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by which Ramiro reportedly surrendered a part of the annual tribute owed him by all the
Christians of Spain, also dates from the mid-twelfth century. The history of the cult of Saint James is rich in such frauds. Historian Jean Mitchell-Lanham says, "While this event is based on legend, the supposed
299:
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The chronicles say that Ramiro I had a dream in which the apostle
Santiago (Saint James) appeared, promising victory. The next day, May 23, 844, the armies of Ramiro I, encouraged by the presence of the warrior apostle mounted on a white steed, faced the Muslim army.
126:
Ramiro's
Christian troops, led by Sancho de Tejada, went in search of the Muslims commanded by Abderramán II; but upon reaching Nájera and Albelda they would see themselves surrounded by a large Arab army made up of troops from the peninsula and levies from present-day
287:
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After the victory, in honor of Saint James, Ramiro ordered the construction of the Church of the
Blessed Santiago and granted Sancho certain privileges in addition to the surname Tejada in memory of the branch of a
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528:
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The legend as it survives was first written down about 300 years after the supposed event on a spurious charter. Another item, a forged grant to the
180:, suddenly appears and leads an outnumbered Christian army to gain its victory. He became the patron saint of Spain and is known to Spaniards as
169:
The first chronicle that cites the apparition of Saint James was narrated (around 1243) by
Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, archbishop of Toledo.
150:(the year is not specified), Ramiro dictated the vow of Santiago, committing all Christians of the Peninsula to make a pilgrimage to
79:
is a mythical battle, believed for centuries to be historical, which became a popular theme of
Spanish traditions regarding the
38:
440:
83:. Stories about the battle first arose centuries after it allegedly occurred; according to these stories, it was fought near
548:
543:
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368:
208:
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Saint James' appearance at
Clavijo has been a major theme in art. Among those artists who portrayed him there are
154:, bringing offerings in gratitude to the Apostle for his intervention and imposing a mandatory tax on the Church.
103:(1968) says: "To a serious historian, the existence of the Battle of Clavijo is not even a topic of discussion."
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With this event, the
Apostle became a symbol of the fight against Islam, and since then he was recognized as
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battle has provided one of the strongest ideological icons in the
Spanish national identity."
430:
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173:
456:
204:
96:
336:
318:
120:
88:
488:
PĂ©rez de Urbel, Justo. 1954. "Lo viejo y lo nuevo sobre el origin del Reino de
Pamplona".
8:
460:
498:
Saint James's Catapult: The Life and Times of Diego GelmĂrez of Santiago de Compostela
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Scenes from the life of Saint James, including the battle of Clavijo
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tree that he used as a weapon when his spear was broken in combat.
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84:
207:, the sculptures at the base of the Maximilian Staircase of the
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Separate the synopsis of the legend from the analysis of it.
461:"É posible que teñas pasado centos de veces por esta praza"
401:
111:
The battle allegedly took place in May 23, 844, during the
391:(in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Madrid: Revista de Occidente.
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Saint James appearing at Clavijo, by Antonio González Ruiz
432:
The Lore of the Camino de Santiago: A Literary Pilgrimage
419:, III (Oviedo: 1975), pp. 281–311. Cited in Fletcher, 67.
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119:, La Rioja, Spain. The Christian forces were led by King
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St. James as carved by anonymous Mexican stone carvers.
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of Asturias and General Sancho Fernández de Tejada.
255:
Late medieval engraving of the battle of Clavijo by
363:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 236–237.
361:Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity, 400–1000
31:needs attention from an expert in Military history
510:
428:
383:
184:("the Moor-killer"). Aspects of the historical
188:(859) were incorporated into this legend, as
405:(1948). "La auténtica batalla de Clavijo".
354:
352:
115:period, in the Campo de la Matanza, near
529:Battles involving the Emirate of CĂłrdoba
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358:
511:
455:
349:
41:may be able to help recruit an expert.
403:Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña, Claudio
15:
13:
435:. Two Harbors Press. p. xii.
164:
81:Christian expulsion of the Muslims
58:Mythical battle of the Reconquista
14:
560:
389:Diccionario de historia de España
101:Diccionario de historia de España
502:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
310:
298:
286:
263:
248:
209:Santiago de Compostela Cathedral
197:Church of Santiago de Compostela
20:
407:Cuadernos de Historia de España
449:
429:Mitchell-Lanham, Jean (2015).
422:
417:OrĂgenes de la naciĂłn española
395:
377:
1:
342:
243:, and Antonio González Ruiz.
215:are also related to Clavijo.
39:WikiProject Military history
7:
549:History of La Rioja (Spain)
495:Fletcher, Richard A. 1984.
492:, 19:1–42, especially 20–6.
330:
33:. The specific problem is:
10:
565:
544:Battles of the Reconquista
482:
218:
87:between Christians led by
539:9th century in al-Andalus
387:, ed. (1968). "Clavijo".
146:On May 25 in the city of
106:
190:Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz
359:Collins, Roger (1983).
192:demonstrated in 1948.
186:Battle of Monte Laturce
276:Santiago de Compostela
152:Santiago de Compostela
72:
229:Paolo da San Leocadio
213:Maximilian of Austria
174:James, son of Zebedee
66:The Battle of Clavijo
64:
337:Cross of Saint James
319:Santa Fe, New Mexico
89:Ramiro I of Asturias
457:Mariño, Manuel Gago
205:Manuel Gago Mariño
182:Santiago Matamoros
159:Santiago Matamoros
73:
442:978-1-63413-333-3
257:Martin Schongauer
241:Corrado Giaquinto
237:Martin Schongauer
77:Battle of Clavijo
70:Corrado Giaquinto
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176:, an Apostle of
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172:In the legend,
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165:Modern analysis
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97:Emir of CĂłrdoba
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459:(2023-01-23).
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211:, built by
113:Reconquista
95:led by the
513:Categories
490:Al-Andalus
471:2023-01-30
343:References
47:April 2024
413:: 94–139.
148:Calahorra
331:See also
121:Ramiro I
483:Sources
465:Twitter
219:Gallery
129:Morocco
117:Clavijo
93:Muslims
85:Clavijo
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107:Legend
280:Spain
178:Jesus
99:.The
437:ISBN
365:ISBN
325:1760
91:and
75:The
519:844
141:yew
68:by
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351:^
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