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isolate the
Frankish rearguard and the baggage train from the rest of the escaping army, and although the Basques were not as well-equipped, they held the upper ground and the knowledge of the terrain that gave them a huge advantage in the skirmish. As Charlemagne tried to regroup and evacuate his army, Roland and the others held for a considerable amount of time before the Basques finally massacred them completely. Though killed to the last man, the rearguard nonetheless succeeded in allowing Charlemagne and his army to continue to safety. The Basques then looted the baggage that was left behind and took advantage of the darkness to flee, leaving no trace for the Franks to follow the following morning. The revised version of the
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position, Husayn became reluctant to yield his new privileged status to the
Frankish monarch and refused to surrender the city to Charlemagne, claiming that he had never promised Charlemagne his allegiance. He seems to have tried to appease Charlemagne by giving him the prisoner General Ibn Obeid and a large tribute of gold, but Charlemagne was not easily satisfied, putting Sulayman al-Arabi in chains. Meanwhile, the force sent by the Baghdad caliphate seems to have been stopped near
1762:. He held the territory of the Pyrenees, making him responsible for the tragedy that happened in his realm. Regions surrounding his kingdom such as Bordeaux were under the control of the Carolingians. While the Duke did pay homage to Charlemagne by offering Hunald II (a rebel leader and a possible heir to Waiofar) and his wife to him, there were disputes over the trans-Pyrenean Basque lands ruled by Lupo and those under Carolingian suzerainty. The authors of the General History of
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1668:, possibly fearing that it could be used for future conflicts. Some primary sources suggest that he destroyed the city altogether, and many towns in the region were also razed. Garrisons and military outposts were placed throughout the territory, and there were accounts of the Franks' harsh treatment of the Basques during their occupation.
45:
1683:, were placed in the rearguard probably to protect the retreat and the baggage train. Unknown to Charlemagne, the enraged Basques sent their warriors in pursuit of him and his army in retaliation for the destruction of their city, and the Basques' knowledge of the region helped them overtake the Franks.
1906:
While the skirmish was a small setback, Charlemagne did lose huge quantities of treasure and good men. It was the only significant defeat that
Charlemagne ever suffered in his otherwise successful military career. Never again would Charlemagne take it upon himself to lead an army to battle in Spain,
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had set up an ambush. They attacked the rearguard, causing confusion which spread to all the army. And, while the Franks were superior to the
Vascones both in armament and in courage, the roughness of the terrain and the difference in the style of combat made them generally weaker. In this battle
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were killed the majority of the paladins that the King had placed in command of his forces. The baggage was sacked, and suddenly the enemy vanished, thanks to their knowledge of the terrain. The memory of the injury so produced overshadowed in the King's heart that of the feats done in
Hispania.
2106:, is a gap thought to have been caused by Roland while fighting. At the summit of the Roncevaux Pass are the remains of an early chapel of San Salvador also known as Charlemagne's Chapel and the Charlemagne Monument built in 1934; both built to commemorate the Emperor's campaign in the region.
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In the evening of August 15, Charlemagne's rearguard was suddenly attacked by the
Basques as they crossed the mountain pass. The Franks were caught off guard by the surprise attack, with their army in confusion and disarray as they tried to escape the ambush. The Basques managed to cut off and
1622:
Abd ar-Rahman of CĂłrdoba sent his most trusted general, Thalaba Ibn Obeid, to take control of the possibly rebellious city and to prevent the
Frankish invasion. Husayn and Ibn Obeid clashed repeatedly; eventually Husayn managed to defeat and to imprison Ibn Obeid. Reinforced in his autonomous
1627:. Though Charlemagne's forces initially held the upper hand, the siege of Zaragoza dragged on for over a month. Eventually a deal was struck between Charlemagne and Husayn. The latter would pay gold and the release of several prisoners, while the Franks in return would withdraw their siege.
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as its first king. Land in the
Pyrenees would be overseen by Carolingian officials, and distributed among colonisers and to the Spanish Church who were allied to Charlemagne. A Christianization program was put in place across the high Pyrenees. The Basques would continue their rebellion to
1496:, one of the mainstays of the Aquitanian army, submitted to Pepin in 766 and 769, but the territory south of the Garonne remained largely unscathed and self-governed. However, as of 778 Charlemagne expanded Frankish takeover of Aquitaine to present-day
1861:) followed a route different from the modern one, not crossing at Ibañeta (the traditional location) but heading up eastwards and crossing instead the Lepoeder and Bentartea passes – next to mount Astobizkar – not far from mount
1907:
having to rely instead on his generals for future campaigns in the
Iberian Peninsula. The Franks failed to capture Zaragoza and suffered a significant loss at the hands of the Vascones, but Charlemagne would return to establish the
1955:
was almost identical to the first, with the
Basques again taking advantage of the terrain, but against a much larger Frankish force. Unlike the first battle in which Charlemagne's army managed to escape, the Carolingians led by
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as "if they had been all Rolands and Olivers," which admired their honor and companionship in battle. Memorials have also been erected to commemorate the battle, such as the Roncesvalles Pass Monument in Navarre, Spain.
