Emirate of Granada

2019:) issued multiple decrees against the Morisco population, including the decree issued in 1563, which prohibited them from carrying arms, and the decree issued in 1566, which prohibited the use of the Arabic language. Philip believed that the most effective way to solve the problem of the Moriscos lay in confiscating their properties and lands and completely erasing their identity, thus ending their existence as a distinct community. He issued a decree in the year 1567 forbidding them to wear their traditional embroidered clothes, mandating the use of Christian hats and pants, and further prohibited their language, customs and celebrations. When the Muslims tried to start a dialogue to mitigate its effects, the authorities insisted on implementing its content. In 1568, a 75: 63: 1263:, to attack the Marinids. While Alfonso X blockaded Malaga by sea, Muhammad II convinced the Marinid governor of Malaga to surrender the city to him in 1279. After a Castilian attack against Algeciras failed, however, Alfonso X made peace with the Marinids. In 1281, the Marinids, the Castilians, and the Banu Ashqilula joined forces to attack Granada. Muhammad II's forces managed to repel the attack, thanks in large part to the effectiveness of his new Zenata troops. The deaths of Alfonso X in 1284 and of Abu Yusuf in 1286 relieved the pressure on Granada. In 1288, Muhammad II was able to finally expel the last Banu Ashqilula from Guadix, who fled to Morocco. 3930: 1651:, who supported their cause. Eventually, Muhammad V secured the support he needed from Peter of Castile. With the support of Peter, of Uthman ibn Yahya ibn Raḥḥu (the son of Yahya ibn Umar ibn Raḥḥu), and of another figure named Ali ibn Kumasha, he returned to the Iberian Peninsula in 1362. Peter and Muhammad V's forces marched on Granada, capturing various towns and the important city of Malaga. With his fortunes turning for the worse, Muhammad VI, reportedly on the advice of his allies, surrendered himself to Peter of Castile and asked for mercy. Peter executed him instead, leaving his ally Muhammad V to reclaim the throne in 1362. 1157:. Alfonso X also had to contend with revolts by some of the Castilian nobles. However, his forces progressively took back control. In some cases, as in Jerez, this involved a full siege and a fresh campaign of conquest. In the end, the Muslim kingdoms of Granada and North Africa did not provide extensive assistance. By 1265, the Castilians were invading the Vega (valley) of Granada and Ibn al-Ahmar was forced to renegotiate peace. By the time the rebellion was over, the surviving Mudéjar inhabitants of Andalucia were mostly expelled and their towns resettled by Christians from other parts of Castile. 3806: 1924: 1181: 1070: 1507: 2269:). Al-Maqqari (d. 1632), citing an earlier source, reports that they were required to wear a yellow cap and a type of sash in the 13th century. More regulations and restrictions appear to have been added over time, though it's likely that they were not consistently enforced in some cases. Muhammad V seems to have been particularly welcoming towards Jews: 300 families returned with him to Granada when he raided Jaén in 1367, while towards the end of his reign many others arrived after the persecutions of 1391 in the Christian north. 979: 118: 2393: 1288: 1398: 2309: 1778: 2363:, and the Portuguese. Despite its small size, the emirate's superior agricultural technology and favorable climate allowed it to produce and export goods to the rest of Europe that had formerly been accessible only in the eastern Mediterranean, particularly sugar, silk, and dried fruits. Manufactured goods like luxury ceramics were another important export. Granada and its ports were also useful commercial centers from which European merchants could gain access to North African markets. 995:

l-Hasan Ali al-Ru'ayni, a former secretary of Ibn Hud. On hearing of this, Ibn al-Ahmar quickly came to the city. After taking direct control of it, he decided to make it his new capital instead of Jaén, as Granada was a more important city in al-Andalus and its location was more strategic: it was geographically more defensible, farther from the Castilian frontier, and had better access to the sea. Additionally, he chose to move the ruler's residence from the Old Citadel (

1747: 1675: 3999: 2241:. The largest community was in Granada, although it is not clearly known in what part of the city they lived. There were other communities throughout the emirate, notably in Guadix and in Málaga. The Jewish population within the emirate has been estimated at around 3000. In 1492, 110 Jewish households were counted in Granada. Jews were prominent in professions such as merchants, interpreters or translators, and as doctors/physicians. 1879:. Abu'l Hasan, a capable military leader, was forced to flee to Malaga and the emirate was divided between him and his son. Boabdil was subsequently captured by the Castilians in 1483 and was only released after making major concessions that undermined his credibility in Granada. He agreed to resettle in Guadix while his father resumed control of Granada. Abu'l Hasan died in 1485, shortly after abdicating to his brother, 3783:(d. 1285–6), whom some contemporaries considered the last great writer of al-Andalus, served under Muhammad I and Muhammad II. He wrote both poetry and prose, including educational treatises intended for the sultan or his family. Ibn al-Khatib was a polymath and poet of the Nasrid court in the 14th century. He authored many works in various fields, and his poetry is carved into the walls of the Alhambra palace. 1887: 891:. His position in the army reportedly aroused the envy of others who accused him of planning a coup against Ibn Hud, forcing him to flee to Arjona. Ibn al-Ahmar's origins were likely modest, but he seems to have acquired a reputation for piety and as a successful military leader. With Ibn Hud's position weakened by his defeats, the inhabitants of the Arjona area declared Ibn al-Ahmar as their 1908:

resisted, its inhabitants were given little mercy and either killed or enslaved, which encouraged other Muslim towns to surrender more quickly after this. Al-Zaghal held out a while longer in Almería, but any hope of successful resistance ended after the Spanish capture of Baeza in November 1489. He negotiated the surrender of Almería and Guadix and agreed to retire himself to the

6615: 2326:(small farming communities), which were usually occupied by free peasants who owned the land and cultivated it mostly for subsistence. Larger farming estates, which could be owned by Nasrid family members or other members of the ruling class, were typically found on the edge of urban centers. Cultivation was intensive, diversified, and usually required sophisticated 944:, respectively – made major conquests across al-Andalus, which the Taifa kingdoms attempted in vain to resist. Ibn al-Ahmar's new status attracted support from many Muslim towns in the region hoping for protection. The Nasrid kingdom thus took shape initially by communities consenting to Ibn al-Ahmar's authority, rather than being submitted by conquest. Jaén, 1667:, the Zayyanid sultan in Tlemcen. When Henry captured Seville in 1366, forcing Peter to flee north, Muhammad V adapted by negotiating a new peace with him. When Peter returned to Seville in 1367, Muhammad V again renewed his loyalty to him. When Peter was assassinated in 1369, leaving Castile in further chaos, Muhammad V took advantage of the situation to 735:, though it frequently warred with the latter and with other neighboring states over control of its frontier regions. Despite its precarious position, Granada enjoyed considerable cultural and economic prosperity for over two centuries and the Nasrids became one of the longest-lived Muslim dynasties in the Iberian Peninsula. The famed 3736:, a famous traveller and historian, visited the Emirate of Granada in 1350. In his journal, he called Granada the "metropolis of Andalusia and the bride of its cities." The Nasrid sultans and members of the court were active patrons of literature, the arts, or sciences, and in many cases they were writers or scholars themselves. 2224:(Marinid) tribe, which included those who were recruited to serve the Nasrid army. Most of them immigrated between 1275 and 1350. Given their military role, the Nasrids settled them intentionally in strategic cities such as Algeciras, Gibraltar, Ronda, and Málaga. Some non-Zanata Berber groups are also attested, particularly the 2191:

Estimates of the population are only tentative, but the population of the entire emirate may have been around 300,000 and the population of Granada itself around 50,000. Around 1314, Aragonese envoys at the Council of Vienne claimed that the emirate had a population of 200,000, but the basis for this estimate is unknown.

1794:(known in Spanish sources as the Abencerrajes) and their rivals, who ruthlessly pursued their own interests at the expense of the emirate's stability. Externally, the emirate remained at peace during some periods thanks mainly to the fact that Castile continued to struggle with its own internal problems as well. 2213:. By the 13th century, however, the established population had largely assimilated to Arab culture and to a common "Andalusi" identity. The fortress mentality of Granada's Muslims, however, made it difficult for the many Muslims who continued to live under Christian rule in Castile and Aragon – referred to as 4816:

The victory in 138/756 of ʿAbd al Raḥmān I, the first of the dynasty's eight amīrs, marked the beginning of Umayyad sovereignty in al-Andalus, which would last until 422/1031, when the caliphate of Córdoba came to an end. This chronology makes the Umayyads' dynasty the longest uninterrupted governing

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The only non-Muslim population of any significance within the emirate were Jews, who were generally concentrated in certain cities. Among them were long-established families who had lived here for generations as well as recent arrivals from the Christian north. Of the latter, some had fled during the

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Although some remained, the Castilians encouraged the Nasrid aristocracy to leave for North Africa, as it would likely frustrate any attempts by the Muslim population to reorganize themselves politically. After the surrender of Granada, Boabdil remained for a little over a year in a country estate in

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During Muhammad II's reign a long-term pattern of diplomacy and geopolitical competition became evident, with the Nasrids, Castilians, and Marinids each playing with or against each other at various times. Each of these dynasties was also faced by other internal and external enemies. The Nasrids thus

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The kingdom was densely-populated, its population increased in part thanks to the arrival of large numbers of Muslim refugees from the territories newly conquered by the Christian kingdoms to the north. This influx of refugees from the Christian north continued intermittently up to the 15th century.

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Whereas in earlier centuries, particularly under the rule of Umayyad Cordoba, the population of al-Andalus had been a relatively pluralistic mix of Muslims, Christians, and Jews of different ethnic backgrounds, the Emirate of Granada that formed in the 13th century was much more homogenously Muslim.

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discussed this matter and presented a report recommending that the Moriscos should be expelled for religious and political reasons. The most important reason stated was the threat of invasion by the Ottomans or the Moroccans, who might try to use Granada as a toehold from which to attack the rest of

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Khair al-Din Barbarossa had previously begun attacking Spanish and European ships in general in retaliation for the treatment of Muslims in Andalusia. He also sent his ships to transport Muslims and Jews fleeing the Inquisition and Christianization attempts. However, Suleiman the Magnificent died in

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with the intention to remove the Marinids from the Iberian Peninsula. He captured Tarifa in October 1292. Muhammad II expected the city to be returned to Nasrid control after this, but Sancho IV refused to cede it and the city thus remained under Christian control permanently. When a Marinid attempt

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Christian prisoners were another major group and their conditions varied depending on their social background: captured nobles and royalty were treated with respect and given comfortable houses to live in, while captured commoners were confined to prisons in the large cities, including the dungeons

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Christian population of al-Andalus had largely disappeared prior to the Nasrid period due to pressures of assimilation, persecution, and expulsion under Almoravid and Almohad rule. Many had fled north to the Christian kingdoms or were expelled to North Africa where they could not cause trouble. The

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The rebellion represents the last serious attempt to reverse the Castilian conquests of the 13th century and break the Christian hold on southern Iberian Peninsula. The conditions for this must have appeared favourable at the time. Ibn al-Ahmar was enjoying good relations with the Hafsids (based in

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is a term used to refer to the Muslims who lived under the rule of the Christian kingdoms at this time, among whom different communities lived under different circumstances. The rebellion of 1264 was wide-ranging but it did not involve the Muslims in the old territories of Castile to the north, who

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The population of the emirate was swelled by Muslim refugees from the territories newly conquered by Castile and Aragon, resulting in a small yet densely-populated territory which was more uniformly Muslim and Arabic-speaking than before. The Alhambra palace complex, which Ibn al-Ahmar founded, was

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in February. This was a major Christian victory, as Alhama was located in the heart of the emirate, on the road between Granada and the emirate's second city, Malaga. This marked the beginning of a grinding 10-year war. The Christian force was made up of troops provided by Castilian nobles, towns,

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Muhammad V reduced the status of the Volunteers and reformed the military, strengthening instead the Andalusian components of the Granadan military. The smallest part of the regular Granadan military were Christians and ex-Christians who had been hired by the emirs or defected to them. These were

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took place from May to August 1487 and was one of the most difficult and prolonged engagements of the war. The strongly-fortified city put up a vigorous resistance, led by one of al-Zaghal's commanders, while Boabdil continued to stand back or actively help the Catholic Monarchs. Because the city

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on the Iberian Peninsula, used in this case by the Muslim defenders. In the long term, the Battle of Rio Salado and the capture of Algeciras put an end to North African military interventions on the Iberian Peninsula, which had been a recurring feature of the conflicts around al-Andalus since the

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ships. On land, however, the combined forces of Castile and Portugal, along with volunteers from elsewhere in Europe, decisively defeated the Marinid and Nasrid forces at the Salado River, near Tarifa. The Christian victory was a major milestone, allowing Castile to capture important towns on the

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The political history of the emirate was turbulent and intertwined with that of its neighbors. The Nasrids sometimes provided refuge or military aid to Castilian kings and noblemen, even against other Muslim states, while in turn the Castilians provided refuge and aid to some Nasrid emirs against

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In Granada, which was under the authority of Ibn Hud, the local Banu Khalid family led a propaganda campaign on behalf of the Nasrids. A revolt successfully stormed the city's citadel on 17 April 1238 (1 Ramadan 635 AH). Ibn al-Ahmar was then officially declared the new ruler with the help of Abu

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that was sweeping through the region. After his death, the siege ended, leaving Gibraltar under Marinid control. Over the following years, Castile became too preoccupied with internal conflicts to be a serious threat to Granada and a relative peace prevailed on the frontier. Despite the military

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The fall of Seville and the long-term truce with Castile effectively established the political map of the region until the 15th century. The peace allowed the Nasrid emirate to consolidate its territory and build up its governing institutions. While Granada's vassalage is emphasized by Christian

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and captured it in June. By August, a Castilian counteroffensive had failed and Gibraltar remained in Muslim control thereafter until 1462. On 25 August 1333, Muhammad IV was assassinated by the sons of Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula, who were opposed to his policy of close relations with the Marinids.

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Abu Muhammad ibn Ashqilula of Malaga and Abu Ishaq of Guadix) to join him. In 1278, the Banu Ashqilula decided to give Malaga to Abu Yusuf, who now occupied this city as well. By now, Muhammad II felt disillusioned and saw the Marinids as a greater threat. He made an alliance with Alfonso X and

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Despite Ibn al-Ahmar's earlier alliance with Castile, Ferdinand III still attacked and captured Arjona in 1244. In the summer of 1245 he began the siege of Jaén, a more important and well-fortified town. Ibn al-Ahmar initially supported the defenders, but in March 1246 he met with Ferdinand and

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While the Berber substratum of the traditional Andalusi population had largely been assimilated by the 13th century, new groups began to arrive from North Africa in the late 13th century that retained a more distinct identity. Most important among these were Zanata families from the Banu Marin

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s, in 1370, placing the Zenata troops under the direct command of the Nasrid family for the first time. The emirate was relatively free of internal conflict during his second reign. This period also marked the pinnacle of Nasrid culture. The vizier Ibn al-Khatib (d. 1375) was a major figure of

1539:), whose reign would mark the beginning of the Nasrid emirate's golden age. He began by expelling the Banu'l-Ula (the family of Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula) from his realm, in revenge for the killing of his brother, and placed another Marinid family member, Yahya ibn Umar ibn Raḥḥu, in charge of the 1165:

Ibn al-Ahmar's position was further threatened by the rebellion of the Banu Ashqilula in 1266. The latter were probably alienated by his decision to establish a line of succession through his sons Muhammad and Yusuf, which would distance them from the throne. They occupied Malaga and turned to

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The dynasty is counted by some references as the longest-reigning in al-Andalus, from 1232 to 1492 (approximately 260 years). Some sources count the reign of the Umayyads of Córdoba as slightly longer than Nasrid rule in Granada, counting from its establishment in 756 to the caliphate's final

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Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Riquṭi al-Mursi, a scholar from Murcia, was invited to Granada by Muhammad II after Murcia was conquered by Alfonso X in the 1260s. He was installed in the countryside outside the city, where he founded a school that taught mainly medicine and, to a lesser extent, other

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After this, the Spanish campaigns continued unabated and made slow but steady progress, while internal strife continued among the Nasrids. Boabdil returned to Granada in 1487, this time with Castilian support, and managed to force al-Zaghal to flee. Once in control, he made initial offers to

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As the Strait of Gibraltar became more open to commercial ships towards the end of the 13th century, maritime navigation around the Iberian Peninsula became cheaper and faster, accelerating the development of trade networks between the Mediterranean (particularly Italy and the regions of

4822: 1838:. By 1479, both Henry IV and John II had died, leaving Isabella and Ferdinand as rulers of a united Castile and Aragon. This was a pivotal turning point, as Granada could no longer play the two kingdoms against each other to ensure its own survival. The new royal couple, known as the 2300:

in the Alhambra. Some of these captives were freed after converting to Islam, often joining the Nasrid army or the sultan's personal guard. Some of them even achieved high positions in the Nasrid court. The mothers of both Yusuf I and Muhammad V had been captured Christian women.

