Isabella I of Castile

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concesión, de procurar e ynduçir y traer los pueblos dellas y los convertir a la nuestra Santa Fe Católica y enviar a las dichas islas y Tierra Firme prelados, religiosos y clérigos y otras personas doctas y temerosas de Dios para instruir a los vecinos y moradores della en la Fe Católica, y los enseñar y dotar de buenas costunbres y poner en ellos la diligencia debida, según más largamente en las letras de la dicha concesión se contiene; por ende, suplico al Rey, mi señor, muy afectuosamente y encargo y mando, a la dicha Princesa, mi hija, y al dicho Príncipe, su marido, que así lo hagan y cunplan y que esto sea su principal fin; y que en ello pongan mucha diligencia y no consientan ni den lugar que los indios vecinos y moradores de las dichas Yndias y Tierra Firme, ganadas y por ganar, reciban agravio alguno en sus personas ni bienes, mas manden que sean bien y justamente tratados; y si algun agravio an recebido, lo remedien y provean, por manera que no escedan cosa alguna lo que por las letras apostólicas de la dicha concesión nos es injungido y mandado."

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during Henry's reign. To make money, Henry had sold off royal estates at prices well below their value. The Cortes of Toledo of 1480 came to the conclusion that the only hope of lasting financial reform lay in a resumption of these alienated lands and rents. This decision was warmly approved by many leading nobles of the court, but Isabella was reluctant to take such drastic measures. It was decided that the Archbishop of Toledo would hold an enquiry into the tenure of estates and rents acquired during Henry IV's reign. Those that had not been granted as a reward for services were to be restored without compensation, while those that had been sold at a price far below their real value were to be bought back at the same sum. While many of the nobility were forced to pay large sums of money for their estates, the royal treasury became even richer. Isabella's one stipulation was that there would be no revocation of gifts made to churches, hospitals, or the poor.

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justice that Castile had not seen before. The Council of State was reformed and presided over by the king and queen. This department of public affairs dealt mainly with foreign negotiations, hearing embassies, and transacting business with the Court of Rome. In addition to these departments, there was also a Supreme Court of the Santa Hermandad, a Council of Finance, and a Council for settling purely Aragonese matters. Although Isabella made many reforms that seem to have made the Cortes stronger, in actuality the Cortes lost political power during the reigns of Isabella and Ferdinand. Isabella and her husband moved in the direction of a non-parliamentary government and the Cortes became an almost passive advisory body, giving automatic assent to legislation which had been drafted by the royal administration.

1594:. Other descriptions, however, describe her hair as golden (blonde), and period illuminations show her several times with golden or strawberry-blond hair. Some portraits show her as a brunette. This is due to the fact that many old portraits from the 15th and 16th centuries are victims of a phenomenon that causes hair pigments to go dark brown. However, the statue of her in Granada Cathedral, by Burgundian sculptor Philippe de Vigarny (born in Langres, in what is now France), also shows her as a dark-haired brunette. Her daughters Joanna and Catherine were thought to resemble her the most in looks - both are similarly described in contemporary sources as having auburn hair, but surviving paintings often show them as brunettes due to the same pigmentation problem. 1935: 1921: 1046:. The council, under the monarch, had full power to resolve all legal and political disputes. The council was responsible for supervising all senior administrative officials, such as the Crown representatives in all of the major towns. It was also the supreme judicial tribunal of the kingdom. In 1480, during the Cortes of Toledo, Isabella made many reforms to the Royal Council. Previously there had been two distinct yet overlapping categories of royal councillor. One formed a group which possessed both judicial and administrative responsibilities. This portion consisted of some bishops, some nobles, and an increasingly important element of professional administrators with legal training known as 1961: 1181: 757: 1678: 6892: 6980: 9233: 357: 7996: 641:, John's elder son. Charles was constantly at odds with his father, and because of this, he secretly entered into an alliance with Henry IV of Castile. A major part of the alliance was that a marriage was to be arranged between Charles and Isabella. When John II learned of this arranged marriage, he was outraged. Isabella had been intended for his favorite younger son, Ferdinand, and in his eyes, this alliance was still valid. John II had his son Charles thrown in prison on charges of plotting against his father's life. Charles died in 1461. 7301: 799: 9387: 58: 9411: 1050:. The second category of traditional councillor had a less formal role. This role depended greatly on the individuals' political influence and personal influence with the monarch. During Isabella's reign, the role of this second category was completely eliminated. As mentioned previously, Isabella had little care for personal bribes or favors. Because of this, this second type of councillor, usually of the nobility, was only allowed to attend the council of Castile as an observer. 2039: 7636: 1575: 1088: 939: 3390:"... And being the battles of both sides ordered that way and prepared to attack by nearly sunshine, the King ordered the prince to attack the enemy with his and God's blessing, which he obeyed (...). (...) and after the sound of the trumpets and screaming all for S. George invested so bravely the enemy battles, and in spite of their enormous size, they could not stand the hard fight and were rapidly beaten and put on the run with great losses." 1980: 9399: 614: 900:) plus a large war compensation: 106.676 dobles of gold. The Catholic Monarchs also had to accept that Joanna la Beltraneja remain in Portugal instead of Spain and to pardon all rebellious subjects who had supported Joanna and King Afonso. And the Catholic Monarchs – who had proclaimed themselves rulers of Portugal and donated lands to noblemen inside this country – had to give up the Portuguese crown. 9423: 685: 1026:

center of the Castilian government had been the royal household, together with its surrounding court. The household was traditionally divided into two overlapping bodies. The first body was made up of household officials, mainly people of the nobility, who carried out governmental and political functions for which they received special payment. The second body was made up of some 200 permanent servants or

