4559:, was Jewish , as were a number of his friends in government , and he soon reverted to his original policies (that is, fiercely opposing the antisemites and fascists), but with a newly violent sting. On February 12, 1938, he used the rising violence between political groups as context to seize absolute power (a move which was tacitly supported by the liberals who had come to view him as a lesser evil in comparison to Codreanu's fascist movement). As an authentic Romanian nationalist (albeit, one who had a view of a Westernized, forcefully industrialized Romania at the expense of the peasants whom he viewed with disdain; making him completely the antithesis of the views of Codreanu ), Carol was determined that Romania should not fall into the near-absolute economic and political control that many of its neighbors already had, and moved to theatrical resistance against Nazi ideology.
5238:, which was content to keep Romania a backwater and as nothing more than a supplier of raw materials, but to fund economic projects, he needed hard cash. As a result, from then until the CeauČescu regime fell in 1989, about 1,500 Jews a year were granted exit visas to Israel in exchange for a payment of cash for every Jew allowed to leave, in addition to other Israeli aid. The exact payments were determined by the age, education, profession, employment, and family status of the emigrant. Israel paid a minimum of $ 2,000 per head for every emigrant, and paid prices in the range of $ 25,000 for doctors or scientists. In addition to these payments, Israel also secured loans for Romania and paid off the interest itself, and supplied the Romanian Army with military equipment.
4704:
4715:
5039:
Romania actually lost their national independence and was occupied by
Germany not that they willingly helped the Nazis and supported them. When the textbooks mentioned the killings of the Jewish people, which was not common during the time since any mention of the Holocaust was ignored and omitted, they were glossed, diminished, or distorted. When the Holocaust was mentioned, it was painted as just another broader casualty of the War in short passing and hid any responsibility of the nation while mentioning Romania's exceptional standing in Europe. Instead, the textbooks painted the Communists as the main victim of the Nazis.
157:
8946:
4159:
3878:
4920:
December 1943, partial repatriation began, and in March 1944, Antonescu government ordered general repatriation for all
Romanian Jews deportees from Transnistria. Between December 20, 1943, and March 30, 1944, almost 11,000 people (including orphans) were repatriated from different camps and ghettos in Transnistria. However, the decision came too late to organize the repatriation of the last large number of deportees, and the fate of tens of thousands of deportees remaining in Transnistria became unknown.
4844:
5242:
3864:
3981:
3596:
4281:
5095:; the Romanian government did not try to stop them, especially due to its desire to reduce its historically suspect and now impoverished Jewish minority. Afterwards, Jewish emigration began to encounter obstacles. In 1948, the year of Israeli independence, Zionism came under renewed suspicion, and the government began a campaign of liquidation against Zionist funds and training farms. However, emigration was not completely banned; Romanian Foreign Minister
5788:
201:
46:
233:
3612:
5774:
4455:
4443:
5219:, Romania was the only communist country not to break its diplomatic relations with Israel. Throughout the period of Communist rule, Romania allowed limited numbers of Jews to emigrate to Israel, in exchange for much-needed Israeli economic aid. By 1965, Israel was funding agricultural and industrial projects throughout Romania, and in exchange, Romania allowed a trickle of Jewish emigration to Israel.
4520:) voted to exclude all Jewish members from its affiliated bodies, calling for the state to withdraw their licenses and reassess their citizenship. Although illegal, the measure was popular and it was commented that, in its case, legality had been supplanted by a "heroic decision". According to OiČteanu, the initiative had a direct influence on antisemitic regulations passed during the following year.
4568:
3358:
4198:) should receive full citizenship. After a prolonged debate at home and diplomatic negotiations abroad, the Romanian government ultimately agreed (1879) to abrogate Article 7 of its constitution. This was, however, reformulated to make procedures very difficult: "the naturalization of aliens not under foreign protection should in every individual case be decided by
4119:: "A number of such Jews who proved their Romanian birth were forced across the Danube, and when refused to receive them, were thrown into the river and drowned. Almost every country in Europe was shocked at these barbarities. The Romanian government was warned by the powers; and BrÄtianu was subsequently dismissed from office". Cabinets formed by the
4770: ā on June 27, 1941, Romanian dictator Ion Antonescu telephoned Col. Constantin Lupu, commander of the IaČi garrison, telling him formally to "cleanse IaČi of its Jewish population", though plans for the pogrom had been laid even earlier ā 13,266 Jews, according to Romanian authorities, were killed in July 1941.
6805:, wrote in 1938: "Romanian anti-Semitism is 100 years old. To fight against the Jew is to walk the straight line of the Romanian nation's normal development. Anti-Semitism animated the heart of the Romanian intellectual elite. Anti-Semitism is the most vital problem of Romanian prosperity." (OiČteanu (1998), p. 253)
4820:, of all Jews of Bessarabia and Bukovina. "Deportation" however was a euphemism, as part of the process involved mass killing of Jews before deporting the rest in the "trains of death" (in reality long exhausting marches on foot) to the East. It is estimated that from July-September 1941, the Romanian Army and
4310:
wrote in 1905, shortly before the pogrom, "It is admitted that at least 70 per cent would leave the country at any time if the necessary traveling expenses were furnished". There are no official statistics of emigration; but it is safe to place the minimum number of Jewish emigrants from 1898 to 1904
5107:
bribe to the
Romanian government. This agreement applied mainly to ruined businessmen and other economically "redundant" Jews. Around this time, Israel also secured another agreement with the Romanian government, under which Romania issued 100,000 exit visas for Jews and Israel supplied Romania with
5046:
As of 2021, Romania has made strides to rid itself from the past of
Holocaust denial. It has joined the International Holocaust Remembrance alliance in 2004, and took over chairmanship in 2016, as well as constantly organizing and sponsoring events surrounding Holocaust education. In 2021, the first
5038:
During the
Communist era from 1945 to 1989, the government influenced every part of society, including history education. When World War Two was mentioned, textbooks said that Romania was fighting against Hitler, and when the textbooks mentioned that Romania collaborated with the Nazis, it says that
4205:
Fifty-seven persons voted upon as individuals were naturalized in 1880; 6, in 1881; 2, in 1882; 2, in 1883; and 18, from 1886 to 1900; in all, 85 Jews in twenty-one years, 27 of whom in the meantime died; c. 4,000 people had obtained citizenship by 1912. Various laws were passed until the pursuit of
5042:
Holocaust education took a long time to be implemented in post-Communist
Romania. Democratization in Romania started in December 1989, but it took 10 years, until 1999, for Holocaust education to be raised as an issue and for a law to pass. Although Holocaust education was accepted in 1999, it took
4621:
The King then arrested the entire leadership of the Iron Guard, on the grounds that they were in the pay of the Nazis, and began using the same accusation against various political opponents, both to solidify his absolute control of the country as well as negatively stigmatize
Germany. In November,
4892:
Antonescu's government also made plans for mass deportations of the
Romanian Jews community from the rest of the country (the Regat and southern Transylvania), numbering 292,149 people (according to a May 1942 census), to Transnistria region, or, in collaboration with the German government, to the
5351:
The 1930 census was the only one to cover
Greater Romania. Censuses in 1948, 1956, 1966, 1977, 1992, 2002 and 2011 covered Romania's present-day territory. All but the 1948 census, which asked about mother tongue, had a question on ethnicity. Moldavia and Wallachia each held a census in 1859. The
5034:
Decades after the
Holocaust, especially during the Communist era in Romania, educating and learning about the Holocaust was considered taboo. Textbooks did mention the Holocaust in passing, but it failed to acknowledge the role of the Romanian government in the systematic murder of the Jewish and
4964:
in Romania were murdered or died between June 1941 and November 1943. Between 45,000 and 60,000 Jews were killed in Bessarabia and Bukovina by Romanian and German troops in 1941. Between 104,522 and 120,810 deported Romanian Jews died as a result of the expulsions to Transnistria. After a wave of
4737:, during which Jews were tortured and beaten, their shops looted, and 120 Jews were killed. Antonescu eventually stopped the violence and chaos created by the Iron Guard by brutally suppressing the rebellion, but continued the policy of oppression and massacre of Jews, and, to a lesser extent, of
5257:
in the world. With the fall of communism in Romania, Jewish cultural, social, and religious life has been undergoing a revival. Acts of antisemitism, such destruction of cemetery gravestones, continue to take place, but they are very rare. In 2016, the Romanian Jewish population was estimated as
4785:). A similar measure imposed by the national government lasted only five days (between September 3 and September 8, 1941), before being annulled on Antonescu's order. However, on local initiative, the badge was still worn especially in the towns of Moldavia, Bessarabia and Bukovina (BacÄu, IaČi,
4625:
However, Carol's policy was doomed by the reluctance of France and Britain to fight wars with the totalitarian powers of Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union attacked Romania and declared the annexation of Bukovina and Bessarabia (which was to be renamed Moldova), and when Carol
4542:
as the norm. In the recent election, over 25% of the electorate had voted for explicitly antisemitic groups (either the Goga-Cuza alliance (9%) or the Iron Guard's political mouthpiece, TPT(16.5%)), and as a result, Carol was forced to let one of the two into his cabinet- he instantly chose the
4973:
from which they were deported to concentration camps in the Transnistria Governorate, including camps built and run by Romanians. Romanian soldiers and gendarmes also worked with the German Einsatzkommando, the Ukrainian militia, and the SS squads of local Ukrainian Germans to massacre Jews in
4928:
Historical and political situations have determined the destinies of the Romanian Jews in different ways, depending on the regions in which they were living, and proximity to the front being the most important variable. The total number of deaths is not certain, but even the lowest respectable
4919:
began talks with the Romanian government in order to start repatriating Romanian Jews deported to Transnistria. On November 15, 1943, an official report of the Romanian government indicated that 49,927 Romanian Jews were alive in Transnistria (of which 6,425 were originally from the Regat). In
3913:, Minister of Internal Affairs (issues in 1859 and 1860 respectively). Following adoption of the 1859 regulation, soldiers and civilians would walk the streets of IaČi and some other Moldavian towns, assaulting Jews, using scissors to shred their clothing, but also to cut their beards or their
5007:
began in 1945 and continued until the early 1950s, but they received public attention only for a short period of time. In postcommunist Romania, Holocaust denial has been a diffuse phenomenon, and until 2004, when researchers made numerous documents publicly available, many in Romania denied
3344:
ruler) in IaČi, who ordered an investigation resulting in the freeing of those arrested. This was the first time that the Orthodox clergy participated in attacks on Jews. It was due to the clergy's instigations that in 1714 a similar charge was brought against the Jews of the city of
3157:(1567ā1577) engaged as his private secretary and counselor Isaiah ben Joseph, who used his influence on behalf of the Jews. In 1573 Isaiah was dismissed, owing to court intrigues, but he was not harmed any further, and subsequently left for Moldavia where he entered the service of
3971:
insisted that such rights would only interfere with the exercise of their religion. Cuza, on being informed that the Jews hesitated to pay their share, inserted in his draft of a constitution a clause excluding from the right of suffrage all who did not profess Christianity.
3143:(1574ā1579) the Jews of Moldavia, mainly traders from Poland who were competing with locals, were taxed and ultimately expelled. In 1582, he succeeded in regaining his rule over the country with the help of the Jewish physician Benveniste, who was a friend of the influential
5249:
As a result of aliyah, the Romanian-Jewish community was gradually depleted. By 1987, just 23,000 Jews were left in Romania, half of whom were over 65 years old. Romanian Jews became in the 1980s Israel's second largest ethnic community, outnumbered only by the Moroccans.
6697:, a gentleman, but a Yid, as well as to the administration, whose subordinate bodies he may well be able to satisfy, but whose upper bodies remain hostile towards him. His position is also rendered difficult by the antisemitic trend, strong as it gets, and by the hostile
6569:
government: "Yesterday, February 5, '93, yesterday, fateful and cursed day! was voted that anti-social, anti-economical, anti-patriotic, anti-national, anti-Romanian law, that law through which poverty-stricken Jews may no longer be prevented from training in certain
4326:, partly antisemitic in message. During the same period, the anti-Jewish message first expanded beyond its National Liberal base (where it was soon an insignificant attitude), to cover the succession of more radical and Moldavian-based organizations founded by
2819:. During his first years in office (1875) BrÄtianu reinforced and applied old discrimination laws, insisting that Jews were not allowed to settle in the countryside (and relocating those that had done so), while declaring many Jewish urban inhabitants to be
4512:
intellectuals refused to adopt overt anti-Semitism, which was ill-reputed through its association with A. C. Cuza's violent discourse; nevertheless, a few years later, such cautions were cast aside, and anti-Semitism became displayed as "spiritual health".
2823:
and expelling them from the country. The emigration of Romanian Jews on a larger scale commenced soon after 1878. By 1900 there were 250,000 Romanian Jews: 3.3% of the population, 14.6% of the city dwellers, 32% of the Moldavian urban population and 42% of
4202:" (the action involved, among others, a ten-year term before the applicant was given an evaluation). The gesture was doubled by a show of compliance – 883 Jews, participants in the war, were naturalized in a body by a vote of both chambers.
6560:
For example, Panu (p. 226) stated that "the issue of assimilation or the mere possibility of their assimilation were never mentioned , being considered an impossible occurrence altogether "; in the 1890s, Caragiale evidenced the paradox in his editorial
4543:
Goga-Cuza alliance over the rabid fascism of the Iron Guard (according to modern historian of the Balkans, Misha Glenny, he also thought that this would "take the sting out of the Guard's tail"). On January 21, 1938, Carol's executive (led by Cuza and
4109:. During his first years in office, BrÄtianu reinforced and applied old discrimination laws, insisting that Jews were not allowed to settle in the countryside (and relocating those that had done so), while declaring many Jewish urban inhabitants to be
2772:(1574ā1579), the Jews of Moldavia, mainly traders from Poland who were competing with locals, were taxed and ultimately expelled. The authorities decided in 1650 and 1741 that Jews had to wear clothing evidencing their status and ethnicity. The first
4992:, financial penalties, and discriminatory law. Also, thousands of Romanian Jews living abroad were able to survive thanks to renewed Romanian diplomatic protection. However, the total number of victims makes Romania count as first, according to the
6701:, and by the press, overwhelmingly antisemitic, but mostly by the rĆ©gime itself – which, while awarding him all the advantages of neo-serfdom on one hand, uses, on the other, his position as a Yid to make of him a distraction and a
3553:
irregular soldiers in Ottoman service, who appeared in Bucharest at the close of the Russo-Turkish War, terrorised the city's Jewish population. At around the same time, a conflict emerged in Wallachia between Jews under foreign protection
5352:
Romanian Old Kingdom (Regat) conducted statistical estimates in 1884, 1889 and 1894, and held censuses in 1899 and 1912. Ion Antonescu's regime also held two: a general one in April 1941, and one for those with "Jewish blood" in May 1942.
2724:
and of Romanian origins, from their first mention on what is present-day Romanian territory. Minimal until the 18th century, the size of the Jewish population increased after around 1850, and more especially after the establishment of
6796:
declared in 1931 "We were not, are not and will not be anti-Semites"; nevertheless, only two years later, in 1933, he wrote "The new spirit is healthy because is anti-Semitic, anti-Semitic in doctrine and anti-Semitic in practice".
5337:
5955:
3541:
dismissed accusations of ritual murder as "the unfounded opinion" of "stupid people", and ordered that their condemnation be read in churches throughout Wallachia; the allegations no longer surfaced during the following period.
3227:). Among the privileges granted was one allowing Jews to wear traditional dress; eventually, the authorities in GyulafehƩrvƔr decided (in 1650 and 1741) to allow Jews to wear only clothing evidencing their status and ethnicity.
