2849:
strength which is accepted by modern scholars as Ladero
Quesada. Nevertheless, according to GarcĂa de Gabiola, to keep, pay and feed armies of such strength was beyond the resources of the recently created modern states. For the campaigns in Italy (1494â1503) the Spanish armies were of 5,000, 9,000 or 15,000 men maximum, so it is rather surprising the numbers recorded 5â10 years before for Granada. Taking into account the revenues of Castile during the period (130 to some 200 million maravedies per year) it is hardly plausible that Castile could have organized more than 8,000 to 20,000 soldiers. In fact, Ladero Quesada register the number of grain loads contracted by Castile in several years and GarcĂa de Gabiola has calculated the number of soldiers that could have been fed through these grain loads, and his conclusions are 12,000 men for 1482 (siege of Loja); 8,000 men for 1483 and 1484 (Granada fields sacking); 10,000 men in 1485 (Ronda siege); 10â12,000 soldiers in 1486 (second Loja siege); 12,000 for 1487 (Malaga siege); 10â12,000 in 1488 (firstst Baza siege); 20,000 soldiers in 1489 (second Baza siege, the greatest grain loads contracted, that also coincides with the largest revenue of Castile during the campaign, some 200 million); and 10â12,000 men for 1490â91 (final siege of Granada). A 20% of them should be cavalry.
2686:, capitulated on 27 April 1487, with local supporters of Boabdil directly aiding the Christian besiegers. MĂĄlaga held out during an extended siege that lasted from 7 May 1487 until 18 August 1487; its commander preferred death to surrender, and the African garrison and Christian renegades (converts to Islam) fought tenaciously, fearing the consequences of defeat. Near the end, the notables of MĂĄlaga finally offered a surrender, but Ferdinand refused, as generous terms had already been offered twice. When the city finally fell, Ferdinand punished almost all the inhabitants for their stubborn resistance with slavery, while renegades were burned alive or pierced by reeds. The Jews of Malaga, however, were spared, as Castilian Jews ransomed them from slavery.
2875:
135:
1427:
152:
2773:
2555:
44:
2725:
the
Castilians. Occasional threats of deprivation of office were necessary to keep the army in the field, and Isabella came personally to the siege to help maintain the morale of both the nobles and the soldiers. After six months, al-Zagal surrendered, despite his garrison still being largely unharmed; he had become convinced that the Christians were serious about maintaining the siege as long as it would take, and further resistance was useless without the hope of relief, of which there was no sign. Baza was granted generous surrender terms, unlike MĂĄlaga.
2571:
2789:, was signed on November 25, 1491, which granted two months to the city. The reason for the long delay was not so much intransigence on either side, but rather the inability of the Granadan government to coordinate amongst itself in the midst of the disorder and tumult that gripped the city. After the terms, which proved rather generous to the local Muslim population, were negotiated, the city capitulated on January 2, 1492. The besieging Christians sneaked troops into the
2734:
2602:
207:
2824:
artillery, generally only using the occasional captured
Christian piece. The historian Weston F. Cook Jr. wrote "Gunpowder firepower and artillery siege operations won the Granadan war, and other factors in the Spanish victory were actually secondary and derivative." By 1495, Castile and Aragon controlled 179 pieces of artillery total, a vast increase from the paltry numbers seen in the War of the Castilian Succession.
2260:
2274:
2397:. The bulk of the troops and funds for the war came from Castile, and Granada was annexed into Castile's territory. The Crown of Aragon was less important: apart from the presence of King Ferdinand himself, Aragon provided naval collaboration, guns, and some financial loans. Aristocrats were offered the allure of new lands, while Ferdinand and Isabella centralized and consolidated their power.
2853:
1491). Concerning the infantry, De Miguel Mora states that a Muslim soldier captured by the
Castilians during the siege of Baza confessed that the real infantry strength of the garrison was 4,000 men and not 15,000. So, the Muslim armies could not exceed some 4,000 infantry. At the end of the war, the ratio was 2-to-1 or 3-to-1 in favor of the Castilian armies.
2891:
freely. They were allowed to keep weapons, though not firearms, a provision that however was to be annulled a month later. No one would be forced to change religion, not even former
Christians who had converted to Islam. Boabdil was offered money and the rulership of a small principality in the mountainous
2835:
took on a more prominent role instead. The open-field battles in which cavalry were the most important were rare; the
Granadans, badly outnumbered, generally avoided such battles. The Castilians also employed a large number of supporting men; a huge force of workers were mustered in 1483 to destroy
2647:
the
Christians were able to defeat and capture King Boabdil. Ferdinand and Isabella had previously not been intent on conquering all of Granada. With the capture of King Boabdil, however, Ferdinand decided to use him to conquer Granada entirely. In a letter written in August 1483, Ferdinand wrote "To
2613:
in
December 1481, as part of a reprisal for a Christian raid. The town fell, and the population was enslaved. This attack proved to be a great provocation, and factions in favor of war in Andalusia used it to rally support for a counterstrike, quickly moving to take credit for it, and backed a wider
2890:
The treaty's terms for
Granada's surrender were quite generous to the Muslims, considering how little they had left to bargain with. They were similar to the terms offered to towns which surrendered earlier, when the outcome of the war was in doubt. For three years, Muslims could emigrate and return
2852:
In relation to Muslim armies, according to
Gabiola, the strengths mentioned by the sources (15,000 to 50,000 infantry, or 4,500â7,000 cavalry) should also be discarded. More plausible strengths mentioned are the 3,000 horses (1482), 1,000 to 1,500 (1483, 1485 and 1487) or even 3â400 riders (1489 and
2840:
army was almost completely Castilian; Aragonese and foreign mercenary participation was minimal. Of the Castilian army, Andalusia contributed far more troops than the other territories, with much of its population conscripted into the war. The nobility provided the majority of the expensive cavalry.
2784:
An eight-month siege of Granada was to begin in April 1491. The situation for the defenders grew progressively dire, as their forces for interfering with the siege dwindled and advisers schemed against each other. Bribery of important officials was rampant, and at least one of the chief advisers to
2744:
With the fall of Baza and the capture of al-Zagal in 1490, it seemed as if the war was over; Ferdinand and Isabella believed this was the case. However, Boabdil was unhappy with the rewards for his alliance with Ferdinand and Isabella, possibly because lands that had been promised to him were being
2618:
and its subsequent royal endorsement is usually said to be the formal beginning of the Granada War. Abu Hasan attempted to retake Alhama by siege in March but was unsuccessful. Reinforcements from the rest of Castile and Aragon averted the possibility of retaking Alhama in April 1482; King Ferdinand
2882:
The surrender of Granada was seen as a great blow to Islam and a triumph of Christianity. Other Christian states offered their sincere congratulations to Ferdinand and Isabella, while Islamic writers reacted with despair. In Castile and Aragon, celebrations and bullfights were held. People rejoiced
2848:
Concerning the real strength of the armies involved, according to original sources the Castilian armies reached between 50,000 and 70,000 soldiers the years of the greatest military effort (1482, 1483, 1486, 1487, 1489 and 1491), or 10,000 to 29,000 in the quieter ones (1484, 1485, 1488, and 1490),
2839:
Politically, many nobles insisted on controlling their own forces, but Ferdinand and Isabella were still able to exercise a large degree of control in directing the army as a whole. The Granadans, meanwhile, were beset with civil war, preventing the establishment of a unified command. The Christian
2933:
Castile was the main beneficiary of the war, as it had also spent by far the majority of the money and manpower to prosecute it, and completely annexed Granada. The conquest of Granada meant little for Aragon's strategic position, but it did help secure Castilian support in Italy and France, where
2724:
In 1489, the Christian forces began a painfully long siege of Baza, the most important stronghold remaining to al-Zagal. Baza was highly defensible as it required the Christians to split their armies, and artillery was of little use against it. Supplying the army caused a huge budget shortfall for
2663:
Boabdil was soon released from Christian protection to resume his bid for control of Granada. For the next three years, he acted as one of Ferdinand and Isabella's vassals. He offered the promise of limited independence for Granada and peace with the Christians to the citizenry; from the Catholic
2506:
The frontier between Granada and the Castilian lands of Andalusia was in a constant state of flux, "neither in peace nor in war." Raids across the border were common, as were intermixing alliances between local nobles on both sides of the frontier. Relations were governed by occasional truces and
2648:
put Granada in division and destroy it We have decided to free him.... He has to make war on his father." With Boabdil's release as a pseudo-Christian ally, the Granadan civil war continued. A Granadan chronicler commented that Boabdil's capture was "the cause of the fatherland's destruction."
2823:
of the war. The Castilians and Aragonese started the war with only a few artillery pieces, but Ferdinand had access to French and Burgundian experts from his recent wars, and the Christians aggressively increased their artillery forces. The Muslims, however, lagged far behind in their use of
2678:
MĂĄlaga, the chief seaport of Granada, was the main objective of the Castilian forces in 1487. Emir al-Zagal was slow to march to attempt to relieve the siege and was unable to harass the Christian armies safely because of the ongoing civil war; even after he left the city to come to the aid of
2651:
In 1485, the fortunes of the Granadan internal conflict shifted yet again. Boabdil was expelled from the AlbayzĂn, his base of power, by Hasan's brother al-Zagal. Al-Zagal also took command of the nation, dethroning his aging brother, who died shortly thereafter. Boabdil was obliged to flee to
2537:. During this time, the frontier with Granada was practically ignored; the Castilians did not even bother to ask for or obtain reparation for a raid in 1477. Truces were agreed upon in 1475, 1476, and 1478. In 1479, the Succession War concluded with Isabella victorious. As Isabella had married
2769:, but no reply is recorded by history. North Africa continued to sell Castile wheat throughout the war and valued maintaining good trade relations. In any case, the Granadans no longer controlled any coastline from where to receive overseas aid. No help would be forthcoming for Granada.
2422:. Spain would go on to model its national aspirations as the guardian of Christianity and Catholicism. The fall of the Alhambra is still celebrated every year by the City Council of Granada, and the Granada War is considered in traditional Spanish historiography as the final war of the
2836:
crops and pillage the countryside rather than engage directly in battle. Coordination and logistics were difficult given the mountainous terrain, but the Christians diligently built a series of roads through the mountains to deliver food and supplies to their troops.
2466:
not enclosed between a violent sea and an enemy terrible in arms, both of which press on its people day and night?" Still, Granada was wealthy and powerful, and the Christian kingdoms were divided and fought amongst themselves. Granada's problems began to worsen after
2925:
that ended in many Muslims being forced to choose between baptism, exile, or execution. Tensions from then onward would remain high, and Castile was obliged to maintain a large military force in Granada to deter future revolts. Isabella also strengthened the
3028:
is a civic and religious festival held each year in Granada on the anniversary of the city's conquest, January 2. In the 21st century, parties of the left have criticised and boycotted the date, instead proposing that Granada's festival be that of
2502:
imposed contributed greatly to his unpopularity. These taxes did at least support a respected army; Hasan was successful in putting down Christian revolts in his lands, and some observers estimated he could muster as many as 7,000 horsemen.
2498:. Despite the weakening economy, taxes were still imposed at their earlier high rates to support Granada's extensive defenses and large army. Ordinary Granadans paid triple the taxes of (non-tax-exempt) Castilians. The heavy taxes that Emir
2913:
soon found his position intolerable. He left for Morocco in October 1493, where he would die some forty years later. Eventually, Castile started to revoke some of the more tolerant attributes of the treaty. This initiative was led by
2626:
but failed to take the town. This setback was balanced by a twist that would prove to aid them greatly: on the same day that Loja was relieved, Abu Hasan's son, Abu Abdallah (also known as Boabdil), rebelled and styled himself
3049:
marches with its music band; it has become a rallying point for far-right and nationalist groups that have sparked incidents in late years. The Spanish Socialists shifted their position from removing the celebration to adding
3063:
2374:) they had to pay Castile to avoid being attacked and conquered. The war saw the effective use of artillery by the Christians to rapidly conquer towns that would otherwise have required long sieges. On January 2, 1492,
2973:, a romantic account of the war that emphasized chivalry and heroism on both sides. A number of stories and songs appear to have been sponsored by the royal government to help steel morale for the long struggle;
2652:
Ferdinand and Isabella's protection. The continuing division within the Muslim ranks and the cunning of the Marquis of CĂĄdiz allowed the western reaches of Granada to be seized with unusual speed in 1485.
1111:
652:
575:
2895:, an area that would have been difficult to control in any case. At first, most of conquered Granada was treated respectfully and was therefore predominantly stable for seven years, though the
423:
2689:
Historian William Prescott considered the fall of MĂĄlaga the most important part of the war; Granada could not reasonably continue on as an independent state without MĂĄlaga, its chief port.
994:
622:
2541:
in 1469, this meant that the two powerful kingdoms of Castile and Aragon would stand united, free from the inter-Christian strife which had allowed the Emirate of Granada to survive.
717:
2362:
The ten-year war was not a continuous effort but a series of seasonal campaigns launched in spring and broken off in winter. The Granadans were crippled by internal conflict and
2490:
This internal fighting greatly weakened the state. The economy declined, with Granada's once preeminent porcelain manufacture disrupted and challenged by the Christian town of
887:
3025:
3021:, published in 1672, which focuses on a romantic love triangle and clashing loyalties in two feuding Granadan factions, leaving the besieging Castilians in the background.
