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389:, Balmis's deputy. The vaccine had proceeded them, however, having arrived in Lima from Buenos Aires. On August 2, 1805, 22 Brazilian slaves had been vaccinated there and sent as living carriers of the vaccine to northern Argentina, Paraguay, Chile and Peru. (The Balmis expedition used Spanish orphans for the same purpose.) Abascal ordered mass vaccinations in Lima, but without much success. The vaccine was available, but it was not free, and vested interests were able to preserve it as a source of revenue.
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until 1806, because he was taken prisoner by the
British during his voyage from Spain. Once in office, Abascal promoted educational reforms, reorganized the army, and stamped out local rebellions. The last cargo of black slaves in Peru was landed during his administration, in 1806. At that time an
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of Lima was temporarily abolished as a result of the reforms taken by the Cortes. Because of the distance between Peru and Spain and due to the wars in Spain and in the
Americas, he governed nearly independently of mother country. He fought hard to suppress the independence movements in Spanish
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threw a heavy anchor onto the roof of the harbormaster. One hundred fifty thousand pesos were required to repair the walls of the city. In
October 1807 a comet was seen in Lima, and in November 1811 another one appeared that was visible with the naked eye for six months.
440:) and reincorporated them into the Viceroyalty of Peru. (These provinces had been separated from Peru when the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata was created in 1776.) A royalist army defeated rebels in the
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Abascal was born into a noble family. At the age of 19 he entered the army. After serving for 20 years he was promoted to colonel, and later in the war against
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In 1812 Abascal was created marqués de la
Concordia. In 1816 he was recalled at his request, and returned to Spain. He was replaced by General
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throughout the
Spanish Empire. Balmis himself was not with the group that arrived in Peru. The Peruvian group was headed by Doctor
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On
December 1, 1806, an earthquake lasting 2 minutes shook the towers of the city of Lima. Earthquake-generated waves at El
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537:. He granted amnesty to the Spanish garrison there, and they joined his forces. Now leading about 4,000 troops he went to
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that destroyed half the city, a hurricane in Lima that uprooted trees in the
Alameda, and earthquakes in
525:, they were joined by a large number of other men, and they also gained reinforcements in the cities of
354:. He never took possession of the office, because in the same year (1804) he was named viceroy of Peru.
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disembarked at Callao to fight the rebels in the colony. The viceroy sent 2,400 troops under
Brigadier
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In 1810 the medical school of San
Fernando was founded. In 1812 and 1813 occurred the great fire of
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in Spain, Abascal fought to keep its provisions from being applied in Peru. This led to revolts in
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America, converting Peru into a center of royalist reaction. After the proclamation of the liberal
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Abascal was a dedicated and tireless supporter of absolute monarchy; nevertheless he supported the
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When revolution broke out in Buenos Aires on May 25, 1810, Abascal reoccupied the provinces of
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346:(western Mexico). He took up that office in 1800. In 1804 he was named viceroy of
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arrived in Lima on May 23, 1806. This expedition, named for its head, Doctor
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against the
British. Three years later he was named commanding general and
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Pérez de Castro, J.L., "Rara y olvidada biografía del virrey Abascal",
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In 1812 Abascal gave his support to a plan for a company organised by
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José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa, primer Marqués de la Concordia
455:(Ecuador) into the Viceroyalty of Peru. (Quito had been in the
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa, 1st Marquess of Concordia
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since the separation of that colony from Peru in 1739.)
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could be pumped out and worked at much greater depths.
334:, to brigadier. In 1796 he took part in the defense of
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to fight in Chile. When they arrived on the island of
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Spanish general and colonial administrator (1743–1821)
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to import steam engines made by the Cornish engineer
362:He was unable to occupy the position of viceroy in
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57:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
112: and the second or maternal family name is
851:Royalists in the Hispanic American Revolution
690:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
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611:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
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548:. Abascal died at the age of 79 in 1821.
513:On April 24, 1814, a Spanish force under
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
658:, vol. XXXI, Montevideo, February 1961.
628:Descriptive History of the steam engine
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166:August 20, 1806 – July 7, 1816
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573:Royalist (Spanish American Revolution)
367:adult male slave sold for 600 pesos.
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320:Spanish American wars of independence
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474:. During his administration, the
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495:, all of which were repressed.
684:"Abascal, José Fernando"
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605:"Abascal, José Fernando"
310:and colonial administrator in
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1:
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563:Bolivian War of Independence
558:Peruvian War of Independence
481:Spanish Constitution of 1812
104:, the first or paternal
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716:Chilean War of Independence
568:Chilean War of Independence
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457:Viceroyalty of New Granada
376:Francisco Javier de Balmis
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866:People from Nueva Galicia
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693:. New York: D. Appleton.
614:. New York: D. Appleton.
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416:The wars of independence
43:This article includes a
18:José Fernando de Abascal
625:Stuart, Robert (1829),
506:so the silver mines at
447:He also reincorporated
72:more precise citations.
724:Events during his term
286:), (sometimes spelled
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766:Joaquín de la Pezuela
546:Joaquín de la Pezuela
215:Joaquín de la Pezuela
470:, sending money and
436:(in Upper Peru, now
740:Government offices
302:– June 30, 1821 in
290:) (June 3, 1743 in
841:People from Oviedo
504:Richard Trevithick
466:in the fight with
378:, was propagating
358:As viceroy of Peru
124:The Most Excellent
45:list of references
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762:Succeeded by
748:Gabriel de Avilés
656:Revista Histórica
372:Balmis Expedition
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203:Gabriel de Avilés
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16:(Redirected from
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861:Spanish generals
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442:Battle of Huaqui
308:military officer
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652:(in Spanish)
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387:José Salvany
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352:Buenos Aires
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251:(1821-06-30)
249:30 June 1821
233:June 3, 1743
210:Succeeded by
161:
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102:Spanish name
84:
75:
64:Please help
56:
836:1821 deaths
831:1743 births
663:Attribution
476:Inquisition
198:Preceded by
70:introducing
825:Categories
759:1806–1816
646:References
635:2016-08-14
535:Concepción
531:Talcahuano
326:Background
175:Charles IV
78:March 2016
791:Biography
708:Biography
679:Fiske, J.
600:Fiske, J.
402:Guayaquil
340:intendant
162:In office
552:See also
527:Valdivia
493:Arequipa
472:materiel
468:Napoleon
380:smallpox
296:Asturias
171:Monarchs
100:In this
777:Portals
672::
539:Chillán
438:Bolivia
434:Charcas
422:Córdoba
383:vaccine
312:America
280:Spanish
110:Abascal
106:surname
66:improve
523:Chiloé
430:La Paz
426:Potosí
394:Callao
336:Havana
332:France
304:Madrid
292:Oviedo
256:Madrid
236:Oviedo
803:Spain
579:Notes
489:Tacna
485:Cusco
453:Quito
449:Chile
410:Piura
300:Spain
288:Souza
260:Spain
240:Spain
152:38th
114:Sousa
51:, or
815:Peru
529:and
491:and
451:and
432:and
408:and
370:The
364:Lima
316:Peru
246:Died
230:Born
406:Ica
350:in
342:of
276:KOS
132:KOS
108:is
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687:.
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598:;
587:^
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322:.
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278:(
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20:)
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