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Muhammad II's first preoccupation was the Banu Ashqilula, who retained Malaga and even received some recognition from Alfonso X and from Abu Yusuf. He sought assistance from the Marinid sultan and offered him a base on the Iberian Peninsula. Abu Yusuf, who had recently captured

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The Nasrid successes in the Strait of Gibraltar aroused concerns in Castile and Aragon. Ferdinand IV and James II agreed to launch a joint invasion of Granada, planning to divide the Nasrid territories between them. At the same time, internal turmoil rocked the Nasrid state. A

1416:, launched a rebellion with the help of Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula. In response, Nasr sought assistance from Castile, but this only made him more unpopular. In February 1314, the city opened its gates to the rebels and Nasr was forced to abdicate and retire to Guadix. Isma'il I ( 1317:), who largely continued the same policies. Eventually, when Ferdinand IV solidified his control over his kingdom in 1306, Muhammad III changed diplomatic direction by making peace with him and resuming tribute payments to Castile. At the Alhambra, Muhammad III erected the 1845:

The war against Granada offered an opportunity for Ferdinand and Isabella to harness the restless Castilian nobility against a common enemy and instill subjects with a sense of loyalty to the crown. Granada's successful capture of the Castilian frontier town of

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disciplines. It did so independently from the teaching that occurred in mosques. Although the school did not last throughout the Nasrid period, it was an important instrument in training other disciples and helped to attract other intellectuals to the emirate.

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Only Granada remained under Muslim control by 1490. Boabdil and the remaining Nasrid elites negotiated with Ferdinand and Isabella, though little progress was made either way during that year. By 1491, the city itself lay under siege. On 25 November 1491, the

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surrender Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella and he even cooperated at times with the Spanish forces. Meanwhile, al-Zaghal continued to lead a fierce resistance against the Spanish from outside Granada, forcing the Catholic Monarchs to deal with him first. The

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Alfonso X for aid. Granada and Castile became embroiled in conflict and in each other's affairs, with Ibn al-Ahmar also supporting new Castilian rebels in 1272. The situation was not resolved by the time Ibn al-Ahmar died in 1273 and was succeeded by his son,

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Towards 1236, the Castilian offensive intensified and the strategic situation became increasingly precarious for al-Andalus. On multiple occasions, Ibn al-Ahmar responded by aligning himself with Ferdinand III, even against other Muslim rulers. When Ferdinand

1121:, had been allowed to govern themselves under Castilian overlordship, while others were subjected to forced displacement and lived under harsher conditions. It's unclear whether Ibn al-Ahmar played a role in inciting the rebellion, but he did support it. 1061:(in 1242 and 1264). Arabic sources do not mention his vassalage to Castile. In the long-term, the Treaty of Jaén still formed a basis for Nasrid relations with Castile, but the peace was often interrupted by wars, after which vassalage was often renewed. 2366:

Italian and other European merchants were quick to exploit these opportunities and established relations with the emirate. Granada's economy was heavily financed by Genoese bankers who also aimed to gain control of the gold trade carried in through the

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After his return to power, Muhammad V continued his policy of peace with Castile and remained pragmatic. Under his rule, Nasrid diplomacy was exceptionally effective, even amidst the convoluted politics of the Iberian Peninsula in this era. The ongoing

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to retake Tarifa failed in 1294, Abu Yaq'ub decided to withdraw from the Iberian Peninsula completely and focus on his campaigns in the Maghreb instead. He ceded Algeciras and Ronda to the Nasrids, thus restoring some of Granada's former territories.

2000:. The rebellion was seen as a chance to formally end the Treaty of Granada, withdrawing the rights of Muslims. Muslims in the area were given the choice of expulsion or conversion. Those who remained and officially converted were thereafter known as 1789:

Muhammad V died in 1391, bringing an end to the Nasrid dynasty's golden years. Until its fall in the late 15th century, the dynasty became embroiled in succession disputes, rivalries, and assassinations. Internal conflicts often revolved around the

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Partly due to the heavy tributary payments to Castile, Granada's economy specialized in the trade of high-value goods. Integrated within the European mercantile network, the ports of the kingdom fostered intense trading relations with the

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Initially, under the conditions of surrender, the Muslims who remained were guaranteed their property, laws, customs, and religion. This however, did not ensue, causing the Muslims to rebel against their Christian rulers, culminating with

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in Spanish and by modern historians – to maintain strong cultural links with the Arabic culture of Granada. As a result, the Muslims under Christian rule became culturally distinct from those living under Nasrid rule during this period.

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Fernando Luis Corral (2009). "The Christian Frontier against al-Andalus (Muslim Spain): concept and politics during the reigns of King Fernando I of Castile and Leon and his successors until 1230". In Natalie Fryde; Dirk Reitz (eds.).

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sources, in practice Ibn al-Ahmar pledged allegiance to different suzerains at different times, depending on what was tactically advantageous. Aside from Ibn Hud in 1234, on subsequent occasions he also declared his allegiance to the

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on his mother's side. These two families thus formed the initial core of his small army, along with other volunteers and Andalusi soldiers who had previously served the Almohads. Other prominent families, such as the Banu 'l-Mawl of

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in Castilian armies, sent by the Nasrid emirs of Granada to aid their allies. They were recruited and led by exiled members of the Marinid family and settled within the kingdom of Granada. Their Marinid commander was known as the

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About 200,000 Muslims are thought to have emigrated to North Africa after the fall of Granada. It is known that many Muslims emigrated to Morocco after the departure of their emir, and some of them successively emigrated to

2292:) through special and often temporary agreements with varying conditions. Merchants were the most important group, hailing from other parts of the Iberian Peninsula but also, especially, from Italian trading cities such as 4023:

to the south, the population of the Emirate of Granada developed a "siege mentality". The country consequently maintained a strong military. Its border territories were dotted with castles maintained by frontier warriors

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sculpting in many buildings. The Nasrids' most famous architectural legacy is the Alhambra, a hilltop palace district protected by heavy fortifications and containing some of the most famous and best-preserved palaces of

4831:, p. 7: "To be more precise, the Nasrid dynasty ruled the Kingdom of Granada (or al-Andalus) for 261 years, which means a duration only 14 years less than that of the Umayyad dynasty of Cordova, estimated at 275 years". 1808:), Castile resumed a more ambitious crusading military policy against Granada. The emirate's position was exacerbated by violent internal confrontations with the Banu Sarraj. This political chaos contributed to the 6563: 3744:

The most highly valued form of literature among Granada's elites was poetry, which was collected in anthologies and even used as architectural decoration in the Alhambra palaces. Other important forms included

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s, Yahya ibn Umar ibn Raḥḥu. Together, they maintained a policy of peace with Castile, paying tribute and providing military assistance against Castile's enemies when requested, such as against Aragon in 1359.

1389:. Both Algeciras and Almería successfully held out until 1310, when the Aragonese retreated. After managing to capture a few frontier forts, Castile's attacks also ended with the death of Ferdinand IV in 1312. 1330:, a rebel Marinid prince, he incited a rebellion against the Marinids in Ceuta and in the Gomara Mountains of Morocco. In 1306 or 1307, he captured Ceuta. He secured an alliance with Tlemcen, which was under a 2282:

Christian population within the Nasrid emirate was thus very small and largely transitory, consisting of visitors, merchants, political exiles, and prisoners of war. They did not have the protected status of

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was also a common activity. In some coastal areas, agriculture was specialized in a different manner to allow for commercial export, encouraged by the presence of nearby port cities and their merchants.

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system in which families with military obligations were registered and conscripted for service. In addition, the Granadan rulers encouraged North African warriors to migrate to the country and serve as

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Muhammad IV reacted to the Castilian victories by seeking an alliance with the Marinids, to whom he ceded Ronda and Algeciras again in 1327 and 1328, respectively, to use as a base. In 1332, he visited

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accepted him for only a month in 1234. He was temporarily forced to acknowledge the authority of Ibn Hud again in 1234, in return for the latter's recognition of his authority over Arjona and Jaén.

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sought to forge a path forward by making or breaking alliances according to circumstances. Muhammad II also made major changes to the army of his emirate. In addition to local recruits, he recruited

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War with Castile did break out between 1405 and 1410, followed by a period of peace until 1428. External wars and internal disputes continued through the 1430s and 1440s. During the early reign of

1350:, Abu Ya'qub's grandson, lifted the siege of Tlemcen and returned to retake Asilah and Ksar es-Seghir. Uthman took refuge in Granada and entered into the service of the Nasrids as commander of the 1663:. He sent troops to help Peter, which provoked Henry's Aragonese allies into attacking Granadan ships at sea. Muhammad V, in turn, used these Christian attacks to solicit materials and funds from 2119:

should be removed from that island before he could consider the recovery of Andalusia. After the Ottomans became preoccupied on several eastern fronts and were defeated in the west at the naval

3787:, his successor as vizier, was also one of the major poets of the emirate's history. His poems are likewise found carved in many parts of the Alhambra, including the Court of the Lions. 1871:

Meanwhile, civil war erupted in Granada as a result of succession struggles in the Nasrid ruling house, which undermined any focused resistance to the Spanish advance. In July 1482,

791:, much of the Iberian Peninsula had been under Muslim control. At its greatest geographical extent, Muslim control extended to most of the peninsula and part of present-day southern 6562:

Hallaq, Hassan (AH 1431 – AD 2010). Beiruti Families Encyclopedia: The Historical Roots of Beiruti Families of Arab, Lebanese, and Ottoman Origin (First Edition). Beirut – Lebanon:

3976:, a type of institution that was already present in North Africa and the rest of the Muslim world. The Madrasa al-Yusufiyya, named after him, taught traditional disciplines such as 1117:, for whom the Castilian conquests of the 13th century had represented a major and still recent disruption of their communities. Some of these communities, like those of Murcia and 6750:

At the Council of Vienne in 1314, Aragonese envoys informed the pope that there were 200,000 people in the Kingdom of Granada, though it is not known on what that figure was based.

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dynasty on the Iberian Peninsula, ahead of the Naṣrids of Granada (260 years) and the House of Bourbon, currently ruling in Spain (261 years up to 2017, in four different periods).

1033:, while Castile recognized the existence of the Emirate of Granada as a state and agreed to a twenty-year truce. In 1248, Ibn al-Ahmar actively aided Ferdinand in his successful 7157: 4070:(derived from the name 'Zenata'), which denoted this type of light cavalry. They formed the backbone of the Granadan army, serving both in crucial battles as well as in regular 6647:

Ember, Collins; Al-Haris, Abd al-Latif (verified 1999). Example and legitimacy issues in early Ottoman history. Ijtihad Journal. The House of Ijtihad. Forty-third number: 121.

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The following is a list of Nasrid rulers, alongside the years that they reigned. Some years overlap due to competition for the throne between two or more Nasrid claimants.

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along the Moroccan coast. When the Marinid sultan Abu Ya'qub died in 1307, Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula declared himself sultan in his stead, but his bid for the throne failed as

1423:) became the new sultan and proved to be an effective ruler. From Guadix, Nasr caused him trouble and secured an alliance with Castile, which was then under the reign of 6091: 1298:

After Sancho IV's death in 1295, Muhammad II spent the rest of his reign going on the offensive against Castile, taking advantage of the weakness of the young new king,

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broke out, which lasted three years and spread to most of the areas where there was a Muslim presence. The Spanish authorities eventually succeeded in repressing it.

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Boloix-Gallardo, Bárbara (2021b). "Granada, Capital of al-Andalus and Core of the Nasrid Kingdom (7th–9th/13th–15th Centuries)". In Boloix-Gallardo, Bárbara (ed.).

4114:

In regard to its organization, the Granadan military was formally headed by the emir and divided into several units. The frontier areas were possibly commanded by

2256:, who collected taxes and acted as its representative to the Nasrid rulers. Historical sources report that Jews were required to wear an external sign or mark ( 842:(North Africa), decided to abandon al-Andalus. The resultant power vacuum allowed local leaders to carve out their own small states, creating a third period of 8679: 1972:, claims that Boabdil died instead in battle in 1536. Al-Maqqari also reports that in his time (c. 1617), Boabdil's descendants were living in poverty in Fez. 8153: 7422: 2237:

Christian advance in the 13th century, fearing the political change, while others fled later during persecutions under Christian rule, particularly after the

2123:

in 1571, the offensive nature of the Ottoman strategy in the Mediterranean came to an end, and with it the idea of attacking Spain and recapturing Andalusia.

861:), who had rebelled against the last Almohad governors and managed to unite much of what remained of al-Andalus. However, in 1231 Ibn Hud was defeated by the 712:

rose to power and established the Nasrid dynasty in control of a sizeable portion of this territory, roughly corresponding to the modern Spanish provinces of

8492: 1211:. Many were political exiles from the Marinid kingdom, including some from the Marinid family itself, and some were failed rebels against the Marinid sultan 963:

Ibn al-Ahmar had more difficulty being recognized in larger cities, where his rule was seen as too harsh. Cordoba accepted him in 1232 for a few months and

1633:

in Fez. Isma'il II was soon assassinated in June 1360 by one of his former co-conspirators, a cousin named Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad, who took the throne as

1625:), on the throne. Muhammad V escaped to Guadix, where he had support from the local garrison, but was unable to rally further support from Almería or from 1572:

11th century. This was partly due also to the weakness of the Marinid state, which suffered from internal disarray in the second half of the 14th century.

1431:

that followed, Granada scored one of its most decisive victories ever against the Castilians. Isma'il I went on to recover some towns, including Baeza and

1427:, a child overseen by two regents, Pedro and Juan. Border conflicts ensued until 1319, when Castile launched a major invasion and besieged Granada. In the 2330:

strategies, which in turn required well-organized management at a collective or community level, reflecting already-established traditions in al-Andalus.

1868:, as well as Swiss mercenaries. The Catholic Church also encouraged other Christian countries to offer their troops and their finances to the war effort. 8674: 4800:

García Sanjuán, Alejandro (2017). "al-Andalus, political history". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

2046:). One of the documents that a Christianized Andalusi wrote to the sultan requested his help and described in poor poetry the abuse of the courts of the 1592:

Yusuf I was murdered suddenly in 1354 while at prayer in the main mosque of Granada, by a civilian described as a "madman". He was succeeded by his son,

1381:, and a rebellion returned Ceuta to Marinid control. With Ceuta no longer under Granada's hold, Nasr was able to make peace with the new Marinid sultan, 1354:

s, a position which his family continued to hold for much of that century. Abu Thabit died in 1308, before he was able to retake Ceuta from the Nasrids.

1321:, which is the oldest palace still standing within the complex today, and commissioned the construction of the Alhambra's main mosque (no longer extant). 809:

states in the early 11th century. This marked a precipitous decline in the power of Iberian Muslim polities and facilitated the centuries-long Christian

1722:, between 1365 and 1367. His reign was also a high point of cultural exchange with the Castilian court of Peter in Seville, who built his palace in the 8634: 4762:

Muslim kingdom in southern Spain, which was the longest lasting Muslim dynasty in the Iberian peninsula, ruled by the Nasrid dynasty from 1232 to 1492.