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Before leaving the Iberian Peninsula, Charlemagne decided to further secure his hold on the Basque territory (Wasconia). He first eliminated any possible opposition from the natives of the region (the
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1899:. The battle caused numerous losses among the Frankish troops, including several of the most important aristocrats and the sack of the baggage, probably with all the gold given by the Muslims at
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The mainstream opinion is that the battle took place somewhere not far from Roncevaux itself, as it is not just on one of the easiest routes but also the traditional one. Indeed, the Roman road
1723:. A typical Basque mountain warrior was armed with two short spears and a knife or short sword as his main weapons, and bows or javelins for missile weapons. He would not normally wear armour.
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although in fact, the Basques of the period were mainly pagans and Charlemagne had been allied to some of the Muslims. In the tradition, the Basques are replaced by a force of 400,000
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until the 11th century. Pamplona itself would remain in the hands of the Muslims until a rebellion in 798â801 expelled them as well. The Vascones would finally consolidate the
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The Spanish March and surrounding regions during the time of Charlemagne. Roncevaux Pass (labeled Roseida Vallis on this map) is to the northeast of Pamplona (Pampilona)
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were also added. Although Roland died in the battle with little information about him, the battle popularized him as a chivalric hero of honor in the Middle Ages.
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or to give as good as one gets, which is referenced directly from the companionship of Roland and Oliver during the battle. One example was said during the
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also believed in the same theory that the Duke was the leader of the attack. Their reasons were that he and the Vascones opposed Carolingian expansion into
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1434:. There are numerous written works about the battle, some of which change and exaggerate events. The battle is recounted in the 11th century
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2071:, chanted the poem to inspire themselves before their fight with the Anglo-Saxons. The English expression, "to give a Roland for an
1911:, to serve as a buffer region between his Christian empire and the Muslims to the south. A decade later the Franks finally captured
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were trapped and routed, and a larger number of their men were slaughtered than those of Charlemagne. Frankish vassals Aeblus and
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1818:
The Pyrenees are a mountain range that form a natural border between France and Spain, extending about 490 km (305 m) from
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2037:, which commemorates the battle, was written by an unknown poet of the 11th century. It is the earliest surviving of the
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After securing the region, Charlemagne marched for the Pyrenees mountain pass to return to France. Many of his notable
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in 824 after the birth of a new resistance to Carolingian rule. In that same year, the Basque army defeated another
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on the Mediterranean Sea. Suggested places where the battle could have taken place, range from Navarre and
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1454:. Modern adaptations of the battle include books, plays, works of fiction, and monuments in the Pyrenees.
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Monument of the Battle of Roncesvalles Pass. Note that Roland's name is spelled in its Spanish version "
1422:, the foremost warriors of Charlemagne's court, into legend, becoming the quintessential role model for
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The Basque attack was in retaliation for Charlemagne's destruction of the city walls of their capital,
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mentions the names of the most important lords killed such as Eggihard, Roland, and Anselmus, the
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and features the battle as depicted in the poem. The battle is also featured minimally in the
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The accounts of Einhard and Pierre de Marca suggest that the perpetrator of the attack was
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Zaragoza, however, remained a Muslim city and capital of the Upper March, and later of an
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Having decided to return, entered the mountains of the Pyrenees, in whose summits the
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and his own power, Charlemagne agreed to go to Spain. Al-Arabi induced him to invade
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2125:. The battle and Orlando's sacrifice inspired several composers, amongst whom were
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Winter, Andrew; Moore, Alan (2007). "Northampton's Finest: Alan Moore Interview".