700:. In Henry's eyes, this alliance would cement the friendship of Castile and France as well as remove Isabella from Castilian affairs. However, Isabella once again refused the proposal. Meanwhile, John II of Aragon negotiated in secret with Isabella a wedding to his son Ferdinand. After her marriage to Ferdinand, several anonymous journal entries claim the queen was unfaithful and plotted against the king. 1035: 581:, he died at the age of fourteen in July 1468. The nobles who had supported him suspected poisoning. As she had been named in her brother's will as his successor, the nobles asked Isabella to take his place as champion of the rebellion. However, support for the rebels had begun to wane, and Isabella preferred a negotiated settlement to continuing the war. She met with her elder half-brother Henry at 3525:"And being the two enemy battles face to face, the Castilian battle was deeply agitated and showing clear signs of defeat if attacked as it was without King and dubious of the outcome.(...) And without discipline and with great disorder they went to Zamora. So being the Prince alone on the field without suffering defeat but inflicting it on the adversary he became heir and master of his own victory" 1004:. This turbulent province had been the prey of tyrant nobles since the days of Isabella's father, John II. Robbers had infested the highways and oppressed the smaller towns and villages. The officials Isabella charged set off with the Herculean task of restoring peace for the province and were ultimately successful. Indeed, they drove over 1,500 robbers from Galicia. 9375: 4002:, book XXXII, chapter III: in 1478 a Portuguese fleet intercepted the armada of 25 navies sent by Ferdinand to conquer Gran Canary – capturing 5 of its navies plus 200 Castilians – and forced it to fled hastily and definitively from Canary waters. This victory allowed Prince John to use the Canary Islands as an "exchange coin" in the peace treaty of Alcáçovas. 1063:, and eight or nine lawyers would serve on the council at a time. While the nobles were no longer directly involved in the matters of state, they were welcome to attend the meetings. Isabella hoped that forcing the nobility to choose whether to participate or not would weed out those who were not dedicated to the state and its cause. 1648:

justice to cash, very prudently refused them; and although she could have confiscated all his goods, which were many, she did not take any of them to avoid any note of greed, or that it be thought that she had not wished to pardon him in order to have his goods; instead, she gave them all to the children of the aforesaid knight."

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reign, Isabella established a monopoly over the royal mints and fixed a legal standard to which the coinage had to approximate. By shutting down many of the mints and taking royal control over the production of money, Isabella restored the confidence of the public in the Crown's ability to handle the kingdom's finances.

908:. Spanish academic Antonio Rumeu de Armas claims that with the peace treaty of Alcáçovas in 1479, the Catholic Monarchs "... buy the peace at an excessively expensive price ..." and historian Mª Monserrat León Guerrero added that they "... find themselves forced to abandon their expansion by the Atlantic ...". 664:. In return, Don Pedro would pay into the royal treasury an enormous sum of money. Seeing no alternative, Henry agreed to the marriage. Isabella was aghast and prayed to God that the marriage would not come to pass. Her prayers were answered when Don Pedro suddenly fell ill and died while on his way to meet his fiancée. 3261:"...For those who ignore the background of these circumstances it will certainly seem strange that while the Catholic Monarchs raised a temple in Toledo in honour of the victory that God granted them on that occasion, the same fact was festively celebrated with solemn processions on its anniversary in Portugal" 586:

of what the nobles desired, though they did not go so far as to officially depose King Henry; they were not powerful enough to do so, and Isabella did not want to jeopardize the principle of fair inherited succession, since it was upon this idea that she had based her argument for legitimacy as heir-presumptive.

3717:"That is the battle of Toro. The Portuguese army had not been exactly defeated, however, the sensation was that D. Juana's cause had completely sunk. It made sense that for the Castilians Toro was considered as the divine retribution, the compensation desired by God to compensate the terrible disaster of 1813:

In 1970, that Commission determined that "A Canonical process for the canonization of Isabella the Catholic could be undertaken with a sense of security since there was not found one single act, public or private, of Queen Isabella that was not inspired by Christian and evangelical criteria; moreover

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who performed a wide range of confidential functions on behalf of the rulers. By the 1470s, when Isabella began to take a firm grip on the royal administration, the senior offices of the royal household were simply honorary titles and held strictly by the nobility. The positions of a more secretarial

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From the very beginning of her reign, Isabella fully grasped the importance of restoring the Crown's finances. The reign of Henry IV had left the Kingdom of Castile in great debt. Upon examination, it was found that the chief cause of the nation's poverty was the wholesale alienation of royal estates

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had been used to describe groups of men who came together of their own accord to regulate law and order by patrolling the roads and countryside and punishing malefactors. These brotherhoods had usually been suppressed by the monarch, however. Furthermore, before 1476, the justice system in most parts

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Both armies faced each other at the camps of Toro resulting in an indecisive battle. But while the Portuguese King reorganized his troops, Ferdinand sent news to all the cities of Castile and to several foreign kingdoms informing them about a huge victory where the Portuguese were crushed. Faced with

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page 5 line 20, section "ITEM por cuanto al tiempo que nos fueron concedidas por la Santa Sede Apostólica las yslas y Tierra Firme del Mar Oçéano descubiertas y por descubrir, nuestra principal intención fue al tiempo que lo suplicamos al papa sexto Alejandro, de buena memoria, que nos hizo la dicha

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for the war against the Moors to the court so that these monies spare his life. This matter was discussed with the queen, and there were some who told her to pardon him, since these funds for the war were better than the death of that man, and her highness should take them. But the queen, preferring

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After an episode in which Columbus captured 1,200 men, Isabella ordered their return and the arrest of Columbus, who was insulted in the streets of Granada. Isabella realized that she could not trust all the conquest and evangelization to take place through one man, so she opened the range for other

1240:, written by Elio Antonio de Nebrija, the father of Spanish grammar. This grammar was intended to spread the Spanish language across the newly discovered lands, aligning with Spain's imperial ambitions, as Nebrija himself declared it would teach the language to the inhabitants of these territories. 903:

At Alcáçovas, Isabella and Ferdinand had secured the throne, but the Portuguese exclusive right of navigation and commerce in all of the Atlantic Ocean south of the Canary Islands meant that Spain was practically blocked out of the Atlantic and was deprived of the gold of Guinea, which induced anger

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was inconclusive, but Isabella and Ferdinand made it fly with wings of victory. (...) Actually, since this battle transformed in victory; since 1 March 1476, Isabella and Ferdinand started to rule in the Spain's throne. (...) The inconclusive wings of the battle became the secure and powerful wings

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for the expulsion of the Jews was issued. The Jews had until the end of July (four months) to leave the country and they were not to take with them gold, silver, money, arms, or horses. Traditionally, it had been claimed that as many as 200,000 Jews left Spain, but recent historians have shown that

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Another issue of money was the overproduction of coinage and the abundance of mints in the kingdom. During Henry's reign, the number of mints regularly producing money had increased from just five to 150. Much of the coinage produced in these mints was nearly worthless. During the first year of her

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When Isabella came to the throne in 1474, Castile was in a state of despair due to her brother Henry's reign. It was known that Henry IV was a big spender and did little to enforce the laws of his kingdom. It was even said by one Castilian denizen of the time that murder, rape, and robbery happened