3984:, but it also taught medicine, like al-Riquti's school. It attained significant prestige and attracted students from both al-Andalus and North Africa. 3700: 7655:

Boloix-Gallardo, Bárbara (2021a). "Introduction: Granada, an Eternal Islamic City between History and Memory". In Boloix-Gallardo, Bárbara (ed.).

739:

palace complex was built during this period. The population of the emirate, swollen by refugees from the north, was more homogenously Muslim and

652: 1306:, raided Castilian territory, and recaptured two frontier forts at Alcaudete and Quesada. After his death in 1302, he was succeeded by his son, 5660: 7076: 3842:. The palace complex was developed throughout the period but some of the most important contributions were generally made during the rule of 3693: 117: 2375:

opened direct trade routes to sub-Saharan Africa by sea in the 15th century, Granada became less important as a regional commercial center.

1954: 774:, the last Nasrid ruler, formally surrendered Granada in January 1492, marking the end of independent Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula. 8639: 2250:) that gave them legal rights to their religion and a certain legal autonomy for their community. The community had a leader, known as the 1109:

lived in stable communities and were relatively well-integrated into Castilian society. Instead, it involved the Muslim inhabitants of the

8177: 7260: 6737: 3777:). Many of these genres overlapped with each other; for example, historiography could be written in rhymed prose or could include poems. 3720:

Despite its frontier position, Granada was also an important Islamic intellectual and cultural center, especially in the time of Muhammad

2296:. They resided in major cities that gave them access to both the coast and the kingdom's interior, such as Málaga, Granada, and Almería. 2020: 1997: 1826:

In the mid-15th century, Castile was preoccupied with several civil conflicts and disputes over succession. Henry IV had only one child,

4111:; these warriors were organized as elite bodyguards by some emirs. To augment their army, the Granadans also hired foreign mercenaries. 3949:

Due to the migrations (both forced or voluntary) of people across the region, Granada was able to attract scholars of various sciences.

1659:

meant that Castile was not in a position to threaten Granada. Muhammad V initially supported Peter, his former ally, against his rival,

8238: 2172: 1449:), who was still a child. During this time, the emirate was shaken by more internal turmoil, due in particular to the intrigues of the 1246:

further inland. While he conducted damaging raids into Christian territory, he invited both Muhammad II and the Banu Ashqilula leaders

74: 7149: 8659: 1457:, Ibn Mahruq, and took effective control of the young emir. Meanwhile, Alfonso XI, now grown up, was eager to establish himself as a 8664: 2112: 4716:

García-Arenal, Mercedes (2014). "Granada". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

2322:

The emirate's economy was mostly agricultural. The rural population of the countryside was organized primarily into traditional

1944:

was signed, setting out the conditions for surrender. On 2 January 1492, Boabdil surrendered Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella.

8654: 7886:

Miranda, Ambroxio Huici (1970). "The Iberian Peninsula and Sicily". In Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.).

2262:) in public that identified them as Jewish. Ibn al-Khatib reports that this rule was introduced during the reign of Isma'il I ( 7956:

Puerta Vílchez, José Miguel (2020). "Nasrid Literature: Ascesis, Belles-Lettres, and Court Poetry". In Fábregas, Adela (ed.).

4103:

suppressed this office due to their political interference, after which they were commanded by a Nasrid or Andalusi general.

2031:

As a result of the repression of the Moriscos, some of them requested help from the Muslim sultans and princes, headed by the

62: 7988: 7967: 7946: 7925: 7813: 7792: 7687: 7666: 7624: 7465: 7416: 7293: 7254: 7060: 6731: 6547: 6472: 6019: 5519: 4850: 4779: 4755: 2085: 2057:

During the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire reached the height of its power and prestige, recognized as a major power by the

346: 7509: 8453: 8187: 7535: 1584:

defeats during his reign, Yusuf I seems to have remained trusted by his subjects and faced no serious internal challenges.

2088:. Both Spain and Portugal were considered the main threat to the Islamic world due to the presence of their fleets in the 8669: 1133:, was preoccupied with other matters. Initially, the Marinids even sent a contingent to assist the rebellion, landing at 645: 35: 8136: 6458: 6108: 7876: 7855: 7729: 7645: 5253: 1564: 1386: 17: 4006: 3965:

were among the subjects studied by some individuals, but the most prominent scientific field in Granada was medicine.

1099: 8111: 8089: 8070: 8033: 8014: 7904: 7605: 6625: 4809: 3900:

in Granada, in addition to various other fortifications and smaller monuments across the former emirate's territory.

7761: 7740: 7698: 1546:

Alfonso XI remained a threat and the war between Castile and the Marinids and Nasrids continued, culminating in the

7406: 1331: 2659: 2080:

and the establishment of Ottoman authority over Algeria. After preparing the necessary bases for their fleets at

1212: 1200:

Berbers from North Africa, who thenceforth composed the most important element of the army and were known as the

750:

The political and cultural apogee of Nasrid Granada was in the 14th century, particularly in the second reign of

704:

in the north, the area of Muslim control had been reduced to the southern parts of the peninsula governed by the

8231: 7834: 7771: 7750: 7708: 7584: 7203: 4645: 3339: 1984:. For Jews as well, a period of tolerance under Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula came to an end with their 1912:

region, but soon afterwards he abandoned al-Andalus completely. In 1489–90, he sold all his lands and moved to

869:

and the surrounding area, which compromised his authority and reputation as a reliable defender of al-Andalus.

638: 6177: 4032:. However, the core of the emirate's army consisted of highly mobile light cavalry as well as light infantry. 8649: 4587: 4561: 4086:

known for their flexibility, and used their own characteristic set of tactics. They sometimes also served as

2228:, after whom the Gomeres district in present-day Granada (on the south slope of the Alhambra hill) is named. 2150:, on the condition that he invaded Spain. The Spanish king took that as a motive to remove the Moriscos. The 1876: 1671:

that year. He destroyed the city and from then on its former territory became attached to Gibraltar instead.

1428: 831: 553: 2904: 4630: 3897: 2135: 2096:. This attack would thus also serve to force both naval powers to fall back in order to defend themselves. 1985: 1185: 754:. After this period, internal dynastic conflicts escalated. After 1479, Granada faced a united Castile and 744: 405: 1988:

by the Christian monarchy in 1492. The Christian conquest of Granada did not extinguish the spirit of the

8644: 8629: 8593: 4526: 4126: 1758: 1478: 7977:

Sarr, Bilal (2020). "The Nasrid Population and Its Ethnocultural Components". In Fábregas, Adela (ed.).

2834: 2050:, calling on him to support his defeated brothers. But Bayezid was preoccupied with the disputes of the 1969: 1647:

While in Fez, Muhammad V was accompanied by Ibn al-Khatib, who remained loyal to him. Both men also met

449: 8603: 8598: 8573: 8558: 7049: 4035:

The Granadan army was ethnically and culturally mixed. A large part were recruited locally through the

3918: 2054:, so he was content to send a note of protest to the two Catholic monarchs, on which they did not act. 1839: 1630: 1550:

in 1340. At sea, the Marinid navy, assisted by Hafsid ships, defeated the Castilian fleet, assisted by

1078:

other Nasrid rivals. On other occasions the Nasrids attempted to leverage the aid of the North African

759: 511: 1378: 972: 8578: 8563: 8468: 8224: 6445: 3857:

were also created nearby. This reflected a tradition of royal countryside estates dating back to the

2184: 2156: 1968:(d. 1632), he died in 1518 or in 1533 and was buried in Fez. Another account, by 16th-century writer 1809: 1668: 1551: 1489: 6011:

Ibn Khaldûn's Philosophy of History: A Study in the Philosophic Foundation of the Science of Culture

5652: 1904: 425: 8588: 8247: 4600: 4401: 4375: 4056:, a factually autonomous and very powerful unit within the Granadan military. The Zenata served as 3583: 2151: 2062: 1933: 1928: 1880: 1576: 1374: 987: 937: 800: 788: 767: 430: 7697:

Cabanelas Rodríguez, Dario (1992). "The Alhambra: An Introduction". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.).

8608: 8099: 4786:

As the first of the Nasrid dynasty that ruled longer than the Umayyads, Almoravids, or Almohads,

4613: 4574: 4351: 4229: 4170:), religious figures who tended to morale, armourers, medics, and some poets as well as orators. 4053: 4011: 3993: 3329: 1872: 1614:

Muhammad V's reign was interrupted by a palace coup in August 1359 that placed his half-brother,

1307: 1299: 1292: 1267: 1208: 771: 474: 254: 92: 8350: 1547: 1083: 796: 8553: 4514: 4501: 4439: 4414: 4388: 4314: 4265: 4217: 3929: 3434: 3379: 1831: 1634: 1488:), against Castile. Abu al-Hasan pledged his support and sent an army to Algeciras in 1333. It 1439: 1189: 1167: 803:

was recurrent, while mounting civil strife led to the fragmentation of al-Andalus into smaller

7244: 6721: 6537: 4769: 4743: 3817:

The architecture of Nasrid Granada embraced extensive surface decoration in wood, stucco, and

717: 8497: 6991:"La integración del reino nazarí de Granada en el espacio comercial europeo (siglos XIII–XV)" 6009: 5507: 5241: 4488: 4452: 4326: 4289: 4204: 4100: 4002: 3847: 3424: 3394: 2316: 2168: 1827: 1683: 1593: 1424: 1327: 884: 878: 751: 709: 242: 8345: 7048: 1891: 1723: 1705:(d. 1392). In the Alhambra, Muhammad V undertook major construction projects, including the 721: 8290: 4363: 4302: 3835: 3831: 3796: 3780: 3568: 3449: 2360: 2142:

to eliminate his two brothers and ascend to the throne. On the other hand, the Moriscos in

2073: 1615: 1382: 1271: 1260: 1150: 1138: 1130: 595: 8368: 7212: 6990: 4843:

Walls, Ramparts, and Lines of Demarcation: Selected Studies from Antiquity to Modern Times

3889: 3805: 2286:

that Jews and the former Mozarabic Christians had, but were instead granted safe conduct (

1923: 1556: 990:

fortress, seen here, is its oldest part and was probably Ibn al-Ahmar's initial residence.

525: 8: 8543: 8524: 8473: 8464: 8418: 8380: 8356: 6594: 4640: 4427: 4339: 4253: 3746: 3658: 2669: 2372: 2368: 2139: 2084:(roughly present-day Tunisia), the plan was to attack Spain itself in order to recapture 2047: 1847: 1798: 1719: 1660: 1656: 1567:

in 1344 after a difficult siege. The siege is also notable for the first recorded use of

1413: 1406: 1347: 1275: 1235: 919:, joined them over the next years and thereafter remained attached to the Nasrid court. 834:

in 1212 by a coalition of Christian kingdoms from the north. In 1228, the Almohad caliph

815:

and the recurrent conquest of al-Andalus by North African dynasties based in what is now

713: 562: 483: 420: 216: 106: 31: 8137:

Al-Ándalus III: el Sultanato De Granada (1232–1492) y Una Breve Reseña Sobre la Alhambra

7980:

The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada between East and West: (Thirteenth to Fifteenth Centuries)

7959:

The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada between East and West: (Thirteenth to Fifteenth Centuries)

7805:

The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada between East and West: (Thirteenth to Fifteenth Centuries)

4028:) led by armoured elite warriors who were influenced by and comparable to the Christian 2974: 1465:, he led his army on multiple offensives against Granada, culminating in the successful 1326:

Muhammad III then set his aims on controlling the Strait of Gibraltar. With the help of

1180: 724:. By 1250, the Nasrid emirate was the last independent Muslim polity in the peninsula. 8568: 8519: 8482: 8477: 8439: 8427: 8302: 8278: 8145: 6449: 4548: 4465: 4277: 3942: 3934: 3885: 3843: 3839: 3364: 3129: 2874: 2599: 2534: 2116: 2093: 2009: 1706: 1679: 1529: 1522: 1303: 1252: 929: 835: 516: 8422: 7802:

García Sánchez, Expiración (2020). "Science and Knowledge". In Fábregas, Adela (ed.).

7784:

The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada between East and West: Thirteenth to Fifteenth Centuries

7006: 6436: 2954: 2199:

The Muslim population of al-Andalus had diverse origins, including Iberians (known as

1069: 862: 799:, the region was one of the most prosperous and advanced in Europe. Conflict with the 8510: 8487: 8432: 8374: 8362: 8340: 8307: 8261: 8107: 8085: 8066: 8029: 8010: 7984: 7963: 7942: 7921: 7900: 7872: 7851: 7830: 7809: 7788: 7767: 7746: 7725: 7704: 7683: 7662: 7641: 7620: 7601: 7580: 7461: 7412: 7289: 7250: 7199: 7056: 6727: 6621: 6543: 6468: 6118: 6015: 5515: 5249: 4846: 4805: 4775: 4751: 4721: 4635: 4020: 3474: 3319: 2924: 2564: 2554: 2544: 2429: 2356: 2293: 2120: 2061:

and the Christian kingdoms of Western Europe. With this position of strength, Sultan

2058: 1941: 1858: 1835: 1712:

For the general population in the city, he sponsored the construction of a hospital (

1079: 1042: 1029:('the great peace'), Ibn al-Ahmar agreed to surrender Jaén and to become Ferdinand's 941: 933: 755: 705: 678: 616: 538: 496: 469: 333: 8127: 3921:

that originated in Granada and moved to North Africa where it survived to this day.

1629:, the Castilian king. He moved on and took refuge at the court of the Marinid ruler 1560: 912: 8506: 8460: 8443: 7739:

Dickie, James (1992). "The Palaces of the Alhambra". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.).

7150:"Travelers of Al-Andalus, Part VI: The Double Lives of Ibn al-Khatib – AramcoWorld" 7002: 4061: 4019:

Constantly under threat by both the Christian kingdoms to the north and the Muslim

3628: 3624: 3613: 3594: 3259: 3239: 3219: 3139: 2934: 2814: 2739: 2729: 2679: 2609: 2509: 2459: 2335: 1626: 1506: 1034: 1002: 978: 732: 682: 268: 172: 159: 132: 7637:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800

3893: 3809:

Detail of the coat of arms of the Emirate of Granada carved into the walls of the

1850:

in December 1481 marked the last time it was able to gain ground against Castile.

