2919:
177:), made for himself and for his children and for Amirat, his wife. They may be buried in it by hereditary title. And no stranger has the right to be buried in it, and if any of the children of Shubaytu mentioned above or their legal heirs seeks to write for this tomb a deed of gift or any document, he will have no share in this tomb. And this was on the first day of Ab, the third year of King Maliku, King of the Nabataeans. Abd Obodat son of Wahballahi made it
1137:), the predominant use of a local language (Sabaic) as opposed to Hebrew, and the priestly emphasis of DJE 23, Himyarite Judaism may have been more "Priestly" than "Rabbinic". However, Iwona Gajda interprets DJE 23 as evidence for the presence of rabbinic Judaism, and further points to evidence that the loanwords present in Ḥasī 1 indicate that its author was strongly familiar with
980:
1082:
inscriptions and replaces the earlier term shaʿb/community: one inscription from the fifth century mentions the "God of Israel". Three inscriptions mention the "God of the Jews". MAFRAY-Ḥaṣī 1, describes the construction of a graveyard specifically for the Jewish community. There is a Hebrew inscription known as
808:("The generations of the most outstanding poets"), composed by the Basran traditionalist and philologist Muḥummad ibn Sallām al-Jumaḥī (d. 846), records a list of Jewish poets. The Arabian/Arab antiquities collector Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī (d. 976) also has scattered reference to eleven Jewish poets in his
886:
to Imru's enemies despite their attempt to besiege his castle. Asides from Samaw'al, the only other Jewish poet to earn some renown was al-Rabī‘ ibn Abī l-Ḥuqayq, chief of the Naḍir tribe. The earliest sources make no mention of this figure, but only his son Kināna. Instead, it is only with the work
873:
collection are explicitly religious. In addition, al-Jumahi offers very little by way of biography for each of these figures other than to recount popular anecdotes that a few are associated with. Al-Isfahani gives more detailed biographical information. For example, he says Al-Samaw’al ibn ‘Ādiyā
954:
Haggai Mazuz has argued that the Hijazi
Arabian Judaism was rabbinic and halakhic, but his thesis has criticized for an uncritical reliance on traditional sources. Nonetheless, although the exact identity (or group of identities) that Hijazi Jews adhered to remains not entirely clear, many accept
1081:
There is scanter material regarding the religious affiliations of the locals. All inscriptions are monotheistic, but the religious identity of their authors is not always explicit. However, there is evidence for the practice of
Judaism among locals as well. The name "Israel" appears in four
1021:
kingdoms) and became the ruling power of southern Arabia, uniting the region for the first time. In the mid- to late-fourth century, Himyar or at least its ruling class had adopted
Judaism, having transitioned from a polytheistic practice. These events are chronicled by the
903:(d. 897) asserted that all of Yemen used to be Jewish, whereas Ibn Hazm (d. 1064) says it was all of Himyar plus parts of Kinda that were Jewish. This literature also stresses the importance of the Jewish community of Medina and its tribes, most prominently the
927:, suggesting that Jews could at least occasionally achieve positions of power in western Arabia. His father and brother are also described with biblical names. Another inscription dating to 356–357 suggests the existence of Jewish headmen of both
803:
Islamic compilations of pre-Islamic poetry occasionally mention Jewish poets, although it is difficult to assess their authenticity and, compared to epigraphs, are more difficult to date and are subject to later influences of
Islamicization. The
272:
This is the stele and tomb, which Adyon son of Ḥaniy son of Samuel, the headman of Hegra, built for his wife
Mawiyah, daughter of the headman of Tayma, Amr son of Adyon son of Samuel, who died in the month of Ab in the year 251, aged 38 years
1197:
chronicle of the persecution and martyrdom of the
Christians of Najran. This event to a significant counterattack by the Ethiopian kingdom, leading to the conquest of Himyar in 525 and the end of the Jewish leadership of southern Arabia.
1169:, which describes the burning of a church and slaughtering of Abyssinians (Ethiopian Christians), claiming thousands of deaths and prisoners. These events are also discussed in several contemporary Christian sources: in the writings of
135:
This list is according to the 2012 compilation by Robert
Hoyland. The inscriptions span at least five centuries, only number thirty-one if all are accepted as Jewish, are written in a variety of scripts/languages although most are in
1057:(which might be the equivalent of a synagogue or an original form of organization local to Himyarite Judaism). The evidence suggests a sharp break with polytheism, coinciding with the sudden appearance of Jewish and Aramaic words (‘
938:
There is also some literary evidence. The
Midrash Rabba suggests that two third-century rabbis thought it would have been beneficial to them to travel to al-Ḥijr (Hegra)/Madāʾin Ṣālih in order to improve their Aramaic. According to
1949:
1073:/meeting hall) and personal names (Yṣḥq/Isaac, Yhwd’/Juda), Yws’f/Joseph). Nevertheless, the nature of the Judaism practiced by the rulers is not clear and the Jewish nature of the kings rule was not frequently made explicit.
1629:
Lindstedt, Ilkka (2021). ""One
Community to the Exclusion of Other People": A Superordinate Identity in the Medinan Community". In Mette Bjerregaard, Mortensen; Dye, Guillame; Oliver, Isaac W.; Tesei, Tommaso (eds.).
1206:
Unfortunately, Jewish literary texts outside of Yemen do not discuss the Jewish community there. However, epigraphs from
Palestine and Jordan do reflect communication and knowledge from the Yemenite Jewish community:
882:. He lived in a family home often called a castle and whose name was al-Ablaq. Popular stories described his fidelity and loyalty, such as one where he refuses the surrender of the possessions of
963:
Evidence of Jews or Judaism in this region is tenuous. Christian Julien Robin has suggested that a governor of one of the tribes in central Arabia, Ḥujr, may have been Jewish. In eastern Arabia,
1133:
Christian Julien Robin argues that the epigraphic evidence argues against viewing the Judaism of Himyar as rabbinic. This is based on the absence of belief in the afterlife (shared by the
1110:. It is also written in biblical as opposed to Aramaic orthography. Mentions of synagogues, indicating the formal organization of Jews in Southern Arabia, are present in a fourth-century
253:
This is the memorial of Isaiah Neballaṭa son of Joseph, the headman of Tayma, which ʿImram and Ašmw, his brothers, erected for him in the month of Iyar of the year 98 of the province
923:
Evidence of Jews and Judaism from northwestern Arabia largely relies on epigraphs. One of the inscriptions from 203 indicate that a Jewish individual named Isaiah became the head of
1041:
which had tried to convert them to Christianity. The conversion from polytheism and the institutionalization of Judaism as the official religion is credited in these sources to
935:. One Dedanite inscription mentions a rabbi. A recently identified epigraph, UJadhNab 538, implicates the presence of Arabic-speaking Jews in fourth century Western Arabia.