7458:
3513:
in 1797 leading to exceptionally severe results – with Jews being attacked by a large mob, driven from their homes, robbed, waylaid on the streets, and many killed on the spot, while some were forced into the
4869:), and the Ukrainian militia targeted the local Jewish population that the Romanian Army managed to round up when occupying Transnistria. Over one hundred thousand of these were killed in massacres staged in such places as
3336:. On the next day five Jews were killed, others were maimed, and every Jewish house was pillaged, while the representatives of the community were imprisoned and tortured. Meanwhile, some influential Jews appealed to Prince
4630:
personally, who did not have to try hard to remember how Carol had previously humiliated the cause of his ideology. Carol was forced to acknowledge the annexation, leading directly to his overthrow in a coup led by
5552:
provides somewhat different population figures for Romania's Jewish population, specifically 400,000 in 1945, 280,000 in 1951, 200,000 in 1960, 70,000 in 1970, 33,000 in 1980, 17,000 in 1990, and 11,000 in 2000.
5258:
ranging between 9,300 and 17,000. There are also 3,000 Israeli-born people living in Romania. In Romania there is also a small number of Jewish immigrants from the other parts of the world. Every year, tens of
4959:
At least 15,000 Jews from the Regat were murdered in the IaČi pogrom and as a result of other anti-Jewish measures. Half of the estimated 270,000 to 320,000 Jews living in Bessarabia, Bukovina, and the former
3353:
of a Christian girl-servant to Jewish family was immediately blamed on Jews; every Jewish house was plundered, and two prominent Jews were hanged, before the real criminals were discovered by the authorities.
4027:
was desecrated and demolished (it was rebuilt in the same year, then restored in 1932 and 1945). Many Jews were beaten, maimed, and robbed. As a result, Article 6 was withdrawn and Article 7 was added to the
4011:, the first event that confronted him in the capital was a riot against the Jews. A draft of a constitution was then submitted by the government, Article 6 of which declared that "religion is no obstacle to
3757:. By 1838, their number seems to have reached 80,000, and over 195,000, or almost 12% of the country's population, in 1859 (with an additional 50,000 passing through to Wallachia between the two estimates).
5103:, who himself was a Romanian Jewish immigrant to Israel, under which the Romanian government would allow 4,000 Jews a month to emigrate to Israel; this decision was at least partially influenced by a large
6586:("One hundred years of Yiddish/Jewish theater in Romania"), 2nd Romanian-language ed., revised and augmented by Constantin MÄciucÄ. Editura Integral (an imprint of Editurile Universala), Bucharest (1998).
4974:
conquered territories east of the Romania's 1940 border. In Transnistria, between 115,000 and 180,000 indigenous Ukrainian Jews were murdered, especially in Odessa and the counties of Golta and Berezovka.
3780:). At the same time, several Jews rose to prominence and high social status, with most families involved in Moldavian banking around the 1850s being of Jewish origin. After 1832, following adoption of the
5541:
Notes: Census in 1930 with the regions acquired in 1918ā1920; census in 1941 without the territories lost in 1940; censuses in 1956, 1966, 1977, 1992, 2002 and 2011 covered Romania's present-day territory
3898:) of the united principalities, the Jews became a prominent factor in the politics of the country. This period was, however, inaugurated by another riot motivated by blood libel accusations, begun during
7286:
4904:, although at the same time he levied heavy taxes and forced labor on the remaining Jewish communities. Also, sometimes with the encouragement of Antonescu's regime, thirteen boats left Romania for the
4551:
to obtain it illegally), and requiring all Jews who had received citizenship in 1918ā1919 to reapply for it (while providing a very short term in which this could be achieved – 20 days);
3801:, many restrictive laws against Jews were enacted; although they had some destructive effects, they were never strictly enforced. In various ways, Jews took part in the Wallachian revolt; for example,
3518:
and drowned, and others who took refuge in the synagogue were burned to death in the building; a few escaped after being given protection and refuge by a priest. In 1803, shortly before his death, the
8356:
7979:
3435:, remarked that such an accusation was no longer accepted in "civilized countries". The most obvious effects on the condition of the Jewish inhabitants of Moldavia were witnessed during the reign of
3936:
respectively), to extend the franchise to all citizens, and to emancipate the peasants from forced labor (expecting to nullify the remaining influence of the landowners – no longer
2851:
eventually stopped the violence and chaos created by the Iron Guard by brutally suppressing the rebellion, but continued the policy of oppression and massacre of Jews, and, to a lesser extent, of
6693:"), arguing that, as favorite victims of prejudice (and most likely to be retaliated against), Jews were least likely to exploit: " position is inferior to that of the exploited, for he is not a
5165:
outlawed all Jewish organizations at a meeting on June 10āJune 11, 1948, stating that "the party must take a stand on every question concerning the Jews of Romania and fight vigorously against
4900:
The change in policy toward the Jews began in October 1942, and by MarchāApril 1943, Antonescu permanently stopped all deportations despite German pressure, as he began to seek peace with the
3483:, Jews in the Danubian Principalities endured great hardships. Massacres and pillages were perpetrated in almost every town and village in the country. When peace was restored, both princes,
4695:
from 1940 to 1944. Under the dictatorship of Ion Antonescu, 380,000ā400,000 Jews were murdered in the Holocaust in Romanian-controlled areas such as Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transnistria.
3834:
and anti-Unionists sought support of Jews, with each promising full equality; and proclamations to this effect were issued between 1857 and 1858. In 1857, the community published its first
3659:(1817) allowed Jews to purchase urban property, but prevented them from settling in the countryside (while purchasing town property became increasingly difficult due to popular prejudice).
5073:
estimated that 360,000 Romanian Jews were still alive at the end of World War II. According to statistics from the end of the war, 355,972 Romanian Jews lived on the territory of Romania.
5959:
3960:
90,000 at the exchange rate of the time) from the two groups. The Armenians discussed the matter with the Jews, but they were not able to come to a satisfactory agreement in the matter.
4334:, created in 1910, had the first antisemitic program in Romanian political history). No longer present in the PNL's ideology by the 1920s, antisemitism also tended to surface in on the
4267:, reiterating its accusations against the Jews and maintaining that persecutions were deserved and came as retribution for the community's alleged exploitation of the rural population.
7385:
8381:
8351:
2886:
On the current territory of Romania, between 290,000 and 360,000 Romanian Jews survived World War II (355,972 persons, according to statistics from the end of the war). During the
7661:
7430:
4840:
set up in the Transnistria Governorate. In 1941ā1942, the total number of deportees from Bessarabia, Bukovina, Dorohoi and the Regat totaled between 154,449 and 170,737 people.
5665:
3509:
The community was also subject to persecutions by the locals. Jewish children were seized and forcibly baptized. Ritual-murder accusations became widespread, with one made at
5280:, a kosher restaurant, a Jewish kindergarten, a Jewish school and a youth organization, all of them located in Bucharest. The group also has 2 community centers: one in
4229:
and the universities. Another notable measure was the expulsion of vocal Jewish activists as "objectionable aliens" (under the provisions of an 1881 law), including those of
3776:, and leading in turn to an increase in economic pressures over those working the land or buying products (usual prejudice against Jews accused tavern-keepers of encouraging
5746:
5656:
5638:
4098:
and perpetually foreign – this claim was, however, challenged by some contemporary sources, and by the eventual acceptance of all immigrants other than Jews.
7416:
5016:
in 2004. In memory of the victims of the Holocaust and particularly to reflecting on Romania's role in the Holocaust, the Romanian government decided to make October 9 the
5629:
3920:
In 1864, Prince Cuza, owing to difficulties between his government and the general assembly, dissolved the latter and decided to submit a draft of a constitution granting
5683:
3963:
While Cuza was pressing in his demands, the Jewish community debated the method of assessment. The rich Jews, for unclear reasons, refused to advance the money, and the
3432:
3397:(1714ā1716), Wallachian Jews obtained valuable privileges during Nicholas Mavrocordatos' rule (1716ā1730) in that country (the Prince notably employed the Jewish savant
1371:
9044:
7524:
Institutul Central de StatisticÄ : RecensÄmĆ¢ntul General al RomĆ¢niei din 1941, April 6, in Publikationstelle, Die BevƶlkerungzƤhlung in RumƤnien, 1941, Wien 1943
6983:
5692:
5674:
3258:
3026:
4206:
virtually all careers was made dependent on the possession of political rights, which only Romanians could exercise; more than 40% of Jewish working men, including
8845:
6970:
8983:
8827:
5209:
3484:
4940:
report released by the Romanian government in 2004, between 280,000 and 380,000 Jews were murdered or died in various forms on Romanian soil, in the regions of
4516:
The first motion to exclude Jews from professional associations came on May 16, 1937, when the Confederation of the Associations of Professional Intellectuals (
3136:, backed both Heraclides and LÄpuČneanu to the throne); several violent incidents throughout the period were instigated by princes unable to repay their debts.
3248:
1949:
7914:
4988:
A majority of the Romanian Jews living within the 1940 borders did survive the war, although they were subject to a wide range of harsh conditions, including
4626:
turned to the only possible hope – that is, assistance from the former "eternal foe", Nazi Germany – he was angrily rejected by
8891:
7860:("The History of the Iron Guard, 1919ā1941: The Mistique of Ultra-Nationalism"), Bucharest, Humanitas (Romanian-language version of the 1989 Spanish edition
7251:
6213:
4221: – they were to be received only if and where children of citizens had been provided for, and their parents were required to pay preferential
3332:
child for ritual purposesĀ“. The instigator was a baptized Jew who had helped to carry the body of a child, murdered by Christians, into the courtyard of the
1604:
1299:
7431:"Jewish Children From Orphanage and Yeshiva Arrive Safely in Romania and Moldova l Students from Zhitomir and Dnipro make it across the border ā Chabad.org"
3840:
8008:
6995:
Ana BÄrbulescu. (2015) Discovering the Holocaust in our past: competing memories in post-communist Romanian textbooks. Holocaust Studies 21:3, pp. 139ā156.
6724:
3786:, Jewish children were accepted in schools in the two Principalities only if they wore the same clothing as others. In Moldavia, the 1847 decree of Prince
4311:
at 70,000. By 1900 there were 250,000 Romanian Jews: 3.3% of the population, 14.6% of the city dwellers, 32% of the Moldavian urban population and 42% of
3305:. Thus, they were prohibited from wearing clothes of other color than black or violet, or to wear yellow or red boots. Nevertheless, the Romanian scholar
1491:
8925:
7500:
6798:
3534:
3424:, and eventually acquitted following diplomatic protests. The event was echoed in several contemporary chronicles and documents — for example, the
7122:
4985:
were deported to and died in concentration and extermination camps. In addition, 5,000 Romanian Jews were murdered in the Holocaust in other countries.
8414:
7674:
7332:
2699:
6739:"Cum a gestionat RomĆ¢nia criza refugiaÅ£ilor din perioada interbelicÄ. 100.000 de evrei, ruÅi Åi ucraineni s-au refugiat aici la Ć®nceputul anilor '20"
3278:
and Wallachia, establishing small but stable communities. Massacres and forced conversions by the Cossacks occurred in 1652, when the latter came to
463:
8910:
7386:
https://adevarul.ro/news/eveniment/sute-evrei-hasidici-venit-romania-inagura-cele-mai-mari-sinagogi-europa-est-1_618469cd5163ec42712f5b53/index.html
5980:
5910:
2835:(September 1940) and 1942, 80 anti-Jewish regulations were passed. Starting at the end of October, 1940, the Romanian fascist movement known as the
7792:
7459:"Femeie de 33 de ani, suspectatÄ cÄ ar fi vandalizat o sinagogÄ din Sighetu MarmaÅ£iei. ClÄdirea, acoperitÄ de mesaje de susÅ£inere pentru Palestina"
3703:
1486:
5311:
4734:
4417:
3805:, the painter, distinguished himself in the revolutionary cause, and paid for his activity with his life (being tortured to death in Budapest by
3522:
3128:
and local Jews in financing various princes increased as Ottoman economic demands were mounting after 1550 (in the 1570s, the influential Jewish
2844:
1734:
63:
3635:(probably as many as 7,000 in 1839); and at around the same time, Moldavia was home to about 12,000 Jews. In parallel, the Jewish population in
2867:
report released by the Romanian government in 2004, between 280,000 and 380,000 Jews were murdered in the Holocaust in Romania and the occupied
8136:
7882:"Dr. Wilhelm Filderman ā un avocat pentru cauza naČionalÄ a RomĆ¢niei" ("Dr. Wilhelm Filderman ā an Advocate for Romania's National Cause"), in
7444:
3730:, the Eterists were massacred by the Ottoman intervention armies, and during this episode, Jewish communities engaged in reprisals in Secu and
8860:
8788:
8066:
7965:
2975:. During the second half of the 14th century, the future territory of Romania became an important place of refuge for Jews expelled from the
1988:
110:
7653:
7642:
7273:"What It's Like to Be a Rabbi in Romania ā Celebrating 20 years of Chabad, where Judaism was decimated by Nazis and Communists ā Chabad.org"
6738:
4484:
4259:
government was, however, concerned – the issue was debated among ministers, and, as a result, the Romanian government issued
7631:
7620:
4882:
82:
7767:
7729:
7678:
7399:"Sighet ā Marele rabin Aron Teitelbaum a venit special din Brooklyn, pentru a pune bazele unei bÄi rituale [Video] ā Salut Sighet"
9008:
5871:
5108:
oil drills and pipes to aid the struggling Romanian oil industry. By December 1951, about 115,000 Romanian Jews had emigrated to Israel.
5017:
4078:
4069:(in contradiction to their 1848 political roots), especially Moldavians, who argued that Jewish immigration had prevented the rise of an
973:
936:
7272:
3124:, who was lenient to his Jewish subjects; LÄpuČneanu did not renew his persecutions after his return on the throne in 1564. The role of
7142:
6011:
5941:
5821:
7163:
89:
8273:
8086:
1912:
3223:
lands into his country; the grants were curtailed during following decades, when Jews were only allowed to settle in GyulafehƩrvƔr (
8111:
8001:
7486:
4915:
Discussions regarding the repatriation of deported Jews followed, and in January 1943, the leader of the Romanian-Jewish community
3084:
2792:
had to endure great hardships. Massacres and pillages were perpetrated in almost every town and village in the country. During the
1935:
7543:
5336:
On January 29, 2024, two women who converted to Islam vandalized the fence of the Satmar synagogue in Sighetu MarmaČiei, writing "
5226:
came to power in 1965, he initially ended the trade in deference to the Eastern bloc's Arab allies. However, Romania was the only
4358:
and subsequent treaties. The enlarged state had an increased Jewish population, corresponding with the addition of communities in
3564:), after the latter tried to impose a single administration for the community, a matter which was finally settled in favor of the
3301:, secretary of the Wallachian princes between 1710 and 1716, the Jewish population of Wallachia was required to respect a certain
2913:
Jewish communities on what would later become Romanian territory were attested as early as the 2nd century AD, at a time when the
8998:
8835:
8283:
7822:
4650:, and defining Jews after racial criteria (a person was Jewish if he or she had a Jewish grandparent on one side of the family).
4120:
3428:
1285:
8945:
5003:
During the postwar period, the history of the Holocaust was distorted or simply ignored by East European communist regimes. The
96:
8850:
8407:
8371:
8323:
8198:
8193:
4331:
4083:
4007:
On December 4, 1864, Jews in Romania were barred from practicing law. When Charles von Hohenzollern succeeded Cuza in 1866 as
2692:
1862:
1797:
1679:
4853:
Further killings perpetrated by Antonescu's death squads (documents prove his direct orders) in collaboration with the German
4370:. On signing the treaties, Romania agreed to change its policy towards the Jews, promising to award them both citizenship and
9013:
8988:
6752:
4978:
4862:
4674:
2876:
983:
7700:
7472:
9091:
8757:* = Subgroups of officially recognized ethnicities that are not treated by the Romanian authorities as separate minorities.