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When Henry had recognized Isabella as his heir-presumptive on 19 September 1468, he had also promised that his half-sister should not be compelled to marry against her will, while she in return had agreed to obtain his consent. It seemed that the years of failed attempts at political marriages were

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and they reached a compromise: the war would stop, King Henry would name Isabella his heir presumptive instead of his daughter Joanna, and Isabella would not marry without her half-brother's consent, but he would not be able to force her to marry against her will. Isabella's side came out with most

3232:"...The battle was fierce and uncertain, and because of that both sides attributed themselves the victory. John, the son of Afonso of Portugal, sent letters to the Portuguese cities declaring victory. And Ferdinand of Aragon did the same. Both wanted to take advantage of the victory's propaganda." 2046:

The $ 4 stamp is the only stamp of that denomination ever issued and one which collectors prize not only for its rarity (only 30,000 were printed) but its beauty, an exquisite carmine with some copies having a crimson hue. Mint specimens of this commemorative have been sold for more than $ 20,000.

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on 12 October. He returned the next year and presented his findings to the monarchs, bringing natives and gold under a hero's welcome. Although Columbus was sponsored by the Castilian queen, treasury accounts show no royal payments to him until 1493, after his first voyage was complete. Spain then

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Isabella's first major reform came during the cortes of Madrigal in 1476 in the form of a police force, La Santa Hermandad (the Holy Brotherhood). Although 1476 was not the first time that Castile had seen the Hermandad, it was the first time that the police force was used by the crown. During the

676:, but this alliance was never seriously considered. Once again in 1468, a marriage proposal arrived from Afonso V of Portugal. Going against his promises made in September 1468, Henry tried to make the marriage a reality. If Isabella married Afonso, Henry's daughter Joanna would marry Afonso's son 1171:

and made him one of the two commissioners for the negotiations. Under her patronage, De Córdoba went on to an extraordinary military career that revolutionized the organization and tactics of the emerging Spanish military, changing the nature of warfare and altering the European balance of power.

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In August of the same year, Isabella proved her abilities as a powerful ruler on her own. A rebellion broke out in Segovia, and Isabella rode out to suppress it, as her husband Ferdinand was off fighting at the time. Going against the advice of her male advisors, Isabella rode by herself into the

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entertained themselves with art, embroidery, and music. She lived a relaxed lifestyle, but she rarely left Segovia since King Henry forbade this. Her half-brother was keeping her from the political turmoil going on in the kingdom, though Isabella had full knowledge of what was going on and of her

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Both Isabella and Ferdinand established very few new governmental and administrative institutions in their respective kingdoms. Especially in Castile, their main achievement was to use more effectively the institutions that had existed during the reigns of John II and Henry IV. Historically, the

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in 1494. As the orders received by Columbus in his first voyage (1492) show: " have always in mind that the limits signed in the share of Alcáçovas should not be overcome, and thus they insist with Columbus to sail along the parallel of Canary." Thus, by sponsoring the Columbian adventure to the

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sent an order to drown any Castilian crew captured in Guinea waters. Even the Castilian navies which left Guinea before the signature of the peace treaty had to pay the tax ("quinto") to the Portuguese crown when they returned to Castile after the peace treaty. Isabella had to ask permission of

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Isabella also saw the need to provide a personal relationship between herself as the monarch and her subjects. Therefore, Isabella and Ferdinand set aside a time every Friday during which they themselves would sit and allow people to come to them with complaints. This was a new form of personal

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These were times of turmoil for Isabella. The living conditions at their castle in Arévalo were poor, and they suffered from a shortage of money. Although her father arranged in his will for his children to be financially well taken care of, King Henry did not comply with their father's wishes,

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Wing, in front of the Asturians and Galician, the reinforcement army of the Prince heir of Portugal, well provided with artillery, could leave the battlefield with its head high. The battle resulted this way, inconclusive. But its global result stays after that decided by the withdrawal of the

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nature were often held by senior churchmen. Substantial revenues were attached to such offices and were therefore enjoyed greatly, on an effectively hereditary basis, by the great Castilian houses of nobility. While the nobles held the titles, individuals of lesser breeding did the real work.

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without punishment. Because of this, Isabella needed desperately to find a way to reform her kingdom. Due to the measures she imposed, historians during her lifetime saw her to be more inclined to justice than to mercy, and indeed far more rigorous and unforgiving than her husband Ferdinand.

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Within Europe, Isabella and her husband somewhat more notorious for completing the Reconquista, driving out the most significant Muslim influence in Western Europe and firmly establishing Spain and the Iberian peninsula as staunchly Catholic. Her reign also saw the dawn of the infamous

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was born two years later on 17 November 1453, demoting her position to third in line. When her father died in 1454, her half-brother ascended to the throne as King Henry IV. Isabella and her brother Alfonso were left in King Henry's care. Isabella, her mother, and Alfonso then moved to

3951: 1260:, and could not be enslaved in most situations. She was annoyed by the enslavement of the natives by Columbus, and established a royal position on how the indigenous shall be treated. There were some circumstances in which a person could be enslaved, including being a 3899: 1518:, she undoubtedly benefited from living in the climate of tolerance and advancement for women that Isabel I actively cultivated in her court, and which disappeared after her death. Under the protection of Queen Isabel I, Luisa de Medrano learned history, culture and 1159:

in 1489. The siege of Granada began in the spring of 1491 and Muhammad XII finally surrendered at the end of the year. On 2 January 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand entered Granada to receive the keys of the city and the principal mosque was consecrated as a church. The

3741:"...San Juan de los Reyes resulted from the royal will to build a monastery to commemorate the victory in a battle with an uncertain outcome but decisive, the one fought in Toro in 1476, which consolidated the union of the two most important Peninsular Kingdoms." 519:

either from a desire to keep his half-siblings restricted or from ineptitude. Even though her living conditions were difficult, Isabella was instructed in lessons of practical piety and in a deep reverence for religion under the supervision of her mother.