2831:
also saw use in the war, though only to a small degree. Heavy cavalry knights were a much smaller factor in the Granada War than seen in earlier warfare. Light cavalry
1805:
1056:
1051:
2697:
Al-Zagal lost prestige from the fall of MĂĄlaga, and Boabdil took over all of the city of Granada in 1487; he additionally controlled the northeast of the country with
1041:
957:
585:
550:
2507:
demands for tribute should those on one side have been seen to overstep their bounds. Neither country's central government intervened or controlled the warfare much.
2765:. As Castile and Aragon were fellow enemies of the Turks, the Sultan had no desire to break their alliance against the Turks. Boabdil also requested aid from the
672:
662:
610:
605:
1821:
3829:
989:
2471:'s death in 1417. Succession struggles ensured that Granada was in an almost constant low-level civil war. Clan loyalties were stronger than allegiance to the
1463:
1260:
2011:
812:
3005:
565:
2027:
1021:
882:
249:
4027:
2949:. After the defeat of the Moors, which was not easy, almost all the Moriscos of the former Kingdom of Granada were exiled to other parts of Spain.
3794:
4067:
2745:
administered by Castile. He broke off his vassalage and rebelled against the Catholic Monarchs, despite holding only the city of Granada and the
1061:
4072:
3500:
Amounts calculated by GarcĂa de Gabiola, p. 63, from revenues registered by Ladero, Granada, pp. 121â127, and Ladero, Hermandad, pp. 52â58, 67.
3041:
and the group Hogar Social, distributing Spanish flags, with attendees chanting in praise of Spanish identity, while other groups such as the
2459:
3175:
4077:
2922:
1324:
1319:
1763:
2306:
2749:
Mountains. It was clear that such a position was untenable in the long term, so Boabdil sent out desperate requests for external aid.
3984:
2946:
2918:, who ordered mass conversions, the burning of valuable Arabic manuscripts and other measures detrimental to the Muslims (and Jews).
692:
2067:
3723:
3696:
3642:
2961:, developed around stories of the war and the battles on the Granadan frontier which reached their culmination in Granada's fall.
1491:
2405:
2174:
2098:
1882:
2721:. Boabdil took no action as the Christian forces took some of his land, perhaps assuming it would shortly be returned to him.
2161:
3209:
1937:
418:
242:
2580:
during the 15th century. In light green are territories conquered by the Christian kings during the 13th century, including
1597:
2458:
had long since been conquered by the Christians. Pessimism for Granada's future existed before its ultimate fall; in 1400,
1636:
413:
2560:
The five kingdoms of Iberia in 1360. The territory of the Emirate of Granada was reduced by 1482, as it lost its grasp on
1456:
4032:
2785:
Boabdil seems to have been working for Castile the entire time. After the Battle of Granada a provisional surrender, the
2184:
2138:
1525:
4062:
3616:
2444:
had been the last Muslim state in Iberia for more than two centuries by the time of the Granada War. The other remnant
1213:
3766:
1985:
1086:
852:
4052:
4003:
3968:
3947:
3926:
3898:
3873:
3848:
3669:
3064:
Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula § Castile-AragĂłn conquers the kingdom of Granada (1481â1491)
3042:
580:
3816:
2934:
Aragon's interests lay. The task of funding the war was formidable; the total cost was estimated to be 450,000,000
942:
4057:
1668:
1096:
722:
235:
2915:
642:
4037:
2514:
2145:
1977:
3045:
turned out to oppose the celebration altogether, labelling the conquest a genocide. During the celebration, the
2883:
in the streets. For Christendom, the wresting of Granada from Islamic rule was seen as a counterbalance to the
2605:
Queen Isabella's marriage with Ferdinand of Aragon ensured a united front of Castile and Aragon against Granada.
2874:
2299:
1389:
1046:
346:
336:
1066:
3038:
2499:
2043:
1798:
1676:
1163:
974:
667:
391:
177:
687:
2468:
2218:
1731:
1715:
1571:
1243:
1168:
433:
2656:
fell to him after fifteen days, thanks to his negotiations with the city's leaders. Ronda's fall allowed
2366:, while the Christians were generally unified. The Granadans were also bled economically by the tribute (
2245:
1857:
707:
657:
3993:
2475:, making consolidation of power difficult. Often, the only territory the emir really controlled was the
1426:
917:
877:
3800:
2793:
that day in case resistance materialized, which it did not. Granada's resistance had come to its end.
2408:, become slaves, or be exiled; by 1526 this prohibition spread to the rest of Spain. "New Christians" (
2192:
2166:
1620:
1275:
1116:
697:
408:
386:
289:
3030:
1613:
1153:
1126:
1031:
979:
847:
807:
732:
3034:
2292:
2228:
2213:
2106:
2051:
1406:
1285:
1280:
1238:
1183:
1158:
1148:
1121:
777:
737:
381:
309:
3958:
2673:
2609:
The truce of 1478 was still theoretically in effect when Granada launched a surprise attack against
2479:. At times, the emir did not even control all the city, but rather one rival emir would control the
2400:
The aftermath of war brought to an end coexistence between religions in the Iberian peninsula: Jews
1364:
1305:
1101:
637:
2962:
2786:
2758:
2679:
MĂĄlaga, he was forced to leave troops in the Alhambra to defend against Boabdil and his followers.
2632:
1961:
1953:
1890:
1564:
1507:
1374:
1290:
1265:
1218:
1188:
1178:
1143:
792:
757:
747:
341:
331:
284:
189:
54:
49:
3509:
Amounts calculated by GarcĂa de Gabiola, pp. 63â69, from grain loads registered by Ladero Quesada.
912:
480:
4047:
4042:
3017:
2910:
2772:
2628:
2534:
2375:
2004:
1270:
867:
837:
797:
702:
535:
505:
495:
463:
428:
366:
356:
201:
58:
2455:
2355:. It ended with the defeat of Granada and its annexation by Castile, ending the last remnant of
1208:
1198:
1011:
984:
817:
2884:
2538:
2344:
2179:
1906:
1707:
1352:
1347:
969:
947:
932:
927:
842:
787:
647:
570:
545:
453:
371:
294:
168:
62:
3376:
1874:
1436:
2522:
2340:
2233:
2223:
2153:
1945:
1369:
1091:
1081:
782:
762:
361:
172:
66:
3643:"La Toma de Granada se celebra entre acusaciones de fomentar el racismo y de "intolerancia""
1739:
4022:
3882:
Ladero Quesada, Miguel Ăngel. La Hermandad de Castilla. Real Academia de la Historia. 2005.
2993:
2806:
2518:
2367:
1929:
1684:
1532:
1342:
1255:
1076:
872:
677:
632:
627:
510:
376:
319:
304:
2930:, and Ferdinand brought the Inquisition to Aragon where previously it had not held power.
1004:
862:
832:
822:
43:
8:
3886:
2927:
2610:
2530:
2510:
1922:
1755:
1512:
1468:
1384:
999:
897:
682:
600:
525:
448:
279:
20:
2981:", written in 1484, hoped that Ferdinand would conquer "as far as Jerusalem." The song "
595:
3978:
3051:
2966:
2441:
2352:
2035:
1848:
1839:
1652:
1540:
1443:
1379:
1203:
1131:
1036:
892:
802:
555:
520:
443:
438:
156:
93:
2644:
1830:
1723:
3999:
3964:
3943:
3922:
3894:
3869:
3844:
3612:
3205:
3198:
3078:
2683:
2615:
2336:
2059:
1898:
1813:
1359:
1233:
1223:
1193:
1026:
952:
907:
902:
857:
767:
727:
712:
590:
540:
515:
475:
351:
314:
1337:
485:
3724:"La Toma de Granada: entre gritos de "yo soy español" y "no hay nada que celebrar""
2812:
2802:
2766:
2390:
2335:, was a series of military campaigns between 1481 and 1492 during the reign of the
2324:
1415:
1300:
1228:
1106:
1071:
742:
490:
193:
181:
140:
206:
3937:
3916:
3907:
3606:
3556:
3154:
2986:
2896:
2754:
2526:
2495:
2401:
2394:
2122:
2083:
1773:
1016:
827:
752:
560:
530:
500:
458:
299:
144:
2977:
was a poem written in 1479 encouraging persistence in the long siege. The song "
2702:
3096:
Kamen, Henry. "Spain 1469â1714 A Society of Conflict." Third edition. pp. 37â38
3073:
3068:
3046:
2762:
2664:
Monarchs, he extracted the title of Duke for whatever cities he could control.
2577:
2570:
2419:
2348:
2278:
2090:
2019:
1782:
1700:
1644:
1173:
937:
922:
772:
3823:. Medievalia nÂș 45. 2015. Universidad Nacional AutĂłnoma de MĂ©xico (47): 34â42.
2698:
4016:
2710:
2623:
2114:
1660:
403:
227:
3775:
3013:
3004:
in 1853 by Denis Florence McCarthy, and again by Roy Campbell in 1959 (see
2857:
2415:
2264:
2733:
3841:
The Spanish Kingdoms: 1250â1516. Volume II: 1410â1516, Castilian Hegemony
3009:
2706:
2435:
2423:
1587:
261:
114:
35:
2935:
2484:
3863:
2892:
2746:
2445:
2356:
1579:
3879:
Ladero Quesada, Miguel Ăngel. La Guerra de Granada. Granada Dip. 2001.
3843:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press. pp. 367â393.
2718:
2601:
2525:. The war raged from 1475â1479, pitting Isabella's supporters and the
3697:"Una trifulca marca la Toma de Granada mĂĄs tensa de los Ășltimos años"
2561:
2410:
2363:
2989:
puts the depiction of the war in the lips of King Boabdil himself.
2640:
2554:
2547:
Maps of the Iberian peninsula and Granada in the 14thâ15th centuries
2942:
2900:
2828:
2790:
2777:
2738:
2660:, a base of the Granadan fleet, to come into Christian hands next.
2657:
2636:
2480:
2383:
1499:
1484:
19:
For the U.S. invasion of the similarly named Caribbean island, see
3750:
Benito Ruano, Eloy. "Un cruzado inglés en la Guerra de Granada",
3608:
The Last Crusade in the West: Castile and the Conquest of Granada
2903:
2750:
2491:
2476:
2463:
2429:
2379:
1969:
3375:
Prescott, William Hickling (1904). Munro, Wilford Harold (ed.).
3860:
Conquest of Granada From the Manuscript of Fray Antonio Agapida
2862:
2832:
2816:
2714:
2635:, defeated a large Christian raiding force in the hills of the
2378:(King Boabdil) surrendered the Emirate of Granada, the city of
1548:
3176:"Je, dini ni upendo au ni chuki? Vita na mauaji yaliyokithiri"
3799:. Revista Medieval nÂș 55. 2015. Ed. Gram Nexo. Archived from
2820:
2653:
2581:
2450:
3558:
History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic
3378:
History of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic
3908:
History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic
3891:
The Art of War in Spain: The Conquest of Granada, 1481â1492
3111:
2811:
The most notable facet of the Granada War was the power of
2472:
3123:
2996:
wrote a play concerning the Conquest of Granada entitled
2885:
loss of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks
2856:
The Granada War proved to be valuable training for the
3033:, a 19th-century heroine. In 2019 and 2020, the party
2878:
The Surrender of Granada, by Vicente Barneto y Vazquez
2761:
that ruled Egypt were in a near constant war with the
2757:
mildly rebuked Ferdinand for the Granada War, but the
3381:. Vol. II. J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 242
2860:, where the Castilian armies and tactics such as the
3796:
La Guerra que puso fin al Medievo: Granada (1482â92)
2631:. The war continued into 1483. Abu Hasan's brother,
2404:
in 1492, and by 1501, all of Granada's Muslims were
2843:
2402:
were forced to convert to Christianity or be exiled
3817:"La Genesis del estado moderno: Granada (1482â92)"
3197:
3135:
3099:
3911:, updated with modern scholarship and commentary.
3814:
3611:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 224.
2619:formally took command at Alhama on May 14, 1482.
4014:
2941:Increasing oppression of the Moorsânow known as
2776:Painting depicting Muhammad XII's family in the
3670:"La Toma de Granada: año nuevo, polémica vieja"
3604:
3006:List of CalderĂłn's plays in English translation
2389:The war was a joint project between Isabella's
2430:Iberia and Al-Andalus in the late 15th century
257:
222:100,000 dead or enslaved (including civilians)
3827:
3792:
2596:
2300:
243:
3868:(Republished in 2002 by Simon Publications,
3491:Ladero, Granada, p. 100 and 108, and Irving.
3368:
3598:
3764:
2487:, the most important district of Granada.
2307:
2293:
250:
236:
3582:
3580:
3570:
3568:
3478:
3476:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3407:
3405:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3232:
3230:
2796:
2333:Spanish ChristianâMuslim War of 1481â1492
3554:
3374:
2899:of 1492 expelled the Jews that were not
2873:
2771:
2732:
2728:
2600:
4028:Sieges involving the Emirate of Granada
3956:
3935:
3129:
3117:
3037:celebrated the event, also attended by
2513:died in December 1474, setting off the
4068:15th-century military history of Spain
4015:
3905:(An extract from Prescott's 1838 book
3625:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3539:
3473:
3464:
3441:
3402:
3393:
3354:
3342:
3295:
3281:
3267:
3253:
3239:
3227:
3195:
2036:Revolution and Asturian miners' strike
4073:Wars involving the Kingdom of Castile
3991:
3983:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
3721:
3694:
3640:
3218:
3155:"War - 67 Bloody Christian Conflicts"
3141:
2952:
2947:Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568â71)
2622:The Christians next tried to besiege
2357:Islamic rule on the Iberian peninsula
231:
3914:
3667:
3105:
2682:The first main city to be attacked,
3963:(in Chinese and English). ćœéČć·„äžćșç瀟.
3834:. Historia de Iberia Vieja. nÂș 116.
3759:El Reino Nazari de Granada, 1482â92
3054:as a sign of "cultural encounter".
2185:Catalan declaration of independence
13:
4078:Wars involving the Crown of Aragon
3815:GarcĂa de Gabiola, Javier (2015).
2667:
2406:obliged to convert to Christianity
14:
4089:
3889:(1995). Albert D. McJoynt (ed.).
3043:Revolutionary Anticapitalist Left
2780:moments after the fall of Granada
81:December 1481 or February 1482 â
3722:LĂłpez, Ălvaro (2 January 2019).
3695:LĂłpez, Ălvaro (2 January 2020).
3668:Cano, José A. (2 January 2015).
3641:GĂłmez, Miguel (2 January 2014).
2844:Strengths of the armies involved
2692:
2569:
2553:
2386:palace to the Castilian forces.
2272:
2258:
1425:
205:
150:
133:
42:
3744:
3715:
3688:
3661:
3634:
3605:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2014).
3548:
3530:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3455:
3432:
3423:
3414:
3333:
3324:
3315:
3204:. University Of Chicago Press.
2945:or "New Christians"âled to the
2869:
2515:War of the Castilian Succession
1978:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
3752:Anuario de estudios medievales
3200:Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614
3189:
3168:
3147:
3090:
2866:would acquit themselves well.
2564:and other western territories.
1:
3555:Prescott, William H. (1868).
3518:GarcĂa de Gabiola, pp. 63â64.
3084:
3074:Morisco Rebellions in Granada
2591:
2529:against Joanna's supporters,
1677:War of the Spanish Succession
2819:to greatly shorten the many
2709:. Al-Zagal still controlled
1637:Colonisation of the Americas
16:Final war of the Reconquista
7:
3893:. London: Greenhill Books.
3858:Irving, Washington (1829).
3828:GarcĂa de Gabiola, Javier.
3793:GarcĂa de Gabiola, Javier.
3527:De Miguel Mora, pp. 12, 16.
3057:
2992:Spanish Baroque playwright
1314:Post-Reconquista Rebellions
10:
4094:
4033:15th century in al-Andalus
3936:Charles, Phillips (2004).
3757:Cristobal Torrez Delgado.
2998:Amar despues de la Muerte.
2971:Guerras civiles de Granada
2965:wrote an early example of
2800:
2767:Sultanate of Fes in crisis
2671:
2597:Provocations and responses
2433:
2175:2008â2014 financial crisis
18:
4063:Sieges of the Reconquista
3839:Hillgarth, J. N. (1978).
3754:, 9 (1974/1979), 585â593.
3026:DĂa de la Toma de Granada
2517:between Henry's daughter
2107:Spain during World War II
1938:Regency of MarĂa Cristina
1806:Regency of MarĂa Cristina
424:2nd San Esteban de Gormaz
419:1st San Esteban de Gormaz
270:
213:
162:
126:
73:
41:
33:
28:
4053:Sieges involving Castile
3915:Kohn, George C. (2006).
3885:
3857:
3838:
3765:De Miguel Mora, Carlos.
2521:and Henry's half-sister
2511:King Henry IV of Castile
2414:) came to be accused of
2162:1981 coup d'Ă©tat attempt
1962:Spain during World War I
1541:Kingdom of the Visigoths
61:(Boabdil) surrenders to
55:Francisco Pradilla Ortiz
50:The Surrender of Granada
4058:Sieges involving Aragon
3312:Hillgarth, pp. 383â384.
3018:The Conquest of Granada
2454:) of the once powerful
2376:Muhammad XII of Granada
2371:
2146:Transition to democracy
4038:15th-century conflicts
3992:Cliff, Andrew (2004).
3831:Todo empezĂł en Granada
3196:Harvey, L. P. (2005).
3008:). English playwright
2879:
2797:Tactics and technology
2781:
2741:
2674:Siege of MĂĄlaga (1487)
2606:
2494:near Valencia, in the
2345:Ferdinand II of Aragon
2328:
2180:2017 Barcelona attacks
2012:Provisional Government
1883:Provisional Government
1756:Absolutist restoration
1708:Abdications of Bayonne
169:Ferdinand II of Aragon
163:Commanders and leaders
3957:Changqi, Cui (1999).
3000:It was translated as
2877:
2775:
2736:
2729:Last stand at Granada
2614:war. The seizure of
2604:
2584:on the African coast.
2341:Isabella I of Castile
2167:Madrid train bombings
2044:1936 general election
1946:Reign of Alfonso XIII
1732:Constitution of CĂĄdiz
414:Pallars and Ribagorza
214:Casualties and losses
173:Isabella I of Castile
3939:Encyclopedia of Wars
3887:Prescott, William H.
3120:, p. 1072-1073.
2994:Calderon de la Barca
2959:romances fronterizos
2807:Early Modern warfare
2519:Joanna la Beltraneja
2456:Caliphate of CĂłrdoba
2193:Coronavirus pandemic
2154:Current constitution
2139:Contemporary history
1954:SpanishâAmerican War
1930:Reign of Alfonso XII
1822:Regency of Espartero
1799:Reign of Isabella II
1685:Nueva Planta Decrees
1533:Kingdom of the Suebi
1296:2nd Granada campaign
693:2nd Balearic Islands
668:1st Balearic Islands
2979:Setenil, ay Setenil
2963:Ginés Pérez de Hita
2928:Spanish Inquisition
2916:Archbishop Cisneros
2887:forty years prior.
2539:Ferdinand of Aragon
2068:Nationalist victory
1989:of DĂĄmaso Berenguer
1875:Sexenio DemocrĂĄtico
1858:Glorious Revolution
1764:Sexenio Absolutista
1614:Early modern period
1513:Diocese of Hispania
975:Las Navas de Tolosa
94:Southeastern Iberia
21:Invasion of Grenada
3918:Dictionary of Wars
3631:Hillgarth, p. 371.
3595:Hillgarth, p. 393.
3586:Hillgarth, p. 390.
3574:Hillgarth, p. 387.
3545:Hillgarth, p. 388.
3482:Hillgarth, p. 378.
3470:Hillgarth, p. 374.
3452:Hillgarth, p. 377.
3411:Hillgarth, p. 376.
3399:Hillgarth, p. 373.
3365:Hillgarth, p. 386.
3351:Hillgarth, p. 385.
3292:Hillgarth, p. 382.
3278:Hillgarth, p. 381.
3264:Hillgarth, p. 370.
3250:Hillgarth, p. 369.
3236:Hillgarth, p. 368.
3224:Hillgarth, p. 367.
3132:, p. 497-498.
3052:also Moor parading
2967:historical fiction
2953:Cultural influence
2880:
2782:
2742:
2607:
2483:, and another the
2442:Emirate of Granada
2353:Emirate of Granada
2279:History portal
1849:Bienio progresista
1840:Second Carlist War
1740:Treaty of Valençay
1598:Christian kingdoms
1469:Carthaginian Spain
1444:Prehistoric Iberia
1169:Shepherds' Crusade
980:3rd AlcĂĄcer do Sal
943:2nd AlcĂĄcer do Sal
853:1st AlcĂĄcer do Sal
347:2nd Roncevaux Pass
285:1st Roncevaux Pass
157:Emirate of Granada
3942:. Facts On File.
3339:Prescott, p. 224.
3330:Prescott, p. 211.
3321:Prescott, p. 207.
3211:978-0-226-31963-6
3079:Border of Granada
2983:Una sañosa porfĂa
2957:An entire genre,
2787:Treaty of Granada
2629:Emir Muhammad XII
2576:Territory of the
2337:Catholic Monarchs
2329:Guerra de Granada
2317:
2316:
2234:Religious history
1923:Restoration Spain
1899:Third Carlist War
1891:Reign of Amadeo I
1814:First Carlist War
1621:Catholic Monarchs
1526:Early Middle Ages
1464:Pre-Roman peoples
1398:
1397:
576:AlmodĂłvar del RĂo
226:
225:
122:
121:
107:Christian Victory
4085:
4009:
3988:
3982:
3974:
3953:
3932:
3904:
3867:
3854:
3835:
3824:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3780:
3774:. Archived from
3773:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3575:
3572:
3563:
3562:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3537:
3536:Prescott, p. 16.
3534:
3528:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3461:Prescott, p. 18.
3459:
3453:
3450:
3439:
3438:Prescott, p. 27.
3436:
3430:
3429:Prescott, p. 29.
3427:
3421:
3420:Prescott, p. 30.
3418:
3412:
3409:
3400:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3352:
3349:
3340:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3293:
3290:
3279:
3276:
3265:
3262:
3251:
3248:
3237:
3234:
3225:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3002:Love After Death
2803:Medieval warfare
2573:
2557:
2393:and Ferdinand's
2391:Crown of Castile
2309:
2302:
2295:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2265:Spain portal
2263:
2262:
2261:
2229:Military history
2214:Economic history
2197:
2189:
2171:
2158:
2150:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2099:Republican exile
2095:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2052:1936 coup d'Ă©tat
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
1993:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1862:
1854:
1844:
1836:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1787:
1779:
1769:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1716:Napoleonic Spain
1712:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1602:
1594:
1584:
1576:
1553:
1549:Byzantine Spania
1545:
1537:
1504:
1503:(218 BCEâ472 CE)
1496:
1473:
1429:
1419:
1401:
1400:
265:
252:
245:
238:
229:
228:
209:
198:
186:
155:
154:
153:
141:Crown of Castile
138:
137:
136:
84:
75:
74:
46:
26:
25:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4013:
4012:
4006:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3950:
3929:
3901:
3851:
3806:
3804:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3768:La Toma de Baza
3747:
3742:
3733:
3731:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3693:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3578:
3573:
3566:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3355:
3350:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3296:
3291:
3282:
3277:
3268:
3263:
3254:
3249:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3194:
3190:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3060:
2987:Juan del Encina
2955:
2897:Alhambra Decree
2872:
2846:
2809:
2799:
2755:Sultan of Egypt
2731:
2695:
2676:
2670:
2668:Siege of MĂĄlaga
2599:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2527:Crown of Aragon
2500:Abu-l-Hasan Ali
2496:Crown of Aragon
2477:city of Granada
2438:
2432:
2395:Crown of Aragon
2331:), also called
2313:
2284:
2273:
2271:
2259:
2257:
2239:
2238:
2219:Law enforcement
2209:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2187:
2169:
2156:
2148:
2141:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2123:Basque conflict
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2086:
2084:Francoist Spain
2076:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2028:Second Biennium
2022:
2014:
2007:
2005:Second Republic
1997:
1996:
1991:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1925:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1878:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1852:
1842:
1834:
1831:DĂ©cada moderada
1824:
1816:
1808:
1801:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1777:
1774:Trienio Liberal
1767:
1758:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1724:Cortes of CĂĄdiz
1718:
1710:
1703:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1616:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1582:
1574:
1572:Muslim conquest
1567:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1528:
1518:
1517:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1459:
1449:
1448:
1439:
1417:
1410:
1399:
1394:
1329:
1281:Los Alporchones
1164:Vega de Granada
266:
259:Battles in the
258:
256:
200:
194:
188:
182:
178:Abu'l-Hasan Ali
171:
151:
149:
145:Crown of Aragon
134:
132:
110:
96:
82:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4091:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4048:1490s in Spain
4045:
4043:1480s in Spain
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4011:
4010:
4004:
3989:
3969:
3954:
3948:
3933:
3927:
3912:
3899:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3855:
3849:
3836:
3825:
3812:
3790:
3762:
3755:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3714:
3687:
3660:
3633:
3624:
3618:978-0812245875
3617:
3597:
3588:
3576:
3564:
3561:. p. 100.
3547:
3538:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3502:
3493:
3484:
3472:
3463:
3454:
3440:
3431:
3422:
3413:
3401:
3392:
3367:
3353:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3294:
3280:
3266:
3252:
3238:
3226:
3217:
3210:
3188:
3167:
3146:
3134:
3122:
3110:
3108:, p. 666.
3098:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3069:Islam in Spain
3066:
3059:
3056:
3047:Spanish Legion
3031:Mariana Pineda
2954:
2951:
2871:
2868:
2845:
2842:
2798:
2795:
2730:
2727:
2694:
2691:
2672:Main article:
2669:
2666:
2643:. However, at
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2578:Nasrid dynasty
2575:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2469:Emir Yusuf III
2431:
2428:
2420:crypto-Judaism
2349:Nasrid dynasty
2347:, against the
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2268:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:(2020âpresent)
2190:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2164:
2159:
2151:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2091:Spanish Maquis
2087:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2020:First Biennium
2017:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1907:First Republic
1904:
1896:
1888:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1845:
1837:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1783:Ominous Decade
1780:
1770:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1704:
1701:Peninsular War
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1585:
1577:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1497:
1492:Roman Conquest
1488:
1485:Roman Hispania
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1325:2nd Alpujarras
1322:
1320:1st Alpujarras
1316:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1189:Vega de Pagana
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1087:Mudéjar revolt
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1007:
997:
995:Aragonese raid
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
966:
965:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
883:Central Iberia
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
643:Norwegian raid
640:
635:
630:
625:
619:
618:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
472:
471:
467:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
400:
399:
395:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
328:
327:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
276:
275:
271:
268:
267:
255:
254:
247:
240:
232:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
211:
210:
175:
165:
164:
160:
159:
147:
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
119:
118:
117:
109:
108:
104:
102:
98:
97:
92:
90:
86:
85:
83:2 January 1492
79:
71:
70:
39:
38:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4090:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4007:
4005:9780191513459
4001:
3997:
3996:
3995:War Epidemics
3990:
3986:
3980:
3972:
3970:9787118020410
3966:
3962:
3961:
3955:
3951:
3949:9780816028511
3945:
3941:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3928:9781438129167
3924:
3920:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3902:
3900:1-8536-7193-2
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3874:1-9315-4180-9
3871:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3850:0-1982-2531-8
3846:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3803:on 2018-08-25
3802:
3798:
3797:
3791:
3781:on 2018-04-13
3777:
3770:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3628:
3620:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3601:
3592:
3583:
3581:
3571:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3506:
3497:
3488:
3479:
3477:
3467:
3458:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3408:
3406:
3396:
3380:
3379:
3371:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3336:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3221:
3213:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3192:
3177:
3171:
3156:
3150:
3144:, p. 83.
3143:
3138:
3131:
3126:
3119:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3093:
3089:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2924:
2921:This sparked
2919:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2876:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:Ottoman Turks
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:Siege of Baza
2690:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2603:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2563:
2556:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2115:Blue Division
2113:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1661:Iberian Union
1659:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1472:(575â206 BCE)
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:Early history
1453:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1291:9th Gibraltar
1289:
1287:
1286:8th Gibraltar
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:7th Gibraltar
1274:
1272:
1271:La Higueruela
1269:
1267:
1266:6th Gibraltar
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:5th Algeciras
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:5th Gibraltar
1217:
1215:
1214:4th Algeciras
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:4th Gibraltar
1182:
1180:
1179:3rd Gibraltar
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:2nd Gibraltar
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:3rd Algeciras
1147:
1145:
1144:1st Gibraltar
1142:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:2nd Algeciras
1120:
1118:
1117:1st Algeciras
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
963:
962:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
616:
615:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
536:Piedra Pisada
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
496:Aqbat al-Bakr
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
469:
468:
465:
464:3rd Barcelona
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
429:Valdejunquera
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
404:Day of Zamora
402:
401:
397:
396:
393:
392:2nd Barcelona
390:
388:
387:2nd Cellorigo
385:
383:
382:1st Cellorigo
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
367:Monte Laturce
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
332:1st Barcelona
330:
329:
325:
324:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
273:
272:
269:
264:
263:
253:
248:
246:
241:
239:
234:
233:
230:
221:
218:
217:
212:
208:
203:
199:
197:
191:
190:Muhammad XIII
187:
185:
179:
176:
174:
170:
167:
166:
161:
158:
148:
146:
142:
139:Union of the
131:
130:
125:
116:
112:
111:
106:
105:
103:
100:
99:
95:
91:
88:
87:
80:
77:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:
45:
40:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3994:
3959:
3938:
3921:. Infobase.
3917:
3906:
3890:
3862:. New York:
3859:
3840:
3830:
3820:
3805:. Retrieved
3801:the original
3795:
3783:. Retrieved
3776:the original
3767:
3758:
3751:
3745:Bibliography
3732:. Retrieved
3730:(in Spanish)
3727:
3717:
3705:. Retrieved
3703:(in Spanish)
3700:
3690:
3678:. Retrieved
3676:(in Spanish)
3673:
3663:
3651:. Retrieved
3649:(in Spanish)
3646:
3636:
3627:
3607:
3600:
3591:
3557:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3496:
3487:
3466:
3457:
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3178:. 2022-12-25
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1508:Romanization
1495:(206â27 BCE)
1332:North Africa
1295:
1250:15th century
1138:14th century
1042:4th Valencia
964:13th century
918:4th Santarém
878:3rd Santarém
818:2nd Santarém
738:3rd Valencia
708:2nd Zaragoza
688:1st Santarém
623:2nd Valencia
617:12th century
581:1st Valencia
551:1st Zaragoza
470:11th century
454:Torrevicente
398:10th century
295:Orbieu River
290:Burbia River
260:
202:Muhammad XII
195:
183:
127:Belligerents
59:Muhammad XII
48:
34:Part of the
4023:Reconquista
3728:eldiario.es
3701:eldiario.es
3674:eldiario.es
3647:eldiario.es
3385:23 November
3010:John Dryden
2699:VĂ©lez-Rubio
2436:Reconquista
2424:Reconquista
2368:Old Spanish
2321:Granada War
2149:(1975â1978)
2126:(1959â2011)
2118:(1941â1944)
2110:(1939â1945)
2102:(1939â1977)
2094:(1939â1965)
2063:(1936â1939)
2031:(1933â1936)
2023:(1931â1933)
1992:(1930â1931)
1987:Dictablanda
1981:(1923â1930)
1965:(1914â1918)
1949:(1886â1931)
1941:(1885â1902)
1933:(1874â1885)
1910:(1873â1874)
1902:(1872â1876)
1894:(1870â1873)
1886:(1868â1871)
1853:(1854â1856)
1843:(1846â1849)
1835:(1844â1854)
1825:(1840â1843)
1817:(1833â1840)
1809:(1833â1840)
1786:(1823â1833)
1778:(1820â1823)
1768:(1814â1820)
1727:(1810â1814)
1719:(1808â1813)
1688:(1707â1716)
1680:(1701â1714)
1672:(1700â1808)
1664:(1580â1640)
1656:(1556â1659)
1648:(1516â1700)
1640:(1492â1898)
1632:(1482â1492)
1629:Granada War
1624:(1479â1516)
1589:Reconquista
1565:Middle Ages
1416:History of
1390:2nd Tangier
1375:1st Tangier
1234:2nd Montiel
1154:3rd AlmerĂa
1072:3rd Seville
1000:2nd Majorca
903:2nd Seville
868:2nd Badajoz
848:2nd AlmerĂa
838:2nd Tortosa
808:1st AlmerĂa
793:1st Montiel
748:1st Badajoz
723:1st Granada
481:Calatañazor
409:1st Majorca
362:Guadalacete
337:1st Tortosa
326:9th century
274:8th century
262:Reconquista
115:Reconquista
113:End of the
36:Reconquista
29:Granada War
4017:Categories
3960:æ°çŒè±æ±æ±è±ćäșèŻć
ž
3864:A. L. Burt
3821:Medievalia
3807:2016-03-11
3785:2016-11-25
3734:2019-01-02
3182:2024-09-02
3161:2024-09-02
3142:Cliff 2004
3085:References
2975:Sobre Baza
2936:maravedies
2893:Alpujarras
2829:arquebuses
2827:Primitive
2801:See also:
2747:Alpujarras
2592:Chronology
2462:wrote "Is
2460:Ibn Hudayl
2446:al-Andalus
2434:See also:
2382:, and the
1653:Golden Age
1601:(718â1479)
1593:(711â1492)
1583:(711â1492)
1580:Al-Andalus
1437:Prehistory
1256:Collejares
1244:2nd Murcia
1209:GuadalmesĂ
1199:RĂo Salado
1097:1st Murcia
1057:2nd XĂ tiva
1052:1st XĂ tiva
948:2nd Silves
933:2nd Silves
928:1st Silves
843:2nd Lleida
828:5th Lisbon
788:4th Lisbon
718:1st Lleida
678:Candespina
673:6th Toledo
658:Formentera
648:3rd Lisbon
628:Mollerussa
611:5th Toledo
606:4th Toledo
586:2nd Lisbon
571:3rd Toledo
546:2nd Toledo
434:1st Toledo
377:Polvoraria
320:1st Lisbon
310:RĂo QuirĂłs
305:Las Babias
3979:cite book
3106:Kohn 2006
2562:Gibraltar
2411:conversos
2364:civil war
2060:Civil War
1645:Habsburgs
1575:(711â716)
1552:(552â624)
1544:(418â721)
1536:(409â585)
1370:4nd Ceuta
1360:3nd Ceuta
1353:2nd Ceuta
1348:1st Ceuta
1261:Antequera
1112:Andalusia
1092:3rd Jerez
1082:2nd Jerez
1017:1st Jerez
990:PenĂscola
958:Talamanca
913:2nd Ăvora
898:Calatrava
888:Tarragona
873:Juromenha
863:1st Ăvora
813:Al-Ludjdj
783:2nd Coria
763:1st Coria
698:Martorell
683:Vatalandi
601:Consuegra
526:Golpejera
511:Barbastro
449:Estercuel
280:Covadonga
63:Ferdinand
3707:30 April
3680:30 April
3653:30 April
3058:See also
3012:wrote a
2943:Moriscos
2923:a revolt
2904:Marranos
2901:converso
2813:bombards
2791:Alhambra
2778:Alhambra
2739:Alhambra
2658:Marbella
2639:east of
2637:Axarquia
2633:al-Zagal
2531:Portugal
2523:Isabella
2485:AlbayzĂn
2481:Alhambra
2384:Alhambra
2246:Timeline
1669:Bourbons
1500:Hispania
1407:a series
1405:Part of
1204:Estepona
1132:Iznalloz
1067:3rd Jaén
1027:Burriana
1012:2nd Jaén
985:1st Jaén
970:Al-DÄmĆ«s
908:Abrantes
803:Albacete
778:Trancoso
653:Talavera
633:Balaguer
556:Sagrajas
521:Llantada
444:Simancas
439:Alhandic
372:Morcuera
342:Pancorbo
89:Location
67:Isabella
3761:(1982).
2911:Boabdil
2833:jinetes
2817:cannons
2759:Mamluks
2751:Qaitbay
2719:AlmerĂa
2492:Manises
2464:Granada
2380:Granada
2325:Spanish
1973:(â1927)
1970:Rif War
1385:Melilla
1365:TĂ©touan
1224:Linuesa
1194:Getares
1047:Algarve
1037:El Puig
1032:CĂłrdoba
1005:PortopĂ
953:Alarcos
858:Palmela
833:Sacavém
823:Sacavém
768:Ourique
728:Corbins
713:Cutanda
703:Coimbra
591:Alcoraz
541:Morella
516:Paterna
506:Coimbra
476:Cervera
357:Albelda
352:Clavijo
219:Unknown
196:†
184:†
4002:
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2863:tercio
2821:sieges
2753:, the
2717:, and
2715:Guadix
2705:, and
2645:Lucena
2641:MĂĄlaga
2616:Alhama
2611:Zahara
2535:France
2533:, and
2451:taifas
2188:(2017)
2170:(2004)
2157:(1978)
2071:(1939)
2055:(1936)
2047:(1936)
2039:(1934)
2015:(1931)
1957:(1898)
1861:(1868)
1743:(1813)
1735:(1812)
1711:(1808)
1409:on the
1380:Asilah
1343:Strait
1306:MĂĄlaga
1301:Lucena
1229:Guadix
1127:MoclĂn
1107:Martos
893:Cuenca
758:Leiria
733:AlcalĂĄ
596:Bairén
561:Tudela
491:Albesa
315:Oviedo
204:
192:
180:
101:Result
3779:(PDF)
3772:(PDF)
2985:" by
2909:King
2654:Ronda
2582:Ceuta
2372:paria
2208:Topic
1418:Spain
1102:Ăcija
938:Tomar
923:Alvor
798:Soure
773:Oreja
753:Fraga
743:Aceca
663:Ibiza
638:Uclés
566:TĂ©var
531:Cabra
501:Graus
459:Rueda
300:Lutos
4000:ISBN
3985:link
3965:ISBN
3944:ISBN
3923:ISBN
3895:ISBN
3870:ISBN
3845:ISBN
3709:2021
3682:2021
3655:2021
3613:ISBN
3387:2015
3206:ISBN
3024:The
2815:and
2805:and
2737:The
2711:Baza
2707:Vera
2624:Loja
2473:emir
2440:The
2418:and
2343:and
2319:The
1338:Salé
1174:Teba
1077:Faro
1062:Biar
1022:Ares
486:TorĂ
143:and
78:Date
65:and
3039:Vox
2351:'s
53:by
4019::
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3981:}}
3977:{{
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3726:.
3699:.
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3229:^
3035:PP
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