1449:. Jews, Christians, and Muslims from the ancient to the modern world (First paperback printing ed.). Princeton Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 41–53.
500:
Peace on the tomb of R{mn}h his wife, daughter of Joseph, son of ʿRr, who is from Qurayyā, who died on the twenty-sixth day of April, year one hundred and seventy-five
123:. Few epigraphs explicitly identify the author as Jewish, and so other markers are typically used to infer their Jewish identity, such as including Jewish names (i.e.
869:
The poetry ascribed to these figures rarely make reference to precise historical details or religious expressions, although some poems ascribed to al-Samaw'al in the
75:, but no data exist to support this. In addition, the religious diversity and the normative or non-normative nature of Arabian Judaism(s) is also ill-understood.
2597:
Le royaume de Ḥimyar à l'époque monothéiste. L'histoire de l'Arabie du Sud ancienne de la fin du IVe siècle de l'ère chrétienne jusqu'à l'avènement de l'Islam
2557:
Le royaume de Ḥimyar à l'époque monothéiste. L'histoire de l'Arabie du Sud ancienne de la fin du IVe siècle de l'ère chrétienne jusqu'à l'avènement de l'Islam
2371:
Le royaume de Ḥimyar à l'époque monothéiste. L'histoire de l'Arabie du Sud ancienne de la fin du IVe siècle de l'ère chrétienne jusqu'à l'avènement de l'Islam
2356:
Le royaume de Ḥimyar à l'époque monothéiste. L'histoire de l'Arabie du Sud ancienne de la fin du IVe siècle de l'ère chrétienne jusqu'à l'avènement de l'Islam
1189:(d. 588) related a letter from another contemporary, Mar Simeon, directed to Abbot von Gabula about the events. In addition, an anonymous author produced the
44:. Arabian Jews were linguistically diverse and would have varied in their practice of the religion. The presence of Jews is best attested in Northwestern and
1053:. A Sabaic inscription dating to this time, titled Ja 856 (or Fa 60) describes the replacement of a polytheistic temple dedicated to the god al-Maqah with a
1049:(r. c. 400–445). It is in the mid-fourth century that inscriptions suddenly transition from polytheistic invocations to ones mentioning the high god
1933:
Nehmé, Laila; Briquel-Chatonnet, Françoise; Desreumaux, Alain Jacques Paul; Al-Ghabban, Ali I; MacDonald, Michael; Villeneuve, François F. (2018).
812:("Book of Songs"). The poets they refer to are as follows, followed by (J) if mentioned by al-Jumahi and (I) if they are mentioned by al-Isfahani:
2410:
1130:. However, the interpretation of the latter inscription and building from Qani has recently been disputed. Additional evidence is also known.
3316:
2672:
782:, 43 times under the rubric of the phrase "Children of Israel", and 32 times into the category "People of the Book". Another source is the
2330:
1845:
915:. Nevertheless, evidence regarding the size and nature of a Jewish Medinan community remains phantasmal in the pre-Islamic evidence.
2540:
Chatonnet, Françoise Briquel; Robin, Christian Julien (2000). "La persécution des chrétiens de Nagran et la chronologie himyarite".
55:
It is not known how Judaism first entered Arabia. Some proposals suggest there were Jewish migrations after the destruction of the
2216:
Hughes, Aaron (2020). "South Arabian 'Judaism', Ḥimyarite Raḥmanism, and the Origins of Islam". In Segovia, Carlos Andrés (ed.).
2141:
Hughes, Aaron (2020). "South Arabian 'Judaism', Ḥimyarite Raḥmanism, and the Origins of Islam". In Segovia, Carlos Andrés (ed.).
1791:
Hughes, Aaron (2020). "South Arabian 'Judaism', Ḥimyarite Raḥmanism, and the Origins of Islam". In Segovia, Carlos Andrés (ed.).
1634:. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. Berlin Boston (Mass.): De Gruyter. pp. 325–376.
1395:
Hughes, Aaron (2020). "South Arabian 'Judaism', Ḥimyarite Raḥmanism, and the Origins of Islam". In Segovia, Carlos Andrés (ed.).
1037:. Such sources implicate the motive for conversion as a wish on the part of the Himyarite rulers to distance themselves from the
669:
This is the tomb which ʿAbday son of Tayma built for PN who on the twenty-seventh of š . . . two hundred years ten/twenty . . .
2619:
2579:
2524:
2499:
2474:
2449:
2393:
2275:
2250:
2225:
2200:
2175:
2150:
2122:
2097:
1996:
1917:
1892:
1828:
1800:
1775:
1720:
1639:
1576:
1551:
1526:
1517:
Hoyland, Robert G. (2011). "The Jews of the Hijaz in the Qurʾān and in their inscriptions". In Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.).
1501:
1492:
Hoyland, Robert G. (2011). "The Jews of the Hijaz in the Qurʾān and in their inscriptions". In Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.).
1454:
1429:
1404:
1379:
1354:
1345:
Hoyland, Robert G. (2011). "The Jews of the Hijaz in the Qurʾān and in their inscriptions". In Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.).
1326:
1301:
951:, "Hebrews had lived from of old in autonomy, but in the reign of this Justinian they have become subject to the Romans."
3185:
1237:
These communication routes may have also transferred rabbinic and other Jewish teachings. In addition, evidence from the
215:
This is the stele which Yaḥyā son of Simon has built for his father Simon who died in the month of Sīwan of the year 201
3240:
1935:
The Darb al-Bakrah. A Caravan Route in North-West Arabia Discovered by Ali I. al-Ghabban. Catalogue of the Inscriptions
1260:
23:
2220:. Social worlds of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 30–34.
2145:. Social worlds of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 26–29.