720:(who had actually died in 1464), authorizing Ferdinand to marry within the third degree of consanguinity, making their marriage legal. Afraid of opposition, Isabella eloped from the court of Henry with the excuse of visiting her brother Alfonso's tomb in 4046:, 2000, p. 98. In 1476 Ceuta was simultaneously besieged by the moors and a Castilian army led by the Duke of Medina Sidónia. The Castilians conquered the city from the Portuguese who took refuge in the inner fortress, but a Portuguese fleet arrived 1414:

and in later years were consumed with administration and politics; they were concerned with the succession and worked to link the Spanish crown to the other rulers in Europe. By early 1497, all the pieces seemed to be in place: The son and heir

876:(4 September 1479) reflected that result: Portugal gave up the throne of Castile in favor of Isabella in exchange for a very favorable share of the Atlantic territories disputed with Castile (they all went to Portugal with the exception of the 2035:, also in celebration of Columbus. She appears in the 'Columbus soliciting aid of Isabella', 5-cent issue, and on the Spanish court scene replicated on the 15-cent Columbian, and on the $ 4 issue, in full portrait, side by side with Columbus. 1074:, to undertake the task of clearing away legal rubbish and compiling what remained into a comprehensive code. Within four years the work stood completed in eight bulky volumes and the Ordenanzas Reales took their place on legal bookshelves. 637:, were left to his brother John II. John now had a stronger position than ever before and no longer needed the security of Henry's friendship. Henry was now in need of a new alliance. He saw the chance for this much-needed new friendship in 610:). At that time, the two kings, Henry and John, were eager to show their mutual love and confidence and they believed that this alliance would make their eternal friendship obvious to the world. This arrangement, however, did not last long. 1630:: "She was very inclined to justice, so much so that she was reputed to follow more the path of rigor than that of mercy, and did so to remedy the great corruption of crimes that she found in the kingdom when she succeeded to the throne." 1131:. While Isabella's and Ferdinand's involvement in the war was apparent from the start, Granada's leadership was divided and never able to present a united front. It still took ten years to conquer Granada, however, culminating in 1492. 1387:, of whose behavior and involvement in matters Isabella did not approve. Along with the physical unification of Spain, Isabella and Ferdinand embarked on a process of spiritual unification, trying to bring the country under one faith ( 5627: 3945: 3857:), pp. 91–94. This was a decisive battle because after it, in spite of the Catholic Monarchs' attempts, they were unable to send new fleets to Guinea, Canary or to any part of the Portuguese empire until the end of the war. The 3360:"...promptly, those 6 Castilian captains, which we already told were at the right side of the royal battle, and were invested by the prince of Portugal and the bishop of Évora, turned their backs and put themselves on the run." 651:

A civil war broke out in Castile over King Henry's inability to act as sovereign. Henry now needed a quick way to please the rebels of the kingdom. As part of an agreement to restore peace, Isabella was then to be betrothed to

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west, the Spanish monarchs were trying the only remaining path of expansion. Now that she had succeeded in securing her place on the Castilian throne, she could begin to institute the reforms that she planned for the kingdom.

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The Spanish monarchs recruited soldiers from many European countries and improved their artillery with the latest and best cannon. Systematically, they proceeded to take the kingdom piece by piece. In 1485 they laid siege to

3286: 1624:: She was "very powerful, very prudent, wise, very honest, chaste, devout, discreet, truthful, clear, without deceit. Who could count the excellences of this very Catholic and happy Queen, always very worthy of praises." 4610: 1342:, the Catholic Monarchs pursued a policy of religious and national unity. Though Isabella opposed taking harsh measures against Jews on economic grounds, Torquemada was able to convince Ferdinand. On 31 March 1492, the 5230:"Katherine [Catalina, Catherine, Katherine of Aragon] (1485–1536), queen of England, first consort of Henry VIII exucted for not granting annulmentto their marriage and trying to plot against Anne Boleyn" 1542:. She had already been in decline since the deaths of her son Prince John of Asturias in 1497, her mother Isabella of Portugal in 1496, and her daughter Princess Isabella of Asturias in 1498. She is entombed in 5892: 3235: 1232:. The Portuguese did not recognize that South America belonged to the Spanish because it was in Portugal's sphere of influence, and King John II threatened to send an army to claim the land for the Portuguese. 1960: 1825:" in March 1974. The cause was initially stopped in 1991, one year before the commemoration of the fifth centenary of the discovery of the New World, due to her expulsion of the Jews. In April 2020, Cardinal 1454:

Isabella did, however, make successful dynastic matches for her two youngest daughters. The death of Isabella of Aragon created a necessity for Manuel I of Portugal to remarry, and Isabella's third daughter,

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Beyond her support for Columbus, Queen Isabella also played a pivotal role in shaping the Spanish linguistic legacy in the New World. In 1492, she endorsed the first grammar of the Castilian language titled

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However, Isabella's plans for her eldest two children did not work out. Her only son, John of Asturias, died shortly after his marriage. Her daughter, Isabella of Aragon, died during the birth of her son,

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as follows: "do not give rise to or allow the Indians to receive any wrong in their persons and property, but rather that they be treated well and fairly, and if they have received any wrong, remedy it."

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and thus, after the death of the old king, John and Joanna could inherit Portugal and Castile. Isabella refused and made a secret promise to marry her cousin and very first betrothed, Ferdinand of Aragon.

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and regained the city. A Ceuta dominated by the Castilians would certainly have forced the right to conquer Fez (Morocco) to be shared between Portugal and Castile instead of the monopoly the Portuguese

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of the country was effectively under the control of dissident members of the nobility rather than royal officials. To fix this problem, during 1476, a general Hermandad was established for Castile,

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to the main cities... are a model of skill. (...) what a powerful description of the battle! The nebulous transforms into light, the doubtful acquires the profile of a certain triumph. The politic

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has shown that out of a total population of 80,000 Jews, a maximum of 40,000 left and the rest converted. Hundreds of those that remained came under the Inquisition's investigations into relapsed

2826:"To seize power in Spain, Queen Isabella had to play it smart: Bold, strategic, and steady, Isabella of Castile navigated an unlikely rise to the throne and ushered in a golden age for Spain" 853:

city to negotiate with the rebels. She was successful and the rebellion was quickly brought to an end. Two years later, Isabella further secured her place as ruler with the birth of her son

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dynasty since the mid-13th century. Protected by natural barriers and fortified towns, it had withstood the long process of the Reconquista. On 1 February 1482, the king and queen reached

3801:, Ferdinand and Isabella hailed the result as a great victory and called a cortes at Madrigal. The newly created prestige was used to gain municipal support from their allies (...)" in 779:

Isabella's reign got off to a rocky start. King Henry IV had named Isabella as his successor, so when she ascended to the throne in 1474, there were already several plots against her.