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For the later battle leading to the establishment of the Kingdom of Pamplona, see
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2413:"Charlemagne's Commander Roland Killed by Basques at Battle of Roncevaux Pass"
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in 778 "at the head of all the forces he could muster". Charlemagne led the
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was defeated and the Franks encroached farther into the duchy. The Basques (
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Monument commemorating the 12th centenary of the Battle of Roncevaux Pass,
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author, suggests that the attackers were a reduced number of mostly local
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on the present border between France and Spain, after his invasion of the
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Map of the roads in Hispania. The pass of Roncesvaux is located on the
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stated that the men in the rear were "massacred to the last man." The
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and inspiring many Christian warriors that came after. During the
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in return for military aid. Their Lords had been cornered in the
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The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718â1050
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The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718â1050
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15th-century anonymous painting of the Battle of Roncevaux Pass
3095:"Battle of Roncesvalles" by Thomas Bulfinch (1796â1867), from
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Charlemagneâs Defeat in the Pyrenees: The Battle of Rencesvals
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The song is also commemorated in the Italian literary classic
1664:. He gave orders to tear down the walls of the Basque capital
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1984:
1936:
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depicting an idealized vision of the Battle of Roncevaux Pass
3110:
1525:, sent a delegation to Charlemagne, Master of the Franks in
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God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570 to 1215
2115:. The battle is also referenced in the song "Roncevaux" by
1504:, Bordeaux, and Toulouse, on the left bank of the Garonne.
2590:(2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell. p. 122.
1660:
tribes), believing that many of them were allied with the
1943:
realm and eventually the constitution of the independent
1560:, was preparing an invasion force against Abd ar-Rahman.
1529:, offering his submission, along with the allegiance of
1418:, a Frankish commander. His death elevated him and the
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3,000 soldiers who were crossing the pass (modern est.)
38:
Part of Charlemagne's campaign in the Iberian Peninsula
1399:. As the Franks retreated across the Pyrenees back to
2704:"Baskoniako Dukerria â Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia"
2540:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 38â50.
2167:
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier
1552:. The three rulers also conveyed that the caliph of
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1715:army of the Basques. A later source, the anonymous
1711:One of the principal units of the Vascones was the
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2093:. The knights were described by the French author
2989:
2938:"Opera: Handel's 'Orlando' At American Repertory"
1976:, consolidating the independence of both realms.
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2727:
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2011:by oral tradition into a major conflict between
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1915:. He would also later establish the Kingdom of
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2236:Mercenaries in Medieval and Renaissance Europe
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2261:Term Paper Resource Guide to Medieval History
192:
3080:Earliest manuscript of the Chanson de Roland
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2823:
2693:. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved on 2014-01-17.
2667:Further Studies in Rio Grande Valley History
2371:
2369:
2043:or epic poems of medieval France written in
23:. For the battle in the Peninsular War, see
3086:, Anglo-Norman, 12th century, ?2nd quarter.
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1951:army in the same mountain pass. The second
1675:, such as Roland, military governor of the
3141:
3127:
2830:Journal of Medieval and Humanistic Studies
2734:(in Spanish). Ediciones Rialp. p. 5.
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2466:
2314:
1924:Carolingian rule until the appointment of
1615:by Sulayman al-Arabi. As he moved towards
1571:by promising him an easy surrender of its
199:
185:
2797:The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
2758:, New York: Burt Franklin, 1963, p. iii.
2366:
2089:between two groups of knights during the
1603:passed over the Eastern Pyrenees through
1426:and also greatly influencing the code of
168:All the men in the rearguard were killed.
2874:"Parque Nacional Ordesa y Monte Perdido"
2800:, vol. 2, Clarendon Press, p.
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2524:
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2402:
2400:
2051:in Britain, the story of Roland and the
1994:
1983:
1876:
1809:
1789:
1781:
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3090:The Song of Roland, trans. John O'Hagan
3049:(1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.
2994:. Tripwire Publishing. pp. 12â17.
2585:
2475:"Charlemagne: Battle of Roncevaux Pass"
2463:
2451:Orria, o la batall de Roncesvalles. 778
2415:. Skepticism in History. Archived from
3393:Medieval history of the Basque Country
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1450:, one of the most celebrated works of
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3025:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
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2793:
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2397:
2329:"This Day In History: August 15, 778"
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1964:were captured by the joint forces of
1440:, the oldest surviving major work of
1414:Among those killed in the battle was
180:
2959:"New York Times: The Song of Roland"
2891:"Orlando furioso (Orlando Maddened)"
2561:
2216:Daily Life in the Age of Charlemagne
2104:Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park
2067:in 1066, knights and soldiers under
2055:have become the archetypal icons of
2775:Gareth Pullen (December 20, 2015).
2616:Baker, Patrick (January 23, 2014).
2604:
2472:
2430:
2375:
2205:
2141:, who composed an Italian-language
13:
3011:
2824:Craig Taylor (December 20, 2015).