1399:. Social worlds of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 19–22.
899:, are considered secondary in their ability to enable a historical reconstruction of Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia.
2665:
896:
41:
19:
1795:. Social worlds of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 23.
3321:
3168:
2950:
2744:
2739:
2638:
2293:""The Owner of the Sky, God of Israel" in a new Jewish Ḥimyaritic Inscription Dating from the Fifth Century CE"
1153:
invaded the peninsula, overthrowing the Himyarite king and installing in his place the hardline Christian king
33:
2490:
Gajda, iwona (2017). "Remarks on Monotheism in Ancient South Arabia". In Bakhos, Carol; Cook, Michael (eds.).
2955:
2465:
Robin, Christian Julien (2021). "Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia". In Ackerman-Lieberman, Phillip Isaac (ed.).
2266:
Robin, Christian Julien (2021). "Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia". In Ackerman-Lieberman, Phillip Isaac (ed.).
2241:
Robin, Christian Julien (2021). "Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia". In Ackerman-Lieberman, Phillip Isaac (ed.).
2191:
Robin, Christian Julien (2021). "Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia". In Ackerman-Lieberman, Phillip Isaac (ed.).
2166:
Robin, Christian Julien (2021). "Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia". In Ackerman-Lieberman, Phillip Isaac (ed.).
2088:
Robin, Christian Julien (2021). "Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia". In Ackerman-Lieberman, Phillip Isaac (ed.).
1908:
Robin, Christian Julien (2021). "Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia". In Ackerman-Lieberman, Phillip Isaac (ed.).
1567:
Robin, Christian Julien (2021). "Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia". In Ackerman-Lieberman, Phillip Isaac (ed.).
1162:
1157:. His successor, Dhu Nuwas (reigned 517–530) went on to try combatting the Christianizing influence from the
2519:. The transformation of the classical heritage. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 100–121.
106:
did not take place and, for this reason, their contents would be communicated orally by religious scholars.
3063:
2938:
2644:
743:, the Roman governor and general, in conquering southern Arabia in 26–24 BCE. References to Arabia in the
3326:
3311:
2965:
2658:
1219:
721:
literature say little about the subject of Arabian Judaism or Jewish communities. The one reference from
2918:
2013:
758:
In the early seventh century, one of the best sources for Judaism and Jewish belief and practice in the
2292:
1470:
MacDonald, Michael C.A. (1998). "Some Reflections on Epigraphy and Ethnicity in the Roman Near East".
2985:
2052:
1593:
822:
816:
1045:(r. c. 375–400). According to traditional Islamic sources, the conversion took place under his son,
955:
that its form was either rabbinic or at least had some amount of interplay with rabbinic tradition.
1846:"From the Mishnah to MuḥammadJewish Traditions of Late Antiquity and the Composition of the Qur'an"
928:
465:
333:
295:
276:
237:
199:
180:
141:
48:. Judaism would briefly become politically relevant in the fourth century, when the rulers of the
1154:
731:
2960:
2494:. Oxford studies in the abrahamic religions. Oxford: Oxford university press. pp. 252–253.
127:, although this method has some limitations), Jewish expressions and use of the Hebrew script.
2978:
1242:
1190:
1023:
783:
18:
This article is about Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia. For monotheism in pre-Islamic Arabia, see
1165:, which is in part documented by an inscription made by S²rḥʾl Yqbl (Yusuf's army commander),
3306:
3028:
3023:
2779:
1174:
1018:
828:
60:
3137:
2704:
1233:
describes an individual named Ywsh br ʾWfy who "died in Ẓafār, the land of the Ḥimyarites".
1098:("guards"), enumerating the twenty-four Priestly families (and their place of residence in
752:
8:
3147:
1321:. Translated by Rundell, Ethan S. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 15–16.
1103:
722:
1447:
The Bible in Arabic: the scriptures of the "People of the Book" in the language of Islam
2681:
1042:
744:
140:, are typically brief, and are geographically limited insofar as nearly all hail from
119:
The primary source for the life and activities of pre-Islamic Arabian Jews is through
3132:
2848:
2794:
2615:
2575:
2520:
2495:
2470:
2445:
2389:
2312:
2271:
2246:
2221:
2196:
2171:
2146:
2118:
2093:
2070:
2033:
1992:
1969:
1913:
1888:
1865:
1824:
1796:
1771:
1716:
1693:
1635:
1611:
1572:
1547:
1522:
1497:
1450:
1425:
1400:
1375:
1350:
1322:
1297:
1006:
763:
748:
718:
137:
49:
37:
3142:
3113:
3018:
3013:
2933:
2899:
2863:
2799:
2784:
2422:
2304:
2060:
2025:
1961:
1857:
1683:
1601:
1158:
1150:
1107:
1038:
883:
863:
714:
2065:
1606:
83:
Pre-Islamic Jews were not unified linguistically. In Arabia, they variously spoke
3177:
3008:
2729:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1114:
inscription and a late sixth century Greek inscription from the port of Qāniʾ in
736:
3195:
3073:
2117:. Oxford handbooks. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 247–332.
2014:"Review of Haggai MAZUZ, The Religious and Spiritual Life of the Jews of Medina"
751:
are occasional: many of these only concern regions in southern Palestine or the
3260:
3125:
2883:
2696:
2612:
Muhammad and his followers in context: the religious map of late antique Arabia
2572:
Muhammad and his followers in context: the religious map of late antique Arabia
2442:
Muhammad and his followers in context: the religious map of late antique Arabia
2386:
Muhammad and his followers in context: the religious map of late antique Arabia
1885:
Muhammad and his followers in context: the religious map of late antique Arabia
1768:
Muhammad and his followers in context: the religious map of late antique Arabia
1713:
Muhammad and his followers in context: the religious map of late antique Arabia
1544:
Muhammad and his followers in context: the religious map of late antique Arabia
1422:
Muhammad and his followers in context: the religious map of late antique Arabia
1372:
Muhammad and his followers in context: the religious map of late antique Arabia
849:
84:
2218:
Remapping emergent Islam: texts, social settings, and ideological trajectories
2143:
Remapping emergent Islam: texts, social settings, and ideological trajectories
2029:
1965:
1793:
Remapping emergent Islam: texts, social settings, and ideological trajectories
1688:
1671:
1521:. The Qur'an in its historical context. New York: Routledge. pp. 91–116.