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After a struggle to claim the throne, Isabella reorganized the governmental system, brought the crime rate down, and unburdened the kingdom of the debt, which her half-brother King

2715: 1906: 648:, Henry's brother-in-law. Through the medium of the queen and Count of Ledesma, a Portuguese alliance was made. Isabella, however, was wary of the marriage and refused to consent. 5364:

García-Menacho Osset, Eduardo (2010). "El origen militar de los símbolos de España. El escudo de España" [Military Origin of Symbols of Spain. The Coat of Arms of Spain].

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to come under the direct supervision of the king and to finish their education. Alfonso was placed in the care of a tutor while Isabella became part of the queen's household.

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Luisa de Medrano wrote poems and philosophy, though her work has been lost. Luisa de Medrano not only received a privileged and nurtured education with the royal daughters,

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on 1 March 1476, in which both sides claimed and celebrated victory: the troops of King Afonso V were beaten by the Castilian centre-left commanded by the Duke of Alba and

3893:. They were far better organised than the Castilians, were able to raise money for the preparation and supply of their fleets, and had clear central direction from ... 829:, assuring them the throne since the supporters of Joanna la Beltraneja disbanded and the Portuguese army, without allies, left Castile. As summarized by the historian 4671: 4528: 1071: 3580:"... The result of the battle was very uncertain; Ferdinand defeated the enemy's right wing led by Afonso, but the Prince had the same advantage over the Castilians." 3492:"...the enemy led by prince D. John of Portugal, who without suffering defeat, stood on a hill with his forces in good order until very late (...). Thus, both forces 872:

The war dragged on for another three years and ended with a Castilian victory on land and a Portuguese victory on the sea. The four separate peace treaties signed at

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With great political vision, Isabella took advantage of the moment and convoked courts at Madrigal-Segovia (April–October 1476) where her eldest child and daughter

5829: 1554:), alongside her husband Ferdinand, her daughter Joanna, and other relatives. She requested that the body of her daughter Isabella be moved to rest by her side in 1495:, Catalina's younger sister. Luisa de Medrano's intellectual abilities and solid formation caught the attention of the Queen and enabled her to teach Latin at the 5843: 3775: 860:

Meanwhile, the Castilian and Portuguese fleets fought for hegemony in the Atlantic Ocean and for the wealth of Guinea (gold and slaves), where the decisive naval

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Some authors have claimed that Isabella's reputation for sanctity derives in large measure from an image carefully shaped and disseminated by the queen herself.

1614: 810:. Here he married the young Joanna. A long and bloody war for the Castilian succession then took place. The war went back and forth for almost a year, until the 1597:

Isabella maintained an austere, temperate lifestyle, and her religious spirit influenced her the most in life. In spite of her hostility towards the Muslims in

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for Queen Doña Isabella. Catalina and Luisa's father Don Diego López de Medrano and her maternal grandfather, Garcí Bravo, died in the Queen's service at the

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are known for being the first monarchs to be referred to as the "Queen of Spain" and "King of Spain", respectively. Their actions included completion of the

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by sailing west (for a distance of 2,000 miles, according to Columbus). The crown agreed to pay a sum of money as a concession from monarch to subject.

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unification of Spain. Her reforms and those she made with her husband had an influence that extended well beyond the borders of their united kingdoms.

3423:

horsemen (...) moved forward(...).They were received by prince D. John... which charge... they couldn't stand but instead were defeated and ran away "

1522:

alongside children of the royal family. In the Castilian War of Succession, Luisa's maternal grandfather, Garci Bravo de Lagunas, secured the city of

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On 18 October 1469, the formal betrothal took place. Because Isabella and Ferdinand were second cousins, they stood within the prohibited degrees of

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means pomegranate). There was an uncommon variant with the Saint John the Evangelist's eagle and two lions adopted as Castilian royal supporters by

725: 724:. Ferdinand, on the other hand, crossed Castile in secret disguised as a servant. They married immediately upon reuniting on 19 October 1469 in the 712:

and the marriage would not be legal unless a dispensation from the Pope was obtained. With the help of the Valencian Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (later

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our men killed and arrested many of them, and among those who escaped some took refuge (...) in their Royal battle that was on left of these six

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Luis Francisco Martinez Montes, *Spain, A Global History*, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation, November 12, 2018,

3710: 1877: 984:. The police force was to be made up of locals who were to regulate the crime occurring in the kingdom. It was to be paid for by a tax of 1800 6854: 6246: 6109: 3498: 3426: 776:, where she received the support of Andres de Cabrera and Segovia's council. The next day, Isabella was proclaimed Queen of Castile and León. 553:

that was adorned with gold and silver. Isabella's basic education consisted of reading, spelling, writing, grammar, history, arithmetic, art,

9548: 9133: 8714: 6570: 3864:

Afonso V so that this tax could be paid in Castilian harbours. Naturally all this caused a grudge against the Catholic Monarchs in Andalusia.

2622: 9503: 1391:). As part of this process, the Inquisition became institutionalized. After a Muslim uprising in 1499, and further troubles thereafter, the 1294: 6925: 780: 6002: 3264: 1814:

there was a 'reputation of sanctity' uninterrupted for five centuries and as the investigation was progressing, it was more accentuated."

9171: 7762: 7506: 6862: 6646: 2723: 507: 1451:, who died shortly after, at the age of two. Queen Isabella I's crowns passed to her third child, Joanna, and her son-in-law, Philip I. 1252:. She established the royal position on how the indigenous people should be treated by following the recent policies implemented in the 9588: 9543: 9014: 8905: 7191: 3561:

Portuguese King, the surrender... of the Zamora's fortress on 19 March, and the multiple adhesions of the nobles to the young princes."

2657: 2271: 791:—his great-uncle and a longtime supporter of Isabella—left court to plot with him. They made plans to have Joanna marry her uncle King 3675:"His moment is the inconclusive Battle of Toro.(...) both sides attributed themselves the victory.... The letters written by the King 5644: 5585:

John of Gaunt: King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester, Seneschal of England

1608: 1164:

was signed later that year; in it, Ferdinand and Isabella gave their word to allow the Muslims and Jews of Granada to live in peace.