1453:

s, led by Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula and his family. In 1327–28, they assassinated the

1438:

Isma'il I was assassinated by a cousin in July 1325 and was succeeded by his son,

1291:

A bronze lamp from the main mosque of Alhambra, dated to 1305 during the reign of

1009:

hill to a new citadel he founded on the Sabika hill to the south. This became the

830:

The Almohad regime grew more unstable following the defeat of the Almohads at the

30:"Kingdom of Grenada" redirects here. For the island country in the Caribbean, see 8548: 8514: 7978: 7957: 7936: 7915: 7866: 7845: 7824: 7803: 7719: 7677: 7656: 7635: 7595: 7574: 7505: 7283: 4241: 4071: 4044: 3874: 3564: 3534: 3299: 3289: 3199: 3179: 3069: 3004: 2964: 2944: 2854: 2779: 2769: 2759: 2719: 2689: 2629: 2619: 2499: 2449: 2331: 2238: 2147: 2131: 2127: 2072:) turned his attention to the Iberian Peninsula. This coincided with the rise of 2051: 1898:, part of the elaborate fortifications that protected Malaga in the Nasrid period 1462: 1363: 1201: 1082:

to ward off Castile, although Marinid interventions in the peninsula ended after

1050: 1023:

negotiated a new treaty. In the Treaty of Jaén, referred to in Arabic sources as

728: 464: 435: 199: 167: 97: 7531: 1875:, known as Boabdil to the Christians, led a successful coup against his father, 1287: 8583: 6453: 6441: 6103: 6099: 4179: 3981: 3908: 3639: 3549: 3493: 3269: 3159: 3089: 2789: 2032: 1466: 1402: 1343: 1154: 907: 690: 686: 590: 7458:

Knights on the Frontier: The Moorish Guard of the Kings of Castile (1410–1467)

2359:, but also with the Catalans, and to a lesser extent, with the Venetians, the 2308: 1959: 1129:) and the Marinids (based in present-day Morocco), while the king of Castile, 916: 8623: 8202: 8189: 6178:"Maristan of Granada/ Foundation Stone/ Fountain heads in the shape of lions" 6122: 6095: 4725: 4146: 4074:

inside Christian territory. They were highly mobile on the field, armed with

4057: 3866: 3729: 3519: 3024: 2884: 2351:) and northern Europe. Granada benefited from its location near the Strait. 1777: 1603: 1318: 1118: 896: 888: 2392: 1160: 1098:

Ibn al-Ahmar reigned with relative peace and stability until 1264, when the

8216: 6620:. دار الخليج للنشر والتوزيع / daralkhalij for Publishing and Distribution. 4150:

leading eight. The Volunteers of the Faith were initially commanded by the

3523: 2994: 2749: 2089: 1791: 1664: 1474: 1110: 949: 8161: 7246:التاريخ الشفوي (المجلد الثاني): مقاربات في الحقل الاجتماعي – الأنثروبولوجي 2334:

was also known and was more common in the emirate's frontier areas, where

1397: 8406: 7243:مؤلفين, مجموعة; السياسات, المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة (1 January 2015). 4155: 4087: 3977: 3950: 3892:(now known as the Corral del Carbón), parts of Granada's city walls, the 3733: 3725: 3383: 3149: 3059: 2844: 2699: 2649: 2100:

1566 without implementing the plan against Spain. His son and successor,

1854: 1821: 1648: 1580: 924: 811: 763: 701: 626: 621: 600: 291: 191: 7118: 1746: 1674: 1521:), a monumental gate to the Alhambra built in 1348, during the reign of 1362:

in March 1309 forced Muhammad III to abdicate in favour of his brother,

1270:, still retained Tarifa and Algeciras. In 1292, the new Castilian king, 1006: 906:

Ibn al-Ahmar was related to the Nasrids on his father's side and to the

8327: 3858: 3854: 3784: 3669: 3309: 3279: 3109: 2914: 2479: 2327: 2036: 1965: 1909: 1895: 1702: 900: 820: 697: 398: 8176:

R. H. Shamsuddín Elía, Historia de Al-Andalus, Boletín N° 53 -08/2006

7051:

The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times

6658: 2215: 2026: 1104: 953: 8273: 7334: 7332: 7319: 7317: 3954: 3870: 3654: 3609: 3579: 3504: 3489: 2894: 2864: 2709: 2469: 2409: 2344: 1863: 1596:. As Muhammad V was still a minor, state affairs were managed by the 1568: 1239: 1114: 696:

Muslims had been present in the Iberian Peninsula, which they called

379: 7782: 6306: 6158: 5487: 4900: 2200: 2134:

died and a civil war broke out between his three sons. One of them,

1037:

by sending his own military contingent to assist the Castilians.

957: 883:

One of Ibn Hud's foremost military commanders had been a man called

7597:

Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History

6617:مشاهدات وانطباعات من الشرق والغرب – عبد الوهاب العمراني, دار الخليج 5079: 4924: 4912: 3958: 3825: 3810: 3800: 3438: 3209: 3169: 3119: 3079: 2984: 2639: 2589: 2489: 2348: 2278: 2143: 2101: 2081: 1992:. Isabella urged Christians to pursue a conquest of North Africa. 1714: 1458: 1010: 983: 824: 736: 7329: 7314: 7302: 7130: 5932: 5888: 5837: 5825: 5780: 5246:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

5069: 5067: 5052: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4674:

Some authors place the taking of Granada in 1237 rather than 1238.

4166:. The Granadan army was usually accompanied by a corps of guides ( 3771:), and works of rhyming prose that narrated stories or anecdotes ( 7938:

The Last Crusade in the West: Castile and the Conquest of Granada

7787:. Handbook of Oriental studies. Leiden: Brill. pp. 155–176. 7013: 6806: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5564: 4873: 4871: 4079: 3973: 3938: 3878: 3598: 3508: 3478: 3413: 3249: 3229: 3189: 3099: 3034: 2824: 2439: 2225: 2210: 2077: 2001: 1917: 1339: 1256: 1227: 1146: 1126: 1054: 1046: 964: 866: 847: 839: 816: 743:-speaking than in earlier Muslim states on the peninsula, with a 674: 440: 384: 203: 143: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7359: 5540: 5528: 3998: 8297: 7474: 6365: 5142: 5064: 4994: 4108: 4083: 4066: 4049: 4029: 3962: 3819: 3762: 3673: 3553: 3409: 2419: 2246: 1981: 1454: 1432: 1405:, seen here inside the Alhambra, was originally constructed by 1335: 1197: 1142: 1134: 1030: 945: 851: 792: 740: 122:

Territory of the Nasrid Kingdom from the 13th to 15th centuries

7745:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 135–151. 7703:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 127–133. 7388: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7344: 7282:

Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Granada".

7106: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6243: 5944: 5849: 5813: 5737: 5687: 5600: 4868: 1842:, were also united in their intention to conquer the emirate. 8285: 8063:

The Alhambra. Vol 1. From the Ninth Century to Yusuf I (1354)

7486: 7356: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 5905: 5903: 5552: 5361: 5359: 4075: 3884:

Other notable buildings and structures from this era are the

3643: 3398: 3368: 2312: 1977: 1886: 1598: 1392: 1243: 1231: 1058: 805: 374: 7917:

The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait

7868:

Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus

6943: 6931: 5510:. In Fitz, Francisco García; Monteiro, João Gouveia (eds.). 1575:

Spurred by his successes, Alfonso XI went on to begin a new

846:

kingdoms. Of these leaders, the most powerful was initially

7377: 7030: 7028: 6972: 6970: 6784: 6782: 6346: 4136: 4124:. The army was divided into major divisions, each led by a 4116: 4037: 3538: 1913: 1477:

to personally seek the intervention of the Marinid sultan,

892: 7288:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 120–127. 7094: 6517: 6493: 6481: 6394: 6392: 6377: 6231: 6219: 6207: 6052: 5956: 5900: 5749: 5708: 5576: 5442: 5356: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5286: 5284: 5108: 5106: 5091: 4963: 2155:

the peninsula. In 1609, a decree was issued mandating the

8043:

Cortés Peña, Antonio Luis; Vincent, Bernard (1983–1987).

7224: 7172: 6260: 6258: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6040: 6028: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5430: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4890: 4888: 4886: 1161:

Conflict with the Banu Ashqilula and Marinid intervention

708:. After Almohad control retreated in 1228, the ambitious 8051: 8026:

Los Reyes de la Alhambra. Entre la historia y la leyenda

7025: 6967: 6955: 6919: 6907: 6895: 6847: 6835: 6779: 6755: 6674: 6672: 6670: 5878: 5876: 5861: 5588: 4566:

First reign. Known as Muley Hácen in Christian sources.

762:

intent on conquering it. In 1491, after the decade-long

8042: 7897:

The Moors & The Islamic West. 7th–15th Centuries AD

7550: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6433: 6389: 6322: 5406: 5344: 5327: 5281: 5130: 5103: 5018: 5016: 5014: 1964:, before leaving for Fez in North Africa. According to 1501: 1137:. A number of cities fell into Muslim hands, including 7437: 7285:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

6569: 6505: 6404: 6334: 6294: 6255: 6141: 5968: 5915: 5792: 5761: 5720: 5624: 5466: 5454: 5371: 5308: 5262: 4975: 4936: 4883: 4120:, while each important frontier garrison was led by a 1690:

Domestically, Muhammad V eliminated the office of the

1064: 8007:

L'Espagne musulmane au Temps des Nasrides (1232–1492)

6767: 6667: 6282: 6270: 6129: 6071: 5989: 5873: 5675: 4688: 986:

was the Nasrid citadel and residence in Granada. The

700:, since 711. By the late 12th century, following the 7249:(in Arabic). المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات. 6883: 6871: 6859: 6818: 6794: 6696: 6684: 6195: 5612: 5418: 5394: 5296: 5118: 5028: 5011: 4579:

First reign. Known as Boabdil in Christian sources.

3772: 3766: 3756: 3750: 2287: 2257: 2251: 2111:), rejected all his father's options and decided to 1691: 1510: 1024: 1014: 996: 8179:

Al-Ándalus III: El Sultanato De Granada (1232–1492)

7696: 7221:, pp. 181, 197, 211, 227, 251–252236-238, 261. 5154: 5058: 5040: 2126:The other major Muslim power in the region was the 2027:

Ottoman and Moroccan projects to recover al-Andalus

223: 7920:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 6435: 887:, commonly known as Ibn al-Ahmar, who was born in 8079: 8060: 7721:Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain 7077:"On to al-Andalus and Morocco: 1349–1350 | ORIAS" 6434:Latham, J.D. & Fernández-Puertas, A. (1993). 4856: 4173: 1579:in 1349, but the following year he died from the 1282: 8621: 7675: 7654: 7193: 5148: 5085: 5073: 5005: 4930: 4918: 4906: 4877: 4828: 4134:served as leaders for 5,000 troops, followed by 1726:in the style of Granada's art and architecture. 7934: 7913: 7781:Fábregas, Adela (2021). Fábregas, Adela (ed.). 7480: 7411:. University of California Press. p. 159. 7350: 6988: 6719: 6371: 6249: 5950: 5938: 5894: 5855: 5843: 5831: 5819: 5786: 5702: 5606: 5570: 5558: 5546: 5534: 5493: 4767: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 2159:, finally removing any threat they might pose. 1857:began in 1482, with Christian forces capturing 872: 838:, wishing to focus on retaining control of the 7955: 7894: 7801: 7576:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 7492: 7371: 7338: 7323: 7308: 7242: 7136: 7124: 7112: 6603:] (in Arabic). مكتبة فلسطين للكتب المصورة. 5248:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 22–23. 4799: 3888:(now known as the Palacio de la Madraza), the 1932:, a 19th-century depiction by Spanish painter 1274:, made an alliance with Granada, Tlemcen, and 952:accepted his authority quickly in 1232, while 689:. It was the last independent Muslim state in 8680:States and territories disestablished in 1492 8232: 8128:Granada – The Last Refuge of Muslims in Spain 6089: 4715: 3701: 1516: 1377:with the aid of Aragonese ships, Aragon laid 1090:progressively expanded under his successors. 823:in the late 11th century and followed by the 646: 8246: 8162: 7766:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 7194:Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). 4700: 3912: 2183:Arabic was by far the dominant language and 2146:and eastern Andalusia supported his brother 8404: 7890:. Vol. 2A. Cambridge University Press. 6656: 6467:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1020–1029. 3853:The summer palace and gardens known as the 3823:tiling, as well as making use of elaborate 1587: 1102:took place in Castile, lasting until 1266. 8675:States and territories established in 1232 8239: 8225: 8154:Genealogy of the muslim dynasties in Spain 8146:Genealogy of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada 7506:"Ismail III; Real Academia de la Historia" 7455: 7281: 6459:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6109:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3708: 3694: 2173:Social and cultural exchange in al-Andalus 1528:Muhammad IV was succeeded by his brother, 1393:Challenges under Isma'il I and Muhammad IV 1188:in Granada, a palace dated to the time of 1073:Granada and its surrounding states in 1360 653: 639: 116: 8635:Former countries on the Iberian Peninsula 8325: 8169:Les Nasrides, Les Banû al-Ahmar à Grenade 7579:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7572: 7532:"Ismail IV; Real Academia de la Historia" 7040: 6726:. Cornell University Press. p. 460. 5594: 4774:. Cornell University Press. p. 374. 3972:In 1349, Yusuf I founded Granada's first 928:in full swing, the Christian kingdoms of 27:State in the Iberian Peninsula, 1232–1492 8009:(in French) (2nd ed.). De Boccard. 7780: 7404: 7034: 7019: 6976: 6961: 6949: 6937: 6925: 6913: 6660:الفتح العثماني للأقطار العربية 1516–1574 5505: 5239: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 3997: 3928: 3804: 2307: 1922: 1885: 1785:-type Nasrid sword from the 15th century 1776: 1737: 1673: 1505: 1396: 1286: 1179: 1093: 1068: 977: 7895:Nicolle, David; McBride, Angus (2001). 7885: 7864: 7556: 7392: 7046: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6398: 6359: 6328: 6316: 6264: 6237: 6225: 6213: 6152: 6065: 5983: 5962: 5926: 5909: 5807: 5774: 5755: 5731: 5714: 5639: 5582: 5481: 5460: 5448: 5388: 5365: 5321: 5275: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5160: 5097: 4988: 4969: 4957: 4894: 4694: 3834:, including what is known today as the 1953:the mountainous Alpujarras, as lord of 14: 8622: 7822: 7738: 7717: 7614: 7593: 7443: 7218: 7189: 7187: 7100: 6773: 6678: 6613: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6575: 6542:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 104. 6535: 6523: 6511: 6499: 6487: 6410: 6383: 6340: 6312: 6300: 6288: 6276: 6164: 6135: 6077: 6046: 6034: 5995: 5882: 5743: 5681: 5512:War in the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1600 5436: 5424: 5412: 5400: 5350: 5338: 5290: 5136: 5124: 5112: 5034: 5022: 4862: 4741: 2244:Jews were granted a protected status ( 2130:in Morocco. In 1603, the Saadi sultan 8259: 8220: 8164:بنو نصر/النصريون/بنو الأحمر في غرناطة 8023: 7843: 7759: 7633: 7538:from the original on 6 September 2021 7512:from the original on 6 September 2021 7230: 7178: 6995:Investigaciones de Historia Económica 6201: 6007: 5867: 5657:Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife 5618: 5302: 5046: 3861:and continued under their successors 2187:were no longer in significant usage. 1334:at the time, and proceeded to occupy 1049:(before 1244), to the Almohad caliph 347:Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile) 111:'There is no victor but God') 8098: 8047:(in Spanish). Editorial Don Quijote. 8004: 7976: 7941:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 7763:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain 7742:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain 7700:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain 7275: 6901: 6889: 6877: 6865: 6853: 6841: 6829: 6812: 6800: 6788: 6761: 6707: 6690: 6601:History of the Muslims in al-Andalus 6592: 6416: 6117:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 525. 5663:from the original on 29 January 2022 5166: 4793: 3749:-type works, historical chronicles ( 2386:Historical Arab states and dynasties 1741: 1502:Yusuf I and the Battle of Rio Salado 8640:Former Islamic monarchies in Europe 8163: 8080:Fernández Puertas, Antonio (1997). 8061:Fernández Puertas, Antonio (1997). 7449: 7184: 6740:from the original on 4 October 2021 6581: 5645: 3913: 1732: 1065:Further conflicts and consolidation 727:The emirate generally existed as a 101: 36:Kingdom of Granada (disambiguation) 24: 8298:(Eastern) Roman Province of Spania 7998: 7425:from the original on 23 March 2022 5506:Albarran, Javier (30 April 2018). 5240:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). 4162:in Granada city, commanded by the 4009:, illustrated in the contemporary 3933:Remains of the prayer hall of the 1815: 1701:literature, as was his successor, 25: 8691: 8341:Province of the Umayyad Caliphate 8121: 8082:The Alhambra. Vol. 2. (1354–1391) 8052:Cristobal Torrez Delgado (1982). 7760:Dodds, Jerrilynn D., ed. (1992). 7263:from the original on 23 June 2022 7196:Moorish architecture in Andalusia 7160:from the original on 25 July 2020 4107:often Spanish knights and termed 1881:Muhammad ibn Sa'd (Muhammad XIII) 1602:(chamberlain) Ridwan, the vizier 795:. By the 10th century, under the 8660:1492 disestablishments in Europe 7823:Harvey, Leonard Patrick (1990). 7524: 7498: 7398: 7236: 7142: 7069: 6982: 6713: 6650: 6641: 6614:الخليج, دار (17 November 2019). 6607: 6556: 6529: 6090:Huici Miranda, Ambrosio (1965). 4750:. Scarecrow Press. p. 111. 4665:dissolution in 1031 (275 years). 2807:Western dynasties and caliphates 2391: 1745: 899:on 16 July 1232 (26 Ramadan 629 351: 326: 73: 61: 8665:1492 disestablishments in Spain 8569:Monarchs of Barcelona/Catalonia 7935:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2014). 7914:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). 7829:. University of Chigaco Press. 7566: 6989:Fábregas García, Adela (2006). 6720:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1983). 6170: 6083: 6001: 5499: 4768:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2013). 4668: 4154:. In addition, there existed a 4048:. These immigrants were mostly 3790: 2264: 2106: 2067: 2041: 2014: 1803: 1639: 1620: 1534: 1483: 1444: 1418: 1368: 1312: 1302:. He nurtured an alliance with 1242:and Tarifa in 1275, along with 1217: 1172: 1053:(also before 1244), and to the 856: 702:expansion of Christian kingdoms 8106:. Edinburgh University Press. 8028:(in Spanish). Miguel Sánchez. 7888:The Cambridge History of Islam 7679:A Companion to Islamic Granada 7658:A Companion to Islamic Granada 6564:House of the Arab Renaissance. 6167:, pp. 236, 265, 269, 273. 5242:"The Nasrids or Banu 'l-Ahmar" 4834: 4748:Historical Dictionary of Islam 4732: 4658: 4646:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties 4174:List of the sultans of Granada 4005:leading his troops during the 1283:Nasrid offensive against Ceuta 13: 1: 8655:1232 establishments in Europe 7899:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 7198:. Taschen. pp. 183–215. 7007:10.1016/S1698-6989(06)70266-1 4845:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 67. 4802:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 4718:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 4681: 3881:, both from the Almohad era. 3739: 3732:serving in the Nasrid court. 2272: 2209:in Arabic) and North African 1385:, and solicit his aid in the 975:, Ibn al-Ahmar was his ally. 832:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 782: 554:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 7850:. Harvard University Press. 6815:, pp. 179–180, 182–183. 4209:Also known as Ibn al-Ahmar. 4052:and eventually organized as 3898:Cuarto Real de Santo Domingo 3865:as exemplified by the older 3832:western Islamic architecture 2136:Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Ma'mun 2115:instead, believing that the 2113:conquer the island of Cyprus 1947: 1234:on the southern side of the 1186:Cuarto Real de Santo Domingo 873:Establishment of Nasrid rule 7: 8045:Historia de Granada. 4 vols 7983:. Brill. pp. 177–194. 7962:. Brill. pp. 393–412. 7826:Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500 7808:. Brill. pp. 413–437. 7682:. Brill. pp. 122–163. 7634:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 7600:. Oxford University Press. 7460:. Brill. pp. 99, 114. 6723:A History of Medieval Spain 6092:"al-D̲j̲azīra al-K̲h̲aḍrāʾ" 4771:A History of Medieval Spain 4624: 4007:Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266 3987: 3773: 3767: 3757: 3751: 2527:Arab empires and caliphates 2288: 2258: 2252: 1692: 1606:, and the commander of the 1511: 1461:. Aided by volunteers from 1025: 1015: 997: 885:Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr 801:northern Christian kingdoms 10: 8696: 8670:Former countries in Europe 8104:A History of Islamic Spain 8054:El Reino Nazari de Granada 7493:Nicolle & McBride 2001 7405:Fletcher, Richard (1992). 7372:Nicolle & McBride 2001 7047:Arrighi, Giovanni (2010). 4742:Adamec, Ludwig W. (2009). 4177: 4050:Zenata (or Zanata) Berbers 3991: 3924: 3850:during the 14th century. 3794: 2378: 2303: 2194: 2177: 2166: 2162: 1819: 1810:final capture of Gibraltar 1373:). In the summer, Castile 960:did so in 1238 or 1239. 876: 777: 29: 8539: 8469:Principality of Catalonia 8414: 8403: 8399: 8336: 8324: 8320: 8269: 8258: 8254: 8024:Bueno, Francisco (2004). 7724:. New York: Basic Books. 7718:Catlos, Brian A. (2018). 7640:. Yale University Press. 7573:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 6637:– via Google Books. 6596:تاريخ المسلمين في الأندلس 6014:. Routledge. p. 40. 4605:Also known as al-Zaghal. 4144:leading 200, and finally 4060:, which gave rise to the 2157:expulsion of all Moriscos 1496: 1266:The Marinids, now led by 1051:Abd al-Wahid II al-Rashid 973:conquered Cordoba in 1236 827:in the mid 12th century. 671:Nasrid Kingdom of Granada 367: 305: 301: 288: 278: 274: 264: 260: 248: 236: 232: 222: 212: 181: 149: 139: 127: 115: 87: 57: 52: 45: 8248:Spain in the Middle Ages 7661:. Brill. pp. 1–16. 7456:Echevarria, Ana (2009). 7127:, p. 393 and after. 7022:, pp. 163–164, 169. 6593:طقوش, محمد سهيل (2018). 5746:, pp. 236–238, 261. 5059:Cabanelas Rodríguez 1992 4651: 4631:Nasrid–Ottoman relations 3903: 3724:V, with figures such as 2835:Umayyad state of Córdoba 2063:Suleiman the Magnificent 1970:Luis del Mármol Carvajal 1934:Francisco Pradilla Ortiz 1929:The Surrender of Granada 1588:The reigns of Muhammad V 1412:In 1312, Nasr's cousin, 1113:valley and of Castilian 1019:, the 'Red Citadel'). 915:and the Banu Sinadid of 450:Umayyad state of Córdoba 8407:Feudal Christian realms 4054:Volunteers of the Faith 4012:Cantigas de Santa Maria 3994:Volunteers of the Faith 2371:routes. However, after 2231: 2092:that threatened Muslim 2074:Khayr al-Din Barbarossa 710:Muhammad I Ibn al-Ahmar 475:Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir 131:Tributary state of the 93:Wala ghaliba illa Allah 8554:Monarchs of al-Andalus 7865:Kennedy, Hugh (1996). 7844:Irwin, Robert (2004). 7619:. Palgrave Macmillan. 7615:Barton, Simon (2004). 7594:Arnold, Felix (2017). 7055:. Verso. p. 118. 6536:Barton, Simon (2009). 6008:Mahdi, Muhsin (2015). 4738:Among other examples: 4130:, under whom military 4016: 3946: 3814: 3781:Abu al-Tayyib al-Rundi 2319: 1936: 1899: 1883:, known as al-Zaghal. 1830:, who in 1468 married 1786: 1687: 1563:in 1342. Castile also 1525: 1517: 1409: 1295: 1192: 1074: 991: 956:accepted him 1238 and 819:, commencing with the 789:Muslim conquest of 711 34:. For other uses, see 8144:Nicolás Homar Vives, 8005:Arié, Rachel (1990). 5496:, pp. 63–65, 70. 5149:Boloix-Gallardo 2021b 5086:Boloix-Gallardo 2021b 5074:Boloix-Gallardo 2021b 5006:Boloix-Gallardo 2021b 4931:Boloix-Gallardo 2021b 4919:Boloix-Gallardo 2021b 4907:Boloix-Gallardo 2021b 4878:Boloix-Gallardo 2021b 4829:Boloix-Gallardo 2021a 4178:Further information: 4003:Muhammad I of Granada 4001: 3992:Further information: 3932: 3808: 3795:Further information: 3765:, travel chronicles ( 3425:Sultanate of Zanzibar 3340:Mutawakkilite Kingdom 2311: 2169:Slavery in al-Andalus 2138:, sought the help of 1926: 1889: 1780: 1738:Political instability 1677: 1518:Puerta de la Justicia 1509: 1400: 1328:Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula 1290: 1209:Warriors of the Faith 1183: 1094:The Mudéjar rebellion 1072: 981: 879:Muhammad I of Granada 399:History of Al-Andalus 164:Vernacular languages: 150:Common languages 8650:History of Andalusia 8604:Monarchs of Valencia 8564:Monarchs of Asturias 8351:Caliphate of Córdoba 8291:Kingdom of the Suebi 8203:37.17750°N 3.59000°W 4909:, pp. 130, 132. 3935:Madrasa al-Yusufiyya 3886:Madrasa al-Yusufiyya 3797:Moorish architecture 1896:Castle of Gibralfaro 1812:by Castile in 1462. 1548:Battle of Rio Salado 1515:(known today as the 1387:defense of Algeciras 1084:Battle of Rio Salado 865:and lost control of 797:Caliphate of Córdoba 768:forced to capitulate 669:, also known as the 596:Battle of the Strait 8599:Monarchs of Navarre 8594:Monarchs of Majorca 8584:Monarchs of Granada 8579:Monarchs of Galicia 8574:Monarchs of Castile 8544:Visigothic monarchs 8525:Kingdom of Valencia 8493:Kingdom of Artajona 8474:Kingdom of Pamplona 8465:County of Barcelona 8419:Kingdom of Asturias 8199: / 8100:Watt, W. Montgomery 7395:, pp. 282–283. 7341:, pp. 417–418. 7339:García Sánchez 2020 7326:, pp. 415–417. 7324:García Sánchez 2020 7311:, pp. 419–432. 7309:García Sánchez 2020 7233:, pp. 167–171. 7181:, pp. 151–153. 7154:www.aramcoworld.com 7139:, pp. 399–400. 7137:Puerta Vílchez 2020 7125:Puerta Vílchez 2020 7113:Puerta Vílchez 2020 7103:, pp. 358–359. 6952:, pp. 158–159. 6940:, pp. 157–158. 6904:, pp. 186–188. 6856:, pp. 184–185. 6844:, pp. 182–183. 6791:, pp. 180–181. 6764:, pp. 177–180. 6566:C. part one. s. 32. 6526:, pp. 327–328. 6502:, pp. 308–323. 6490:, pp. 307–308. 6386:, pp. 294–300. 6362:, pp. 301–303. 6240:, pp. 298–299. 6228:, pp. 293–297. 6216:, pp. 292–295. 6068:, pp. 291–292. 6049:, pp. 214–218. 