1397:
Remapping emergent Islam: texts, social settings, and ideological trajectories
1374:. Islamic history and civilization. Leiden Boston: Brill. pp. 59, n. 24.
3300:
3218:
2973:
2426:
2316:
2074:
2037:
1973:
1869:
1861:
1697:
1615:
1496:. The Qur'an in its historical context. New York: Routledge. pp. 91–92.
1034:
948:
870:
775:
740:
56:
2308:
1672:"'Rahman' before Muhammad: A pre-history of the First Peace (Sulh) in Islam"
3245:
2754:
1178:
984:
944:
912:
908:
771:
72:
2614:. Islamic history and civilization. Leiden Boston: Brill. pp. 68–69.
2574:. Islamic history and civilization. Leiden Boston: Brill. pp. 73–76.
2444:. Islamic history and civilization. Leiden Boston: Brill. pp. 67–73.
1937:. Riyadh: Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage. p. 185.
1932:
1887:. Islamic history and civilization. Leiden Boston: Brill. pp. 60–62.
1715:. Islamic history and civilization. Leiden Boston: Brill. pp. 62–64.
1251:
originating from the land of Israel were active in the Himyarite Kingdom.
3255:
1349:. The Qur'an in its historical context. New York: Routledge. p. 91.
1115:
1031:
3285:
3098:
3051:
2873:
2858:
2335:
DASI: Digital Archive for the Study of pre-islamic arabian Inscriptions
1138:
1087:
904:
900:
879:
124:
103:
2388:. Islamic history and civilization. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 69.
1770:. Islamic history and civilization. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 59.
1546:. Islamic history and civilization. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 57.
1424:. Islamic history and civilization. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 57.
3250:
3103:
3033:
2868:
2843:
2650:
1296:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 20–22.
1170:
1134:
1127:
1046:
988:
940:
120:
68:
1991:. Brill reference library of Judaism. Leiden Boston (Mass.): Brill.
895:
Non-contemporary Arabic historiographical sources, such as those of
63:
in the first century or during the conquests or persecutions by the
3265:
3068:
3056:
3046:
2943:
2904:
2878:
2774:
2762:
1050:
968:
964:
943:, a 6th-century Byzantine historian as he was commenting about the
932:
726:
64:
3210:
755:, although some evidently refer to regions within the peninsula.
3200:
3120:
3108:
3041:
2789:
2734:
1166:
1099:
1014:
88:
29:
2358:. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. pp. 245–246.
1821:
Shared identities: medieval and modern imaginings of Judeo-Islam
1751:
Hoyland, Robert (2015). "The Jewish Poets of Muḥammad's Ḥijāz".
1736:
Hoyland, Robert (2015). "The Jewish Poets of Muḥammad's Ḥijāz".
1655:
Hoyland, Robert (2015). "The Jewish Poets of Muḥammad's Ḥijāz".
3190:
3152:
3093:
2853:
2827:
2817:
2767:
2714:
2709:
2559:. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. pp. 82–109.
2373:. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. pp. 40, 46.
1265:
1238:
1230:
1212:
1111:
1083:
787:
786:, a pact between Muhammad's polity and the Jewish community of
672:
653:
634:
615:
592:
539:
520:
484:
412:
393:
374:
352:
314:
218:
145:
96:
92:
798:
22:. For the religion of Christianity in pre-Islamic Arabia, see
3205:
2822:
2809:
2724:
2492:
Islam and its past: Jahiliyya, Late Antiquity, and the Qur'an
1823:. New York (N. Y.): Oxford University Press. pp. 53–57.
1226:
1091:
1010:
924:
875:
767:
759:
589:
Nam/Nuaym son of Isaac trusts in God. He has written (this).
256:
45:
1950:""No two religions": Non-Muslims in the early Islamic Ḥijāz"
887:
of al-Isfahani that the exploits of al-Rabī‘ are described.
2719:
2599:. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. p. 243.
2469:. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. pp. 309–315.
2270:. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. pp. 303–304.
2245:. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. pp. 317–318.
2195:. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. pp. 297–303.
2170:. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. pp. 297–298.
2092:. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. pp. 327–328.
1912:. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. pp. 332–334.
1632:
The study of Islamic origins: new perspectives and contexts
40:
since at least the first century BCE. It is also the first
2515:
Brock, Sebastian P.; Harvey, Susan Ashbrook, eds. (1987).
689:. . . bn . . . bn b . . . ytpt y . . . klhw . . . wn . . .
2018:
Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association
1201:
979:
1144:
2291:
Robin, Christian Julien; Rijziger, Sarah (2018-10-22).
739:
dispatching 500 members from his personal guard to aid
1989:
The religious and spiritual life of the Jews of Medina
1954:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1571:. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. p. 294.
878:(in northwestern Arabia) whose father had ties to the
173:
This is the tomb which Shubaytu son of Aliu, the Jew (
1076:
790:
that is widely accepted as historical by historians.
1009:
had vanquished other political units (including the
2113:Robin, Christian J. (2012). "Arabia and Ethiopia".
536:Blessing to Aṭūr son of Menaḥem and rabbi Jeremiah
445:May Joseph son of Ghanam be remembered well. Peace
770:, which presupposes the existence of Jews in both
555:May Samuel son of Hillel be blessed and protected
2053:"Qur'anic Understandings of the Divine Name Yhwh"
1594:"Qur'anic Understandings of the Divine Name Yhwh"
1000:
3298:
2411:"Reconsidering the Earliest Synagogue in Yemen"
1247:shows that members of priestly tribes known as
967:claims that a son of the first-century king of
2539:
793:
2666:
2408:
2290:
958:
778:: they are mentioned 23 times using the root
462:Indeed, may Simon son of Adiyu be remembered
2639:Judaism in the Hijaz (1st-4th centuries CE)
2514:
1106:after the return of the Jews following the
799:Poetry ascribed to pre-Islamic Arabian Jews
481:May Laḥmu son of Yehūdā be remembered well
370:or "By/for Ahab son of Simak is the tomb"
234:May Jacob son of Samuel be remembered well
130:
2673:
2659:
708:
102:Translations of religious scriptures into
2609:
2569:
2439:
2383:
2064:
1882:
1765:
1710:
1687:
1628:
1605:
1541:
1469:
1419:
1369:
1316:
1291:
1215:script (a South Arabian script) is known.