8328:
8158:
7846:
Constantin Rezachevici, "Evreii din ČÄrile romĆ¢ne Ć®n evul mediu" ("Jews in the Romanian Lands during the Middle Ages"), in
5126:), Jewish society and culture were subject to the same increasingly tight control by the authorities. The community leader
1421:
78:
7865:
8333:
7994:
5845:
4832:, murdered between 45,000 and 60,000 Jewish civilians in Bukovina and Bessarabia alone. Of those who escaped the initial
4590:
4547:) passed a law aimed at reviewing criteria for citizenship (after it cast allegations that previous cabinets had allowed
4450:, according to the Wiesel Commission report, pp. 81, which counted 728,115 Jews by ethnicity and 756,930 Jews by religion
4292:
The emigration of Romanian Jews on a larger scale commenced soon after 1878; numbers rose and fell, with a major wave of
3764:(when it was first regulated that non-Christians were not to be regarded as citizens), many of the new immigrants became
3499:
1689:
1506:
1496:
736:
5234:
of 1967, and by 1969, CeauČescu decided to exchange Jews for cash from Israel. He wanted economic independence from the
4255:
addressed a note to the signatory powers of the Berlin treaty on the matter, it was attacked by the Romanian press. The
8258:
5204:
experiments; a few of them died in detention). The 1952 trial of the engineers made responsible for the failure of the
3267:
3172:
was placed on the throne of Moldavia; nevertheless, the new ruler persecuted and executed nineteen Jewish creditors in
2955:); they may have been present in some Moldavian fairs by the 16th century or earlier. The earliest Jewish (most likely
2085:
2035:
2000:
1694:
1559:
1426:
7802:
5188:); the charges were then inflicted upon the larger part of the Jewish community, beginning with a trial engineered by
4847:
8781:
8400:
8228:
8188:
8168:
8148:
8051:
7873:
7036:
6591:
5806:
5043:
months for the government to solidify their curriculum to show the atrocities of the Holocaust and their role in it.
4669:
4608:
4383:
4323:
4293:
4218:
3761:
3584:
3480:
3474:
2685:
1777:
1739:
1714:
1634:
1619:
1466:
1406:
1361:
129:
7933:
7596:
4138:
started the first professional Yiddish theatre company in IaČi in 1876 and for several years, especially during the
9086:
8935:
8870:
8444:
8361:
8163:
7850:: 16th century — September 1995, pp. 59ā62; 17th and 18th centuries – October 1995, pp. 61ā66
7287:"Audio ā Erwin Simsensohn, preÅedintele ComunitÄÅ£ii Evreilor din BucureÅti: 'Evreii au un viitor aici, Ć®n RomĆ¢nia'"
7184:
5811:
5326:
5253:
Nevertheless, Romania still has a small Jewish community with some active synagogues, and the oldest uninterrupted
4139:
3679:
3519:
2785:
2070:
2052:
1958:
1852:
1704:
1699:
1624:
1589:
1456:
7719:("Between Orient and Occident. The Romanian Lands at the Beginning of the Modern Era"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995
6221:
5296:; a hotel, a kosher restaurant and a Jewish school are under construction in Sighetu MarmaČiei, all of them under
4703:
4186:
by dispatching its troops on the Russian side in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877ā1878. The war was concluded by the
8366:
8313:
8288:
8243:
8238:
8213:
8071:
5816:
5158:
5130:
had been arrested already in 1945 and had to flee the country in 1948. Antonescu, after a brief detention in the
4420:(the latter was re-established after 1989). During the same period, a division in ritual became apparent between
3491:
of Wallachia, pledged their special protection to Jews, whose condition remained favorable until 1787, when both
3406:
2588:
2487:
2042:
2025:
1978:
1877:
1787:
1724:
1674:
1654:
1649:
1569:
1543:
1518:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1356:
1351:
17:
7587:
3180:
without process of law. At around the same time, in Wallachia, the violent repression of creditors peaked under
8899:
8278:
8268:
8178:
8131:
8126:
8116:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8076:
8061:
8056:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
7911:
7417:"Oradea va avea prima ČcoalÄ rabinicÄ ridicatÄ Ć®n aceastÄ parte a Europei dupÄ cel de-al Doilea RÄzboi Mondial"
7357:
5840:
5826:
5732:
5701:
5544:
5375:
5254:
5004:
4548:
4015:"; but, "with regard to the Jews, a special law will have to be framed in order to regulate their admission to
3933:
3867:
3401:
at his court). Another anti-Jewish riot occurred in Bucharest in the 1760s, and was encouraged by the visit of
3213:
2995:
2061:
2047:
2015:
1995:
1963:
1907:
1857:
1837:
1827:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1782:
1772:
1767:
1744:
1659:
1644:
1564:
1523:
1476:
1471:
1391:
1336:
67:
7504:
6025:
4350:, during which 882 Jewish soldiers died defending Romania (825 were decorated), brought about the creation of
3851:. This process of gradual integration resulted in the creation of an informal Jewish Romanian identity, while
8840:
8376:
8318:
8263:
8253:
8233:
8223:
8208:
8203:
8183:
8153:
8121:
8106:
8081:
8017:
5866:
5728:
5583:
5498:
5485:
5471:
5315:
5048:
4878:
3580:
3125:
2482:
2020:
2005:
1968:
1930:
1902:
1892:
1887:
1872:
1867:
1847:
1832:
1817:
1792:
1758:
1729:
1629:
1614:
1538:
1528:
1446:
1416:
1341:
1327:
7533:
Republica PopularÄ RomĆ®nÄ, Ghid general, Ed. pentru rÄspĆ®ndirea ČtiinČei Či culturii, Bucharest 1960, p. 94.
7336:
6905:
5956:"Comunitatea evreilor din RomĆ¢nia s-a Ć®mpuÅ£inat teribil, Ć®nsÄ aceÅtia 'sunt mai ales exemple de moralitate'"
5184:" brought about the purging of the party's own leadership (including Jewish ex-premier and foreign minister
4714:
4470:
The popularity of anti-Jewish messages was, nevertheless, on the rise, and merged itself with the appeal of
103:
8875:
8774:
8293:
8248:
8173:
8143:
7725:
6682:
5122:
4379:
4355:
4029:
3546:
3420:
and of collecting his blood in a barrel. They were tried at IaČi under the supervision of Moldavian Prince
3350:
2090:
2010:
1973:
1897:
1842:
1709:
1684:
1609:
1584:
1574:
1513:
1436:
1431:
1411:
1401:
1381:
1366:
1259:
963:
727:
722:
5891:
5008:
knowledge that their country participated in the Holocaust. The Romanian government has recognized that a
9029:
8973:
5987:
5917:
4825:
4753:
4127:
s leaders, did not do much to improve the Jews' condition – mainly due to PNL opposition.
3802:
3738:
3667:
3627:
By 1825, the Jewish population in Wallachia was estimated at between 5,000 and 10,000 people, almost all
3151:
2797:
2080:
2075:
2030:
1983:
1669:
1639:
1599:
1594:
1451:
757:
4217:
In 1893, a piece of legislation was voted to deprive Jewish children of the right to be educated in the
8885:
8880:
6142:
4886:
4622:
the fourteen most important fascist leaders (the first of which being Codreanu) were "rinsed" in acid.
3798:
3302:
3005:
2765:, has accounted for a dramatic decrease in the overall size of Romania's present-day Jewish community.
2554:
2399:
2107:
1501:
697:
687:
423:
6247:"O necesarÄ restituÅ£ie biograficÄ (Carol Iancu, Alexandru Åafran: o viaÅ£Ä de luptÄ, o razÄ de luminÄ)"
5091:). According to Sachar, for the first two post-war years, tens of thousands of Romanian Jews left for
4344: – which favoured the claim that peasants were being systematically exploited by Jews.
4247:
in its most offensive form – it was only abolished in 1904, following criticism in the
4142:
Romania was the home of Yiddish theatre. While its center of gravity would move first to Russia, then
9003:
8816:
7775:
5850:
5562:
5192:. Jews who were perceived as Zionists were given harsh labour sentences in communist prisons such as
5135:
5099:, herself a Jew with a father and brother in Israel, negotiated an agreement with Israeli ambassador
4894:
4150:, both Bucharest and IaČi would continue to figure prominently in its history over the next century.
4102:
3741:(which allowed the two principalities to freely engage in foreign trade), Moldavia, where commercial
3663:
3106:
3097:(1522) deprived the Jewish merchants of almost all the rights given to them by his two predecessors;
3012:
2984:
2812:
2793:
2668:
2361:
2212:
2153:
1044:
7037:"The Cold War's Strangest Bedfellows: How Romania Sold its Jews to Israel and What it got in Return"
7015:
6137:
3370:
3362:
2944:, including in parts of today's Romania, in the trading ports from the mouths of the Danube and the
8904:
8821:
8458:
8423:
5755:
5620:
5593:
5573:
5289:
5162:
5151:
5104:
4953:
4738:
4726:
4686:
4586:
3754:
3209:
3129:
3087:
and formed a large part of a community of foreign creditors and traders, Jews were harassed by the
2872:
2852:
2832:
2371:
2351:
1461:
941:
482:
7962:
6182:
5047:
sentence over Holocaust denial was made in the country. The accused was Vasile ZÄrnescu, a former
4786:
4412:
Political representation for the Jewish community in the inter-war period was divided between the
4190:(1878), which stipulated (Article 44) that the non-Christians in Romania (including both Jews and
8743:
7755:
5881:
5801:
5737:
5719:
5710:
5647:
5259:
5060:
5013:
4759:
4475:
3949:
3845:
3671:
3064:
3022:
2898:
2789:
2512:
2502:
2467:
2346:
2336:
2119:
1290:
1232:
1066:
745:
702:
417:
56:
7947:
7445:"Gardul sinagogii din Sighet, vandalizat cu mesaje anti-rÄzboi de o romĆ¢ncÄ trecutÄ la islamism"
4214:
by such legislation. Similar laws were passed in regard to Jews exercising liberal professions.
3639:
rose from 526 in 1774 to 11,600 in 1848. In the early 19th century, Jews who sought refuge from
8963:
8669:
8652:
8562:
7761:
7737:
7696:
6971:
Tradition, Nationalism and Holocaust Memory: Reassessing Antisemitism in Post-Communist Romania
5205:
5143:
4901:
4664:
4659:
4413:
4395:
4187:
3831:
3402:
3337:
3298:
3262:. The latter ruler (1634ā1653) treated the Jews with consideration until the appearance of the
3162:
3101:
confiscated Jewish wealth in 1541, after alleging that Jews in the cattle trade had engaged in
3094:
2631:
2366:
2280:
1346:
898:
517:
487:
156:
8930:
7892:
7233:
5051:(SRI) member who published several articles and a book against the veracity of the Holocaust.
3910:
2839:
began a massive antisemitic campaign, torturing and beating Jews and looting their shops (see
2784:
child for ritual purposes. An anti-Jewish riot occurred in Bucharest in the 1760s. During the
9065:
8593:
8585:
8514:
8464:
8452:
5861:
5834:
5457:
5319:
5277:
5181:
4982:
4199:
4095:
4066:
3538:
2880:
2736:
2522:
2517:
2462:
2250:
1165:
893:
880:
775:
492:
5189:
4729:
and 1942, 80 anti-Jewish regulations were passed. Starting at the end of October, 1940, the
4399:
3948: – it appears that he kept the latter demand reduced, asking for only 40,000
3809:
authorities). The major document to be codified by the 1848 Wallachian revolutionaries, the
3394:
8993:
8677:
8568:
8556:
7787:"Ā«Evreul imaginarĀ» versus Ā«Evreul realĀ»" ("Ā«The Imaginary JewĀ» Versus Ā«The Real JewĀ»"), in
5401:
4874:
4821:
4801:
4763:
4036:
3957:
3945:
3852:
3782:
3569:
3231:
2999:
2902:
2856:
2593:
2545:
2285:
2143:
956:
821:
810:
768:
8978:
5741:
5293:
5223:
5146:
attended a meeting of Jewish organizations and called for the creation of a new body, the
4101:
Antisemitism was carried into the PNL's mainstream, and was officially enforced under the
3640:
3587:. However, pressure placed on the community remained stringent for the following decades.
2883:
also were murdered in the Holocaust, as were some 5,000 Romanian Jews in other countries.
8:
9034:
8798:
8725:
8538:
7582:
7127:
5330:
5304:
5092:
4905:
4647:
4578:
4531:
4509:
4375:
4306:
4115:
4024:
3889:
3794:
3687:
3616:
3488:
3421:
3283:
3154:
3114:
3110:
3008:
2922:
2805:
2646:
2341:
1019:
886:
789:
782:
712:
600:
475:
5292:
also has plans to build a community in Romania. In 2021, a synagogue was inaugurated in
4032:; it read that "only such aliens as are of the Christian faith may obtain citizenship".
3147:; the latter then exerted his influence with the Prince in favor of his coreligionists.
8695:
8508:
8470:
7004:āHolocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research in Romania." IHRA, 1 Jan. 1970, 2015. .
5858:, a Jewish musical tradition in which Romanian influence is possibly the most important
5430:
4908:
during the war, carrying 13,000 Jews (two of these ships were sunk by the Soviets (see
4837:
4008:
3984:
3921:
3811:
3727:
3652:
3436:
3287:
3057:
2987:
2976:
2497:
2447:
2394:
2389:
2303:
2173:
1441:
1270:
1029:
949:
803:
369:
281:
7862:
La mĆstica del ultranacionalismo (Historia de la Guardia de Hierro) Rumania, 1919ā1941
7781:
6875:
6246:
4505:
4256:
3416:, four Jews were accused of having kidnapped a five-year-old child, of killing him on
3306:
3291:
8611:
8574:
8550:
8526:
8520:
8488:
7941:
7869:
6901:
6879:
6587:
6178:
6005:
5935:
5127:
5112:
5066:
4993:
4937:
4916:
4858:
4241:
4234:
4163:
4135:
4110:
3929:
3576:
3398:
3314:
3235:
3181:
3165:
3158:
3144:
3080:
2887:
2864:
2820:
2641:
2583:
2563:
2380:
1940:
1579:
1039:
910:
840:
717:
630:
497:
261:
7686:
Paul Cernovodeanu, "Evreii Ć®n epoca fanariotÄ" ("Jews in the Phanariote Epoch"), in
6177:
5193:
4035:
For the following decades, the issue of Jewish rights occupied the forefront of the
3877:
3855:, despite encouragement by the authorities, remained confined to exceptional cases.
3140:
2769:
8917:
8855:
8731:
8683:
8544:
8502:
8476:
6793:
6597:
6579:
5297:
5070:
5029:
4833:
4501:
4474:
in the late 1920s – both contributed to the creation and success of
4425:
4319:
4226:
4222:
4195:
4191:
4158:
3968:
3944:). In the process, Cuza also expected financial support from both the Jews and the
3820:
3765:
3731:
3604:
3325:
2933:
2777:
2611:
2492:
2452:
2416:
2114:
1664:
1175:
931:
835:
750:
640:
432:
329:
289:
277:
7333:"Cea de-a opta lumĆ¢nare de Hanuka, aprinsÄ Ć®n Parcul ColÅ£ea | Start Magazine"
3455:
Jewish women; Mavrocordatos had his accuser hanged. This act aroused the anger of
8766:
8689:
7969:
7918:
7853:
7840:
7771:
7214:
6984:
New models, new questions: historiographical approaches to the Romanian Holocaust
5886:
5876:
5434:
5265:
4909:
4854:
4528:
4447:
4371:
4351:
4301:
4297:
4264:
4131:
3882:
3806:
3750:
3723:
3707:
3496:
3216:
2937:
2744:
2735:. A diverse community, albeit an overwhelmingly urban one, Jews were a target of
2727:
2573:
2532:
2527:
2507:
2429:
2423:
2356:
2308:
2148:
2129:
1280:
1009:
921:
904:
448:
353:
349:
285:
273:
265:
166:
7986:
7398:
6942:
6916:
5597:
4106:
3917:; drastic measures applied by the Army Headquarters put a stop to such turmoil.