6037:, pp. 211–214. 5965:, pp. 289–290. 5941:, pp. 213–216. 5912:, pp. 288–289. 5897:, pp. 166–188. 5870:, pp. 152–155. 5846:, pp. 163–165. 5834:, pp. 162–163. 5789:, pp. 154–159. 5758:, pp. 286–287. 5717:, pp. 285–286. 5585:, pp. 284–285. 5451:, pp. 280–281. 5439:, pp. 242–244. 5368:, pp. 278–279. 5100:, pp. 276–277. 5088:, pp. 134–135. 4972:, pp. 275–276. 4933:, pp. 131–132. 4921:, pp. 132–133. 4641:Romance of Abenamar 3941:(college) built by 3747:mirrors for princes 2402:Ancient Arab states 2369:trans-Saharan trade 1998:an uprising in 1500 1920:) in North Africa. 1720:Maristan of Granada 1707:Palace of the Lions 1696:, the chief of the 1669:recapture Algeciras 1661:Henry of Trastámara 1657:Castilian Civil War 1236:Strait of Gibraltar 998:al-Qasaba al-Qadima 526:Second Taifa period 421:Battle of Guadalete 280:• Established 217:Hereditary monarchy 196:Minority religions: 32:Monarchy of Grenada 8645:Former Arab states 8630:Emirate of Granada 8559:Monarchs of Aragon 8520:Kingdom of Majorca 8483:Kingdom of Viguera 8478:Kingdom of Navarre 8440:Kingdom of Castile 8428:Kingdom of Galicia 8387:Emirate of Granada 8346:Emirate of Córdoba 8303:Duchy of Cantabria 8279:Visigothic Kingdom 8208:37.17750; -3.59000 7617:A History of Spain 7081:orias.berkeley.edu 6539:A History of Spain 5573:, pp. 98–102. 4082:, and small round 4017: 3947: 3917:) is a variety of 3840:Court of the Lions 3815: 3467:Current monarchies 3130:Sharifate of Mecca 2600:Emirate of Tbilisi 2590:Emirate of Armenia 2440:Kingdom of Osroene 2320: 2010:Philip II of Spain 1937: 1900: 1792:Banu Sarraj family 1787: 1757:. You can help by 1688: 1680:Court of the Lions 1577:siege of Gibraltar 1565:captured Algeciras 1555:frontier, such as 1526: 1490:besieged Gibraltar 1429:Battle of the Vega 1410: 1375:captured Gibraltar 1304:James II of Aragon 1296: 1193: 1075: 992: 766:, the emirate was 667:Emirate of Granada 576:Emirate of Granada 563:Third Taifa period 517:Battle of Sagrajas 484:First Taifa period 431:Battle of Toulouse 292:Castilian conquest 202: • 188:Majority religion: 156:Official language: 47:Emirate of Granada 18:Kingdom of Granada 8617: 8616: 8535: 8534: 8511:Kingdom of Aragon 8488:Kingdom of Najera 8454:Kingdom of Toledo 8433:County of Castile 8395: 8394: 8375:Almohad Caliphate 8363:Almoravid Emirate 8316: 8315: 8308:Duchy of Vasconia 8262:Early Middle Ages 8130:by Salah Zaimeche 7990:978-90-04-44359-4 7969:978-90-04-44359-4 7948:978-0-8122-4587-5 7927:978-0-8122-0463-6 7815:978-90-04-44359-4 7794:978-90-04-44234-4 7689:978-90-04-42581-1 7668:978-90-04-42581-1 7626:978-0-230-20012-8 7467:978-90-47-42441-3 7418:978-0-520-24840-3 7295:978-0-19-530991-1 7256:978-614-445-023-9 7062:978-1-84467-304-9 6733:978-0-8014-9264-8 6657:نيقولاي إيفانوف. 6549:978-1-137-01347-7 6474:978-90-04-09419-2 6021:978-1-317-36635-5 5549:, pp. 75–76. 5537:, pp. 65–74. 5521:978-1-351-77886-2 5415:, pp. 53–54. 5353:, pp. 52–53. 5341:, pp. 51–54. 5293:, pp. 14–15. 5139:, pp. 26–27. 5115:, pp. 27–28. 4851:978-3-8258-9478-8 4781:978-0-8014-6872-8 4757:978-0-8108-6303-3 4636:Border of Granada 4622: 4621: 4021:Marinid Sultanate 3718: 3717: 3683: 3682: 3458: 3457: 3450:Tippu Tip's State 3348: 3347: 3320:Emirate of Beihan 3052:Arabian Peninsula 3043: 3042: 2798: 2797: 2582:Eastern dynasties 2573: 2572: 2518: 2517: 2430:Nabataean Kingdom 2420:Kingdom of Lihyan 2185:Romance languages 2121:Battle of Lepanto 2094:trade in the East 2059:Holy Roman Empire 1942:Treaty of Granada 1859:Alhama de Granada 1840:Catholic Monarchs 1836:John II of Aragon 1775: 1774: 1016:al-Qal'a al-Hamra 760:Catholic Monarchs 706:Almohad Caliphate 679:Iberian Peninsula 663: 662: 617:Iberian Peninsula 470:Abd al-Rahman III 393: 392: 363: 362: 359: 358: 339: 338: 334:Almohad Caliphate 250:• 1487–1492 238:• 1232–1273 200:Roman Catholicism 110: 102:ولا غالب إلا الله 16:(Redirected from 8687: 8589:Monarchs of León 8507:County of Aragon 8501: 8461:Catalan counties 8444:Crown of Castile 8401: 8400: 8322: 8321: 8256: 8255: 8241: 8234: 8227: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8175: 8166: 8165: 8160: 8152: 8143: 8135: 8117: 8095: 8076: 8057: 8048: 8039: 8020: 7994: 7973: 7952: 7931: 7910: 7891: 7882: 7861: 7840: 7819: 7798: 7777: 7756: 7735: 7714: 7693: 7672: 7651: 7630: 7611: 7590: 7560: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7543: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7481:O'Callaghan 2011 7478: 7472: 7471: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7402: 7396: 7390: 7375: 7369: 7354: 7351:O'Callaghan 2011 7348: 7342: 7336: 7327: 7321: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7191: 7182: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7122: 7116: 7110: 7104: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7054: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7010: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6745: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6665: 6664: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6590: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6450:Heinrichs, W. P. 6439: 6431: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6372:O'Callaghan 2014 6369: 6363: 6357: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6253: 6250:O'Callaghan 2014 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5951:O'Callaghan 2011 5948: 5942: 5939:O'Callaghan 2011 5936: 5930: 5924: 5913: 5907: 5898: 5895:O'Callaghan 2011 5892: 5886: 5880: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5856:O'Callaghan 2011 5853: 5847: 5844:O'Callaghan 2011 5841: 5835: 5832:O'Callaghan 2011 5829: 5823: 5820:O'Callaghan 2011 5817: 5811: 5805: 5790: 5787:O'Callaghan 2011 5784: 5778: 5772: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5703:O'Callaghan 2011 5700: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5607:O'Callaghan 2011 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5571:O'Callaghan 2011 5568: 5562: 5559:O'Callaghan 2011 5556: 5550: 5547:O'Callaghan 2011 5544: 5538: 5535:O'Callaghan 2011 5532: 5526: 5525: 5503: 5497: 5494:O'Callaghan 2011 5491: 5485: 5479: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5369: 5363: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5325: 5319: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5279: 5273: 5260: 5259: 5237: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5009: 5003: 4992: 4986: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4881: 4875: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4764: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4713: 4698: 4692: 4675: 4672: 4666: 4662: 4187: 4186: 4152:shaykh al-ghuzat 4099:'), but in 1374 4093:shaykh al-ghuzāt 3916: 3915: 3890:Funduq al-Jadida 3776: 3770: 3760: 3754: 3723: 3710: 3703: 3696: 3471: 3470: 3435:Nabahani dynasty 3380:Nabahani dynasty 3365:Makhzumi dynasty 3361: 3360: 3056: 3055: 2811: 2810: 2610:Emirate of Crete 2586: 2585: 2531: 2530: 2510:Kingdom of Kinda 2460:Kingdom of Hatra 2410:Kingdom of Qedar 2406: 2405: 2395: 2383: 2382: 2336:animal husbandry 2291: 2268: 2267: 1314–1325 2266: 2261: 2255: 2152:Council of State 2110: 2109: 1566–1574 2108: 2071: 2070: 1520–1566 2069: 2045: 2044: 1481–1512 2043: 2018: 2017: 1556–1598 2016: 1963: 1807: 1806: 1454–1474 1805: 1770: 1767: 1749: 1742: 1733:Decline and fall 1695: 1693:shaykh al-ghuzat 1643: 1642: 1360–1362 1641: 1624: 1623: 1359–1360 1622: 1538: 1537: 1333–1354 1536: 1520: 1514: 1487: 1486: 1331–1348 1485: 1448: 1447: 1325–1333 1446: 1422: 1421: 1314–1325 1420: 1379:siege to Almería 1372: 1371: 1309–1314 1370: 1316: 1315: 1302–1309 1314: 1238:, thus occupied 1221: 1220: 1258–1286 1219: 1176: 1175: 1273–1302 1174: 1035:siege of Seville 1028: 1026:al-silm al-kabir 1018: 1000: 860: 859: 1228–1238 858: 733:Crown of Castile 683:Late Middle Ages 677:in the southern 655: 648: 641: 609:Related articles 583: 582: 570: 569: 546: 545: 533: 532: 504: 503: 491: 490: 457: 456: 426:Siege of Córdoba 413: 412: 395: 394: 355: 354: 343: 342: 330: 329: 323: 322: 307: 306: 269:Late Middle Ages 160:Classical Arabic 133:Crown of Castile 120: 105: 103: 77: 65: 43: 42: 21: 8695: 8694: 8690: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8685: 8684: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8613: 8609:Military orders 8549:Suebic monarchs 8531: 8515:Crown of Aragon 8495: 8423:Kingdom of León 8410: 8391: 8332: 8312: 8265: 8250: 8245: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8198: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8185: 8173: 8158: 8150: 8141: 8133: 8124: 8114: 8092: 8073: 8036: 8017: 8001: 7999:Further reading 7991: 7970: 7949: 7928: 7907: 7879: 7858: 7837: 7816: 7795: 7774: 7753: 7732: 7711: 7690: 7669: 7648: 7627: 7608: 7587: 7569: 7564: 7563: 7555: 7551: 7541: 7539: 7530: 7529: 7525: 7515: 7513: 7504: 7503: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7479: 7475: 7468: 7454: 7450: 7442: 7438: 7428: 7426: 7419: 7403: 7399: 7391: 7378: 7370: 7357: 7349: 7345: 7337: 7330: 7322: 7315: 7307: 7303: 7296: 7280: 7276: 7266: 7264: 7257: 7241: 7237: 7229: 7225: 7217: 7213: 7206: 7192: 7185: 7177: 7173: 7163: 7161: 7148: 7147: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7123: 7119: 7111: 7107: 7099: 7095: 7085: 7083: 7075: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7045: 7041: 7033: 7026: 7018: 7014: 6987: 6983: 6975: 6968: 6960: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6936: 6932: 6924: 6920: 6912: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6888: 6884: 6876: 6872: 6864: 6860: 6852: 6848: 6840: 6836: 6828: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6799: 6795: 6787: 6780: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6743: 6741: 6734: 6718: 6714: 6706: 6697: 6689: 6685: 6677: 6668: 6655: 6651: 6646: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6612: 6608: 6591: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6534: 6530: 6522: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6498: 6494: 6486: 6482: 6475: 6442:Bosworth, C. E. 6432: 6417: 6409: 6405: 6397: 6390: 6382: 6378: 6370: 6366: 6358: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6315:, p. 103; 6311: 6307: 6299: 6295: 6287: 6283: 6275: 6271: 6263: 6256: 6248: 6244: 6236: 6232: 6224: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6196: 6186: 6184: 6182:Qantara-med.org 6176: 6175: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6151: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6088: 6084: 6076: 6072: 6064: 6053: 6045: 6041: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6006: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5982: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5925: 5916: 5908: 5901: 5893: 5889: 5881: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5806: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5773: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5701: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5638: 5625: 5617: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5581: 5577: 5569: 5565: 5557: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5504: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5480: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5372: 5364: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5337: 5328: 5320: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5289: 5282: 5274: 5263: 5256: 5238: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5111: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5012: 5004: 4995: 4987: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4956: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4884: 4876: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4839: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4812: 4798: 4794: 4782: 4758: 4737: 4733: 4714: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4627: 4182: 4176: 4164:sahib al-shurta 4140:leading 1,000, 4095:('chief of the 3996: 3990: 3927: 3906: 3875:Buhayra Gardens 3811:Alhambra palace 3803: 3793: 3742: 3721: 3714: 3685: 3684: 3468: 3460: 3459: 3395:Mahdali dynasty 3358: 3350: 3349: 3290:Muscat and Oman 3060:Imamate of Oman 3053: 3045: 3044: 2808: 2800: 2799: 2583: 2575: 2574: 2528: 2520: 2519: 2450:Emesene Dynasty 2403: 2381: 2306: 2275: 2263: 2239:pogroms of 1391 2234: 2197: 2180: 2175: 2165: 2132:Ahmad al-Mansur 2128:Saadi Sultanate 2105: 2066: 2040: 2029: 2013: 1957: 1950: 1905:Siege of Málaga 1865:Santa Hermandad 1824: 1818: 1816:Fall of Granada 1802: 1771: 1765: 1762: 1755:needs expansion 1740: 1735: 1729: 1638: 1619: 1590: 1533: 1504: 1499: 1482: 1463:Northern Europe 1443: 1417: 1395: 1367: 1311: 1285: 1216: 1171: 1163: 1096: 1067: 881: 875: 855: 836:Idris al-Ma'mun 785: 780: 745:Jewish minority 729:tributary state 685:, ruled by the 659: 580: 579: 578: 567: 566: 565: 543: 542: 541: 530: 529: 528: 501: 500: 499: 488: 487: 486: 465:Abd al-Rahman I 454: 453: 452: 436:Battle of Tours 410: 409: 408: 406:Muslim conquest 389: 352: 327: 294: 281: 251: 239: 208: 177: 168:Andalusi Arabic 123: 83: 82: 81: 78: 70: 69: 66: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8693: 8683: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8540: 8537: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8522: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8490: 8485: 8471: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8437: 8436: 8435: 8430: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8397: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8389: 8384: 8377: 8372: 8365: 8360: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8318: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8252: 8251: 8244: 8243: 8236: 8229: 8221: 8183: 8182: 8171: 8156: 8148: 8139: 8131: 8123: 8122:External links 8120: 8119: 8118: 8112: 8096: 8090: 8084:. 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Saqi Books. 8058: 8049: 8040: 8034: 8021: 8015: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7995: 7989: 7974: 7968: 7953: 7947: 7932: 7926: 7911: 7905: 7892: 7883: 7878:978-1317870418 7877: 7862: 7857:978-0674063600 7856: 7841: 7835: 7820: 7814: 7799: 7793: 7778: 7772: 7757: 7751: 7736: 7731:978-0465055876 7730: 7715: 7709: 7694: 7688: 7673: 7667: 7652: 7647:978-0300218701 7646: 7631: 7625: 7612: 7606: 7591: 7585: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7559:, p. 301. 7549: 7523: 7497: 7485: 7483:, p. 226. 7473: 7466: 7448: 7446:, p. 230. 7436: 7417: 7397: 7376: 7355: 7343: 7328: 7313: 7301: 7294: 7274: 7255: 7235: 7223: 7211: 7204: 7183: 7171: 7141: 7129: 7117: 7115:, p. 393. 7105: 7093: 7068: 7061: 7039: 7037:, p. 164. 7024: 7012: 6997:(in Spanish). 6981: 6979:, p. 163. 6966: 6964:, p. 161. 6954: 6942: 6930: 6928:, p. 157. 6918: 6916:, p. 156. 6906: 6894: 6892:, p. 186. 6882: 6880:, p. 188. 6870: 6868:, p. 185. 6858: 6846: 6834: 6832:, p. 183. 6817: 6805: 6803:, p. 181. 6793: 6778: 6766: 6754: 6732: 6712: 6710:, p. 182. 6695: 6693:, p. 180. 6683: 6666: 6649: 6640: 6626: 6606: 6580: 6578:, p. 105. 6568: 6555: 6548: 6528: 6516: 6514:, p. 328. 6504: 6492: 6480: 6473: 6446:van Donzel, E. 6415: 6413:, p. 389. 6403: 6401:, p. 303. 6388: 6376: 6374:, p. 159. 6364: 6345: 6343:, p. 104. 6333: 6331:, p. 300. 6321: 6319:, p. 300. 6305: 6303:, p. 103. 6293: 6291:, p. 268. 6281: 6279:, p. 377. 6269: 6267:, p. 299. 6254: 6252:, p. 109. 6242: 6230: 6218: 6206: 6204:, p. 285. 6194: 6169: 6157: 6155:, p. 291. 6140: 6138:, p. 142. 6128: 6082: 6080:, p. 215. 6070: 6051: 6039: 6027: 6020: 6000: 5998:, p. 210. 5988: 5986:, p. 290. 5967: 5955: 5953:, p. 217. 5943: 5931: 5929:, p. 289. 5914: 5899: 5887: 5885:, p. 190. 5872: 5860: 5858:, p. 165. 5848: 5836: 5824: 5822:, p. 152. 5812: 5810:, p. 288. 5791: 5779: 5777:, p. 287. 5760: 5748: 5736: 5734:, p. 286. 5719: 5707: 5705:, p. 121. 5686: 5684:, p. 236. 5674: 5644: 5642:, p. 285. 5623: 5621:, p. 276. 5611: 5609:, p. 113. 5599: 5597:, p. 109. 5595:Abun-Nasr 1987 5587: 5575: 5563: 5551: 5539: 5527: 5520: 5498: 5486: 5484:, p. 284. 5465: 5463:, p. 283. 5453: 5441: 5429: 5417: 5405: 5393: 5391:, p. 279. 5370: 5355: 5343: 5326: 5324:, p. 278. 