196:Manasse son of Natan, greetings/farewell
2050:
1591:
1444:
1218:A Greek inscription from the village of
1211:An inscription from Palestine using the
978:
974:
890:
390:Greetings/Farewell Joseph son of ʿAwiyu
2011:
1843:
1750:
1735:
1654:
1516:
1491:
1344:
987:with writing "Yishaq bar Hanina" and a
837:Saʿya (Shuʿba) ibn Gharīḍ/ʿArīḍ (J) (I)
428:May Ghanam son of Yehūdā be remembered
368:"By Ahab son of Simak the one buried "
3299:
2680:
2409:Letteney, Mark; Gross, Simcha (2022).
2215:
2140:
1818:
1790:
1394:
1202:Communication with non-peninsular Jews
918:
2654:
2594:
2554:
2489:
2464:
2368:
2353:
2265:
2240:
2190:
2165:
2136:
2134:
2115:The Oxford handbook of late antiquity
2112:
2087:
1986:
1907:
1814:
1812:
1566:
1222:mentions the burial of a "Himyarite".
1145:Fall of Jewish rule over South Arabia
2057:Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations
1947:
1669:
1598:Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations
1487:
1485:
1340:
1338:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1225:A fifth-century Hebrew epitaph from
995:
517:This is Abisalo(m?) son of Susannah
3317:History of religion in Saudi Arabia
702:Nabataean Aramaic / Jewish Aramaic
13:
2131:
1926:
1844:Pregill, Michael E. (2023-11-01).
1809:
1445:Griffith, Sidney Harrison (2015).
1317:Bar-Asher, Meʾir Mikhaʾel (2021).
1261:Christianity in pre-Islamic Arabia
1077:Judaism among the local population
947:and perhaps at an entrance on the
631:And Ismaīl son of Ṣdq has written
24:Christianity in pre-Islamic Arabia
14:
3338:
2632:
1482:
1335:
1278:
1126:, a phrase typically connoting a
2917:
2467:The Cambridge history of Judaism
2268:The Cambridge history of Judaism
2243:The Cambridge history of Judaism
2193:The Cambridge history of Judaism
2168:The Cambridge history of Judaism
2090:The Cambridge history of Judaism
2051:Galadari, Abdulla (2024-03-04).
1910:The Cambridge history of Judaism
1753:Le Judaïisme de L'Arabie antique
1738:Le Judaïisme de L'Arabie antique
1657:Le Judaïisme de L'Arabie antique
1592:Galadari, Abdulla (2024-03-04).
1569:The Cambridge history of Judaism
608:This is what has written . . . (
20:Monotheism in pre-Islamic Arabia
2603:
2588:
2563:
2548:
2533:
2517:Holy women of the Syrian Orient
2508:
2483:
2458:
2433:
2402:
2377:
2362:
2347:
2323:
2284:
2259:
2234:
2209:
2184:
2159:
2106:
2081:
2044:
2012:Pregill, Michael (2016-11-30).
2005:
1980:
1941:
1901:
1876:
1837:
1784:
1759:
1744:
1729:
1704:
1663:
1648:
1622:
1585:
1560:
1535:
1510:
1122:to refer to God and mentions a
572:Blessed be the name of my Lord
42:monotheistic religion of Arabia
1819:Hughes, Aaron William (2017).
1519:New perspectives on the Qur'an
1494:New perspectives on the Qur'an
1463:
1438:
1413:
1388:
1363:
1347:New perspectives on the Qur'an
1310:
1001:Conversion of the ruling class
862:According to some traditions,
204:Construction, base of sundial
1:
2066:10.1080/09596410.2024.2321044
1607:10.1080/09596410.2024.2321044
1271:
1163:Christian community of Najran
1161:militarily and massacred the
330:May ʿEzer be remembered well
1755:. Brepols. pp. 512–515.
1659:. Brepols. pp. 520–521.
855:Kaʿb ibn Saʿd of Qurayẓa (I)
114:
104:pre-Islamic Arabic languages
78:
7:
1292:Bar-Asher, Meir M. (2021).
1254:
1102:) appointed to protect the
866:also converted to Judaism.
858:Aws ibn Danī of Qurayẓa (I)
840:Abū Qays ibn Rifāʿa (J) (I)
794:Non-contemporary literature
10:
3343:
959:Central and Eastern Arabia
834:Shurayḥ ibn ʿImrān (J) (I)
713:Contemporary sources from
109:
17:
3278:
3228:
3176:
3167:
3086:
3001:
2994:
2986:Ancient South Arabian art
2926:
2915:
2892:
2836:
2808:
2753:
2695:
2688:
2647:(Ancient Arabia Database)
2641:(Ancient Arabia Database)
2610:Lindstedt, Ilkka (2023).
2570:Lindstedt, Ilkka (2023).
2440:Lindstedt, Ilkka (2023).
2415:Studies in Late Antiquity
2384:Lindstedt, Ilkka (2023).
2030:10.1515/jiqsa-2016-02s102
1966:10.1017/S0041977X14001049
1883:Lindstedt, Ilkka (2023).
1850:Studies in Late Antiquity
1766:Lindstedt, Ilkka (2023).
1711:Lindstedt, Ilkka (2023).
1689:10.1017/S0026749X21000305
1542:Lindstedt, Ilkka (2023).
1472:Mediterranean Archaeology
1420:Lindstedt, Ilkka (2023).
1370:Lindstedt, Ilkka (2023).
823:Al-Rabi ibn Abu al-Huqayq
650:God be blessed/Bless God
612:) and this is what . . .
2427:10.1525/sla.2022.6.4.627
1862:10.1525/sla.2023.7.4.516
1670:Kjær, Sigrid K. (2022).
806:Ṭabaqāt fuḥūl al-shuʿarā
131:List of Jewish epigraphs
2309:10.1515/islam-2018-0050
1740:. Brepols. p. 519.
1028:Ecclessiastical History
766:more generally) is the
732:Antiquities of the Jews
709:Contemporary literature
2979:Nabataean architecture
1987:Mazuz, Haggai (2014).