6054: 3633: 9488: 9463: 9458: 4745: 1795: 3889:, was intercepted ... in 1480. (...) All things considered, it is not surprising that the Portuguese emerged victorious from this 2851: 9603: 9518: 9138: 8566: 5411: 1996:'s voyage to the New World, which ushered in an era of great wealth for Spain and Europe. Her reign saw the establishment of the 1403:. He was instrumental in a program of rehabilitation of the religious institutions of Spain, laying the groundwork for the later 9232: 5412:"Image of the Isabella's coat of arms with lions as supporters, facade of the St. Paul Church inValladolid (Spain) Artehistoria" 3550: 2632:

of 1496, Ferdinand II and Isabella I were named "King and Queen Catholics of the Spains (Rey y Reina Católicos de las Españas)".

1155:, the western part of the Muslim Nasrid kingdom had fallen into Spanish hands. The eastern province succumbed after the fall of 9613: 9598: 8531: 8414: 8174: 7985: 7909: 4950:(1539), trans. in David A. Boruchoff, "Instructions for Sainthood and Other Feminine Wiles in the Historiography of Isabel I," 2419: 499: 335: 1538:

Isabella officially withdrew from governmental affairs on 14 September 1504 and she died that same year on 26 November at the

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the Royal Arms of the Crown of Castile with the Royal Arms of the Crown of Aragon, she and Ferdinand II of Aragon adopted a

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while the forces led by John of Portugal defeated the Castilian right wing and remained in possession of the battlefield.

9573: 9568: 9553: 8941: 8800: 8641: 8636: 8331: 8325: 8233: 6766: 5834:(The "incomparable" Isabella, the Catholic), Madrid: Encuentro Editiones, printed by Rogar-Fuenlabrada (Spanish edition). 2151: 3770: 27: 9102: 8972: 8967: 8805: 8763: 8481: 8462: 8057: 8047: 8012: 5925: 5708: 1249: 1000:

Keeping with her reformation of the regulation of laws, in 1481 Isabella charged two officials with restoring peace in

502:, on 22 April 1451. At the time of Isabella's birth, she was second in line to the throne after her older half-brother 295: 7723: 7350: 6996: 5894:

Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimidad. Propaganda y representación en el conflicto sucesorio (1474–1482)

3288:

Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimidad: propaganda y representación en el conflicto sucesorio (1474–1482)

3237:

Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimidad: propaganda y representación en el conflicto sucesorio (1474–1482)

9528: 9523: 9513: 9473: 8707: 8407: 8269: 8243: 8190: 8167: 7950: 7902: 6686: 6598: 6563: 5661: 5526: 5399: 5009: 4933:, trans. in David A. Boruchoff, "Historiography with License: Isabel, the Catholic Monarch, and the Kingdom of God," 4863: 4759: 2699: 2051: 1713: 1507:(Antonio Martínez de Cala) in 1508 (Poetry and Grammar), although it is not known how long she maintained the post. 1448: 1443:. In 1500, Isabella granted all non-rebellious natives in the colonies citizenship and full legal freedom by decree. 1168: 356: 7700: 7327: 6964: 9558: 9538: 9498: 8501: 8274: 8213: 7925: 6918: 5495: 5296: 1487:

her lady-in-waiting in 1497 and shortly after became the patron and protector of the first female professor at the

697: 7695: 7322: 6959: 3622: 1655: 1396: 9164: 9061: 8631: 8430: 8390: 8319: 7499: 6614: 2870:

Weissberger, Barbara, "Queen Isabel I of Castile Power, Patronage, Persona." Tamesis, Woodbridge, 2008, pp. 20–21

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in 1492 was symbolized by the addition enté en point of a quarter with a pomegranate for Granada (in Spanish,

1053:

Isabella began to rely more on the professional administrators than ever before. These men were mostly of the

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Boruchoff, David A. "Instructions for Sainthood and Other Feminine Wiles in the Historiography of Isabel I."

1551: 565:

After a rumor spread that Joanna was not actually the daughter of King Henry but rather of a royal favorite,

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was broken in 1502, and Muslims were ordered to either become Christians or to leave. Isabella's confessor,

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was first sworn as heiress to Castile's crown. That was equivalent to legitimizing Isabella's own throne.

549:

Some of Isabella's living conditions improved in Segovia. She always had food and clothing and lived in a

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Boruchoff, David A. "Historiography with License: Isabel, the Catholic Monarch, and the Kingdom of God."

3456:

the Prince's men as brave knights invoking Santiago but they couldn't resist them and began to flee, and

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or lesser nobility. The council was also rearranged and it was officially settled that one bishop, three

20: 4964: 4555: 1677: 1651:

Ferdinand, in his testament, declared that "she was exemplary in all acts of virtue and of fear of God."

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Queen Isabella of Castile, like many other monarchs in Castile's past, favored the noble and ancient

1308:

To prevent her efforts from being reversed in the future, Isabella instructed her descendants in her

1256:(which had a small number of native inhabitants), which stated that all peoples were subjects of the 692:

After this failed attempt, Henry once again went against his promises and tried to marry Isabella to

3495:

remained face to face for some hours; and the Portuguese kept their position during more time (...)"

1527: 1148: 9189: 8536: 8521: 8223: 7747: 7605: 7374: 7200: 7021: 6670: 6398: 6305: 6243: 3820: 2513: 1725: 1619: 1416: 873: 854: 389: 345: 285: 78: 5701:"The council of the Santa Hermandad: a study of the pacification forces of Ferdinand and Isabella" 5589: 4797: 594:

The question of Isabella's marriage was not a new one. She had, at the age of six, a betrothal to

8591: 8110: 7795: 7767: 7595: 7389: 7255: 7220: 7036: 7006: 6367: 4751: 4291: 2772: 1778: 1770: 1547: 1496: 1488: 1464: 1144: 1096: 570: 465:. Together with her husband, Isabella was granted the title of "Catholic Monarch" by the Spanish 227: 137: 7728: 7690: 7355: 3804:

The council of the Santa Hermandad: a study of the pacification forces of Ferdinand and Isabella

3168: 2031:

Isabella was the first woman to be featured on US postage stamps, namely on three stamps of the

1539: 9213: 8676: 8361: 7856: 7652: 7446: 7265: 7230: 7093: 6806: 6529: 6390: 6346: 6152: 2852:

http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0395.xml/

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by Antonio Paz y Meliá in 1904 and the fourth as Cuarta Década by José Lopes de Toro in 1970).

6097:, edited by Lisboa occidental at the officina da Música, Lisboa (Biblioteca Nacional Digital). 5516: 5039:

Rodrigues, Elizabeth; Pizzolato, Nelio; Botelho, Guilherme; Oliveira de Souza, Rafael (2014).