5307: 5305:, p. 151. 5295: 5280: 5278:, p. 277. 5261: 5255:978-0748696482 5254: 5165: 5153: 5151:, p. 135. 5141: 5129: 5117: 5102: 5090: 5078: 5076:, p. 134. 5063: 5061:, p. 129. 5051: 5039: 5027: 5010: 5008:, p. 133. 4993: 4991:, p. 275. 4974: 4962: 4960:, p. 276. 4935: 4923: 4911: 4899: 4897:, p. 274. 4882: 4880:, p. 122. 4867: 4855: 4833: 4821: 4810: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4780: 4765: 4756: 4731: 4699: 4697:, p. 429. 4686: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4667: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4618:Second reign. 4616: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4592:Second reign. 4590: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4553:Second reign. 4551: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4506:Fourth reign. 4504: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4493:Second reign. 4491: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4419:Second reign. 4417: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4406:Second reign. 4404: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4331:Second reign. 4329: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4180:Nasrid dynasty 4175: 4172: 3989: 3986: 3982:Arabic grammar 3926: 3923: 3919:Andalusi music 3914:الطرب الغرناطي 3909:Gharnati music 3905: 3902: 3836:Comares Palace 3792: 3789: 3741: 3738: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3712: 3705: 3698: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3591: 3590: 3587: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3516: 3515: 3512: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3494:Ras al Khaymah 3486: 3485: 3482: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3410:Mazrui dynasty 3406: 3405: 3402: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3376: 3375: 3372: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3062: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2825:Fihrid Emirate 2821: 2820: 2817: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2388: 2387: 2380: 2377: 2305: 2302: 2274: 2271: 2233: 2230: 2205:in Spanish or 2196: 2193: 2179: 2176: 2164: 2161: 2148:Zidan al-Nasir 2052:Ottoman family 2028: 2025: 1949: 1946: 1820:Main article: 1817: 1814: 1773: 1772: 1752: 1750: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1589: 1586: 1561:Alcala la Real 1512:Bab al-Shari'a 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1403:Comares Palace 1394: 1391: 1344:Ksar es-Seghir 1284: 1281: 1162: 1159: 1155:Medina Sidonia 1100:Mudéjar revolt 1095: 1092: 1066: 1063: 1043:Abbasid Caliph 936:– under kings 908:Banu Ashqilula 897:Friday prayers 874: 871: 784: 781: 779: 776: 747:also present. 731:of the rising 691:Western Europe 687:Nasrid dynasty 675:Islamic polity 661: 660: 658: 657: 650: 643: 635: 632: 631: 630: 629: 624: 619: 611: 610: 606: 605: 604: 603: 598: 593: 591:Nasrid dynasty 585: 584: 572: 571: 559: 558: 557: 556: 548: 547: 535: 534: 522: 521: 520: 519: 514: 506: 505: 497:Almoravid rule 493: 492: 480: 479: 478: 477: 472: 467: 459: 458: 446: 445: 444: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 415: 414: 402: 401: 391: 390: 388: 387: 382: 377: 371: 369: 365: 364: 361: 360: 357: 356: 349: 340: 337: 336: 331: 319: 318: 313: 303: 302: 299: 298: 295: 289: 286: 285: 282: 279: 276: 275: 272: 271: 266: 265:Historical era 262: 261: 258: 257: 252: 249: 246: 245: 240: 237: 234: 233: 230: 229: 226: 220: 219: 214: 210: 209: 207: 206: 197: 194: 189: 185: 183: 179: 178: 176: 175: 170: 165: 162: 157: 153: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 135:(intermittent) 129: 125: 124: 121: 113: 112: 85: 84: 79: 72: 71: 67: 60: 59: 58: 55: 54: 50: 49: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8692: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8538: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8505: 8499: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8479: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8459: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8438: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8424: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8413: 8409: 8408: 8402: 8398: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8382: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8370: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8358: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8335: 8330: 8329: 8323: 8319: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8264: 8263: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8242: 8237: 8235: 8230: 8228: 8223: 8222: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8181: 8180: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8157: 8155: 8149: 8147: 8140: 8138: 8132: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8115: 8113:0-7486-0847-8 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8091:0-86356-467-4 8087: 8083: 8078: 8074: 8072:0-86356-466-6 8068: 8064: 8059: 8056:(in Spanish). 8055: 8050: 8046: 8041: 8037: 8035:84-7169-082-9 8031: 8027: 8022: 8018: 8016:2-7018-0052-8 8012: 8008: 8003: 8002: 7992: 7986: 7982: 7981: 7975: 7971: 7965: 7961: 7960: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7940: 7939: 7933: 7929: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7912: 7908: 7906:1-85532-964-6 7902: 7898: 7893: 7889: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7871:. Routledge. 7870: 7869: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7821: 7817: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7800: 7796: 7790: 7786: 7785: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7765: 7764: 7758: 7754: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7737: 7733: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7695: 7691: 7685: 7681: 7680: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7660: 7659: 7653: 7649: 7643: 7639: 7638: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7618: 7613: 7609: 7607:9780190624552 7603: 7599: 7598: 7592: 7588: 7582: 7578: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7558: 7553: 7537: 7533: 7527: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7495:, p. 39. 7494: 7489: 7482: 7477: 7469: 7463: 7459: 7452: 7445: 7440: 7424: 7420: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7408:Moorish Spain 7401: 7394: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7374:, p. 38. 7373: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7353:, p. 42. 7352: 7347: 7340: 7335: 7333: 7325: 7320: 7318: 7310: 7305: 7297: 7291: 7287: 7286: 7278: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7239: 7232: 7227: 7220: 7215: 7207: 7201: 7197: 7190: 7188: 7180: 7175: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7145: 7138: 7133: 7126: 7121: 7114: 7109: 7102: 7097: 7082: 7078: 7072: 7064: 7058: 7053: 7052: 7043: 7036: 7035:Fábregas 2021 7031: 7029: 7021: 7020:Fábregas 2021 7016: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6977:Fábregas 2021 6973: 6971: 6963: 6962:Fábregas 2021 6958: 6951: 6950:Fábregas 2021 6946: 6939: 6938:Fábregas 2021 6934: 6927: 6926:Fábregas 2021 6922: 6915: 6914:Fábregas 2021 6910: 6903: 6898: 6891: 6886: 6879: 6874: 6867: 6862: 6855: 6850: 6843: 6838: 6831: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6814: 6809: 6802: 6797: 6790: 6785: 6783: 6776:, p. 15. 6775: 6770: 6763: 6758: 6751: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6725: 6724: 6716: 6709: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6692: 6687: 6681:, p. 14. 6680: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6662: 6661: 6653: 6644: 6629: 6627:9789957519247 6623: 6619: 6618: 6610: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6577: 6572: 6565: 6559: 6551: 6545: 6541: 6540: 6532: 6525: 6520: 6513: 6508: 6501: 6496: 6489: 6484: 6476: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6460: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6438: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6412: 6407: 6400: 6395: 6393: 6385: 6380: 6373: 6368: 6361: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6342: 6337: 6330: 6325: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6302: 6297: 6290: 6285: 6278: 6273: 6266: 6261: 6259: 6251: 6246: 6239: 6234: 6227: 6222: 6215: 6210: 6203: 6198: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6166: 6161: 6154: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6137: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6110: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6074: 6067: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6048: 6043: 6036: 6031: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6004: 5997: 5992: 5985: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5964: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5911: 5906: 5904: 5896: 5891: 5884: 5879: 5877: 5869: 5864: 5857: 5852: 5845: 5840: 5833: 5828: 5821: 5816: 5809: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5788: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5757: 5752: 5745: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5716: 5711: 5704: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5683: 5678: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5641: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5620: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5596: 5591: 5584: 5579: 5572: 5567: 5561:, p. 78. 5560: 5555: 5548: 5543: 5536: 5531: 5523: 5517: 5514:. Routledge. 5513: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5490: 5483: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5462: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5438: 5433: 5427:, p. 54. 5426: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5403:, p. 53. 5402: 5397: 5390: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5367: 5362: 5360: 5352: 5347: 5340: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5323: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5304: 5299: 5292: 5287: 5285: 5277: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5257: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5162: 5157: 5150: 5145: 5138: 5133: 5127:, p. 27. 5126: 5121: 5114: 5109: 5107: 5099: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5068: 5060: 5055: 5049:, p. 25. 5048: 5043: 5037:, p. 23. 5036: 5031: 5025:, p. 22. 5024: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5007: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4990: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4971: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4932: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4908: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4879: 4874: 4872: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4825: 4818: 4813: 4811:9789004161658 4807: 4803: 4796: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4671: 4661: 4657: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4602: 4601:Muhammad XIII 4599: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4470:First reign. 4469: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4457:First reign. 4456: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4444:Third reign. 4443: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4403: 4402:Muhammad VIII 4400: 4397: 4396: 4393:First reign. 4392: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4380:First reign. 4379: 4377: 4376:Muhammad VIII 4374: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4294:First reign. 4293: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4122:shaykh khassa 4119: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4058:light cavalry 4055: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3922: 3920: 3910: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3894:Alcázar Genil 3891: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3867:Agdal Gardens 3864: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3821: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3753: 3748: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3730:Ibn al-Khatib 3727: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3584:Umm al-Quwain 3581: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3464: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3354: 3353: 3343: 3341: 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2913: 2912: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2886: 2885:Muslim Sicily 2883: 2882: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2804: 2803: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2579: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2524: 2523: 2514:450 AD–550 AD 2513: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2454:64 BC–300s AD 2453: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2444:132 BC–244 AD 2443: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2434:400 BC–106 AD 2433: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2424:600 BC–100 BC 2423: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2414:800 BC–300 BC 2413: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2270: 2260: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2242: 2240: 2229: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2192: 2188: 2186: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2103: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2038: 2034: 2024: 2022: 2021:new rebellion 2011: 2007: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1956: 1945: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1919: 1916:(present-day 1915: 1911: 1906: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1866: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1834:, the son of 1833: 1829: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1784: 1779: 1769: 1760: 1756: 1753:This section 1751: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1650: 1645: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1604:Ibn al-Khatib 1601: 1600: 1595: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1531: 1524: 1519: 1513: 1508: 1494: 1491: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1468: 1467:siege of Teba 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1415: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1332:Marinid siege 1329: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1319:Partal Palace 1309: 1305: 1301: 1294: 1289: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1199: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1169: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1071: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1020: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1004: 999: 989: 985: 980: 976: 974: 968: 966: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 938:Ferdinand III 935: 931: 927: 926: 920: 918: 914: 909: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 880: 870: 868: 864: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 813: 808: 807: 802: 798: 794: 790: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 656: 651: 649: 644: 642: 637: 636: 634: 633: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 614: 613: 612: 608: 607: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 588: 587: 586: 577: 574: 573: 564: 561: 560: 555: 552: 551: 550: 549: 540: 537: 536: 527: 524: 523: 518: 515: 513: 510: 509: 508: 507: 498: 495: 494: 485: 482: 481: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 462: 461: 460: 451: 448: 447: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 418: 417: 416: 407: 404: 403: 400: 397: 396: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 370: 368:Today part of 366: 350: 348: 345: 344: 341: 335: 332: 325: 324: 321: 320: 317: 314: 312: 309: 308: 304: 300: 296: 293: 287: 283: 277: 273: 270: 267: 263: 259: 256: 253: 247: 244: 241: 235: 231: 227: 225: 221: 218: 215: 211: 205: 201: 198: 195: 193: 190: 187: 186: 184: 180: 174: 171: 169: 166: 163: 161: 158: 155: 154: 152: 148: 145: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 119: 114: 108: 99: 95: 94: 90: 86: 76: 64: 56: 51: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8448:Castile-León 8447: 8405: 8386: 8379: 8369:Second Taifa 8367: 8355: 8326: 8260: 8184: 8178: 8174:(in Spanish) 8168: 8142:(in Spanish) 8134:(in Spanish) 8103: 8081: 8062: 8053: 8044: 8025: 8006: 7979: 7958: 7937: 7916: 7896: 7887: 7867: 7847:The Alhambra 7846: 7825: 7804: 7783: 7762: 7741: 7720: 7699: 7678: 7657: 7636: 7616: 7596: 7575: 7567:Bibliography 7557:Kennedy 1996 7552: 7540:. Retrieved 7526: 7514:. Retrieved 7500: 7488: 7476: 7457: 7451: 7439: 7427:. Retrieved 7407: 7400: 7393:Kennedy 1996 7346: 7304: 7284: 7277: 7265:. Retrieved 7245: 7238: 7226: 7214: 7195: 7174: 7162:. Retrieved 7153: 7144: 7132: 7120: 7108: 7096: 7084:. Retrieved 7080: 7071: 7050: 7042: 7015: 7001:(6): 16–17. 6998: 6994: 6984: 6957: 6945: 6933: 6921: 6909: 6897: 6885: 6873: 6861: 6849: 6837: 6808: 6796: 6769: 6757: 6749: 6742:. Retrieved 6722: 6715: 6686: 6663:(in Arabic). 6659: 6652: 6643: 6631:. Retrieved 6616: 6609: 6600: 6595: 6571: 6558: 6538: 6531: 6519: 6507: 6495: 6483: 6464: 6457: 6406: 6399:Kennedy 1996 6379: 6367: 6360:Kennedy 1996 6336: 6329:Kennedy 1996 6324: 6317:Kennedy 1996 6308: 6296: 6284: 6272: 6265:Kennedy 1996 6245: 6238:Kennedy 1996 6233: 6226:Kennedy 1996 6221: 6214:Kennedy 1996 6209: 6197: 6185:. Retrieved 6181: 6172: 6160: 6153:Kennedy 1996 6131: 6114: 6107: 6085: 6073: 6066:Kennedy 1996 6042: 6030: 6010: 6003: 5991: 5984:Kennedy 1996 5963:Kennedy 1996 5958: 5946: 5934: 5927:Kennedy 1996 5910:Kennedy 1996 5890: 5863: 5851: 5839: 5827: 5815: 5808:Kennedy 1996 5782: 5775:Kennedy 1996 5756:Kennedy 1996 5751: 5739: 5732:Kennedy 1996 5715:Kennedy 1996 5710: 5677: 5665:. Retrieved 5656: 5653:"The Partal" 5647: 5640:Kennedy 1996 5614: 5602: 5590: 5583:Kennedy 1996 5578: 5566: 5554: 5542: 5530: 5511: 5501: 5489: 5482:Kennedy 1996 5461:Kennedy 1996 5456: 5449:Kennedy 1996 5444: 5432: 5420: 5408: 5396: 5389:Kennedy 1996 5366:Kennedy 1996 5346: 5322:Kennedy 1996 5298: 5276:Kennedy 1996 5245: 5161:Kennedy 1996 5156: 5144: 5132: 5120: 5098:Kennedy 1996 5093: 5081: 5054: 5042: 5030: 4989:Kennedy 1996 4970:Kennedy 1996 4965: 4958:Kennedy 1996 4926: 4914: 4902: 4895:Kennedy 1996 4858: 4842: 4836: 4824: 4815: 4801: 4795: 4785: 4770: 4761: 4747: 4734: 4717: 4695:Miranda 1970 4690: 4670: 4660: 4614:Muhammad XII 4575:Muhammad XII 4352:Muhammad VII 4230:Muhammad III 4183: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4105: 4096: 4092: 4065: 4043: 4036: 4034: 4025: 4018: 4010: 3971: 3967: 3948: 3907: 3883: 3862: 3852: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3791:Architecture 3779: 3761:), works on 3743: 3719: 3679:1921–present 3664:1900–present 3649:1868–present 3634:1833–present 3619:1810–present 3604:1783–present 3589:1775–present 3574:1761–present 3559:1752–present 3544:1749–present 3529:1744–present 3524:Saudi Arabia 3514:1727–present 3499:1727–present 3484:1631–present 3014: 2494:300s–500s AD 2365: 2353: 2341: 2323: 2321: 2298: 2283: 2276: 2245: 2243: 2235: 2222: 2214: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2189: 2181: 2125: 2098: 2090:Indian Ocean 2056: 2030: 2008: 2002: 1994: 1989: 1974: 1951: 1938: 1927: 1901: 1873:Muhammad XII 1870: 1864: 1852: 1844: 1825: 1796: 1788: 1782: 1766:October 2023 1763: 1759:adding to it 1754: 1728: 1713: 1710: 1697: 1689: 1653: 1646: 1613: 1607: 1597: 1591: 1574: 1545: 1540: 1527: 1479:Abu al-Hasan 1471: 1450: 1437: 1411: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1325: 1322: 1308:Muhammad III 1300:Ferdinand IV 1297: 1293:Muhammad III 1265: 1251:incited the 1247: 1224: 1202: 1194: 1164: 1125:present-day 1123: 1111:Guadalquivir 1103: 1097: 1088: 1076: 1039: 1021: 993: 969: 962: 923: 921: 905: 882: 843: 829: 810: 804: 786: 772:Muhammad XII 749: 726: 695: 670: 666: 664: 575: 539:Almohad rule 316:Succeeded by 315: 310: 255:Muhammad XII 91: 89:Motto: 88: 80:Coat of arms 68:Royal banner 40: 8496: [ 8381:Third Taifa 8357:First Taifa 8206: / 8159:(in Arabic) 8151:(in French) 7542:6 September 7516:6 September 7444:Harvey 1990 7219:Arnold 2017 7101:Catlos 2018 6774:Harvey 1990 6679:Harvey 1990 6576:Barton 2004 6524:Harvey 1990 6512:Harvey 1990 6500:Harvey 1990 6488:Harvey 1990 6463:Volume VII: 6454:Pellat, Ch. 6411:Catlos 2018 6384:Harvey 1990 6341:Barton 2004 6313:Barton 2004 6301:Barton 2004 6289:Harvey 1990 6277:Catlos 2018 6165:Arnold 2017 6136:Dickie 1992 6104:Schacht, J. 6100:Pellat, Ch. 6078:Harvey 1990 6047:Harvey 1990 6035:Harvey 1990 5996:Harvey 1990 5883:Harvey 1990 5744:Arnold 2017 5682:Arnold 2017 5667:28 November 5437:Arnold 2017 5425:Harvey 1990 5413:Harvey 1990 5401:Harvey 1990 5351:Harvey 1990 5339:Harvey 1990 5291:Harvey 1990 5137:Harvey 1990 5125:Harvey 1990 5113:Harvey 1990 5035:Harvey 1990 5023:Harvey 1990 4863:Catlos 2018 4588:Abu'l Hasan 4562:Abu'l Hasan 4515:Muhammad XI 4502:Muhammad IX 4440:Muhammad IX 4415:Muhammad IX 4389:Muhammad IX 4315:Muhammad VI 4266:Muhammad IV 4218:Muhammad II 4156:Gendarmerie 4088:auxiliaries 3978:Islamic law 3951:Mathematics 3734:Ibn Battuta 3726:Ibn Khaldun 3384:Pate Island 3357:East Africa 3150:Sulaymanids 3090:Ukhaidhirds 2875:Sulaymanids 2845:Muhallabids 2750:Munqidhites 2650:Shirvanshah 2504:300s–602 AD 2474:196–1100 AD 2464:100s–241 AD 2361:Florentines 2332:Dry farming 2277:The native 2048:Inquisition 1990:Reconquista 1958: [ 1877:Abu'l Hasan 1855:Granada War 1822:Granada War 1682:, built by 1649:Ibn Khaldun 1635:Muhammad VI 1581:Black Death 1440:Muhammad IV 1383:Abu al-Rabi 1360:coup d'état 1261:Yaghmurasan 1190:Muhammad II 1168:Muhammad II 925:Reconquista 812:Reconquista 764:Granada War 681:during the 627:Convivencia 622:Reconquista 601:Granada War 581:(1232–1492) 568:(1232–1287) 544:(1147–1238) 531:(1140–1203) 502:(1085–1145) 489:(1009–1110) 311:Preceded by 192:Sunni Islam 8624:Categories 8331:(711-1492) 8328:Al-Andalus 8194:03°35′24″W 8191:37°10′39″N 7836:0226319628 7773:0870996371 7752:0870996371 7710:0870996371 7586:0521337674 7231:Bloom 2020 7205:3822876348 7179:Bloom 2020 6744:6 December 6202:Dodds 1992 6113:Volume II: 5868:Bloom 2020 5619:Dodds 1992 5303:Bloom 2020 5047:Irwin 2004 4682:References 4489:Muhammad X 4478:Ismail III 4453:Muhammad X 4327:Muhammad V 4290:Muhammad V 4205:Muhammad I 4101:Muhammad V 3945:in Granada 3896:, and the 3859:Almoravids 3855:Generalife 3848:Muhammad V 3785:Ibn Zamrak 3740:Literature 3670:Hashemites 3625:Al Maktoum 3595:Al Khalifa 3280:Upper Yafa 3270:Ya'arubids 3110:Qarmatians 2995:Sumadihids 2484:220–638 AD 2480:Ghassanids 2328:irrigation 2317:Muhammad V 2315:minted by 2273:Christians 2167:See also: 2140:Philip III 2037:Bayezid II 1966:al-Maqqari 1910:Alpujarras 1703:Ibn Zamrak 1686:after 1362 1684:Muhammad V 1616:Isma'il II 1594:Muhammad V 1469:in 1330. 1425:Alfonso XI 1348:Abu Thabit 1268:Abu Ya'qub 877:See also: 821:Almoravids 787:Since the 783:Background 758:under the 752:Muhammad V 698:Al-Andalus 455:(756–1031) 243:Muhammad I 213:Government 8274:Visigoths 6902:Sarr 2020 6890:Sarr 2020 6878:Sarr 2020 6866:Sarr 2020 6854:Sarr 2020 6842:Sarr 2020 6830:Sarr 2020 6813:Sarr 2020 6801:Sarr 2020 6789:Sarr 2020 6762:Sarr 2020 6708:Sarr 2020 6691:Sarr 2020 6437:"Naṣrids" 6123:495469475 6096:Lewis, B. 5508:"Granada" 4804:. Brill. 4744:"Granada" 4726:1873-9830 4720:. Brill. 4610:1486–1492 4597:1485–1489 4584:1483–1485 4571:1482–1483 4558:1464–1482 4538:Ismail IV 4535:1462–1463 4523:1454–1464 4511:1451–1455 4498:1447–1453 4485:1446–1447 4475:1447–1448 4462:1445–1446 4436:1432–1445 4411:1429–1432 4398:1427–1429 4385:1419–1427 4372:1417–1419 4364:Yusuf III 4360:1408–1417 4348:1392–1408 4336:1391–1392 4323:1362–1391 4311:1360–1362 4303:Ismail II 4299:1359–1360 4286:1354–1359 4274:1333–1354 4262:1325–1333 4250:1314–1325 4238:1309–1314 4226:1302–1309 4214:1273–1302 4201:1232–1273 3955:astronomy 3871:Marrakesh 3655:Al Sharqi 3610:Al Nuaimi 3580:Al Mualla 3569:Abu Dhabi 3565:Al Nahyan 3505:Al Qasimi 3490:Al Qasimi 3454:1860–1887 3444:1858–1895 3429:1856–1964 3419:1746–1828 3404:1277–1495 3389:1203–1894 3344:1926–1970 3334:1906–1934 3324:1903–1967 3314:1858–1967 3310:Qu'aitids 3304:1836–1921 3300:Rashidids 3294:1820–1970 3284:1800–1967 3274:1624–1742 3264:1597–1872 3254:1463–1521 3244:1454–1526 3234:1395–1967 3230:Kathirids 3224:1305–1487 3220:Jarwanids 3214:1253–1320 3204:1229–1454 3194:1159–1174 3184:1154–1624 3180:Nabhanids 3174:1083–1174 3164:1076–1253 3154:1063–1174 3144:1047–1138 3140:Sulayhids 3039:1837–1969 3035:Senussids 3029:1554–1659 3019:1230–1492 3009:1049–1078 2999:1041–1091 2989:1039–1110 2979:1031–1091 2975:Jawharids 2969:1027–1063 2965:Muzaynids 2959:1026–1057 2955:Hammudids 2949:1023–1062 2945:Yahsubids 2939:1023–1091 2929:1020–1086 2919:1013–1039 2909:1012–1051 2899:1004–1412 2865:Aghlabids 2794:1697–1842 2784:1517–1865 2774:1480–1677 2764:1517–1697 2754:1025–1157 2744:1024–1080 2740:Mirdasids 2730:Numayrids 2710:Jarrahids 2700:Mazyadids 2680:Hamdanids 2670:Hashimids 2630:Habbarids 2620:Dulafids 2470:Tanukhids 2345:Catalonia 2324:alquerías 2313:Gold coin 2279:Mozarabic 2117:Venetians 2086:Andalusia 1986:expulsion 1948:Aftermath 1832:Ferdinand 1631:Abu Salim 1407:Isma'il I 1272:Sancho IV 1259:, led by 1253:Zayyanids 1240:Algeciras 1213:Abu Yusuf 1131:Alfonso X 1115:Andalucia 1001:) of the 922:With the 673:, was an 411:(711–732) 380:Gibraltar 182:Religion 53:1232–1492 8102:(1965). 7536:Archived 7510:Archived 7429:23 March 7423:Archived 7261:Archived 7164:16 March 7158:Archived 7086:27 April 6738:Archived 6456:(eds.). 6106:(eds.). 5661:Archived 4625:See also 4428:Yusuf IV 4340:Yusuf II 4254:Ismail I 4080:javelins 3988:Military 3959:agronomy 3838:and the 3826:muqarnas 3801:Alhambra 3659:Fujairah 3640:Al Thani 3550:Al Sabah 3439:Wituland 3374:896–1279 3330:Idrisids 3260:Qasimids 3240:Tahirids 3210:Usfurids 3200:Rasulids 3170:Zurayids 3134:968–1925 3120:Wajihids 3114:899–1077 3104:897–1962 3094:865–1066 3080:Yufirids 3074:819–1138 3070:Ziyadids 3064:751–1970 3005:Tahirids 2935:Abbadids 2915:Tujibids 2889:831–1091 2855:Idrisids 2839:756–1031 2819:710–1019 2815:Salihids 2780:Harfushs 2770:Turabays 2734:990–1081 2724:990–1096 2720:Uqaylids 2714:970–1107 2704:961–1150 2694:955–1071 2690:Rawadids 2684:890–1004 2674:869–1075 2654:861–1538 2640:Kaysites 2634:854–1011 2604:736–1122 2569:909–1171 2565:Fatimids 2559:750–1258 2555:Abbasids 2545:Umayyads 2535:Rashidun 2500:Lakhmids 2490:Salihids 2373:Portugal 2349:Provence 2216:Mudéjars 2207:Muwallad 2202:Muladíes 2144:Valencia 2102:Selim II 2082:Ifriqiya 2003:Moriscos 1980:and the 1955:Mondújar 1894:and the 1892:Alcazaba 1862:and the 1828:Isabella 1799:Henry IV 1715:maristan 1459:crusader 1276:Portugal 1086:(1340). 1080:Marinids 1011:Alhambra 1007:Albaicín 988:Alcazaba 984:Alhambra 825:Almohads 737:Alhambra 512:Conquest 7267:26 June 6633:16 June 6465:Mif–Naz 6187:27 July 4549:Yusuf V 4466:Yusuf V 4278:Yusuf I 4109:Mamluks 4084:shields 4062:Spanish 4030:knights 3974:madrasa 3943:Yusuf I 3939:madrasa 3925:Science 3879:Seville 3844:Yusuf I 3774:maqāmāt 3758:tā'rīkh 3599:Bahrain 3535:Al Said 3520:Al Saud 3509:Sharjah 3479:Morocco 3475:'Alawis 3414:Mombasa 3250:Jabrids 3190:Mahdids 3160:Uyunids 3124:926–965 3100:Rassids 3084:847–997 3025:Saadids 3015:Nasrids 2925:Amirids 2905:Bakrids 2895:Kanzids 2879:814–922 2869:800–909 2859:788–974 2849:771–793 2829:745-757 2790:Shihabs 2760:Ma'nids 2664:864–928 2660:Alavids 2644:860–964 2624:840–897 2614:824–961 2594:654–884 2549:661–750 2539:632–661 2379:Culture 2357:Genoese 2304:Economy 2226:Ghumara 2211:Berbers 2195:Muslims 2178:General 2163:Society 2078:Algiers 2035:sultan 2033:Ottoman 1918:Algeria 1724:Alcazar 1718:), the 1665:Musa II 1627:Peter I 1569:cannons 1552:Catalan 1530:Yusuf I 1523:Yusuf I 1414:Isma'il 1340:Larache 1257:Tlemcen 1228:Tangier 1147:Lebrija 1127:Tunisia 1105:Mudéjar 1055:Hafsids 1047:Baghdad 1005:on the 965:Seville 954:Almería 942:James I 930:Castile 913:Cordoba 867:Badajoz 863:Leónese 848:Ibn Hud 840:Maghreb 817:Morocco 778:History 718:Almería 714:Granada 441:Fihrids 385:Morocco 290:• 204:Judaism 144:Granada 140:Capital 109: 8110: 8088: 8069: 8032: 8013: 7987: 7966: 7945: 7924: 7903: 7875: 7854: 7833: 7812: 7791: 7770: 7749: 7728: 7707: 7686: 7665: 7644: 7623: 7604: 7583: 7464: 7415: 7292: 7253: 7202: 7059: 6730: 6624: 6546: 6471: 6452:& 6121: 6102:& 6018: 5518: 5252: 4849: 4808: 4778: 4754: 4724: 4196:Notes 4160:shurta 4158:-like 4097:ghazis 4076:lances 4067:jinete 4026:thagri 3963:botany 3961:, and 3820:zillij 3763:Sufism 3752:akhbār 3722: 3674:Jordan 3554:Kuwait 2985:Hudids 2284:dhimmi 2259:shārāt 2247:dhimmi 1982:Levant 1848:Zahara 1783:jineta 1557:Priego 1497:Apogee 1455:vizier 1433:Martos 1342:, and 1336:Asilah 1198:Zenata 1153:, and 1143:Utrera 1135:Tarifa 1119:Niebla 1031:vassal 1003:Zirids 958:Malaga 948:, and 946:Guadix 934:Aragon 895:after 889:Arjona 852:Murcia 793:France 756:Aragon 741:Arabic 722:Málaga 720:, and 228: 224:Sultan 173:Berber 128:Status 98:Arabic 8500:] 8286:Suebi 6599:[ 6440:. In 6094:. In 4652:Notes 4449:1445 4193:Ruler 4190:Reign 4168:dalil 4147:nazir 4142:naqib 4132:emirs 4072:raids 4064:term 4045:ghazi 3904:Music 3768:riḥla 3644:Qatar 3629:Dubai 3614:Ajman 3399:Kilwa 3369:Shewa 2294:Genoa 2253:Nagīd 1978:Egypt 1962:] 1698:Ghazi 1608:Ghazi 1599:hajib 1541:Ghazi 1451:Ghazi 1352:Ghazi 1244:Ronda 1232:Ceuta 1207:, or 1203:Ghazi 1151:Arcos 1139:Jerez 1059:Tunis 950:Baeza 844:Taifa 806:Taifa 375:Spain 8467:) → 8108:ISBN 8086:ISBN 8067:ISBN 8030:ISBN 8011:ISBN 7985:ISBN 7964:ISBN 7943:ISBN 7922:ISBN 7901:ISBN 7873:ISBN 7852:ISBN 7831:ISBN 7810:ISBN 7789:ISBN 7768:ISBN 7747:ISBN 7726:ISBN 7705:ISBN 7684:ISBN 7663:ISBN 7642:ISBN 7621:ISBN 7602:ISBN 7581:ISBN 7544:2021 7518:2021 7462:ISBN 7431:2022 7413:ISBN 7290:ISBN 7269:2020 7251:ISBN 7200:ISBN 7166:2020 7088:2018 7057:ISBN 6746:2020 6728:ISBN 6635:2023 6622:ISBN 6544:ISBN 6469:ISBN 6189:2023 6119:OCLC 6016:ISBN 5669:2020 5516:ISBN 5250:ISBN 4847:ISBN 4806:ISBN 4776:ISBN 4752:ISBN 4722:ISSN 4545:1462 4527:Sa'd 4424:1432 4242:Nasr 4137:qaid 4127:wali 4117:rais 4038:jund 3980:and 3937:, a 3873:and 3846:and 3799:and 3728:and 3539:Oman 2347:and 2289:aman 2232:Jews 2171:and 1914:Oran 1890:The 1853:The 1678:The 1559:and 1401:The 1364:Nasr 1230:and 1184:The 982:The 940:and 932:and 917:Jaén 893:emir 665:The 297:1492 284:1232 107:lit. 7003:doi 6115:C–G 3877:of 3869:of 3755:or 2076:in 1761:. 1644:). 1543:s. 1475:Fez 1255:of 1222:). 1177:). 1057:in 1045:in 903:). 850:of 8626:: 8513:→ 8509:→ 8498:eu 8476:→ 8450:) 8442:→ 8421:→ 7534:. 7508:. 7421:. 7379:^ 7358:^ 7331:^ 7316:^ 7259:. 7186:^ 7156:. 7152:. 7079:. 7027:^ 6993:. 6969:^ 6820:^ 6781:^ 6748:. 6736:. 6698:^ 6669:^ 6583:^ 6461:. 6448:; 6444:; 6418:^ 6391:^ 6348:^ 6257:^ 6180:. 6143:^ 6111:. 6098:; 6054:^ 5970:^ 5917:^ 5902:^ 5875:^ 5794:^ 5763:^ 5722:^ 5689:^ 5659:. 5655:. 5626:^ 5468:^ 5373:^ 5358:^ 5329:^ 5310:^ 5283:^ 5264:^ 5244:. 5168:^ 5105:^ 5066:^ 5013:^ 4996:^ 4977:^ 4938:^ 4885:^ 4870:^ 4814:. 4784:. 4760:. 4746:. 4702:^ 4078:, 4015:. 3957:, 3953:, 2265:r. 2107:r. 2068:r. 2042:r. 2015:r. 2006:. 1960:es 1804:r. 1781:A 1640:r. 1621:r. 1535:r. 1484:r. 1445:r. 1435:. 1419:r. 1369:r. 1338:, 1313:r. 1218:r. 1173:r. 1149:, 1145:, 1141:, 901:AH 857:r. 770:. 716:, 693:. 104:, 100:: 8463:( 8446:( 8240:e 8233:t 8226:v 8116:. 8094:. 8075:. 8038:. 8019:. 7993:. 7972:. 7951:. 7930:. 7909:. 7881:. 7860:. 7839:. 7818:. 7797:. 7776:. 7755:. 7734:. 7713:. 7692:. 7671:. 7650:. 7629:. 7610:. 7589:. 7546:. 7520:. 7470:. 7433:. 7298:. 7271:. 7208:. 7168:. 7090:. 7065:. 7009:. 7005:: 6999:2 6552:. 6477:. 6191:. 6125:. 6024:. 5671:. 5524:. 5258:. 5163:. 4865:. 4853:. 4728:. 4024:( 3911:( 3863:– 3813:. 3709:e 3702:t 3695:v 3676:) 3672:( 3661:) 3657:( 3646:) 3642:( 3631:) 3627:( 3616:) 3612:( 3601:) 3597:( 3586:) 3582:( 3571:) 3567:( 3556:) 3552:( 3541:) 3537:( 3526:) 3522:( 3511:) 3507:( 3496:) 3492:( 3481:) 3477:( 3441:) 3437:( 3416:) 3412:( 3401:) 3397:( 3386:) 3382:( 3371:) 3367:( 2104:( 2065:( 2039:( 2012:( 1801:( 1768:) 1764:( 1709:. 1637:( 1618:( 1532:( 1481:( 1442:( 1366:( 1310:( 1248:( 1215:( 1205:s 1170:( 1013:( 854:( 654:e 647:t 640:v 96:( 38:. 20:)

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