1244:Book of the Himyarites
1191:Book of the Himyarites
1118:which uses the phrase
1026:and the fifth-century
1024:Book of the Himyarites
992:
971:converted to Judaism.
784:Constitution of Medina
385:Lihyanite (Dedanitic)
363:Lihyanite (Dedanitic)
349:ʿAzaryah son of Asyah
52:converted to Judaism.
3322:Jewish Yemeni history
3064:Ancient South Arabian
3029:Ancient North Arabian
3024:South Semitic scripts
2595:Gajda, Iwona (2009).
2555:Gajda, Iwona (2009).
2369:Gajda, Iwona (2009).
2354:Gajda, Iwona (2009).
1175:Cosmas Indicopleustes
982:
975:Southern Arabia/Yemen
891:Arabic historiography
846:Abū l-Dhayyāl (J) (I)
454:1st c BCE - 1st c CE
437:1st c BCE - 1st c CE
1948:Munt, Harry (2015).
1676:Modern Asian Studies
1086:from the village of
3279:Islamic perspective
2927:Society and culture
1319:Jews and the Qur'an
1294:Jews and the Qur'an
1185:. Soon afterwards,
1043:Malkīkarib Yuha’min
919:Northwestern Arabia
843:Dirham ibn Zayd (J)
817:Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya
735:where he described
723:classical antiquity
311:Abīyu son of Salmu
152:
32:has been practiced
3327:Pre-Islamic Arabia
3312:History of Judaism
2970:Nabataean culture
2682:Pre-Islamic Arabia
2645:Synagogue (Mikrab)
1193:, a sixth-century
993:
829:Ka‘b ibn al-Ashraf
745:Palestinian Talmud
683:Nabataean Aramaic
512:Nabataean Aramaic
495:Nabataean Aramaic
476:Nabataean Aramaic
457:Nabataean Aramaic
440:Nabataean Aramaic
423:Nabataean Aramaic
404:Nabataean Aramaic
344:Nabataean Aramaic
325:Nabataean Aramaic
306:Nabataean Aramaic
287:Nabataean Aramaic
267:Nabataean Aramaic
248:Nabataean Aramaic
229:Nabataean Aramaic
210:Nabataean Aramaic
191:Nabataean Aramaic
151:
3294:
3293:
3274:
3273:
3163:
3162:
3133:Old South Arabian
2913:
2912:
2849:Achaemenid Arabia
2621:978-90-04-68712-7
2581:978-90-04-68712-7
2526:978-0-520-05705-0
2501:978-0-19-874849-6
2476:978-0-521-51717-1
2451:978-90-04-68712-7
2395:978-90-04-68712-7
2277:978-0-521-51717-1
2252:978-0-521-51717-1
2227:978-94-6298-806-4
2202:978-0-521-51717-1
2177:978-0-521-51717-1
2152:978-94-6298-806-4
2124:978-0-19-533693-1
2099:978-0-521-51717-1
1998:978-90-04-25062-8
1919:978-0-521-51717-1
1894:978-90-04-68712-7
1830:978-0-19-068446-4
1802:978-94-6298-806-4
1777:978-90-04-68712-7
1722:978-90-04-68712-7
1641:978-3-11-067543-6
1578:978-0-521-51717-1
1553:978-90-04-68712-7
1528:978-0-415-61548-8
1503:978-0-415-61548-8
1456:978-0-691-16808-1
1431:978-90-04-68712-7
1406:978-94-6298-806-4
1381:978-90-04-68712-7
1356:978-0-415-61548-8
1328:978-0-691-21135-0
1303:978-0-691-21135-0
1155:Ma'dikarib Ya'fur
1007:Himyarite Kingdom
996:Kingdom of Himyar
991:, 330 BC – 200 AD
749:Babylonian Talmud
706:
705:
677:Tomb inscription
506:Tomb inscription
281:Tomb inscription
223:Tomb inscription
185:Tomb inscription
138:Nabataean Aramaic
61:Jewish–Roman wars
50:Kingdom of Himyar
38:Arabian Peninsula
3334:
3174:
3173:
3114:Nabataean Arabic
3019:Nabataean script
3014:Aramaic alphabet
2999:
2998:
2921:
2693:
2692:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2626:
2625:
2607:
2601:
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2585:
2567:
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2546:
2545:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2487:
2481:
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2462:
2456:
2455:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1788:
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1781:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1289:
1159:Kingdom of Aksum
1151:Kingdom of Aksum
1149:Around 500, the
1108:Babylonian exile
1104:Solomon's Temple
1090:, 15 km east of
1039:Byzantine Empire
874:was a native of
850:Sarah of Qurayẓa
401:1st - 3rd c BCE
382:3rd - 1st c BCE
360:3rd - 1st c BCE
153:
150:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3270:
3229:Other religions
3224:
3159:
3082:
3009:Arabic alphabet
2990:
2922:
2909:
2888:
2832:
2804:
2749:
2684:
2679:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2608:
2604:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2568:
2564:
2553:
2549:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2438:
2434:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2382:
2378:
2367:
2363:
2352:
2348:
2339:
2337:
2331:"MAFRAY-Ḥaṣī 1"
2329:
2328:
2324:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2086:
2082:
2049:
2045:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1985:
1981:
1946:
1942:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1881:
1877:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1764:
1760:
1749:
1745:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1709:
1705:
1668:
1664:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1627:
1623:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1490:
1483:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1290:
1279:
1274:
1257:
1241:and the Syriac
1204:
1187:John of Ephesus
1183:Jacob of Serugh
1147:
1094:. It lists the
1079:
1003:
998:
983:Seal ring from
977:
961:
921:
893:
801:
796:
737:Herod the Great
711:
664:Hebrew/ Arabic
645:Hebrew/ Arabic
626:Hebrew/ Arabic
603:Hebrew/ Arabic
584:Hebrew/ Arabic
567:Hebrew/ Arabic
564:2nd - 4th c CE
550:Hebrew/ Arabic
531:Hebrew/ Arabic
492:3rd - 5th c CE
473:3rd - 5th c CE
420:1st - 3rd c CE
341:1st - 3rd c CE
322:1st - 3rd c CE
303:1st - 3rd c CE
133:
117:
112:
81:
46:Southern Arabia
27:
12:
11:
5:
3340:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3261:Zoroastrianism
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3182:
3180:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3126:Hatran Aramaic
3118:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3036:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2893:Central Arabia
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2884:Arabia Petraea
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2697:Eastern Arabia
2690:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2634:
2633:External links
2631:
2628:
2627:
2620:
2602:
2587:
2580:
2562:
2547:
2532:
2525:
2507:
2500:
2482:
2475:
2457:
2450:
2432:
2421:(4): 627–650.