3711:
3699:
3324:
in Moldavia (and, as such, in Romania) was made April 5, 1710, when the Jews of
2964:
2901:, while modern-day Romania continues to host a modest Jewish population. In the
2816:
8492:
7747:
7300:
6698:
5793:
5779:
5696:
5269:
4961:
4829:
4643:
4535:
4421:
4054:
4016:
3787:
3746:
3346:
3271:
3220:
3072:
2840:
2673:
2472:
2327:
2207:
2186:
2163:
2158:
2136:
2124:
1719:
1200:
1134:
1099:
1077:
1014:
852:
830:
692:
671:
647:
413:
395:
357:
341:
333:
321:
317:
30:
7557:
4843:
4767:
4708:
3098:
3017:
2860:
9080:
8713:
8701:
8635:
7712:
7707:
6904:ā "Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania"
6802:
6566:
5009:
4930:
4797:
4782:
4632:
4556:
4544:
4436:
4252:
4207:
4178:
When BrÄtianu resumed leadership, Romania faced the emerging conflict in the
4147:
4091:
4046:
3848:
3675:
3550:
3444:
3310:
3243:
2956:
2848:
2808:. In the 1860s, there was another riot motivated by blood libel accusations.
2756:
2621:
2616:
1822:
1749:
1275:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1104:
1082:
1034:
796:
635:
540:
502:
453:
325:
7487:"INCIDENT GRAV - Gardul sinagogii din Sighet, vandalizat. Cine este autorul"
7314:
5000:, for the deaths of more Jews than any country other than Germany itself".
3830:, the struggle for the union of the two principalities began. Both parties,
3270:
and who, while crossing the region, killed many Jews; the violence led many
9049:
8605:
8392:
5830:
5438:
5235:
5201:
5131:
5116:
5100:
4989:
4949:
4866:
4817:
4774:
4692:
4524:
4496:
4367:
4230:
4211:
4073:
4062:
4058:
4020:
3964:
3925:
3863:
3742:
3620:
3385:
3329:
3205:
3177:
3169:
3113:
the community alongside other social categories, until he was dethroned by
2991:
2914:
2868:
2781:
2651:
2477:
2318:
2313:
2271:
2224:
1318:
1185:
1170:
1129:
1094:
707:
549:
345:
34:
8658:
7611:
5750:
5660:
5607:
4719:
4555:
However, Carol II himself was highly hostile to antisemitism . His lover,
4490:
3691:
3465:
in Moldavia, and the prince paid the penalty with the loss of his throne.
2776:
in Moldavia (and, as such, in Romania) was made in 1710, when the Jews of
9039:
7828:
7803:
AcuzaČia de omor ritual (O sutÄ de ani de la pogromul de la ChiČinÄu) (2)
7252:"Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination"
5678:
5587:
5474:(Moldavia, Wallachia, Northern Dobruja, Transylvania, Southern Bukovina)
5231:
5227:
5169:
5166:
4997:
4969:, while those in Bessarabia, Bukovina and Dorohoi were concentrated into
4639:
4504:
became highly popular among Romanian students and teachers. According to
4463:
4347:
4225:
fees. In 1898, it was passed into law that Jews were to be excluded from
4050:
4012:
3980:
3941:
3827:
3595:
3341:
3321:
3253:
3133:
3121:
3102:
3041:
2918:
2773:
2748:
2732:
2636:
2578:
2243:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1109:
337:
8617:
7192:
6190:
Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania
5633:
5035:
Romani people. Holocaust denial is still prevalent in Romanian society.
4790:
4280:
3909:
Regulations on clothing were confirmed inside Moldavia by two orders of
3413:
8719:
8623:
7922:
7742:
Istoria BucureČtilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pĆ®nÄ Ć®n zilele noastre
6250:
6192:. Yad Vashem (The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority)
5387:
5241:
5185:
5139:
5096:
4941:
4912:), and the effort was discontinued after German pressure was applied).
4813:
4730:
4479:
4428:
ones in the rest of the country (while Bessarabia was the most open to
4359:
4340:
4183:
3777:
3719:
3452:
3224:
3188:(1594), probably engaged in violence against Jews settled south of the
3068:
2836:
2294:
1308:
1237:
1195:
1024:
1004:
563:
470:
390:
7975:
7016:"Bucharest court rules first sentence for Holocaust denial in Romania"
5687:
3529:("Facing the Jews"), which pretended to be the confession of a former
3052:
8707:
8435:
6702:
5642:
5603:
5577:
5383:
5281:
5177:
4809:
4433:
4387:
4335:
4327:
4167:
4087:
4070:
3953:
3871:
3816:
3632:
3492:
3333:
3239:
3185:
3089:
2972:
2968:
2941:
2457:
2442:
1532:
1480:
1242:
1190:
1180:
861:
857:
847:
762:
522:
7544:"YIVO | Population and Migration: Population since World War I"
7473:"Sinagoga evreilor din Sighetu MarmaÅ£iei, vandalizatÄ de douÄ femei"
7365:
6270:
6268:
6266:
5624:
4836:
in Bukovina and Bessarabia, few managed to survive "trains" and the
4285:
3903:
3715:
3556:
3510:
2926:
1210:
162:
45:
8737:
8629:
8482:
7814:
7717:Ćntre Orient Či Occident. ČÄrile romĆ¢ne la Ć®nceputul epocii moderne
7191:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from
6947:
6882:, the Jewish community's president, influenced Antonescu's decision
6045:
6043:
6041:
6039:
5669:
5556:
5442:
5379:
5216:
4945:
4518:
ConfederaČia AsociaČiilor de ProfesioniČti Intelectuali din RomĆ¢nia
4363:
4260:
4039:'s political scene. With few notable exceptions (including some of
3996:
3894:
3835:
3745:
had been largely left unoccupied, became a target for migration of
3636:
3628:
3611:
3549:, the Russian invasion was again accompanied by massacres of Jews.
3456:
3275:
3263:
3076:
2960:
2945:
2752:
2626:
2236:
2168:
999:
507:
458:
7912:
The Beginning of the Final Solution: Murder of the Jews of Romania
7624:
regarding the naturalization of Jews born in Romania, May 28, 1919
4778:
4405:
During the interwar period, thousands of Jewish refugees from the
3313:
was uncommon in Moldavia and Wallachia, as well as throughout the
8802:
8599:
7981:
Romania and the Holocaust: Delicate Reappraisal of a Fateful Past
7928:
6690:
6679:
6563:
TrÄdarea romĆ¢nismului! Triumful strÄinismului!! Consumatum est!!!
6263:
5855:
5723:
5511:
5405:
5197:
5173:
4471:
4429:
4179:
4041:
4000:
3648:
3644:
3440:
3393:
assumed several religious duties. Overtaxed and persecuted under
3379:
3193:
3046:
2951:
2721:
2602:
2568:
2437:
2231:
1220:
1215:
1087:
978:
873:
869:
865:
614:
609:
586:
568:
443:
438:
428:
406:
381:
301:
269:
206:
6036:
4391:
4312:
3600:
3525:
instigated attacks on the Bucharest community by publishing his
3279:
3173:
3030:
2825:
2743:
in Romanian society from the late-19th century debate over the "
8496:
7858:
Istoria GÄrzii de Fier, 1919ā1941: Mistica ultranaČionalismului
7731:
NeoiobÄgia. Curente de idei Či opinii Ć®n legÄturÄ cu neoiobÄgia
5759:
5705:
5348:
The historical Jewish population in Romania can be seen below.
5273:
5230:
nation not to break diplomatic relations with Israel after the
5208:
project also involved allegations of Zionism (notably aimed at
5087:
5083:
5077:
4970:
4966:
4870:
4627:
4539:
4454:
4442:
4248:
4143:
4065:; its most virulent form was the one present with advocates of
3967:
argued that the sum would not lead to tangible enough results;
3899:
3773:
3769:
3695:
3683:
3515:
3503:
3461:
3425:
3417:
3189:
3118:
2980:
2891:
2847:
in Bucharest, in which 125 Jews were killed. Military dictator
2801:
2761:
2740:
2262:
2257:
2217:
2202:
1313:
1205:
625:
591:
577:
512:
238:
4382:
sanctioned these requirements, meeting opposition from Cuza's
3772:-keepers, serving to increase both the revenue and demands of
3533:; however, Jews were offered refuge by Stamati's replacement,
2940:, suggests that there was a steady Jewish presence around the
7646:
revising the citizenship of Jews in Romania, January 21, 1938
6753:"RefugiaÅ£ii evrei, din Ucraina sovieticÄ Ć®n Basarabia romĆ¢nÄ"
6694:
6685:
criticised Poporanist claims in his work on the 1907 revolt,
5714:
4766:
atrocities against the Jews became common, starting with the
4583:. In particular, Were these fascist leaders brutally killed?.
4130:
Nonetheless, during this same era, Romania was the cradle of
3937:
3914:
3530:
3374:
3083:
settled in Moldavia. Although they took an important part in
1225:
654:
558:
527:
6851:
The Balkans: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers 1804ā1999
6183:"Executive Summary: Historical Findings and Recommendations"
4482:
and the appearance of new types of anti-Semitic discourses (
4076:. The first examples of modern prejudice were the Moldavian
3357:
3196:(while maintaining good relations with Transylvanian Jews).
5549:
5456:
Kingdom of Romania (Moldavia, Wallachia, Northern Dobruja,
5329:, 140 Jewish orphans have fled from Ukraine to Romania and
5285:
4527:
as a European power, and his own fascist sympathies , made
4406:
4402:
cabinet also settled problems connected with land tenancy.
4113:
and expelling them from the country. According to the 1905
3448:
2921:. Inscriptions and coins have been found in such places as
2859:, atrocities against Jews became common, starting with the
2717:
377:
313:
7733:("Neo-Serfdom. Trends and Opinions Regarding Neo-Serfdom")
4965:
random initial killings, Jews in Moldavia were subject to
4929:
estimates run to about 250,000 Jews (plus 25,000 deported
4777:
was imposed by local initiatives in several cities (IaČi,
4182:, and saw its chance to declare independence from Ottoman
3383:. Jews in both Wallachia and Moldavia were subject to the
3282:
on the occasion of the Vasile Lupu's daughter marriage to
7665:
7657:
on the judicial status of Jews in Romania, August 8, 1940
7503:. Institutul NaÅ£ional de StatisticÄ. 2011. Archived from
6725:"RefugiaÅ£i, emigranÅ£i din URSS cÄtre RomĆ¢nia interbelicÄ"
5651:
4462:, magazine of Zionist university students of Romania, by
3992:
3036:
7956:
7215:"Anti-Semitism threatens fragile Jewish life in Romania"
3726:
diplomats. Weakened by the clash between Ypsilantis and
3583:
allowed Jews to settle in towns directly subject to the
7590:, by Gotthard Deutsch, D.M. Hermalin, and Joseph Jacobs
6815:
6813:
6811:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6073:
OiČteanu (2003), p. 2; Rezachevici, October 1995, p. 66
6057:
6055:
7944:
from ISurvived.org. Extensive collection of web links.
6565:, mimicking the tone of Liberals in opposition to the
6131:
6129:
4338:
of the political spectrum, in currents originating in
3790:
compelled Jews to abandon the traditional dress code.
3079:
migrated to Wallachia, while Jews from Poland and the
6440:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6381:
6379:
4733:
began a massive antisemitic campaign, culminating in
4523:
The threat posed by the Iron Guard, the emergence of
6808:
6501:
6179:
International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania
6095:
6093:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6052:
5769:
2241:
2222:
645:
8926:
Romanian Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists
6244:
6126:
6069:
6067:
5161:on December 30, 1947, the government formed by the
2971:, they were first attested in the 1550s, living in
2871:territories under Romanian control, among them the
70:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8796:
6431:
6397:
6376:
4804:, and, according to Antonescu propaganda, alleged
2894:, and in 1987, only 23,000 Jews lived in Romania.
8016:
7662:Wiesel Commission Final Report: Executive Summary
6090:
6076:
5069:, "... at least 290,000 Romanian Jews survived".
4153:
2905:, 3,271 people declared themselves to be Jewish.
9078:
7893:"Procesul sioniČtilor" ("Trial of the Zionists")
7164:"Tradition lives among few Jews left in Romania"
6064:
5557:Hasidic dynasties originating in today's Romania
4933:, of which approximately 11,000 were murdered).
4754:Ion Antonescu Ā§ Antonescu and the Holocaust
3881:An ornately decorated Jewish Cemetery building,
3579:-ruled Transylvania, the reforms carried out by
3439:(1744ā1747): a Jewish farmer in the vicinity of
2855:. After Romania entered the war at the start of
6801:, the secretary and bibliographer of historian
6620:
6618:
6616:
6119:
6117:
5312:Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania
5303:As of 2021, there is also a project to build a
5012:took place on its territory and held its first
4275:
3537:. A seminal event occurred in 1804, when ruler
3373:, Wallachian Jews were recognized as a special
3060:(1504ā1517), the son and successor of Stephen.
2811:Antisemitism was officially enforced under the
2759:. The latter, coupled with successive waves of
2755:carried out in the lands of Romania as part of
8655:(approximately 10,000 in the mid-19th century)
7959:, with links to major Romanian Jewish websites
7501:"Lista recensÄmintelor populaÅ£iei din RomĆ¢nia"
7067:
7065:
6173:
6171:
5023:
8846:Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession
8782:
8408:
8002:
7267:
7265:
6240:
6238:
6208:
6206:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6107:
6105:
3050:, being subsequently advanced to the rank of
3025:(1457ā1504) treated Jews with consideration.
2693:
8828:Convention of the Hungarian Baptist Churches
8422:
6613:
6114:
4642:cabinet adopted Romania's equivalent to the
4589:. There might be a discussion about this on
3858:
3647:established communities in Wallachian-ruled
3168:. Through the efforts of Solomon Ashkenazi,
7062:
6584:O sutÄ de ani de teatru evreiesc Ć®n RomĆ¢nia
6319:Rezachevici, October 1995, pp. 61ā62, 64ā65
5872:National Day of Commemorating the Holocaust
5018:National Day of Commemorating the Holocaust
4418:Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania
3349: – the murder by a group of
937:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
8861:Jehovah's Witnesses Association of Romania
8789:
8775:
8415:
8401:
8009:
7995:
7262:
7058:Israel and Europe: An Appraisal in History
7031:
7029:
6428:Cernovodeanu, p. 27; OiČteanu (2003), p. 3
6235:
6203:
6148:
6138:Romania clears doubts about Holocaust past
6111:A History of the Balkans 1804ā1945, p. 129
6102:
5822:History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia
5111:During the period of transition towards a
3823:for all compatriots of different faiths".
3219:, who aimed to attract entrepreneurs from
3184:, who, after killing Turkish creditors in
2700:
2686:
155:
7819:Anii treizeci. Extrema dreaptÄ romĆ¢neascÄ
6471:Cernovodeanu, p. 28; Djuvara, pp. 179ā180
4735:the failed coup and a pogrom in Bucharest
4609:Learn how and when to remove this message
3056:; he continued to hold this office under
130:Learn how and when to remove this message
7744:, Ed. Pentru LiteraturÄ, Bucharest, 1966
6935:
6355:Del Chiaro; OiČteanu (1998), pp. 239ā240
5343:
5240:
5150:, which was in reality a section of the
4897:, but these had never been carried out.
4842:
4713:
4702:
4534:, who was still largely identified as a
4453:
4441:
4279:
4157:
3979:
3876:
3862:
3760:Despite initial interdictions under the
3610:
3594:
3356:
8949:Main religions in the localities (2002)
7821:("The 1930s: The Romanian Far Right"),
7212:
7026:
4816:, Antonescu ordered the deportation to
4270:
3631:. Of these, the larger part resided in
2845:the failed coup accompanied by a pogrom
14:
9079:
7013:
6310:Rezachevici, September 1995, pp. 61ā62
6301:Rezachevici, September 1995, pp. 60ā61
6010:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5940:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4952:territories under Romanian's control (
4318:Land issues and Jewish presence among
3309:argued that such ethnic and religious
3093:of the two Principalities. Moldavia's
3075:, and a number of Sephardim living in
9014:Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement
8931:Serbian Orthodox Diocese of TimiČoara
8770:
8396:
7990:
7189:Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project
7117:
7115:
7113:
6373:Cernovodeanu, p. 25; Giurescu, p. 271
4744:
4675:General Jewish Labour Bund in Romania
3599:Lithograph of a cosmopolitan fair in
3590:
3468:
3412:In 1726, in the Moldavian borough of
2747:" and the Jewish residents' right to
7231:
7080:Gordon, p. 299; Wexler (1996), p. 83
6900:Chapter 11 ā Solidarity and Rescue,
6600:for further publication information.
6337:Rezachevici, October 1995, pp. 62ā63
5580:, one of the world's largest groups
5260:Romanian Jewish families from Israel
4561:
3797:, which found their parallel in the
3011:(1391-1394?) exempted the Jews from
193:Regions with significant populations
68:adding citations to reliable sources
39:
8678:Citizens of the Republic of Moldova
7185:"The Jewish Community of Bucharest"
6943:"Romania holds first Holocaust Day"
5846:History of the Jews in Transnistria
4979:Jews living under Hungarian control
4718:Memorial for the Jewish martyrs of
4166:pie-maker and his Jewish client in
3888:From the beginning of the reign of
3199:
2877:Jews living under Hungarian control
24:
8944:
7823:Editura FundaČiei Culturale RomĆ¢ne
7213:McGrath, Stephen (15 April 2019).
7110:
6292:Rezachevici, September 1995, p. 59
6274:Rezachevici, September 1995, p. 60
6049:Rezachevici, September 1995, p. 61
4508:'s analysis, a relevant number of
3975:
3815:, called for "the emancipation of
3328:were charged with having killed a
2780:were charged with having killed a
25:
9103:
7905:
7866:Universitat AutĆ²noma de Barcelona
7864:, Bellaterra: Publicacions de la
7833:Amintiri de la "Junimea" din IaČi
7014:Marica, Irina (5 February 2021).
6828:Ornea, p. 397; Veiga, p. 246, 264
6453:Djuvara, p. 179; Giurescu, p. 272
6283:Djuvara, p. 179; Giurescu, p. 271
5807:History of the Jews in Bessarabia
5437:) (Moldavia, Wallachia, Dobruja,
5272:are also present in the country.
4796:In 1941, following the advancing
4725:Between the establishment of the
4698:
4384:National-Christian Defense League
4079:FracČiunea liberÄ Či independentÄ
3475:History of the Russo-Turkish wars
3447:for allegedly using his house to
2890:, there was a mass emigration to
2831:Between the establishment of the
728:Historical population comparisons
8936:Unitarian Church of Transylvania
8871:Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church
8445:Officially recognised minorities
7886:, September 1996, pp. 81ā83
7704:("The Revolutions of Wallachia")
7558:"The Golden Dynasty, Chapter 15"
7550:
7536:
7527:
7518:
7493:
7479:
7465:
7451:
7437:
7423:
7409:
6394:Rezachevici, October 1995, p. 66
6346:Rezachevici, October 1995, p. 63
6328:Rezachevici, October 1995, p. 62
5812:History of the Jews in Bucharest
5786:
5772:
5327:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
5262:return to their native country.
5212:, who was eventually executed).
4808:, who were considered en masse "
4680:
4566:
4446:Jewish population per county in
4194:in the newly acquired region of
3755:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
3389:in IaČi, but soon the Bucharest
3266:(1648), who marched against the
3139:During the first short reign of
2959:) presence in what would become
2908:
1372:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1286:Historical population by country
231:
199:
79:"History of the Jews in Romania"
44:
7391:
7379:
7350:
7325:
7307:
7293:
7279:
7244:
7225:
7206:
7177:
7156:
7135:
7101:
7092:
7083:
7074:
7050:
7007:
6998:
6989:
6976:
6963:
6909:
6894:
6885:
6868:
6856:
6843:
6831:
6822:
6786:
6777:
6768:
6759:
6745:
6731:
6717:
6708:
6672:
6663:
6654:
6645:
6636:
6633:Ornea, p. 396; Veiga, pp. 58ā59
6627:
6604:
6573:
6554:
6545:
6536:
6533:Ornea, p. 389; Veiga, pp. 58ā59
6527:
6515:
6492:
6483:
6474:
6465:
6456:
6447:
6422:
6413:
6388:
6367:
6358:
6349:
6340:
6331:
6322:
6313:
6304:
6295:
6286:
6277:
6214:"Murder of the Jews of Romania"
5817:History of the Jews in Bukovina
5614:
5590:, the world's 9th largest group
5567:
5404:(Moldavia, Wallachia, Northern
5364:Territory (Historical regions)
4848:Victims of IaČi Pogrom Monument
246:(emigrants to Israel 1948ā2010)
55:needs additional citations for
8900:Romanian Greek Catholic Church
8018:History of the Jews in Europe
7950:, Jewish Education in Romanian
7835:("Recollections from the IaČi
7795:, Bucharest, 1998, pp. 175ā263
7764:Eastern Europe: Romania (1954)
6917:"Romania sparks Holocaust row"
6874:OiČteanu (1998), pp. 230ā231;
6792:OiČteanu (1998), pp. 252ā253;
6018:
5973:
5948:
5903:
5841:History of the Jews in Moldova
5829:(details on Jewish history in
5827:History of the Jews in Hungary
5545:Demographic history of Romania
5376:Romanian United Principalities
5176:)". Between 1952 and 1953 the
5157:After the proclamation of the
4670:Jewish National People's Party
4646:, forbidding Jewish-Christian
4324:1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt
4154:Treaty of Berlin and aftermath
4140:Russo-Turkish War of 1877ā1878
4094:. Their discourse saw Jews as
3892:(1859ā1866), the first ruler (
3547:Russo-Turkish War of 1806ā1812
3481:Russo-Turkish War of 1768ā1774
3268:PolishāLithuanian Commonwealth
3259:Carte romĆ¢neascÄ de Ć®nvÄČÄturÄ
3021:per person. Also in Moldavia,
2936:, an ethnic group adherent of
2917:had established its rule over
2714:history of the Jews in Romania
13:
1:
7934:The Sad End of Romanian Jewry
7574:
7143:"Romania Sold Jews to Israel"
7098:Gordon, p. 300; Wexler (2000)
6026:"PM Sharon Meets Romanian PM"
5867:List of synagogues in Romania
5499:Socialist Republic of Romania
5486:Socialist Republic of Romania
5472:Socialist Republic of Romania
5245:Jews in Romania (2002 census)
5049:Romanian Intelligence Service
4171:
3991:(c. 1880) – a
3623:), originally built 1864ā1866
3015:, in exchange for a tax of 3
943:Christianity and Judaism
8999:Old Calendar Orthodox Church
8960:(as a religious association,
8911:Ukrainian Orthodox Vicariate
8876:Pentecostal Union of Romania
8836:Christian Evangelical Church
7726:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea
7690:, March 1997, pp. 25ā28
7682:("Betrayal of Romanianism!")
6683:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea
6419:OiČteanu (1998), pp. 211ā212
6364:OiČteanu (1998), pp. 242ā244
5402:Romanian Old Kingdom (Regat)
5196:(where they were subject to
5159:People's Republic of Romania
5152:Romanian Communist Party PCR
5123:Soviet occupation of Romania
4906:British Mandate of Palestine
4424:in Transylvania and usually
4380:1923 Constitution of Romania
4332:Democratic Nationalist Party
4276:Before and after World War I
2899:Romanian Jews live in Israel
2786:Russo-Turkish War, 1768ā1774
219:(core population, 2002 est.)
7:
9092:Jews and Judaism in Romania
8892:Armenian Catholic Vicariate
8851:Evangelical Lutheran Church
6610:Ornea, p. 390; Veiga, p. 60
6551:Ornea, p. 389; Panu, p. 224
5765:
5340:" in English and Romanian.
5148:Jewish Democratic Committee
5113:communist regime in Romania
5054:
5024:Holocaust denial in Romania
4691:Romania allied itself with
4653:
4356:1919 Paris Peace Conference
3803:Constantin Daniel Rosenthal
3718:managed to escape over the
3668:Wallachian uprising of 1821
3443:reported the prince to the
3274:from Poland took refuge in
3230:The status of Jews who had
2888:communist regime in Romania
2798:Wallachian uprising of 1821
2242:
2223:
1950:Latin America and Caribbean
646:
251:(2005 estimated population)
224:(2018 estimated population)
10:
9108:
6865:, 1940; Ornea, pp. 391ā393
5560:
5314:Party has one seat in the
5172:Jewish currents (that is,
5058:
5027:
4977:At the same time, 135,000
4923:
4824:, in cooperation with the
4751:
4684:
3853:conversion to Christianity
3762:Russian occupation of 1829
3472:
2555:Jewish political movements
2252:Conversion to Judaism
28:
9058:
9022:
9004:Pentecostal Church of God
8956:
8942:
8817:Armenian Apostolic Church
8809:
8753:
8668:
8645:
8586:Non-recognized minorities
8584:
8443:
8430:
8342:
8304:
8024:
7972:, by Vladimir F. Wertsman
7929:Romanian Jewish Community
7776:American Jewish Committee
7301:"New Shluchim to Romania"
7039:. Forward.com. 2005-02-11
6245:Alexandru Florin-Platon.
5851:Sephardic Jews in Romania
5563:List of Hasidic dynasties
5318:, the lower house of the
4895:Belzec extermination camp
4857:, the SS squads of local
4773:In JulyāAugust 1941, the
4251:press. In 1892, when the
4023:". On June 30, 1866, the
3859:Under Alexandru Ioan Cuza
3844:, edited by the Romanian
3664:Greek War of Independence
3433:Jean-Baptiste Louis Picon
3290:, and during the rule of
3040:, originally employed by
2794:Greek War of Independence
958:Hinduism and Judaism
312:
307:
300:
295:
260:
255:
229:
197:
192:
178:
173:
154:
8905:Romanian Orthodox Church
8822:Baptist Union of Romania
8646:Historical ethnic groups
8608:* (self-declared, 1,536)
8602:* (self-declared, 3,890)
8424:Ethnic groups in Romania
7963:Romanian Jews in America
7948:Jewish Education Network
7942:The Holocaust in Romania
7752:The Romanians, 1774ā1866
7232:Congress, World Jewish.
5897:
5610:3rd largest in the world
5255:Yiddish-language theater
5182:rootless cosmopolitanism
5180:antisemitic charges of "
4954:Transnistria Governorate
4812:agents" by the official
4727:National Legionary State
4687:The Holocaust in Romania
4082:(later blended into the
3607:are visible to the right
2875:. An additional 135,000
2873:Transnistria Governorate
2833:National Legionary State
784:Temple in Jerusalem
477:Bar and bat mitzvah
29:Not to be confused with
9087:Jewish Romanian history
7809:, 2(100), February 2003
7756:Oxford University Press
7234:"World Jewish Congress"
7123:"Buying Romania's Jews"
6891:OiČteanu (1998), p. 231
6819:OiČteanu (1998), p. 254
6705:for the rƩgime's sins."
6512:OiČteanu (1998), p. 241
6061:OiČteanu (1998), p. 239
6030:Prime Minister's Office
5882:Romanian Jews in Israel
5802:Antisemitism in Romania
5061:Romanian Jews in Israel
5005:trials of war criminals
4863:Sonderkommando Russland
4760:Romania entered the war
4665:Jewish Party of Romania
4476:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
4240:The courts exacted the
3924:. He proposed creating
3766:leaseholders of estates
3682:, Jews were victims of
3672:Danubian Principalities
3520:Wallachian Metropolitan
3485:Alexander Mavrocordatos
3429:ambassador to the Porte
3377:in Bucharest, led by a
3192:during his campaign in
3130:Duke of the Archipelago
3065:Danubian Principalities
3027:Isaac ben Benjamin Shor
2897:Today, the majority of
2800:, Jews were victims of
2790:Danubian Principalities
746:Twelve Tribes of Israel
8950:
8626:* (self-declared, 207)
8620:* (self-declared, 532)
8067:Bosnia and Herzegovina
7957:Romanian Jewish Portal
7738:Constantin C. Giurescu
7697:Anton Maria Del Chiaro
7680:TrÄdarea romĆ¢nismului!
5246:
5206:Danube-Black Sea Canal
5144:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
4998:allies of Nazi Germany
4948:, and in the occupied
4850:
4722:
4711:
4660:Union of Romanian Jews
4467:
4451:
4289:
4175:
4084:National Liberal Party
4004:
3885:
3874:
3624:
3608:
3407:Patriarch of Jerusalem
3371:Constantin BrĆ¢ncoveanu
3366:
3363:Great Synagogue (IaČi)
3338:Nicholas Mavrocordatos
3299:Anton Maria Del Chiaro
3109:(first rule: 1552ā61)
3002:citadels around 1492.
2796:, which signalled the
9066:Irreligion in Romania
8948:
8886:Roman Catholic Church
7668:), Accessed July 2006
7597:"Evreii" ("The Jews")
7238:World Jewish Congress
6598:article on the author
6462:Hitchins, pp. 226ā227
6099:OiČteanu (2003), p. 2
5862:List of Romanian Jews
5835:Northern Transylvania
5460:, Southern Bukovina)
5458:Southern Transylvania
5419:Romanian Old Kingdom
5344:Historical population
5278:Yeshua Tova Synagogue
5244:
5210:Aurel Rozei-Rozenberg
5142:. On April 22, 1946,
4983:Northern Transylvania
4846:
4717:
4706:
4540:racial discrimination
4457:
4445:
4409:migrated to Romania.
4283:
4161:
4123:, although including
3983:
3880:
3866:
3826:After the end of the
3799:Wallachian revolution
3722:with assistance from
3666:, which signaled the
3614:
3598:
3539:Constantine Ypsilanti
3527:Ćnfruntarea jidovilor
3360:
3208:were awarded certain
3204:In 1623, the Jews in
2932:The existence of the
2881:Northern Transylvania
2737:religious persecution
1492:SĆ£o TomĆ© and PrĆncipe
1487:Republic of the Congo
881:Second Temple Judaism
752:Kingdom of Judah
723:Modern historiography
308:Related ethnic groups
165:, Romania during the
9023:Not state-recognised
8994:New Apostolic Church
7702:RevoluČiile Valahiei
7633:Jewish Party program
7362:chabadclujnapoca.com
6741:. 29 September 2015.
6678:The Jewish-Romanian
6489:Djuvara, pp. 180ā182
5892:VÄcÄreČti, Bucharest
4802:Operation Barbarossa
4764:Operation Barbarossa
4579:confusing or unclear
4376:emancipation of Jews
4271:20th centuryāpresent
4090:group formed around
3868:State Jewish Theater
3739:Treaty of Adrianople
3680:Alexander Ypsilantis
3570:Jean Georges Caradja
3249:Pravila de la Govora
3107:Alexandru LÄpuČneanu
2857:Operation Barbarossa
2768:During the reign of
2731:in the aftermath of
2594:World Agudath Israel
1735:United Arab Emirates
822:Second Temple period
812:Babylonian captivity
64:improve this article
8305:States with limited
7937:The Huffington Post
7583:Jewish Encyclopedia
7303:. 23 December 2014.
7256:migrationpolicy.org
7131:. January 14, 1990.
7128:The Washington Post
6444:Cernovodeanu, p. 28
6410:Cernovodeanu, p. 26
6385:Cernovodeanu, p. 25
6145:, November 11, 2004
6087:Cernovodeanu, p. 27
5758:, originating from
5749:, originating from
5596:, originating from
5586:, originating from
5576:, originating from
5331:Republic of Moldova
5320:Romanian Parliament
5316:Chamber of Deputies
5305:rabbinical seminary
5093:Mandatory Palestine
5076:Mass emigration to
4838:concentration camps
4793:, CernÄuČi, etc.).
4587:clarify the article
4432:and especially the
4398:carried out by the
4320:estate leaseholders
4307:Jewish Encyclopedia
4210:, were forced into
4134:. The Russian-born
4116:Jewish Encyclopedia
4045:affiliates –
4025:Bucharest Synagogue
3911:Mihail KogÄlniceanu
3890:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
3795:Revolutions of 1848
3737:Following the 1829
3643:'s campaign in the
3617:Bucharest Synagogue
3489:Nicholas Mavrogheni
3252:and in Moldavia by
3238:was established in
3155:Alexandru II Mircea
2863:. According to the
887:Hellenistic Judaism
465:Land of Israel
424:Principles of faith
161:A Jewish family in
151:
8951:
8841:Evangelical Church
7968:2011-07-14 at the
7917:2021-10-26 at the
7789:Mythos & Logos
7770:2007-06-15 at the
7635:, November 8, 1933
7612:Islaz Proclamation
7489:. 30 January 2024.
7475:. 30 January 2024.
7447:. 30 January 2024.
7403:www.salutsighet.ro
7289:. 8 February 2010.
7056:Sachar, Howard M.:
6783:Ornea, pp. 396ā397
6522:Islaz Proclamation
6251:Revista Contrafort
5431:Kingdom of Romania
5247:
5190:Iosif ChiČinevschi
4889:in 1941 and 1942.
4851:
4723:
4712:
4468:
4452:
4400:Ion I. C. BrÄtianu
4322:accounted for the
4290:
4176:
4121:Conservative Party
4009:Carol I of Romania
4005:
3985:Nicolae Grigorescu
3922:universal suffrage
3886:
3875:
3812:Islaz Proclamation
3728:Tudor Vladimirescu
3690:in places such as
3653:Scarlat Callimachi
3625:
3609:
3591:Early 19th century
3560:) and local ones (
3469:Russo-Turkish Wars
3437:John Mavrocordatos
3395:Čtefan Cantacuzino
3367:
3288:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
3085:Ottoman government
3063:At this time both
2977:Kingdom of Hungary
2843:), culminating in
2788:, the Jews in the
2448:Jewish Koine Greek
1990:Dominican Republic
1271:Judaism by country
950:Jews and Christmas
805:Assyrian captivity
145:
9074:
9073:
8974:Assemblies of God
8764:
8763:
8612:Megleno-Romanians
8390:
8389:
7843:, Bucharest, 1998
7825:, Bucharest, 1995
6969:Valeria Chelaru:
6951:. 12 October 2004
6902:Wiesel Commission
6880:Wilhelm Filderman
6799:Barbu Theodorescu
6542:Panu, pp. 223ā233
6218:www.yadvashem.org
5742:Sighetu-MarmaČiei
5606:originating from
5539:
5538:
5300:'s organization.
5294:Sighetu MarmaČiei
5224:Nicolae CeauČescu
5138:in June 1946 for
5128:Wilhelm Filderman
5067:Wiesel Commission
5065:According to the
4994:Wiesel Commission
4938:Wiesel Commission
4936:According to the
4917:Wilhelm Filderman
4859:Ukrainian Germans
4619:
4618:
4611:
4494:). The idea of a
4284:The Synagogue of
4235:Elias Schwarzfeld
4227:secondary schools
4136:Abraham Goldfaden
4061:began professing
4057:), most Romanian
4030:1866 Constitution
3641:Osman PazvantoÄlu
3535:Veniamin Costachi
3399:Daniel de Fonseca
3317:areas of Europe.
3236:Eastern Orthodoxy
3182:Michael the Brave
3166:Ivan the Terrible
3145:Solomon Ashkenazi
3095:Prince Stephen IV
3081:Holy Roman Empire
3023:Stephen the Great
2998:were recorded in
2865:Wiesel Commission
2710:
2709:
2659:
2658:
2407:
2406:
2154:Reconstructionist
2098:
2097:
1250:
1249:
1057:
1056:
894:JewishāRoman wars
842:Hasmonean dynasty
758:Kingdom of Israel
662:
661:
363:
362:
140:
139:
132:
114:
16:(Redirected from
9099:
8967:
8920:
8918:Army of the Lord
8913:
8894:
8830:
8810:State-recognised
8791:
8784:
8777:
8768:
8767:
8670:Immigrant groups
8417:
8410:
8403:
8394:
8393:
8343:Dependencies and
8284:Northern Ireland
8025:Sovereign states
8011:
8004:
7997:
7988:
7987:
7955:
7891:
7800:
7724:
7695:
7675:Ion L. Caragiale
7673:
7652:
7641:
7630:
7619:
7608:
7595:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7554:
7548:
7547:
7540:
7534:
7531:
7525:
7522:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7512:
7497:
7491:
7490:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7469:
7463:
7462:
7455:
7449:
7448:
7441:
7435:
7434:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7419:. 26 April 2021.
7413:
7407:
7406:
7395:
7389:
7383:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7364:. Archived from
7354:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7344:
7335:. Archived from
7329:
7323:
7322:
7311:
7305:
7304:
7297:
7291:
7290:
7283:
7277:
7276:
7269:
7260:
7259:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7210:
7204:
7203:
7201:
7200:
7181:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7171:
7160:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7150:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7119:
7108:
7105:
7099:
7096:
7090:
7087:
7081:
7078:
7072:
7069:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7033:
7024:
7023:
7011:
7005:
7002:
6996:
6993:
6987:
6980:
6974:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6939:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6913:
6907:
6898:
6892:
6889:
6883:
6872:
6866:
6860:
6854:
6847:
6841:
6835:
6829:
6826:
6820:
6817:
6806:
6794:Nichifor Crainic
6790:
6784:
6781:
6775:
6774:Veiga, pp. 61ā62
6772:
6766:
6763:
6757:
6756:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6721:
6715:
6714:Veiga, pp. 62ā64
6712:
6706:
6676:
6670:
6667:
6661:
6658:
6652:
6651:Veiga, pp. 24ā25
6649:
6643:
6640:
6634:
6631:
6625:
6622:
6611:
6608:
6602:
6596:passim; see the
6580:Israil Bercovici
6577:
6571:
6558:
6552:
6549:
6543:
6540:
6534:
6531:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6510:
6499:
6496:
6490:
6487:
6481:
6478:
6472:
6469:
6463:
6460:
6454:
6451:
6445:
6442:
6429:
6426:
6420:
6417:
6411:
6408:
6395:
6392:
6386:
6383:
6374:
6371:
6365:
6362:
6356:
6353:
6347:
6344:
6338:
6335:
6329:
6326:
6320:
6317:
6311:
6308:
6302:
6299:
6293:
6290:
6284:
6281:
6275:
6272:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6242:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6220:. Archived from
6210:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6187:
6175:
6146:
6133:
6124:
6121:
6112:
6109:
6100:
6097:
6088:
6085:
6074:
6071:
6062:
6059:
6050:
6047:
6034:
6033:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6009:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5992:
5986:. Archived from
5985:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5958:. Archived from
5952:
5946:
5945:
5939:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5922:
5916:. Archived from
5915:
5907:
5796:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5782:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5355:
5354:
5298:Aaron Teitelbaum
5071:Howard M. Sachar
5030:Holocaust denial
4834:ethnic cleansing
4762:at the start of
4614:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4594:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4502:higher education
4374:, the effective
4294:Bessarabian Jews
4208:manual labourers
4196:Northern Dobruja
4188:Treaty of Berlin
4173:
3999:and a goose for
3950:Austrian florins
3841:Israelitul RomĆ¢n
3821:political rights
3674:' occupation by
3619:(restored after
3497:Imperial Russian
3487:of Moldavia and
3322:blood accusation
3315:Eastern Orthodox
3200:Early Modern Age
3115:Jacob Heraclides
3058:Bogdan the Blind
3044:) was appointed
3013:military service
2963:was recorded in
2934:Crimean Karaites
2702:
2695:
2688:
2551:
2550:
2432:
2253:
2247:
2228:
2192:
2191:
2139:
2086:New Zealand
2038:
2001:El Salvador
1991:
1923:Northern America
1915:
1509:
1265:
1264:
1176:Crimean Karaites
1072:
1071:
1050:
1048:
969:
967:
959:
953:
944:
932:Rabbinic Judaism
913:
907:
901:
889:
877:
843:
836:Maccabean Revolt
813:
806:
800:
792:
785:
779:
771:
753:
677:
676:
651:
546:
545:
478:
466:
365:
364:
330:Bessarabian Jews
237:
235:
234:
205:
203:
202:
174:Total population
159:
152:
144:
135:
128:
124:
121:
115:
113:
72:
48:
40:
21:
9107:
9106:
9102:
9101:
9100:
9098:
9097:
9096:
9077:
9076:
9075:
9070:
9054:
9018:
8961:
8959:
8958:
8957:Semi-recognised
8952:
8940:
8916:
8909:
8890:
8881:Reformed Church
8826:
8805:
8795:
8765:
8760:
8749:
8664:
8641:
8580:
8439:
8426:
8421:
8391:
8386:
8344:
8338:
8324:Northern Cyprus
8306:
8300:
8199:North Macedonia
8020:
8015:
7970:Wayback Machine
7953:
7919:Wayback Machine
7908:
7889:
7884:Magazin Istoric
7879:Teodor Wexler,
7854:Francisco Veiga
7848:Magazin Istoric
7841:Editura Minerva
7798:
7782:Andrei OiČteanu
7772:Wayback Machine
7762:Joseph Gordon,
7722:
7693:
7688:Magazin Istoric
7671:
7650:
7639:
7628:
7617:
7606:
7603:online bulletin
7593:
7577:
7572:
7563:
7561:
7556:
7555:
7551:
7542:
7541:
7537:
7532:
7528:
7523:
7519:
7510:
7508:
7499:
7498:
7494:
7485:
7484:
7480:
7471:
7470:
7466:
7457:
7456:
7452:
7443:
7442:
7438:
7429:
7428:
7424:
7415:
7414:
7410:
7397:
7396:
7392:
7384:
7380:
7371:
7369:
7356:
7355:
7351:
7342:
7340:
7331:
7330:
7326:
7313:
7312:
7308:
7299:
7298:
7294:
7285:
7284:
7280:
7271:
7270:
7263:
7258:. Feb 10, 2014.
7250:
7249:
7245:
7230:
7226:
7211:
7207:
7198:
7196:
7183:
7182:
7178:
7169:
7167:
7162:
7161:
7157:
7148:
7146:
7141:
7140:
7136:
7121:
7120:
7111:
7106:
7102:
7097:
7093:
7088:
7084:
7079:
7075:
7070:
7063:
7055:
7051:
7042:
7040:
7035:
7034:
7027:
7020:Romania Insider
7012:
7008:
7003:
6999:
6994:
6990:
6981:
6977:
6968:
6964:
6954:
6952:
6941:
6940:
6936:
6926:
6924:
6923:. June 17, 2003
6915:
6914:
6910:
6899:
6895:
6890:
6886:
6876:Andrei OiČteanu
6873:
6869:
6861:
6857:
6849:Glenny, Misha.
6848:
6844:
6836:
6832:
6827:
6823:
6818:
6809:
6791:
6787:
6782:
6778:
6773:
6769:
6764:
6760:
6751:
6750:
6746:
6737:
6736:
6732:
6723:
6722:
6718:
6713:
6709:
6677:
6673:
6668:
6664:
6659:
6655:
6650:
6646:
6641:
6637:
6632:
6628:
6623:
6614:
6609:
6605:
6578:
6574:
6559:
6555:
6550:
6546:
6541:
6537:
6532:
6528:
6520:
6516:
6511:
6502:
6498:Djuvara, p. 182
6497:
6493:
6488:
6484:
6479:
6475:
6470:
6466:
6461:
6457:
6452:
6448:
6443:
6432:
6427:
6423:
6418:
6414:
6409:
6398:
6393:
6389:
6384:
6377:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6350:
6345:
6341:
6336:
6332:
6327:
6323:
6318:
6314:
6309:
6305:
6300:
6296:
6291:
6287:
6282:
6278:
6273:
6264:
6255:
6253:
6243:
6236:
6227:
6225:
6212:
6211:
6204:
6195:
6193:
6185:
6176:
6149:
6134:
6127:
6122:
6115:
6110:
6103:
6098:
6091:
6086:
6077:
6072:
6065:
6060:
6053:
6048:
6037:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6003:
6002:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5983:
5981:"Archived copy"
5979:
5978:
5974:
5965:
5963:
5954:
5953:
5949:
5933:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5913:
5911:"Archived copy"
5909:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5887:Struma disaster
5877:Patria disaster
5792:
5787:
5785:
5778:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5617:
5570:
5565:
5559:
5547:
5542:
5435:Greater Romania
5346:
5266:Hasidic Judaism
5063:
5057:
5032:
5026:
4926:
4910:Struma disaster
4875:Odessa massacre
4855:Einsatzkommando
4806:attacks by Jews
4756:
4750:
4707:Victims of the
4701:
4689:
4683:
4656:
4615:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4584:
4571:
4567:
4506:Andrei OiČteanu
4448:Greater Romania
4396:the land reform
4386:and rioting by
4372:minority rights
4352:Greater Romania
4302:Imperial Russia
4298:Kishinev pogrom
4278:
4273:
4257:LascÄr Catargiu
4156:
4132:Yiddish theatre
4096:non-assimilated
4086:, PNL) and the
4071:ethnic Romanian
3978:
3976:1860s and 1870s
3883:Brasov, Romania
3861:
3783:Organic Statute
3751:Imperial Russia
3651:. In Moldavia,
3603:(c. 1845); two
3593:
3585:Hungarian Crown
3477:
3471:
3365:, built c. 1670
3351:Roman Catholics
3307:Andrei OiČteanu
3292:Gheorghe Čtefan
3217:Gabriel Bethlen
3202:
3067:came under the
2938:Karaite Judaism
2911:
2745:Jewish Question
2728:Greater Romania
2706:
2661:
2660:
2548:
2538:
2537:
2528:Judeo-Malayalam
2508:Judaeo-Georgian
2428:
2419:
2409:
2408:
2309:Yiddish theatre
2251:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2137:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2036:
1989:
1913:
1507:
1291:Genetic studies
1262:
1252:
1251:
1069:
1059:
1058:
1046:
1045:
965:
964:
957:
947:
942:
924:and Middle Ages
922:Rabbinic period
909:
903:
896:
884:
855:
841:
811:
804:
795:
787:
783:
774:
769:in Judaism
766:
751:
674:
664:
663:
543:
533:
532:
476:
464:
409:
354:Lithuanian Jews
350:Belarusian Jews
247:
232:
230:
225:
220:
215:
200:
198:
188:
169:
167:Interwar period
149:
147:
143:
136:
125:
119:
116:
73:
71:
61:
49:
38:
23:
22:
18:Jews in Romania
15:
12:
11:
5:
9105:
9095:
9094:
9089:
9072:
9071:
9069:
9068:
9062:
9060:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9026:
9024:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8970:
8968:
8954:
8953:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8922:
8921:
8914:
8902:
8897:
8896:
8895:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8832:
8831:
8819:
8813:
8811:
8807:
8806:
8794:
8793:
8786:
8779:
8771:
8762:
8761:
8759:
8758:
8754:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8747:
8741:
8735:
8729:
8723:
8717:
8711:
8705:
8699:
8693:
8687:
8681:
8674:
8672:
8666:
8665:
8663:
8662:
8659:Dobrujan Arabs
8656:
8649:
8647:
8643:
8642:
8640:
8639:
8633:
8627:
8621:
8615:
8609:
8603:
8597:
8590:
8588:
8582:
8581:
8579:
8578:
8572:
8566:
8560:
8554:
8548:
8542:
8536:
8530:
8524:
8518:
8512:
8506:
8500:
8493:Crimean Tatars
8491:(divided into
8486:
8480:
8474:
8468:
8462:
8456:
8449:
8447:
8441:
8440:
8434:
8432:
8431:Dominant group
8428:
8427:
8420:
8419:
8412:
8405:
8397:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8348:
8346:
8345:other entities
8340:
8339:
8337:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8310:
8308:
8302:
8301:
8299:
8298:
8297:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8274:United Kingdom
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8087:Czech Republic
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8028:
8026:
8022:
8021:
8014:
8013:
8006:
7999:
7991:
7985:
7984:
7973:
7960:
7951:
7945:
7939:
7931:
7926:
7907:
7906:External links
7904:
7903:
7902:
7901:
7900:
7887:
7877:
7851:
7844:
7826:
7812:
7811:
7810:
7796:
7793:Editura Nemira
7779:
7759:
7758:, Oxford, 1996
7748:Keith Hitchins
7745:
7735:
7720:
7710:
7691:
7684:
7669:
7659:
7648:
7637:
7626:
7615:
7604:
7591:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7549:
7535:
7526:
7517:
7492:
7478:
7464:
7450:
7436:
7422:
7408:
7390:
7378:
7349:
7324:
7306:
7292:
7278:
7261:
7243:
7224:
7205:
7176:
7155:
7134:
7109:
7107:Gordon, p. 299
7100:
7091:
7089:Gordon, p. 300
7082:
7073:
7061:
7049:
7025:
7006:
6997:
6988:
6982:Roland Clark:
6975:
6962:
6934:
6908:
6893:
6884:
6867:
6855:
6842:
6840:, 1938, art. 6
6830:
6821:
6807:
6785:
6776:
6767:
6758:
6744:
6730:
6716:
6707:
6699:public opinion
6671:
6662:
6653:
6644:
6635:
6626:
6612:
6603:
6572:
6553:
6544:
6535:
6526:
6514:
6500:
6491:
6482:
6473:
6464:
6455:
6446:
6430:
6421:
6412:
6396:
6387:
6375:
6366:
6357:
6348:
6339:
6330:
6321:
6312:
6303:
6294:
6285:
6276:
6262:
6234:
6202:
6181:(2012-01-28).
6147:
6125:
6113:
6101:
6089:
6075:
6063:
6051:
6035:
6017:
5972:
5947:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5794:Romania portal
5783:
5780:Judaism portal
5767:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5753:
5744:
5735:
5726:
5717:
5708:
5699:
5690:
5681:
5672:
5663:
5654:
5645:
5636:
5627:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5601:
5591:
5581:
5569:
5566:
5561:Main article:
5558:
5555:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5446:
5445:, Bessarabia)
5428:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5345:
5342:
5338:free Palestine
5270:Haredi Judaism
5056:
5053:
5028:Main article:
5025:
5022:
4996:, "Of all the
4962:Dorohoi County
4925:
4922:
4830:Einsatzgruppen
4752:Main article:
4749:
4743:
4700:
4699:The Iron Guard
4697:
4685:Main article:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4655:
4652:
4644:Nuremberg Laws
4617:
4616:
4574:
4572:
4565:
4549:Ukrainian Jews
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4219:public schools
4155:
4152:
4055:I.L. Caragiale
4017:naturalization
3989:Jew with Goose
3977:
3974:
3969:Religious Jews
3952:(the standard
3860:
3857:
3788:Mihail Sturdza
3749:persecuted in
3747:Ashkenazi Jews
3704:Secu Monastery
3592:
3589:
3473:Main article:
3470:
3467:
3422:Mihai RacoviČÄ
3272:Ashkenazi Jews
3201:
3198:
3150:In Wallachia,
3141:Peter the Lame
3073:Ottoman Empire
2996:Hungarian Jews
2910:
2907:
2841:Dorohoi pogrom
2770:Peter the Lame
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2589:Territorialism
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:Judaeo-Spanish
2470:
2468:Judaeo-Iranian
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:United Kingdom
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1347:Bilad-el-Sudan
1344:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1300:Land of Israel
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1158:Related groups
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1015:Jewish atheism
1012:
1007:
1002:
994:
993:
989:
988:
987:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:IslamicāJewish
961:
954:
939:
934:
926:
925:
918:
917:
916:
915:
891:
878:
850:
845:
838:
833:
831:Yehud Medinata
825:
824:
818:
817:
816:
815:
808:
801:
793:
780:
772:
760:
755:
748:
740:
739:
737:Ancient Israel
733:
732:
731:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
693:Land of Israel
690:
682:
681:
675:
670:
669:
666:
665:
660:
659:
658:
657:
652:
648:Shulchan Aruch
643:
638:
633:
628:
620:
619:
618:
617:
612:
604:
603:
597:
596:
595:
594:
589:
581:
580:
574:
573:
572:
571:
566:
561:
553:
552:
544:
539:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
473:
468:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
426:
421:
414:God in Judaism
410:
405:
404:
401:
400:
399:
398:
393:
385:
384:
374:
373:
361:
360:
358:Bulgarian Jews
342:Hungarian Jews
334:Ukrainian Jews
322:Sephardic Jews
318:Ashkenazi Jews
310:
309:
305:
304:
298:
297:
293:
292:
258:
257:
253:
252:
241:
227:
226:
209:
195:
194:
190:
189:
176:
175:
171:
170:
160:
141:
138:
137:
52:
50:
43:
31:Romaniote Jews
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9104:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9084:
9082:
9067:
9064:
9063:
9061:
9057:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9027:
9025:
9021:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8971:
8969:
8965:
8955:
8947:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8919:
8915:
8912:
8908:
8907:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8893:
8889:
8888:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8829:
8825:
8824:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8814:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8800:
8792:
8787:
8785:
8780:
8778:
8773:
8772:
8769:
8756:
8755:
8752:
8745:
8742:
8739:
8736:
8733:
8730:
8727:
8724:
8721:
8718:
8715:
8712:
8709:
8706:
8703:
8700:
8697:
8694:
8691:
8688:
8685:
8682:
8679:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8671:
8667:
8661:(145 in 1850)
8660:
8657:
8654:
8651:
8650:
8648:
8644:
8637:
8634:
8631:
8628:
8625:
8622:
8619:
8616:
8614:(1,200ā2,000)
8613:
8610:
8607:
8604:
8601:
8598:
8595:
8592:
8591:
8589:
8587:
8583:
8576:
8573:
8570:
8567:
8564:
8561:
8558:
8555:
8552:
8549:
8546:
8543:
8540:
8537:
8534:
8531:
8528:
8525:
8522:
8519:
8516:
8513:
8510:
8507:
8504:
8501:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8487:
8484:
8481:
8478:
8475:
8472:
8469:
8466:
8463:
8460:
8457:
8454:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8446:
8442:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8418:
8413:
8411:
8406:
8404:
8399:
8398:
8395:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8357:Faroe Islands
8355:
8353:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8341:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8329:South Ossetia
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8311:
8309:
8303:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8159:Liechtenstein
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8023:
8019:
8012:
8007:
8005:
8000:
7998:
7993:
7992:
7989:
7983:
7982:
7977:
7974:
7971:
7967:
7964:
7961:
7958:
7954:(in Romanian)
7952:
7949:
7946:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7913:
7910:
7909:
7898:
7894:
7890:(in Romanian)
7888:
7885:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7874:84-7488-497-7
7871:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7852:
7849:
7845:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7827:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7813:
7808:
7804:
7799:(in Romanian)
7797:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7746:
7743:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7732:
7727:
7723:(in Romanian)
7721:
7718:
7714:
7713:Neagu Djuvara
7711:
7709:
7705:
7703:
7698:
7694:(in Romanian)
7692:
7689:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7676:
7672:(in Romanian)
7670:
7667:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7651:(in Romanian)
7649:
7647:
7645:
7640:(in Romanian)
7638:
7636:
7634:
7629:(in Romanian)
7627:
7625:
7623:
7618:(in Romanian)
7616:
7614:
7613:
7607:(in Romanian)
7605:
7602:
7598:
7594:(in Romanian)
7592:
7589:
7585:
7584:
7579:
7578:
7560:. Nishmas.org
7559:
7553:
7545:
7539:
7530:
7521:
7507:on 2011-07-19
7506:
7502:
7496:
7488:
7482:
7474:
7468:
7460:
7454:
7446:
7440:
7432:
7426:
7418:
7412:
7404:
7400:
7394:
7387:
7382:
7368:on 2021-01-18
7367:
7363:
7359:
7353:
7339:on 2021-03-05
7338:
7334:
7328:
7320:
7316:
7310:
7302:
7296:
7288:
7282:
7274:
7268:
7266:
7257:
7253:
7247:
7239:
7235:
7228:
7220:
7216:
7209:
7195:on 2018-07-29
7194:
7190:
7186:
7180:
7165:
7159:
7144:
7138:
7130:
7129:
7124:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7104:
7095:
7086:
7077:
7071:Wexler (2000)
7068:
7066:
7059:
7053:
7038:
7032:
7030:
7021:
7017:
7010:
7001:
6992:
6986:, pp. 304ā305
6985:
6979:
6972:
6966:
6950:
6949:
6944:
6938:
6922:
6918:
6912:
6906:
6903:
6897:
6888:
6881:
6877:
6871:
6864:
6859:
6853:. pp. 455ā457
6852:
6846:
6839:
6834:
6825:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6804:
6803:Nicolae Iorga
6800:
6795:
6789:
6780:
6771:
6762:
6754:
6748:
6740:
6734:
6726:
6720:
6711:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6681:
6675:
6669:Ornea, p. 395
6666:
6657:
6648:
6642:Ornea, p. 396
6639:
6630:
6624:Ornea, p. 391
6621:
6619:
6617:
6607:
6601:
6599:
6593:
6592:973-98272-2-5
6589:
6585:
6581:
6576:
6568:
6567:Petre P. Carp
6564:
6557:
6548:
6539:
6530:
6523:
6518:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6495:
6486:
6480:Ornea, p. 387
6477:
6468:
6459:
6450:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6425:
6416:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6391:
6382:
6380:
6370:
6361:
6352:
6343:
6334:
6325:
6316:
6307:
6298:
6289:
6280:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6252:
6248:
6241:
6239:
6224:on 2022-02-06
6223:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6207:
6191:
6184:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6135:Ilie Fugaru,
6132:
6130:
6123:Veiga, p. 301
6120:
6118:
6108:
6106:
6096:
6094:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6070:
6068:
6058:
6056:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6031:
6027:
6021:
6013:
6007:
5993:on 2014-08-12
5989:
5982:
5976:
5962:on 2019-01-29
5961:
5957:
5951:
5943:
5937:
5923:on 2012-02-09
5919:
5912:
5906:
5902:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5784:
5781:
5770:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5564:
5554:
5551:
5546:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5341:
5339:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5306:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5220:
5218:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5118:
5114:
5109:
5106:
5105:Jewish Agency
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5052:
5050:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5014:Holocaust Day
5011:
5006:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4932:
4921:
4918:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4898:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4798:Romanian Army
4794:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4748:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4716:
4710:
4705:
4696:
4694:
4688:
4681:The Holocaust
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4648:intermarriage
4645:
4641:
4638:In 1940, the
4636:
4634:
4633:Ion Antonescu
4629:
4623:
4613:
4610:
4602:
4592:
4591:the talk page
4588:
4582:
4580:
4575:This article
4573:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:Elena Lupescu
4553:
4550:
4546:
4545:Octavian Goga
4541:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4438:
4437:Labor Zionism
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4287:
4282:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4253:United States
4250:
4246:
4245:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4151:
4149:
4148:New York City
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:Cezar Bolliac
4089:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4059:intellectuals
4056:
4052:
4048:
4047:Petre P. Carp
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3849:Iuliu Barasch
3847:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3678:troops under
3677:
3676:Filiki Eteria
3673:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3606:
3605:Orthodox Jews
3602:
3597:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3523:Iacob Stamati
3521:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3502:took part in
3501:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3311:social stigma
3308:
3304:
3300:
3297:According to
3295:
3293:
3289:
3286:, the son of
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3244:Matei Basarab
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:Sarmizegetusa
2920:
2916:
2909:Early history
2906:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:Ion Antonescu
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2757:the Holocaust
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2716:concerns the
2715:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Judeo-Aramaic
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Judeo-Italian
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:GhardaĆÆa Sign
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:Denominations
2104:
2103:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:United States
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:Guinea-Bissau
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:Lists of Jews
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1051:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1035:The Holocaust
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
995:
991:
990:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
962:
960:
955:
951:
945:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
928:
927:
923:
920:
919:
912:
906:
900:
895:
892:
888:
882:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
827:
826:
823:
820:
819:
814:
809:
807:
802:
798:
794:
791:
786:
781:
777:
773:
770:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
749:
747:
744:
743:
742:
741:
738:
735:
734:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
684:
683:
679:
678:
673:
668:
667:
656:
653:
650:
649:
644:
642:
639:
637:
636:Mishneh Torah
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
622:
621:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
605:
602:
599:
598:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
583:
582:
579:
576:
575:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
555:
554:
551:
548:
547:
542:
537:
536:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
474:
472:
469:
467:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
434:
430:
427:
425:
422:
419:
415:
412:
411:
408:
403:
402:
397:
396:Who is a Jew?