3798:

Historian Marvin Lunenfeld: "In 1476, immediately after the indecisive battle of Peleagonzalo

2000:, which in turn ultimately led to creation of most of the nations that occupy Americas today. 1335: 607: 566: 315: 8837: 8656: 8349: 7772: 7644: 7394: 7235: 7225: 7212: 7041: 7016: 7001: 6979: 6790: 6044: 5984: 4709: 4559: 4539: 3744: 3616: 2641: 2393: 1865: 1774: 1468: 1221: 1139:, which surrendered after only a fortnight due to extensive bombardment. The following year, 924: 8868: 8447: 7733: 7662: 7360: 7280: 7275: 7245: 6321: 3555:, Encuentro Ediciones, printed by Rogar-Fuenlabrada, Madrid, 1993 (Spanish edition), p. 49: 773: 550: 9453: 9448: 9307: 9087: 8795: 8616: 8581: 8541: 8452: 8301: 8264: 8201: 8148: 8052: 8017: 7945: 7837: 7757: 7752: 7527: 7427: 7384: 7379: 7074: 7031: 7026: 6638: 6590: 6337: 5488: 4611:"Así batalló Isabel la Católica por que los indios fueran tratados "muy bien y con cariño"" 4019: 3886: 3882:"However, in 1478 the Portuguese surprised thirty-five Castilian ships returning from Mina 3528: 2649: 2594: 2119: 1993: 1810:

of Isabella. Three-and-a-half thousand documents were chosen to be included in 27 volumes.

1757: 1709: 1432: 1189: 916: 792: 784: 669: 645: 527: 446: 8982: 7667: 7285: 7250: 6232: 1302: 1184:

The return of Christopher Columbus; his audience before King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.

787:, Henry's daughter, was the rightful queen. Shortly after the Marquis made his claim, the 8: 9312: 9269: 9259: 9222: 9128: 9107: 8626: 8526: 8516: 8496: 8486: 8313: 8238: 8228: 7865: 7847: 7827: 7610: 7455: 7437: 7417: 7140: 7130: 7102: 7084: 7064: 6798: 6774: 6742: 6630: 6515: 6294: 6171:

Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragón

6160: 6117: 6083: 5720: 3942:"In a war in which the Castilians were victorious on land and the Portuguese at sea, ..." 3858: 3448: 3365:

Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragón

3355: 3310:

Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragón

2568: 2005: 1766: 1747: 1627: 1484: 1460: 1440: 1404: 1326: 1229: 1225: 677: 626: 503: 442: 415: 300: 109: 8779: 8077: 7657: 7270: 7260: 5815: 5583: 4879: 3782:, Editorial Unilit, Miami, 1994, Tome 2, Parte II (La era de los conquistadores), p. 68. 3583: 857:, on 30 June 1478. To many, the presence of a male heir legitimized her place as ruler. 9415: 9403: 9264: 9254: 9123: 8998: 8915: 8884: 8847: 8646: 8586: 8491: 8457: 8378: 8337: 8279: 8092: 8027: 8004: 7955: 7842: 7805: 7519: 7432: 7135: 7125: 7079: 7011: 6938: 6750: 6710: 6606: 6579: 6488: 6317: 6313: 6210: 5196: 5147: 5096: 5015: 4852: 2481: 2335: 2177: 1897: 1845: 1729: 1504: 1205: 1116: 1043: 657: 599: 578: 495: 462: 325: 8889: 7937: 7682: 7309: 7240: 7204: 6946: 6329: 5635:

Downey, Kirsten "Isabella, The Warrior Queen,". New York, Anchor Books, Penguin, 2014.

5419: 5239:. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3453:"(...) these Castilians who were on the right of the Castilian Royal battle, received 2746: 577:, provided that he would marry his daughter, Princess Joanna. Soon after he was named 9332: 9297: 9287: 9218: 9180: 9097: 8621: 8506: 8472: 8307: 8218: 8140: 8072: 7929: 7875: 7861: 7832: 7465: 7451: 7422: 7158: 7112: 7098: 7069: 6694: 6548: 6540: 6357: 6325: 6177: 5921: 5870: 5849: 5704: 5657: 5522: 5395: 5369: 5343: 5200: 5188: 5151: 5139: 5100: 5062: 5019: 5005: 4910: 4859: 4755: 4565: 3385: 3329: 2695: 2573: 2093: 1782: 1739: 1686: 1515: 1500: 1436: 1424: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1265: 1161: 713: 582: 558: 466: 290: 264: 119: 8601: 8120: 7975: 6412: 5548: 5463: 4989: 2050:

Isabella was also the first-named woman to appear on a United States coin, the 1893

1586:

Isabella was short but of strong stocky build, of a very fair complexion, and had a

461:, making Spain a major power in Europe and the world and ultimately ushering in the 165: 9379: 9317: 9292: 9040: 8946: 8737: 8611: 8596: 8561: 8556: 8438: 8295: 8284: 8258: 8130: 8115: 8062: 8042: 7970: 7960: 7777: 7399: 7150: 7046: 6782: 6472: 6455: 6434: 6236: 5240: 5178: 5129: 5088: 5052: 5001: 4997: 4624: 3835: 2054: 1857: 1743: 1659: 1492: 1380: 1339: 1277: 1257: 1209: 1124: 861: 815: 745: 638: 574: 523: 506:. Henry was 26 at that time and married, but childless. Isabella's younger brother 418:

had left behind. Isabella's marriage to Ferdinand in 1469 created the basis of the

369: 215: 74: 7742: 7369: 5252: 4825: 2926: 2850:

Guardiola-Griffiths, Cristina. (2018). Isabel I, Queen of Castile. Retrieved from

1224:, Isabella and Ferdinand agreed to divide the Earth, outside of Europe, with King 9391: 8920: 8576: 8248: 7995: 6250: 6227: 6157:, Project Gutenberg Ebook, Biblioteca de Clássicos Portugueses, 3rd book, Lisboa. 6100: 6061: 5917: 3779: 3655: 3640: 3629: 3487: 3415: 2858: 2685: 2681: 2032: 1869: 1763:

Stillborn twin of Maria. Born on 1 July 1482 at dawn, sources conflict on gender.