2401:
2394:
2376:
2361:
2346:
2322:
2303:(2): 271–290.
2283:
2276:
2258:
2251:
2233:
2226:
2208:
2201:
2183:
2176:
2158:
2151:
2130:
2123:
2105:
2098:
2080:
2043:
2004:
1997:
1979:
1960:(2): 253–254.
1940:
1925:
1918:
1900:
1893:
1875:
1856:(4): 519–521.
1836:
1829:
1808:
1801:
1783:
1776:
1758:
1743:
1728:
1721:
1703:
1682:(3): 776–795.
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1621:
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1078:
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892:
889:
860:
859:
856:
853:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
826:
820:
810:Kitāb al-agānī
800:
797:
795:
792:
776:Medinan surahs
710:
707:
704:
703:
700:
697:
696:Commemorative
694:
691:
685:
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678:
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448:Umm Judhayidh
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432:
431:Umm Judhayidh
429:
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402:
399:
396:
391:
387:
386:
383:
380:
377:
372:
365:
364:
361:
358:
355:
350:
346:
345:
342:
339:
336:
331:
327:
326:
323:
320:
317:
312:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
293:
289:
288:
285:
282:
279:
274:
269:
268:
265:
262:
259:
254:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
235:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
216:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
197:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
178:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
132:
129:
116:
113:
111:
108:
80:
77:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3339:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3219:Book of Idols
3216:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:Nabataean art
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2745:Beth Manuzaye
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2350:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:(in German).
2298:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1813:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1651:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1220:Beit She'arim
1217:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:Philostorgius
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
990:
986:
981:
972:
970:
966:
956:
952:
950:
949:Gulf of Aqaba
946:
942:
936:
934:
930:
926:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
888:
885:
884:Imru' al-Qais
881:
877:
872:
867:
865:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
814:
813:
811:
807:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:Meccan surahs
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:Aelius Gallus
738:
734:
733:
728:
724:
720:
716:
701:
698:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
676:
674:
671:
668:
667:
663:
660:
657:
655:
652:
649:
648:
644:
641:
638:
636:
633:
630:
629:
625:
622:
619:
617:
614:
611:
607:
606:
602:
599:
596:
594:
591:
588:
587:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
570:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
553:
549:
546:
543:
541:
538:
535:
534:
530:
527:
524:
522:
519:
516:
515:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
498:
494:
491:
488:
486:
483:
480:
479:
475:
472:
469:
467:
464:
461:
460:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
443:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
426:
422:
419:
416:
414:
411:
408:
407:
403:
400:
397:
395:
392:
389:
388:
384:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
367:
366:
362:
359:
356:
354:
351:
348:
347:
343:
340:
337:
335:
332:
329:
328:
324:
321:
318:
316:
313:
310:
309:
305:
302:
299:
297:
294:
291:
290:
286:
283:
280:
278:
275:
271:
270:
266:
263:
260:
258:
255:
252:
251:
247:
244:
241:
239:
236:
233:
232:
228:
225:
222:
220:
217:
214:
213:
209:
206:
203:
201:
198:
195:
194:
190:
187:
184:
182:
179:
176:
172:
171:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
128:
126:
122:
107:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:Second Temple
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:as a religion
31:
25:
21:
16:
3307:Arab culture
3246:Samaritanism
3241:Christianity
3235:
3217:
2837:North Arabia
2755:South Arabia
2740:Beth Qatraye
2611:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2571:
2565:
2556:
2550:
2541:
2535:
2516:
2510:
2491:
2485:
2466:
2460:
2441:
2435:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2385:
2379:
2370:
2364:
2355:
2349:
2338:. Retrieved
2334:
2325:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2267:
2261:
2242:
2236:
2217:
2211:
2192:
2186:
2167:
2161:
2142:
2114:
2108:
2089:
2083:
2056:
2046:
2024:(s2): 6–13.
2021:
2017:
2007:
1988:
1982:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1909:
1903:
1884:
1878:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1820:
1792:
1786:
1767:
1761:
1752:
1746:
1737:
1731:
1712:
1706:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1656:
1650:
1631:
1624:
1597:
1587:
1568:
1562:
1543:
1537:
1518:
1512:
1493:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1446:
1440:
1421:
1415:
1396:
1390:
1371:
1365:
1346:
1318:
1312:
1293:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1205:
1179:John Malalas
1148:
1132:
1124:hagios topos
1123:
1119:
1095:
1080:
1070:
1069:/guarantee,
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1027:
1005:By 300, the
1004:
962:
953:
945:Tiran Island
937:
922:
913:Banu Qurayza
909:Banu Qaynuqa
894:
868:
864:Imru al-Qais
861:
809:
805:
802:
779:
757:
730:
712:
688:
609:
558:Wadi Haggag
503:al-Mabiyyat
369:
245:3rd - 5th c
174:
168:Script/Lang
134:
118:
101:
82:
54:
28:
15:
3256:Manichaeism
3138:Ḥaḍramautic
2689:Settlements
753:Transjordan
725:is that of
69:Babylonians
59:during the
3301:Categories
3286:Jahiliyyah
3178:Polytheism
3148:Qatabanian
3099:Old Arabic
3052:Taymanitic
2874:Ghassanids
2340:2024-02-18
1478:: 177–190.
1272:References
1139:Jewish law
1088:Bayt Hadir
911:, and the
905:Banu Nadir
897:al-Hamdani
880:Ghassanids
871:Asma'iyyat
699:Uncertain
680:4th c CE?
