368:
755:
528:
151:
654:
612:
of this administration, Charles V instituted a special ministry, the
Council of Orders, composed of a president named by the king, whom he represented, and six knights, two delegates from each order. To this council belonged the presentation of knights to vacant commanderies and jurisdiction in all matters, civil or ecclesiastical, save the purely spiritual cases reserved for ecclesiastical dignitaries. Thus ended the autonomy of the orders, but not their prestige.
43:
867:
1574:
621:
history. Changes were made so that maternal grandparents are included in verifying noble ancestry. The applicant must be a practicing Roman
Catholic, be of legitimate birth through both parents and grandparents, not be descended from non-Christians, and prove at least 200 years of confirmed nobility of birth (not of privilege) from each of their four grandparents by legitimate marriage. Duties added in 1655 included defence of the belief in the
587:, which still existed in the eighteenth century, but from which exemption was easily purchased. Authority was exercised by a grand master assisted by a Council of Thirteen, which elected the grand master and had the right to depose him for due cause; they had supreme jurisdiction in all disputes between members of the order. The first grand master, Pedro Fernández de Castro, died in 1184. He had had 39 successors, among them several Spanish
1224:
1619:
443:
688:; had been an attorney, moneylender, notary public, retail merchant, or had worked where they lived or would have lived from their trade; had been dishonoured, had neglected the laws of honor and executed any act not proper for a perfect gentleman, or who lacked means of support. The prospective member then had to live three months in the galleys and reside for a month in the monastery to learn the Rule.
583:, in modern-day Portugal. They also had a share in the fatal dissensions which disturbed the Christians of Iberia and brought about more than one schism in the order. Finally they took part in the maritime expeditions against the Muslims. Thus arose the obligation imposed upon aspirants to serve six months in the
611:
annexed to the crown of Spain the three great military orders (Alcántara, Calatrava, and
Santiago) with hereditary transmission even in the female line (1522). Thenceforth the three orders were united under one government, though their titles and possessions remained separate. To discharge the detail
881:
Each "encomienda" had to support the knight commander and the other knights living there, and to pay and arm a certain number of spearmen, who had to be properly equipped and take part in military actions they were called to by their master. All of them formed the armed retinue or army of the Order,
683:
Many classes of people were permanently disqualified from membership of the order due to their origins or circumstances. They included the following categories and their descendants: Jews, Muslims, heretics, converts to
Christianity, or a mixture of these, no matter how far removed. Also included
769:
In 1275, the Order also had six convents for nuns, who called themselves the
Mothers Superior. The wives and family of the friars could stay there when they went to war or died. The friars only professed conjugal chastity, but not everlasting, and because of this they could leave the convent and
542:
The mildness of this rule furthered the rapid spread of the order, which eclipsed the older orders of
Calatrava and Alcántara, and whose power was reputed abroad even before 1200. The first Bull of confirmation, that of Pope Alexander III, already enumerated a large number of endowments. At its
503:
of the order, secured them all the privileges and exemptions of other monastic orders. The order comprised several affiliated classes: canons, charged with the administration of the sacraments; canonesses, occupied with the service of pilgrims; religious knights living in community, and married
620:
The Order of
Santiago still exists under the protection of the Spanish Crown. As of 2014, there were 35 knights and 30 novices in the order. Admission to the Order was restricted to applicants of noble blood. Until 1653, nobility was checked by looking at only the paternal grandparents' family
1526:
342:, and is a red cross resembling a sword, with the shape of a fleur-de-lis on the hilt and the arms. The knights wore the cross stamped on the royal standard and white cape. The cross of the royal standard had a Mediterranean scallop in the center and another one at the end of each arm.
679:
Once the
Reconquest was finalized, a candidate who wished to join the Order of Santiago must have proved in his first four last names that he, his parents, and his grandparents were of noble descent by blood and not by privilege, and had never worked in manual or industrial labor.
543:
height
Santiago alone had more possessions than Calatrava and Alcántara together. In Spain, these possessions included 83 commanderies (of which 3 were reserved to the grand commanders), 2 cities, 178 boroughs and villages, 200 parishes, 5 hospitals, 5 convents, and 1 college at
882:
which answered to the orders of its master. The revenue of the Order came from land, pastures, industries, toll and right of way, taxes, and tithe. The revenue was allocated between the respective "encomiendas" and the board that financed the Master of the Order.
853:
The most important internal subdivision of the military orders were called "encomiendas", which were local units directed by a knight commander of military order. The "encomienda" could place the headquarters or residence of the knight commander in a
862:
or in a small town and was the administrative or economic center in which the rents of the estate and properties relevant to that "encomienda" were paid and received; it was the habitual residence of the knight commander and some other knight.
1516:
1531:
578:
Their military history is linked with that of the
Iberian states. They assisted in the eviction of the Muslims and doing battle with them, sometimes separately, sometimes with the royal armies, a notable example being the
419:, was regarded as the headquarters of the order; there the grand master habitually resided, aspirants passed their year of probation, and the rich archives of the order were preserved until united in 1869 with the "
403:. At that time (1157–1230) the royal dynasty was divided into two branches, the rivalry of which tended to obscure the beginnings of the order. The Knights of Santiago had possessions in each of the kingdoms, but
1521:
492:
in that town for the protection of pilgrims to the shrine of St. James and the hospices on the roads leading to Compostela. This explains the mixed character of their order—hospitaller and military—like that of
897:
Women were admitted into the order from the beginning, since its members could marry. The work of the ladies of the order, who were required to be of noble status and to prove the purity of their blood
775:
497:. They were recognized as religious by Pope Alexander III, whose Bull of 5 July 1175, was subsequently confirmed by more than twenty of his successors. These pontifical acts, collected in the
1547:
436:
348:
The sword represents the chivalrous character of the apostle St. James and his martyr ways, since he was decapitated with a sword. It can also symbolize taking the sword in the name of
1234:
1364:
387:, in Galicia, the centre of devotion to this Apostle, is neither the cradle nor the principal seat of the order. Two cities contend for the honour of having given it birth,
1485:
1495:
411:, in bestowing them, set the condition that the seat of the order should be in their respective states. Hence arose long disputes which only ended in 1230 when
1511:
1354:
1475:
1470:
1490:
1402:
1359:
904:) with corresponding records, was limited to the task of educating the children of the knights. However, some were given authority over certain tasks.
1397:
1123:
1073:
301:
in 1931. With the fall of the Republic and the re-establishment of the Monarchy, the Order of Santiago was definitely restored with the kingship of
1417:
1374:
1369:
708:
658:
1480:
1412:
913:
104:
1287:
1334:
532:
870:
359:, when the knights took with them small crosses with sharpened bottoms to stick them in the ground and carry out their daily devotions.
1389:
345:
The three fleurs-de-lis represent the "honor without stain", which is in reference to the moral features of the Apostle's character.
512:, was accorded them from the beginning under certain conditions, such as the authorization of the king, the obligation of observing
1304:
367:
676:
In its beginnings, entrance into the Order was not difficult, but after mid-thirteenth century it became more complicated.
1192:
935:
made by Paradox Interactive, the Order of Santiago can be created, as a militarized order akin to the Knights Templar.
220:
1280:
1213:
1162:
142:
1203:
754:
22:
938:
Knights of Santiago are a unique crusading military units that can be raised by the Spanish faction in the game
580:
297:
as a nobiliary institute of honorable character. The Order was again suppressed after the proclamation of the
622:
604:
1055:
420:
1593:
1273:
547:. The number of knights was then 400 and they could muster more than 1000 lances. They had possessions in
89:
1077:
748:
1644:
1561:
439:, also known as Pedro Fernández de Fuentecalada, a soldier of King Ferdinand II and a former crusader.
637:
699:
The Order of Santiago operated convents, both male and female. Aside from the convents for friars of
513:
1379:
505:
458:
412:
61:
1573:
823:
536:
408:
309:
298:
404:
940:
592:
384:
290:
732:
1239:
874:
494:
232:
826:, the most important ones being Castille and León because of their number of properties and
758:
473:
317:
271:
128:
1013:
629:
454:
450:
333:
48:
736:
704:
524:, and on certain festivals of the year, which they spent at their monasteries in retreat.
8:
831:
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305:
with the character of a nobiliary, honorable, and religious order; and remains as such.
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1623:
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124:
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392:
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This article is about the Spanish Order of knighthood. For the Portuguese Order, see
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Later the King and the Council of the Orders abolished many of these prerequisites.
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830:. At the head of each province there was a military commander with headquarters in
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Jakubska cesta - stred (Banská Bystrica - Zvolen), Nitra (B. Štiavnica - Nitra)
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109:
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forever united the office of Grand Master of Santiago to the Crown in 1523.
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With the culmination of the Reconquista and the death of the Grand Master
1339:
807:
509:
427:. The order received its first rule in 1171 from Cardinal Jacinto (later
248:
885:
By 1185, the order possessed lands as far afield as France, England and
567:. Abrantes, their first commandery in Portugal, dates from the reign of
1449:
1319:
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770:
marry. The convents that are mentioned are: Santa Eufemia de Cozuelos (
42:
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founded in the 12th century. It owes its name to the patron saint of
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595:
induced the pope to assign to him the administration of the order.
263:. The Order's insignia is particularly recognisable and abundant in
1618:
1227: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
859:
771:
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568:
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356:
256:
252:
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396:
720:
588:
560:
442:
488:. At León, they offered their services to the Canons Regular of
16:
Spanish religious and military order founded in the 12th century
1262:, history of the St James' Cross used by the Order of Santiago.
1175:
The Rule of the Spanish Military Order of St. James – 1170–1493
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827:
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791:
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suppressed the Order in 1873, but it was re-established in the
260:
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240:
224:
192:
79:
1104:
671:
235:). Its initial objective was to protect the pilgrims on the
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198:
186:
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177:
838:, León. The province of León was divided into two parts,
195:
1037:
1035:
782:, given to the Order in 1233; San Vicente de Junqueras (
981:
979:
684:
were people who had been punished for acts against the
355:
It is said that its shape originated in the era of the
786:), founded in 1212; San Pedro de la Piedra (1260), in
1032:
180:
174:
171:
1092:
976:
183:
1532:
Jakubska cesta - západ (Trnava - Bratislava - Wien)
1517:
Jakubska cesta - Spiš (Košice - Levoča - Litmanová)
965:, an Irish soldier and Knight of Santiago, fl. 1607
338:The Order's insignia is said to originate from the
189:
1008:
1006:
575:released from the jurisdiction of Uclés in 1290.
255:of Spain exclusively, and some members have been
239:, to defend Christendom and to remove the Muslim
1636:
571:in 1172, and soon became a distinct order which
1201:
1110:
1171:
1003:
997:
914:List of grand masters of the Order of Santiago
1281:
1155:Orders of Knighthood, Awards and the Holy See
1522:Jakubska cesta - sever (Žilina - Trojmedzie)
1014:"The symbolic power of the Way of St. James"
535:with the embroidered cross of the order, by
415:, united both crowns. Thereafter, Uclés, in
1288:
1274:
1232:
1124:"Las mujeres en las órdenes de Caballería"
1053:
1041:
484:, Santiago adopted the milder rule of the
1152:
1098:
1047:
672:Prerequisites for entrance into the Order
504:knights. The right to marry, which other
1205:Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain
907:
865:
753:
652:
648:
641:in heraldry), which recalls their title
526:
476:, which followed the severe rule of the
441:
366:
1185:Spain:A Partible Inheritance, 1157–1300
1182:
985:
877:with the embroidered cross of the Order
817:
449:(between 1388 and 1390; June 2, 1453),
1637:
1295:
1074:"The Military Order of Santiago (n.d)"
843:
632:, a red cross terminating in a sword (
1269:
1054:Billington, Rachel (1 October 1989).
918:
846:; in each of them there were various
214:
1548:Jakobsweg Wien - Salzburg - Insbruck
1243:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1208:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
761:, parent headquarters of the order,
598:
308:The Order of Santiago is one of the
822:The Order was divided into several
13:
1235:Order of Saint James of Compostela
1233:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
1153:Cardinale, Hyginus Eugene (1985).
923:In the grand strategy game series
707:, the Order had other convents in
461:of Santiago, and favorite of King
14:
1656:
1248:
1157:. Buckinghamshire: Colin Smythe.
892:
251:. Entrance was not restricted to
143:Order of Saint James of the Sword
1617:
1572:
1222:
1172:Gallego Blanco, Enrique (1971).
508:only obtained at the end of the
278:incorporated the Order into the
167:
149:
41:
1202:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2003).
1146:
814:(1650) came after these dates.
694:
23:Order of St. James of the Sword
1116:
1066:
810:) and the Mothers Superior of
435:. This first Grand Master was
379:
259:Europeans from other parts of
60:Religious Order of Honour and
1:
969:
662:
661:in the uniform of the order,
623:Immaculate Conception of Mary
1594:Confraternity of Saint James
1187:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
790:; Santos-o-Velho (1194), in
615:
431:), then legate in Iberia of
310:four Spanish military orders
221:religious and military order
7:
1130:(in Spanish). 15 March 2015
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776:Convento de Sancti Spiritus
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10:
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1056:"Santiago's Golden Legend"
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421:Archivo Histórico Nacional
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312:, together with those of
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1380:Royal way of La Valdavia
1260:The Cross of Saint James
468:Unlike the contemporary
413:Ferdinand III, the Saint
90:House of Bourbon - Spain
1486:Camino Polaco del Norte
1183:Linehan, Peter (2011).
1060:New York Times Magazine
537:Frans Pourbus the Elder
486:Canons of St. Augustine
409:Alfonso VIII of Castile
1624:Catholicism portal
941:Medieval II: Total War
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593:Ferdinand the Catholic
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533:Íñigo López de Mendoza
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385:Santiago de Compostela
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371:Badge of order at the
352:, in a certain sense.
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1496:Silesian-Moravian Way
1255:Catholic Encyclopedia
1240:Catholic Encyclopedia
908:List of grand masters
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649:Internal organization
530:
495:St. John of Jerusalem
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332:Further information:
233:St. James the Greater
818:Territorial division
774:), founded in 1502;
630:cross of Saint James
451:Constable of Castile
405:Ferdinand II of León
393:kingdom of that name
334:Cross of Saint James
51:as used by the Order
49:Cross of Saint James
1512:Lesser Slovakia Way
998:Gallego Blanco 1971
832:Segura de la Sierra
802:). The convents of
745:Segura de la Sierra
581:conquest of Algarve
470:orders of Calatrava
216:[sanˈtjaɣo]
1476:Lower Silesian Way
1471:Greater Polish Way
1297:Way of Saint James
1128:Errores Históricos
1080:on 28 January 2008
958:Order of Calatrava
932:Crusader Kings III
919:In popular culture
901:limpieza de sangre
879:
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759:Monastery of Uclés
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628:Their symbol is a
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463:John II of Castile
433:Pope Alexander III
429:Pope Celestine III
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272:Alonso de Cárdenas
129:Order of Alcántara
125:Order of Calatrava
1645:Order of Santiago
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1599:Order of Santiago
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1567:
1466:Lesser Polish Way
946:Creative Assembly
926:Crusader Kings II
705:San Marcos (León)
599:Council of Orders
591:, when, in 1499,
340:Battle of Clavijo
276:Catholic Monarchs
245:Iberian Peninsula
212:Orden de Santiago
163:Order of Santiago
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34:Orden de Santiago
31:Order of Santiago
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1589:Codex Calixtinus
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1076:. Archived from
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1020:. 25 August 2015
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573:Pope Nicholas IV
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709:Vilar de Donas
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686:Catholic faith
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459:military order
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1132:. Retrieved
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1078:the original
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643:De la Espada
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1443:Switzerland
1365:Camino Real
1355:Catalan Way
1340:English Way
848:encomiendas
808:Ciudad Real
666: 1910
563:, and even
510:Middle Ages
380:Middle Ages
295:Restoration
265:Western art
249:Reconquista
86:Royal house
68:Established
1450:Via Jacobi
1335:Tunnel Way
1320:French Way
1084:7 December
970:References
944:, made by
729:Montánchez
514:continence
282:, and the
121:Equivalent
116:Precedence
1604:Via Regia
1024:25 August
887:Carinthia
824:provinces
804:Membrilla
796:Destriana
784:Barcelona
780:Salamanca
737:Montalbán
616:Modernity
605:Charles V
565:Palestine
545:Salamanca
500:Bullarium
474:Alcántara
318:Alcántara
314:Calatrava
247:with the
243:from the
105:Sovereign
1639:Category
1505:Slovakia
1427:Portugal
1178:. Brill.
1134:20 April
952:See also
860:fortress
772:Palencia
725:Portugal
657:The 3rd
589:Infantes
569:Afonso I
549:Portugal
357:Crusades
328:Insignia
257:Catholic
253:nobility
229:Santiago
1582:Related
1557:Germany
1541:Austria
1231::
844:Llerena
828:vassals
765:, Spain
733:Cáceres
721:Palmela
585:galleys
561:Hungary
516:during
482:Cîteaux
457:of the
401:Castile
391:in the
363:History
322:Montesa
219:) is a
208:Spanish
139:Related
76:Country
1459:Poland
1390:France
1305:Routes
1212:
1191:
1161:
875:László
856:castle
840:Mérida
812:Madrid
792:Lisbon
788:Lérida
743:) and
741:Teruel
638:fitchy
603:Under
553:France
518:Advent
425:Madrid
395:, and
350:Christ
320:, and
274:, the
261:Europe
1313:Spain
701:Uclés
557:Italy
423:" of
397:Uclés
241:Moors
225:Spain
80:Spain
1210:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1136:2022
1086:2007
1026:2015
929:and
842:and
800:León
794:and
749:Jaén
717:Lugo
703:and
522:Lent
472:and
407:and
389:León
289:The
161:The
71:1170
57:Type
47:The
1237:".
858:or
778:of
751:).
735:),
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480:of
399:in
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