2671:University of Texas at Brownsville
2477:. Military History. Archived from
2248:
14:
3429:
3111:Roncesvalles carolingio y jacobeo
3073:
2876:archive.org, retrieved 2013-08-20
2410:
2007:Over the years, this battle was
1563:Seeing an opportunity to extend
43:
3185:Orlando e i Paladini di Francia
3103:Romances de Bernardo del Carpio
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2857:"Day 1 St Jean to Roncesvalles"
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2571:. World Walking. Archived from
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2263:. Greenwood (2009). pp. 88â90.
2218:. Greenwood (2002). pp. 40â51.
2059:in Europe; greatly influencing
2023:, and mythical objects such as
1881:The death of Roland and his men
1772:Franco-Aquitanian war (760â769)
1751:, the last independent Duke of
2708:aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus
2305:
2296:
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2228:
2157:features an adaptation of the
1869:of the classic Roman sources.
1853:) and went to Benearnum (mod.
1706:
1607:. His troops were welcomed in
1384:, a high mountain pass in the
1372:) in 778 saw a large force of
21:Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824)
1:
3212:Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis
3069:. Amsterdam University Press
2453:. Elkar (1979). pp. 105â114.
2199:
2075:", meaning either to offer a
1457:
25:Battle of Roncesvalles (1813)
2855:Leslie (September 3, 2015).
1872:
1637:History of the Basque people
1464:AbbasidâCarolingian alliance
1403:, the rearguard of Frankish
16:8th-century battle in France
7:
3388:Military history of Navarre
2794:Brown, Lesley, ed. (1993),
2781:England and English History
2756:Medieval Romance in England
2691:"William of Aquitaine, St."
2238:. McFarland (2013). p. 32.
2177:
2170:, in which Roland is named
1777:
1263:Post-Reconquista Rebellions
10:
3434:
3363:Battles of the Reconquista
2049:Knights of the Round Table
1843:Via ab Asturica Burdigalam
1747:, which saw the defeat of
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18:
3368:Battles involving Francia
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2915:. Van der Graaf Generator
2728:Auriga Ediciones (1982).
1979:
1630:
1476:'s war on Aquitaine, the
373:2nd San Esteban de Gormaz
368:1st San Esteban de Gormaz
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3167:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
2961:. Movies & TV Dept.
2957:Clarke Fountain (2007).
2645:. Digireads.com (2010).
2643:Two Lives Of Charlemagne
2641:, Notker the Stammerer.
2091:Breton War of Succession
1953:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
1786:Ibaneta (Roncevaux) pass
1352:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
33:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
2620:. Karwasaray Publishers
2586:Collins, Roger (1990).
2383:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2117:Van der Graaf Generator
1885:Charlemagne biographer
1802:to Benearnum and meets
1648:(c. 1877), painting by
3418:8th century in Francia
3097:Legends of Charlemagne
2139:George Frideric Handel
2004:
1992:
1882:
1815:
1807:
1796:Ab Asturica Burdigalam
1787:
1704:
1653:
1358:and English spelling,
113:Commanders and leaders
3219:Historia Caroli Magni
3019:Lewis, Archibald Ross
2936:(December 20, 1981).
2259:Hamm, Jean Shepherd.
2069:William the Conqueror
1998:
1987:
1880:
1813:
1798:road that started in
1793:
1785:
1695:
1644:
1468:With the rise of the
1411:, and was wiped out.
363:Pallars and Ribagorza
163:Casualties and losses
3339:43.02000°N 1.32389°W
3084:La Chanson de Roland
3063:Xabier Irujo. 2021.
2992:Tripwire Annual 2007
2836:on December 22, 2015
2731:La canciĂłn de RoldĂĄn
2647:General Introduction
2378:"Orreaga; Roncevaux"
2376:Vicente, Rodriguez.
2154:La chanson de Roland
2083:Combat of the Thirty
2047:. Together with the
1865:, identified as the
1245:2nd Granada campaign
642:2nd Balearic Islands
617:1st Balearic Islands
3335: /
2532:Lewis, Archibald R.
2363:Lewis (2008) p. 249
2311:Lewis (2008) p. 253
2302:Lewis (2008) p. 246
2293:Lewis (2008) p. 245
2284:Lewis (2008) p. 244
2131:Jean-Baptiste Lully
1945:Kingdom of Pamplona
1937:independent emirate
1681:Mayor of the Palace
924:Las Navas de Tolosa
143:Bernardo del Carpio
3344:43.02000; -1.32389
3193:The Song of Roland
3151:The Song of Roland
2971:on 1 November 2007
2964:The New York Times
2943:The New York Times
2754:Laura A. Hibbard,
2518:Lewis (2008) p. 38
2509:Lewis (1965) p. 30
2473:Hickman, Kennedy.
2449:Narbaitz, Pierre.
2189:Kingdom of Navarre
2127:Claudio Monteverdi
2102:, situated in the
2065:Battle of Hastings
2034:The Song of Roland
2005:
1993:
1926:William of Gellone
1883:
1816:
1808:
1788:
1760:Lupo II of Gascony
1654:
1646:Roland Ă Roncevaux
1535:Abu Taur of Huesca
1531:Husayn of Zaragoza
1478:Duchy of Aquitaine
1452:Italian literature
1437:The Song of Roland
1118:Shepherds' Crusade
929:3rd AlcĂĄcer do Sal
892:2nd AlcĂĄcer do Sal
802:1st AlcĂĄcer do Sal
296:2nd Roncevaux Pass
234:1st Roncevaux Pass
139:Lupo II of Gascony
3318:
3317:
3056:978-0-393-06472-8
3032:978-0-292-72941-4
3001:978-0-9543751-1-9
2861:Camino Adventures
2811:978-0-19-861271-1
2764:978-0-8337-2144-0
2655:978-1-4209-3811-1
2547:978-0-292-72941-4
2499:9th Century Spain
2269:978-0-313-35967-5
2244:978-0-7864-7274-1
2224:978-0-313-31668-5
2184:Duchy of Vasconia
2040:chansons de geste
2003:, Navarre, Spain.
1859:Route of Napoleon
1845:which started in
1587:into the Western
1558:Muhammad al-Mahdi
1539:Iberian peninsula
1508:Sulayman al-Arabi
1494:Duchy of Vasconia
1442:French literature
1390:Iberian Peninsula
1376:ambush a part of
1347:
1346:
525:AlmodĂłvar del RĂo
175:
174:
158:Unknown but large
89:
88:
3425:
3378:Matter of France
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3226:KarlamagnĂșs saga
3143:
3136:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3060:
3036:
3006:
3005:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2967:. Archived from
2954:
2948:
2947:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2897:. Archived from
2887:Lodovico Ariosto
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2832:. Archived from
2821:
2815:
2814:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2772:
2766:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2663:
2657:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2618:"A legend grows"
2613:
2602:
2601:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2565:
2559:
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2528:
2519:
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2470:
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2447:
2428:
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2425:
2424:
2408:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2373:
2364:
2361:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2335:. Archived from
2325:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2271:
2257:
2246:
2232:
2226:
2212:
2061:knightly culture
1919:with the son of
1679:, and Eggihard,
1409:stood its ground
214:
201:
194:
187:
178:
177:
131:
55:
54:
47:
30:
29:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3353:
3352:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3238:
3199:
3172:
3154:
3147:
3113:
3105:
3076:
3057:
3041:Lewis, David L.
3033:
3014:
3012:Further reading
3009:
3002:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
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2931:
2927:
2918:
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2911:
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2792:
2788:
2773:
2769:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2665:Kearney, Milo.
2664:
2660:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2614:
2605:
2598:
2584:
2580:
2567:
2566:
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2548:
2529:
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2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2493:
2484:
2482:
2471:
2464:
2448:
2431:
2422:
2420:
2411:Cline, Austin.
2409:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2351:
2342:
2340:
2327:
2326:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2274:
2258:
2249:
2233:
2229:
2213:
2206:
2202:
2194:Roland's Breach
2180:
2135:Antonio Vivaldi
2112:Orlando Furioso
2100:Roland's Breach
2087:judicial combat
1982:
1921:Louis the Pious
1909:Marca Hispanica
1875:
1867:Summum Pyreneum
1847:Castra Legiones
1800:Castra Legiones
1780:
1745:Pepin the Short
1725:Pierre de Marca
1709:
1639:
1633:
1550:emir of CĂłrdoba
1543:Abd ar-Rahman I
1474:Pepin the Short
1466:
1460:
1447:Orlando Furioso
1348:
1343:
1278:
1230:Los Alporchones
1113:Vega de Granada
215:
208:Battles in the
207:
205:
136:
127:
121:
77:
48:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3431:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3403:770s conflicts
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
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3316:
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3313:
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3307:
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3272:
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3262:
3257:
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3246:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3233:The Dark Tower
3229:
3222:
3215:
3207:
3205:
3204:Other versions
3201:
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3092:
3087:
3075:
3074:External links
3072:
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3055:
3037:
3031:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2982:
2949:
2925:
2904:
2901:on 2016-02-17.
2878:
2866:
2847:
2816:
2810:
2786:
2767:
2747:
2741:978-8472810761
2740:
2720:
2695:
2683:
2658:
2631:
2603:
2596:
2578:
2575:on 2015-12-22.
2569:"Roncesvalles"
2560:
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2520:
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2429:
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2365:
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2272:
2247:
2227:
2214:Butt, John J.
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2159:Song of Roland
2095:Jean Froissart
1981:
1978:
1897:count palatine
1874:
1871:
1779:
1776:
1708:
1705:
1635:Main article:
1632:
1629:
1517:(governor) of
1462:Main article:
1459:
1456:
1382:Roncevaux Pass
1345:
1344:
1342:
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1336:
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1326:
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1316:
1311:
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1305:
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1274:2nd Alpujarras
1271:
1269:1st Alpujarras
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1138:Vega de Pagana
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1036:Mudéjar revolt
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944:Aragonese raid
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832:Central Iberia
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328:
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133:
115:
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96:
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91:
90:
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85:Basque victory
83:
79:
78:
71:Roncevaux Pass
69:
67:
63:
62:
61:August 15, 778
59:
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50:
40:
39:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3430:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3398:Lower Navarre
3396:
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3209:
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2997:
2993:
2986:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2934:John Rockwell
2929:
2914:
2913:"Time Vaults"
2908:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2875:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2835:
2831:
2827:
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2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2619:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2599:
2597:0-631-17565-2
2593:
2589:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2515:
2506:
2500:
2495:
2481:on 2015-12-24
2480:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2460:
2459:84-400-4926-9
2456:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2419:on 2019-12-15
2418:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2370:
2360:
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2356:
2354:
2339:on 2015-12-22
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2234:Hunt, Janin.
2231:
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2192:
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2187:
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2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:graphic novel
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1834:to as far as
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:Bay of Biscay
1821:
1812:
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1801:
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1733:Low Navarrese
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1690:Annales Regni
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1285:
1284:
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1267:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:9th Gibraltar
1238:
1236:
1235:8th Gibraltar
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:7th Gibraltar
1223:
1221:
1220:La Higueruela
1218:
1216:
1215:6th Gibraltar
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1188:5th Algeciras
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1168:5th Gibraltar
1166:
1164:
1163:4th Algeciras
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:4th Gibraltar
1131:
1129:
1128:3rd Gibraltar
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:2nd Gibraltar
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1098:3rd Algeciras
1096:
1094:
1093:1st Gibraltar
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1071:2nd Algeciras
1069:
1067:
1066:1st Algeciras
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
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1049:
1047:
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1037:
1034:
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1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
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987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
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947:
945:
942:
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937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
912:
911:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
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848:
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835:
833:
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828:
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823:
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815:
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531:
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518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
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498:
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491:
488:
486:
485:Piedra Pisada
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
445:Aqbat al-Bakr
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
418:
417:
414:
413:3rd Barcelona
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
378:Valdejunquera
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:Day of Zamora
351:
350:
346:
345:
342:
341:2nd Barcelona
339:
337:
336:2nd Cellorigo
334:
332:
331:1st Cellorigo
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
316:Monte Laturce
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
281:1st Barcelona
279:
278:
274:
273:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
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202:
197:
195:
190:
188:
183:
182:
179:
170:
167:
166:
161:
157:
154:
153:
148:
144:
140:
137:(speculated:
134:
132:
130:
124:
120:
117:
116:
111:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
84:
81:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
46:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
3320:
3275:King Marsile
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3191:
3183:
3166:
3165:
3149:
3114:(in Spanish)
3106:(in Spanish)
3096:
3083:
3064:
3045:
3022:
2991:
2985:
2973:. Retrieved
2969:the original
2962:
2952:
2941:
2928:
2917:. Retrieved
2907:
2899:the original
2894:
2881:
2869:
2860:
2850:
2840:December 20,
2838:. Retrieved
2834:the original
2829:
2819:
2796:
2789:
2780:
2770:
2755:
2750:
2730:
2723:
2712:. Retrieved
2707:
2698:
2686:
2666:
2661:
2642:
2634:
2622:. Retrieved
2587:
2581:
2573:the original
2563:
2551:. Retrieved
2536:
2514:
2505:
2494:
2483:. Retrieved
2479:the original
2450:
2421:. Retrieved
2417:the original
2389:December 20,
2387:. Retrieved
2381:
2341:. Retrieved
2337:the original
2307:
2298:
2289:
2260:
2235:
2230:
2215:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2078:quid pro quo
2076:
2038:
2032:
2009:romanticized
2006:
2001:Roncesvalles
1989:
1966:Iñigo Arista
1958:Count Aeblus
1934:
1905:
1890:
1884:
1866:
1858:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1828:Cap de Creus
1817:
1795:
1757:
1716:
1710:
1696:
1689:
1685:
1677:Breton March
1670:
1655:
1650:Gustave Doré
1645:
1621:
1591:, while the
1562:
1506:
1489:
1485:
1470:Carolingians
1467:
1445:
1435:
1413:
1394:
1365:
1364:in Spanish,
1361:Roncesvalles
1359:
1351:
1349:
1281:North Africa
1199:15th century
1087:14th century
991:4th Valencia
913:13th century
867:4th Santarém
827:3rd Santarém
767:2nd Santarém
687:3rd Valencia
657:2nd Zaragoza
637:1st Santarém
572:2nd Valencia
566:12th century
530:1st Valencia
500:1st Zaragoza
419:11th century
403:Torrevicente
347:10th century
244:Orbieu River
239:Burbia River
233:
209:
128:
94:Belligerents
3413:Last stands
3373:Charlemagne
3342: /
3265:Charlemagne
3255:Blancandrin
2895:Operapaedia
2710:(in Basque)
2624:November 4,
2588:The Basques
2122:Time Vaults
2085:in 1351; a
1972:and of the
1949:Carolingian
1892:Vita Karoli
1707:Basque army
1601:Burgundians
1593:Austrasians
1573:Upper March
1565:Christendom
1432:Middle Ages
1380:'s army in
1378:Charlemagne
1339:2nd Tangier
1324:1st Tangier
1183:2nd Montiel
1103:3rd AlmerĂa
1021:3rd Seville
949:2nd Majorca
852:2nd Seville
817:2nd Badajoz
797:2nd AlmerĂa
787:2nd Tortosa
757:1st AlmerĂa
742:1st Montiel
697:1st Badajoz
672:1st Granada
430:Calatañazor
358:1st Majorca
311:Guadalacete
286:1st Tortosa
275:9th century
223:8th century
211:Reconquista
119:Charlemagne
102:(Christian)
3357:Categories
3330:01°19âČ26âłW
3327:43°01âČ12âłN
3260:Bramimonde
3243:Characters
2975:26 October
2919:2013-03-27
2714:2023-08-15
2679:B000NLBN3Y
2485:2015-11-04
2423:2015-11-04
2343:2015-11-04
2200:References
2045:Old French
2013:Christians
1820:Cap Higuer
1770:after the
1737:Souletines
1721:almogavars
1717:Saxon Poet
1583:army over
1569:al Andalus
1510:, the pro-
1458:Background
1205:Collejares
1193:2nd Murcia
1158:GuadalmesĂ
1148:RĂo Salado
1046:1st Murcia
1006:2nd XĂ tiva
1001:1st XĂ tiva
897:2nd Silves
882:2nd Silves
877:1st Silves
792:2nd Lleida
777:5th Lisbon
737:4th Lisbon
667:1st Lleida
627:Candespina
622:6th Toledo
607:Formentera
597:3rd Lisbon
577:Mollerussa
560:5th Toledo
555:4th Toledo
535:2nd Lisbon
520:3rd Toledo
495:2nd Toledo
383:1st Toledo
326:Polvoraria
269:1st Lisbon
259:RĂo QuirĂłs
254:Las Babias
2553:March 26,
1974:Banu Qasi
1941:Banu Qasi
1917:Aquitaine
1913:Barcelona
1873:Aftermath
1836:Catalonia
1804:Burdigala
1764:Languedoc
1753:Aquitaine
1741:Baztanese
1713:guerrilla
1625:Barcelona
1609:Barcelona
1605:Catalonia
1581:Neustrian
1527:Paderborn
1519:Barcelona
1492:) of the
1444:, and in
1319:4nd Ceuta
1309:3nd Ceuta
1302:2nd Ceuta
1297:1st Ceuta
1210:Antequera
1061:Andalusia
1041:3rd Jerez
1031:2nd Jerez
966:1st Jerez
939:PenĂscola
907:Talamanca
862:2nd Ăvora
847:Calatrava
837:Tarragona
822:Juromenha
812:1st Ăvora
762:Al-Ludjdj
732:2nd Coria
712:1st Coria
647:Martorell
632:Vatalandi
550:Consuegra
475:Golpejera
460:Barbastro
398:Estercuel
229:Covadonga
3250:Baligant
3043:(2008).
3021:(1965).
2673:(2006).
2534:(1965).
2178:See also
2057:chivalry
2053:paladins
2029:Oliphant
2025:Durendal
2021:Saracens
1990:Roldan".
1970:Pamplona
1932:in 790.
1901:Zaragoza
1849:(modern
1778:Location
1768:Vasconia
1729:BĂ©arnese
1699:Vascones
1617:Zaragoza
1597:Lombards
1589:Pyrenees
1585:Vasconia
1577:Pyrenees
1502:Fezensac
1490:Wascones
1486:Vascones
1428:chivalry
1420:paladins
1397:Pamplona
1386:Pyrenees
1153:Estepona
1081:Iznalloz
1016:3rd Jaén
976:Burriana
961:2nd Jaén
934:1st Jaén
919:Al-DÄmĆ«s
857:Abrantes
752:Albacete
727:Trancoso
602:Talavera
582:Balaguer
505:Sagrajas
470:Llantada
393:Simancas
388:Alhandic
321:Morcuera
291:Pancorbo
150:Strength
75:Pyrenees
66:Location
3310:Pinabel
3270:Ganelon
2639:Einhard
2333:History
2172:Orlando
2148:Orlando
2017:Muslims
1930:Adalric
1887:Einhard
1822:on the
1749:Waiofar
1693:reads:
1554:Baghdad
1547:Umayyad
1512:Abbasid
1498:Gascony
1480:led by
1430:in the
1424:knights
1401:Francia
1374:Basques
1366:Orreaga
1334:Melilla
1314:TĂ©touan
1173:Linuesa
1143:Getares
996:Algarve
986:El Puig
981:CĂłrdoba
954:PortopĂ
902:Alarcos
807:Palmela
782:Sacavém
772:Sacavém
717:Ourique
677:Corbins
662:Cutanda
652:Coimbra
540:Alcoraz
490:Morella
465:Paterna
455:Coimbra
425:Cervera
306:Albelda
301:Clavijo
171:Unknown
135:Unknown
129:†
108:(pagan)
106:Basques
73:in the
3383:Roland
3295:Turpin
3290:Roland
3285:Oliver
3280:Naimon
3196:(1978)
3188:(1959)
3159:Source
3053:
3029:
2998:
2808:
2762:
2738:
2677:
2653:
2594:
2544:
2457:
2267:
2242:
2222:
2073:Oliver
1980:Legacy
1863:Urkulu
1855:Lescar
1832:Aragon
1739:, and
1658:Basque
1631:Battle
1613:Girona
1599:, and
1545:, the
1523:Girona
1482:Waifer
1416:Roland
1370:Basque
1356:French
1329:Asilah
1292:Strait
1255:MĂĄlaga
1250:Lucena
1178:Guadix
1076:MoclĂn
1056:Martos
842:Cuenca
707:Leiria
682:AlcalĂĄ
545:Bairén
510:Tudela
440:Albesa
264:Oviedo
125:
123:Roland
100:Franks
82:Result
3305:Ogier
3177:Films
2145:with
2143:opera
1962:Aznar
1826:, to
1673:lords
1666:Iruña
1662:Moors
1405:lords
1051:Ăcija
887:Tomar
872:Alvor
747:Soure
722:Oreja
702:Fraga
692:Aceca
612:Ibiza
587:Uclés
515:TĂ©var
480:Cabra
450:Graus
408:Rueda
249:Lutos
3300:Aude
3051:ISBN
3027:ISBN
2996:ISBN
2977:2008
2842:2015
2806:ISBN
2802:2618
2760:ISBN
2736:ISBN
2675:ASIN
2651:ISBN
2626:2015
2592:ISBN
2555:2013
2542:ISBN
2455:ISBN
2391:2015
2265:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2220:ISBN
2137:and
2027:and
2015:and
1851:LeĂłn
1727:, a
1611:and
1533:and
1521:and
1515:Wali
1472:and
1350:The
1287:Salé
1123:Teba
1026:Faro
1011:Biar
971:Ares
435:TorĂ
58:Date
3408:778
1968:'s
1541:by
1368:in
141:or
3359::
2940:.
2893:.
2889:.
2859:.
2828:.
2804:,
2779:.
2706:.
2669:.
2649:.
2606:^
2523:^
2465:^
2432:^
2399:^
2380:.
2368:^
2352:^
2331:.
2316:^
2275:^
2250:^
2207:^
2133:,
2129:,
1903:.
1838:.
1774:.
1755:.
1735:,
1595:,
1556:,
1488:,
1392:.
3142:e
3135:t
3128:v
3059:.
3035:.
3004:.
2979:.
2946:.
2922:.
2863:.
2844:.
2783:.
2744:.
2717:.
2681:.
2628:.
2600:.
2557:.
2488:.
2426:.
2393:.
2346:.
1806:.
1354:(
200:e
193:t
186:v
145:)
27:.
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