661:Uncertain
642:Uncertain
623:Uncertain
600:Uncertain
581:Uncertain
547:Uncertain
528:Uncertain
125:onomastics
3251:Mandaeism
3104:Dadanitic
3087:Languages
3034:Dadanitic
2995:Languages
2780:Ḥaḍramawt
2317:1613-0928
2297:Der Islam
2075:0959-6410
2038:2474-8420
1974:0041-977X
1870:2470-6469
1698:0026-749X
1616:0959-6410
1171:Procopius
1135:Sadducees
1128:synagogue
1120:eis Theos
1096:mishmarot
1047:Abu Karib
989:Torah ark
941:Procopius
658:Graffito
639:Graffito
620:Graffito
610:hd mh ktb
597:Graffito
578:Graffito
561:Graffito
544:Graffito
525:Graffito
489:Graffito
470:Graffito
451:Graffito
434:Graffito
417:Graffito
398:Graffito
379:Graffito
357:Graffito
338:Graffito
319:Graffito
300:Graffito
284:356/7 CE
261:Graffito
242:Graffito
207:1st c CE
188:42/43 CE
121:epigraphy
115:Epigraphy
79:Languages
3266:Buddhism
3196:Al-‘Uzzá
3169:Religion
3069:Hasaitic
3057:Thamudic
3047:Safaitic
3038:Dumaitic
2951:Marriage
2939:Calendar
2905:Al-Magar
2879:Salīḥids
2859:Nabataea
2544:: 15–83.
2059:: 1–32.
1255:See also
1116:Bi'r Ali
1067:haymanōt
1065:/bless,
1061:/world,
1051:Rahmanan
1019:Hadrawat
969:Adiabene
965:Josephus
747:and the
727:Josephus
65:Persians
3236:Judaism
3201:Dushara
3186:Deities
3153:Sabaean
3143:Minaean
3121:Aramaic
3109:Hismaic
3042:Hismaic
3002:Scripts
2956:Slavery
2828:Yathrib
2790:Qatabān
2735:Parthia
2730:Lakhmid
1249:Cohanim
1167:Ja 1028
1100:Galilee
1071:kanīsat
1032:Anomean
1030:of the
1015:Qataban
901:Ya'qubi
831:(J) (I)
825:(J) (I)
819:(J) (I)
729:in his
575:Jubbah
509:280 CE
292:Daniel
264:203 CE
226:307 CE
110:Sources
89:Aramaic
36:in the
30:Judaism
3191:Al-Lat
3094:Arabic
2961:Poetry
2934:Tribes
2869:Tanukh
2854:Lihyan
2818:Thamud
2795:Himyar
2768:Kahlan
2715:Gerrha
2710:Dilmun
2618:
2578:
2523:
2498:
2473:
2448:
2392:
2315:
2274:
2249:
2224:
2199:
2174:
2149:
2121:
2096:
2073:
2036:
1995:
1972:
1916:
1891:
1868:
1827:
1799:
1774:
1719:
1696:
1638:
1614:
1575:
1550:
1525:
1500:
1453:
1428:
1403:
1378:
1353:
1325:
1300:
1266:Talmud
1239:Talmud
1231:Jordan
1213:Sabaic
1195:Syriac
1181:, and
1112:Sabaic
1084:DJE 23
1063:baraka
1055:mikrāb
1017:, and
907:, the
788:Medina
764:Arabia
719:Syriac
693:Tayma
673:al-Ula
654:al-Ula
635:al-Ula
616:al-Ula
593:al-Ula
540:al-Ula
521:al-Ula
485:al-Ula
413:al-Ula
394:al-Ula
375:al-Ula
353:al-Ula
315:al-Ula
219:al-Ula
159:Place
146:Al-Ula
97:Sabaic
95:, and
93:Arabic
73:Romans
3211:Manāt
3206:Hubal
3074:Geʽez
2966:Women
2944:Nasi'
2900:Kinda
2864:Hatra
2844:Qedar
2823:Mecca
2810:Hejaz
2800:Aksum
2785:Awsān
2775:Maʿīn
2725:Tylos
2705:Magan
1600:: 3.
1227:Zoara
1092:Sanaa
985:Zafar
933:Dedan
929:Hegra
925:Tayma
876:Tayma
768:Quran
762:(and
760:Hejaz
715:Greek
466:Hegra
409:Levi
334:Hegra
296:Hegra
277:Hegra
257:Tayma
238:Hegra
200:Hegra
181:Hegra
175:yhwdy
165:Date
162:Type
156:Text
142:Hegra
85:Greek
71:, or
2763:Saba
2720:Awal
2616:ISBN
2576:ISBN
2542:ARAM
2521:ISBN
2496:ISBN
2471:ISBN
2446:ISBN
2390:ISBN
2313:ISSN
2272:ISBN
2247:ISBN
2222:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2172:ISBN
2147:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2094:ISBN
2071:ISSN
2034:ISSN
1993:ISBN
1970:ISSN
1914:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1866:ISSN
1825:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1694:ISSN
1636:ISBN
1612:ISSN
1573:ISBN
1548:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1498:ISBN
1451:ISBN
1426:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1351:ISBN
1323:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1059:ālam
1011:Saba
931:and
774:and
717:and
2423:doi
2305:doi
2061:doi
2026:doi
1962:doi
1858:doi
1684:doi
1602:doi
852:(I)
780:hwd
144:or
99:.
3303::
2417:.
2413:.
2333:.
2311:.
2301:95
2295:.
2133:^
2069:.
2055:.
2032:.
2020:.
2016:.
1968:.
1958:78
1956:.
1952:.
1864:.
1852:.
1848:.
1811:^
1692:.
1680:56
1678:.
1674:.
1610:.
1596:.
1484:^
1476:11
1474:.
1337:^
1280:^
1229:,
1177:,
1173:,
1141:.
1013:,
148:.
91:,
87:,
67:,
2674:e
2667:t
2660:v
2624:.
2584:.
2529:.
2504:.
2479:.
2454:.
2429:.
2425::
2419:6
2398:.
2343:.
2319:.
2307::
2280:.
2255:.
2230:.
2205:.
2180:.
2155:.
2127:.
2102:.
2077:.
2063::
2040:.
2028::
2022:1
2001:.
1976:.
1964::
1922:.
1897:.
1872:.
1860::
1854:7
1833:.
1805:.
1780:.
1725:.
1700:.
1686::
1644:.
1618:.
1604::
1581:.
1556:.
1531:.
1506:.
1459:.
1434:.
1409:.
1384:.
1359:.
1331:.
1306:.
26:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.