1467:, but his early death resulted in her being married to his younger brother, King 1372: 1343: 1332: 1322: 1281: 1261: 1001: 965: 474: 434: 393: 175: 3885:

and seized them and all their gold. Another...Castilian voyage to Mina, that of

3248: 3246: 721: 9241: 9201: 8742: 8511: 8082: 7300: 6174:, (Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes), Valencia: edited by Benito Monfort. 4649: 3269:, in Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, tome 38, Madrid, 1901, p. 250. 2627: 2602: 1997: 1873: 1822: 1697:

Isabella and Ferdinand had seven children, five of whom survived to adulthood:

1411: 1253: 1217: 1120: 1092: 897: 881: 877: 830: 822: 811: 741: 470: 458: 401: 48: 5244: 5057: 5040: 1331:

With the institution of the Roman Catholic Inquisition in Spain, and with the

629:

died in 1458. All of Alfonso's Spanish territories, as well as the islands of

573:

in 1467. The battle was a draw. King Henry agreed to recognize Alfonso as his

9437: 9347: 9322: 8087: 7811: 6205: 6035:, Revista En la España medieval, Universidad Complutense, nr. 23, pp. 67–100. 5373: 5192: 5143: 5066: 3565: 3371: 3243: 2645: 2598: 2213: 1833:

had requested that Spanish bishops reopen Isabella's cause for canonization.

1803: 1662:, praised "her purity of heart, her big heart and the grandness of her soul". 1400: 1156: 1140: 1070:

After the reforms of the Cortes of Toledo, the queen ordered a noted jurist,

709: 5080: 3217: 26:"Isabel la Católica" redirects here. For the Mexico City Metro station, see 9427: 9410: 9342: 9302: 8951: 8399: 8159: 7894: 5229: 5092: 3473: 3434: 3401: 2652:, making her half-sister of Isabella I of Castille's paternal grandmother, 1966:

Coat of arms of Isabella I of Castile depicted in the manuscript from 1495

1830: 1807: 1188:

Just three months after entering Granada, Queen Isabella agreed to sponsor

992:

and Andalusia to introduce this more efficient police force there as well.

717: 661: 603: 9386: 6004:

La batalla de Toro (1476). Datos y documentos para su monografía histórica

5038: 3552:

La "imcomparable" Isabel la Catolica/ The incomparable Isabel the Catholic

3266:

La batalla de Toro (1476). Datos y documentos para su monografía histórica

2038: 1821:

in the Vatican. This process was approved and Isabel was given the title "

9337: 9327: 8373: 6830: 6814: 6143: 6064:. Toledo: Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Ciencias Históricas de Toledo. 5975:

revue, Ministerio del Ejercito, Madrid, nr 16, pp. 54–66, May 1941.

5570:

Blood royal: issue of the kings and queens of medieval England, 1066–1399

3718: 3643:. Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Ciencias Históricas de Toledo, Toledo. 3520: 2691: 1591: 1558:, but this was never done. The museum next to the Capilla Real holds her 1348: 1193: 1128: 1108: 1054: 989: 923:

discovery led to a new and much more balanced sharing of the Atlantic at

841:

was dissolved and the Portuguese were forced to return to their kingdom.

806:

In May 1475, King Afonso and his army crossed into Spain and advanced to

798: 430: 7635: 5167:"Harris, Raising Royalty: 1000 Years of Royal Parenting (Dundurn, 2017)" 4664:"Lo que la Leyenda Negra contra España no cuenta de las Leyes de Indias" 3506: 2588:– Monarch who repealed Philip's semi-Salic law, with the issuing of the 1574: 1523: 1503:

of Salamanca University during her time. She received the chair left by

1087: 985: 16:

Queen of Castile and León from 1474 to 1504; and Queen Consort of Aragon

9279: 7590: 7580: 6018:

La guerra civil castellana y el enfrentamiento con Portugal (1475–1479)

5484: 5390:; Menéndez Pidal y Navascués, Faustino; O'Donnell, Hugo; Lolo, Begoña. 3712:

La guerra civil Castellana y el enfrentamiento con Portugal (1475–1479)

1885: 1587: 1042:

Traditionally, the main advisory body to the rulers of Castile was the

938: 885: 729: 716:), Isabella and Ferdinand were presented with a supposed papal bull by 96: 8692: 7484: 6903: 6211:

Medieval Sourcebook: Columbus' letter to King and Queen of Spain, 1494

6127:

Gesta Hispaniensia ex annalibus suorum diebus colligentis, Década III

5449:

Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps:Quantities Issued

4721:

Liss, Peggy. "Isabel the Queen," Oxford University Press, 1992. p. 308

4695:

Liss, Peggy. "Isabel the Queen," Oxford University Press, 1992. p. 298

4489:

Liss, Peggy. "Isabel the Queen," Oxford University Press, 1992. p. 316

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El Instituto Femenino Isabel la Católica. Un centro modélico del CSIC

3905: 2656:, who was daughter of the same John of Gaunt but by his second wife, 2577: 1861: 1643:: " was condemned to be beheaded, although he offered forty thousand 1598: 1309: 1200: 920: 905: 807: 557:, dancing, embroidery, music, and religious instruction. She and her 537: 454: 9149: 5267:"Cause for Canonization of Servant of God Queen Isabel the Catholic" 1979: 1295: 1199:

Columbus's expedition departed on 3 August 1492, and arrived in the

1152: 1034: 613: 9398: 7585: 7535: 7169: 5134: 5121: 1817:

In 1972, the Process of Valladolid was officially submitted to the

1799: 1720: 1519: 981: 693: 634: 6021:, Universidad de Alicante, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. 4127: 4125: 3341: 8723: 7625: 7600: 7555: 7545: 7540: 5394:. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 1999. 4826:"Katherine's Reviews > Isabel: Jewel of Castilla, Spain, 1466" 1954:

Coat of arms as queen with Castilian royal supporters (1492–1504)

1849: 1563: 1555: 1543: 1480: 1356: 1112: 1100: 889: 769: 531: 310: 5732:

Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain

3591: 2894: 2892: 2057:, celebrating the 400th anniversary of Columbus's first voyage. 772:. This prompted Isabella to take refuge within the walls of the 7620: 7615: 7570: 7560: 7550: 5266: 5041:"A Economicidade dos Centros de Distribuição: O Caso do Varejo" 4122: 3696: 2878: 2876: 1673:

Descendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile

1269: 1059: 893: 765: 630: 6007:, Madrid: Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, tomo 38. 5081:"LA CREACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO DEL INSTITUTO ISABEL LA CATÓLICA" 2716:"To seize power in Spain, Queen Isabella had to play it smart" 1474: 4497: 4495: 4233: