
1529:Upper Saxon
1383:Lachoudisch
1344:Lotegorisch
1222:High German
968:Westphalian
963:Eastphalian
927:Achterhooks
804:Hindeloopen
739:Bökingharde
708:Föhr–Amrum
622:Old Frisian
586:Early Scots
521:Old English
137:High German
2092:Burgundian
2008:Old Danish
1997:Gøtudanskt
1980:Bornholmsk
1842:Vestlandsk
1822:Kebabnorsk
1559:Halcnovian
1524:Thuringian
1187:Limburgish
1157:Stadsfries
1130:Brabantian
857:Low German
703:Eiderstedt
558:Fingallian
191:References
2372:varieties
2364:indicate
2178:Northwest
2123:Philology
2028:Elfdalian
1963:Jutlandic
1885:Icelandic
1860:(written)
1854:(written)
1832:Trøndersk
1812:Norwegian
1776:Old Norse
1597:Coloniero
1581:Alemannic
1554:Wymysorys
1422:Colognian
1417:Ripuarian
1339:Rotwelsch
1169:Midslands
1120:Zeelandic
1101:Hollandic
1075:Afrikaans
1047:Old Dutch
873:Old Saxon
772:Karrharde
754:Goesharde
735:Mainland
468:philology
149:varieties
122:Old Saxon
2388:Category
2099:Vandalic
2042:Gutnish
1847:Vikværsk
1827:SognamĂĄl
1817:Bergensk
1667:Cimbrian
1635:Bavarian
1592:Alsatian
1539:Lusatian
1475:Palatine
1165:Amelands
1042:Frankish
932:Sallaans
914:Gronings
765:Southern
758:Northern
749:Halligen
698:Insular
515:dialects
164:See also
86:Germanic
39:dialects
2362:Italics
1985:Scanian
1931:Swedish
1880:Faroese
1858:Nynorsk
1837:Valdris
1672:Mòcheno
1628:Swabian
1494:Hessian
1454:Hunsrik
1366:Western
1361:Eastern
1356:Yiddish
1306:creoles
1203:Bergish
919:Drèents
909:Tweants
761:Central
743:Mooring
606:Frisian
565:Kildare
510:English
67:culture
2078:Gothic
1948:Danish
1852:BokmĂĄl
1351:Yenish
1161:Bildts
944:Veluws
939:Urkers
778:Strand
502:Anglic
416:
379:
356:
310:
102:Gothic
92:and a
2192:South
2143:North
1753:North
1737:North
1079:Kaaps
1070:Dutch
717:Amrum
658:Weser
580:Scots
2153:West
2148:East
2068:East
1924:East
1914:Norn
1805:West
1741:East
1739:and
1304:and
1299:Non-
729:Sylt
712:Föhr
647:Ems
572:Yola
481:West
414:ISBN
377:ISBN
354:ISBN
308:ISBN
143:and
120:and
112:and
104:and
65:and
45:Uses
37:or
2390::
2087:)
2081:(
1167:/
1163:/
1159:/
1081:)
1077:(
450:e
443:t
436:v
422:.
385:.
362:.
316:.
277:.
265:.
241:.
229:.
217:.
205:.
155:(
116:(
100:(
20:)
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