394:
392:
389:
388:
387:
386:
383:
379:
376:
375:
371:
367:
366:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:Moldovan Jews
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
303:
299:
294:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
250:
245:
242:
240:
228:
223:
218:
214:(2011 census)
213:
210:
208:
196:
191:
186:
182:
177:
172:
168:
164:
158:
153:
148:×××××× ×Ø××× ××
146:Romanian Jews
134:
131:
123:
112:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81: ā
80:
76:
75:Find sources:
69:
65:
59:
58:
53:This article
51:
47:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
19:
9050:Zalmoxianism
8979:BahĆ”Ź¼Ć Faith
8964:denomination
8865:
8744:Bangladeshis
8532:
8438:(16,792,868)
8334:Transnistria
8218:
7980:
7936:
7896:
7883:
7861:
7857:
7847:
7836:
7832:
7818:
7806:
7788:
7763:
7751:
7741:
7730:
7716:
7708:Chapter VIII
7701:
7687:
7679:
7654:
7644:Royal Decree
7643:
7632:
7621:
7610:
7600:
7581:
7562:. Retrieved
7552:
7538:
7529:
7520:
7509:. Retrieved
7505:the original
7495:
7481:
7467:
7453:
7439:
7425:
7411:
7402:
7393:
7381:
7370:. Retrieved
7366:the original
7361:
7352:
7341:. Retrieved
7337:the original
7327:
7318:
7309:
7295:
7281:
7255:
7246:
7237:
7227:
7218:
7208:
7197:. Retrieved
7193:the original
7188:
7179:
7168:. Retrieved
7166:. 1987-06-20
7158:
7147:. Retrieved
7145:. 1991-10-24
7137:
7126:
7103:
7094:
7085:
7076:
7057:
7052:
7041:. Retrieved
7019:
7009:
7000:
6991:
6978:
6965:
6955:24 September
6953:. Retrieved
6946:
6937:
6925:. Retrieved
6920:
6911:
6896:
6887:
6870:
6862:
6858:
6850:
6845:
6838:Royal Decree
6837:
6833:
6824:
6788:
6779:
6770:
6765:Veiga, p. 61
6761:
6747:
6733:
6719:
6710:
6686:
6674:
6665:
6660:Veiga, p. 56
6656:
6647:
6638:
6629:
6606:
6595:
6583:
6575:
6562:
6556:
6547:
6538:
6529:
6521:
6517:
6494:
6485:
6476:
6467:
6458:
6449:
6424:
6415:
6390:
6369:
6360:
6351:
6342:
6333:
6324:
6315:
6306:
6297:
6288:
6279:
6254:. Retrieved
6226:. Retrieved
6222:the original
6217:
6194:. Retrieved
6189:
6136:
6029:
6020:
5995:. Retrieved
5988:the original
5975:
5964:. Retrieved
5960:the original
5950:
5925:. Retrieved
5918:the original
5905:
5831:Transylvania
5615:Other groups
5568:Major groups
5548:
5439:Transylvania
5350:
5347:
5335:
5324:
5309:
5302:
5264:
5252:
5248:
5236:Soviet Union
5221:
5214:
5202:brainwashing
5156:
5147:
5132:Soviet Union
5120:
5119:occupation (
5115:, following
5110:
5101:Reuven Rubin
5081:
5075:
5064:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5002:
4990:forced labor
4987:
4976:
4958:
4935:
4927:
4914:
4899:
4891:
4867:Selbstschutz
4852:
4818:Transnistria
4805:
4795:
4775:yellow badge
4772:
4757:
4746:
4745:Antonescu's
4724:
4693:Nazi Germany
4690:
4637:
4624:
4620:
4605:
4599:January 2016
4596:
4585:Please help
4576:
4554:
4536:philo-Semite
4525:Nazi Germany
4522:
4517:
4515:
4497:Jewish quota
4495:
4489:
4483:
4469:
4459:
4414:Jewish Party
4411:
4404:
4390:students in
4368:Transylvania
4346:
4339:
4317:
4305:
4304:(1905). The
4291:
4288:(built 1901)
4244:more judaico
4243:
4239:
4231:Moses Gaster
4216:
4212:unemployment
4204:
4177:
4129:
4124:
4114:
4107:Ion BrÄtianu
4103:premierships
4100:
4077:
4074:middle class
4063:antisemitism
4040:
4034:
4021:civil rights
4019:and also to
4006:
3993:Romanian Jew
3988:
3965:middle class
3962:
3926:two chambers
3919:
3908:
3893:
3887:
3839:
3825:
3810:
3792:
3781:
3759:
3736:
3712:TĆ¢rgu Frumos
3700:Piatra NeamČ
3688:persecutions
3661:
3656:
3626:
3621:World War II
3574:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3544:
3526:
3508:
3478:
3460:
3451:a number of
3411:
3390:
3386:Hakham Bashi
3384:
3378:
3368:
3319:
3296:
3257:
3247:
3229:
3206:Transylvania
3203:
3170:Aron Tiranul
3163:Grand Prince
3149:
3138:
3088:
3062:
3051:
3045:
3034:
3016:
3004:
2992:Transylvania
2965:Cetatea AlbÄ
2949:
2931:
2915:Roman Empire
2912:
2896:
2885:
2830:
2817:Ion BrÄtianu
2813:premierships
2810:
2806:persecutions
2767:
2760:
2726:
2713:
2711:
2652:Post-Zionism
2523:Judeo-Berber
2518:Judeo-Arabic
2478:Judeo-Gascon
2225:Pidyon haben
2144:Conservative
1882:
1690:Saudi Arabia
1508:South Africa
1497:Sierra Leone
1319:Israeli Jews
1233:Mosaic Arabs
1186:Kaifeng Jews
1047:ArabāIsraeli
1020:Emancipation
899:Great Revolt
708:Anti-Judaism
703:Antisemitism
698:Name "Judea"
493:Baal teshuva
346:Turkish Jews
248:
243:
221:
216:
211:
184:
180:
150:Evrei romĆ¢ni
142:Ethnic group
126:
117:
107:
100:
93:
86:
74:
62:Please help
57:verification
54:
35:Italian Jews
26:
9040:Inochentism
9030:Anglicanism
8653:Circassians
8563:Macedonians
8455:(1,227,623)
8372:Isle of Man
8307:recognition
8259:Switzerland
8194:Netherlands
7899:, July 2000
7829:George Panu
6973:, pp. 81ā82
5729:Shtefanesht
5588:Cluj-Napoca
5584:Klausenburg
5386:, Southern
5361:Population
5307:in Oradea.
5284:and one in
5232:Six-Day War
5228:Warsaw Pact
5215:During the
5170:nationalist
5167:reactionary
4822:Gendarmerie
4768:IaČi pogrom
4709:IaČi pogrom
4640:Ion Gigurtu
4464:A. L. Zissu
4422:Reform Jews
4348:World War I
4051:George Panu
4013:citizenship
3942:land reform
3828:Crimean War
3793:Before the
3662:During the
3566:hrisovoliČi
3562:hrisovoliČi
3545:During the
3493:Janissaries
3479:During the
3340:(the first
3326:TĆ¢rgu NeamČ
3254:Vasile Lupu
3178:decapitated
3176:, who were
3134:Joseph Nasi
3103:tax evasion
3099:Petru RareČ
3042:Uzun Hassan
3018:lƶwenthaler
2967:(1330); in
2903:2011 census
2861:IaČi pogrom
2778:TĆ¢rgu NeamČ
2774:blood libel
2749:citizenship
2733:World War I
2647:Revisionist
2637:Neo-Zionism
2244:Zeved habat
2037:Puerto Rico
1863:Netherlands
1695:South Korea
1680:Philippines
1560:Afghanistan
1427:Ivory Coast
1201:Crypto-Jews
1166:Bnei Anusim
1145:Bene Israel
1110:Beta Israel
1067:Communities
974:Middle Ages
713:Persecution
488:Bereavement
338:Polish Jews
187:(worldwide)
9081:Categories
8962:but not a
8797:Principal
8720:Pakistanis
8624:Krashovani
8594:Aromanians
8515:Bulgarians
8499:) (20,282)
8465:Ukrainians
8453:Hungarians
8229:San Marino
8189:Montenegro
8169:Luxembourg
8149:Kazakhstan
8052:Azerbaijan
7923:Yad Vashem
7807:Contrafort
7575:References
7564:2014-04-28
7511:2011-06-03
7372:2021-01-02
7343:2021-01-02
7315:"About Us"
7199:2018-07-29
7170:2014-04-28
7149:2014-04-28
7043:2014-04-28
6878:suggested
6687:NeoiobÄgia
6256:2019-01-28
6228:2022-02-23
6196:2012-01-28
5997:2019-01-28
5966:2019-01-28
5927:2019-01-28
5733:ČtefÄneČti
5666:Margareten
5388:Bessarabia
5325:After the
5186:Ana Pauker
5140:war crimes
5097:Ana Pauker
5059:See also:
4942:Bessarabia
4883:Akmechetka
4879:Bogdanovka
4814:propaganda
4731:Iron Guard
4581:to readers
4510:right-wing
4480:Iron Guard
4360:Bessarabia
4354:after the
4341:Poporanism
4296:after the
4200:Parliament
4184:suzerainty
4067:Liberalism
3995:holding a
3954:gold coins
3940:after the
3817:Israelites
3778:alcoholism
3720:Prut River
3714:. Jews in
3708:TĆ¢rgoviČte
3568:by Prince
3342:Phanariote
3320:The first
3225:Alba Iulia
3210:privileges
3111:persecuted
3069:suzerainty
2837:Iron Guard
2632:Maximalism
2584:Secularism
2564:Autonomism
2381:Literature
2174:Humanistic
1778:Azerbaijan
1740:Uzbekistan
1715:Tajikistan
1635:Kyrgyzstan
1620:Kazakhstan
1467:Mozambique
1442:Madagascar
1362:Cape Verde
1314:New Yishuv
1309:Old Yishuv
1260:Population
1238:Subbotniks
1196:Samaritans
1135:Romanyotim
1078:Ashkenazim
1025:Old Yishuv
1005:Sabbateans
992:Modern era
984:Golden Age
911:Bar Kokhba
631:Beit Yosef
498:Philosophy
90:newspapers
9045:Mormonism
9009:Renovatio
8799:religions
8708:Filipinos
8680:(177,000)
8569:Albanians
8557:Armenians
8461:(621,573)
8436:Romanians
8362:Gibraltar
8164:Lithuania
7580:The 1905
6703:scapegoat
6570:careers!"
6524:, art. 21
5751:TimiČoara
5747:Temishvar
5661:FÄlticeni
5657:Faltichan
5643:Bucharest
5639:Bucharest
5608:TimiČoara
5604:Temishvar
5578:Satu Mare
5384:Wallachia
5282:Voluntari
5178:Stalinist
5010:Holocaust
4826:Wehrmacht
4810:Communist
4787:CĆ¢mpulung
4720:FÄlticeni
4491:GĆ¢ndirism
4466:, in 1924
4460:Hasmonaea
4458:Cover of
4434:socialist
4388:far right
4336:left-wing
4328:A.C. Cuza
4261:pamphlets
4168:Bucharest
4088:Bucharest
3946:Armenians
3915:sidelocks
3872:Bucharest
3832:Unionists
3692:FÄlticeni
3633:Bucharest
3581:Joseph II
3453:kidnapped
3403:Ephram II
3334:synagogue
3330:Christian
3303:dresscode
3240:Wallachia
3232:converted
3186:Bucharest
3090:hospodars
2973:Bucharest
2969:Wallachia
2942:Black Sea
2782:Christian
2751:, to the
2642:Religious
2498:Zarphatic
2488:Bukharian
2458:Judeo-Tat
2443:Yeshivish
2417:Languages
2372:Sephardic
2362:Israelite
2352:Ethiopian
2342:Ashkenazi
2281:Religious
2071:Australia
2053:Venezuela
1959:Argentina
1941:Greenland
1853:Lithuania
1705:Sri Lanka
1700:Singapore
1625:Kurdistan
1590:Indonesia
1580:Hong Kong
1533:Abayudaya
1457:Mauritius
1191:Igbo Jews
1181:Krymchaks
1100:Sephardim
968:relations
862:Sadducees
858:Pharisees
848:Sanhedrin
763:Jerusalem
523:Synagogue
391:Etymology
282:Hungarian
256:Languages
120:July 2024
9035:Hinduism
8989:Nazarene
8738:Mexicans
8726:Iranians
8714:Africans
8630:Slovenes
8618:SzƩkelys
8596:(26,500)
8539:Italians
8511:(13,654)
8505:(18,076)
8485:(23,487)
8483:Lipovans
8479:(27,698)
8473:(36,042)
8467:(50,920)
8382:Svalbard
8367:Guernsey
8314:Abkhazia
8289:Scotland
8244:Slovenia
8239:Slovakia
8214:Portugal
8072:Bulgaria
7978:1/2011:
7976:Euxeinos
7966:Archived
7915:Archived
7815:Z. Ornea
7768:Archived
7586:article
7319:Bereshit
7219:BBC News
6948:BBC News
6921:BBC News
6006:cite web
5936:cite web
5766:See also
5702:Sasregen
5670:Marghita
5634:BotoČani
5630:Botoshan
5543:Source:
5535:Romania
5524:Romania
5443:Bukovina
5380:Moldavia
5276:has the
5217:Cold War
5080:ensued (
5055:Post-War
4946:Bukovina
4828:and the
4791:BotoČani
4783:CernÄuČi
4654:Politics
4538:, adopt
4532:Carol II
4485:TrÄirism
4426:Orthodox
4416:and the
4364:Bukovina
4125:Junimea'
4111:vagrants
3997:petition
3956:; about
3934:deputies
3930:senators
3902:1859 in
3895:Domnitor
3836:magazine
3807:Austrian
3753:and the
3724:Austrian
3670:and the
3637:Bukovina
3629:Sephardi
3577:Habsburg
3572:(1813).
3495:and the
3457:Mahmud I
3414:OniČcani
3276:Moldavia
3264:Cossacks
3122:Lutheran
3077:Istanbul
2961:Moldavia
2957:Sephardi
2946:Dniester
2821:vagrants
2753:genocide
2720:both of
2669:Category
2627:Kahanism
2574:Feminism
2546:Politics
2430:Biblical
2400:American
2347:Bukharan
2337:American
2237:Shidduch
2213:Clothing
2169:Haymanot
2115:Orthodox
2043:Suriname
2026:Paraguay
1979:Colombia
1878:Portugal
1788:Bulgaria
1725:Thailand
1675:Pakistan
1655:Mongolia
1650:Malaysia
1570:Cambodia
1544:Zimbabwe
1519:Tanzania
1397:Eswatini
1387:Ethiopia
1377:Djibouti
1357:Cameroon
1352:Botswana
1281:Diaspora
1243:Noahides
1216:Marranos
1140:Cochinim
1125:Bukharim
1115:Gruzinim
1105:Teimanim
1095:Mizrahim
1083:Galician
1049:conflict
1010:Hasidism
1000:Haskalah
905:Diaspora
776:timeline
688:Timeline
601:Rabbinic
508:Kabbalah
483:Marriage
459:Tzedakah
449:Holidays
407:Religion
370:a series
368:Part of
296:Religion
262:Romanian
8984:Harvest
8866:Judaism
8803:Romania
8704:(1,000)
8702:Indians
8698:(2,243)
8696:Chinese
8692:(2,384)
8690:Afghans
8686:(5,000)
8606:CsĆ”ngĆ³s
8600:Hutsuls
8565:(1,264)
8559:(1,361)
8553:(2,477)
8547:(2,543)
8541:(3,203)
8535:(3,271)
8529:(3,668)
8523:(5,408)
8517:(7,336)
8509:Slovaks
8471:Germans
8279:England
8269:Ukraine
8219:Romania
8179:Moldova
8137:Ireland
8132:Iceland
8127:Hungary
8117:Germany
8112:Georgia
8102:Finland
8097:Estonia
8092:Denmark
8077:Croatia
8062:Belgium
8057:Belarus
8047:Austria
8042:Armenia
8037:Andorra
8032:Albania
7925:website
7921:on the
7897:Memoria
7856:(1993)
7837:Junimea
7774:at the
7588:Rumania
7388:a hotel
6927:May 22,
6691:Serfdom
6680:Marxist
5856:Klezmer
5740:, from
5731:, from
5724:Suceava
5722:, from
5713:, from
5704:, from
5695:, from
5688:PaČcani
5686:, from
5684:Pashkan
5677:, from
5668:, from
5659:, from
5650:, from
5641:, from
5632:, from
5623:, from
5598:SÄpĆ¢nČa
5512:Romania
5468:146,264
5453:356,237
5427:728,115
5416:256,588
5406:Dobruja
5398:300,000
5372:134,168
5198:torture
5194:PiteČti
5174:Zionism
4971:ghettos
4967:pogroms
4924:Results
4887:Pechora
4800:during
4577:may be
4472:fascism
4430:Zionism
4223:tuition
4192:Muslims
4180:Balkans
4146:, then
4042:Junimea
4001:bribery
3846:radical
3732:Slatina
3684:pogroms
3649:Oltenia
3645:Balkans
3504:pogroms
3441:Suceava
3391:starost
3380:starost
3221:Ottoman
3194:Rumelia
3159:Muscovy
3126:Ottoman
3071:of the
3053:logofÄt
3047:stolnic
3009:Roman I
2988:Louis I
2952:Cumania
2802:pogroms
2722:Romania
2612:General
2603:Zionism
2579:Leftism
2569:Bundism
2493:Knaanic
2453:Yevanic
2438:Yiddish
2395:Yiddish
2390:Israeli
2367:Mizrahi
2357:Israeli
2328:Cuisine
2304:Ancient
2286:Secular
2232:Kashrut
2208:Wedding
2195:Customs
2187:Culture
2164:Science
2159:Renewal
2149:Karaite
2130:Hasidic
2062:Oceania
2048:Uruguay
2016:Jamaica
1996:Ecuador
1964:Bolivia
1908:Ukraine
1883:Romania
1858:Moldova
1838:Hungary
1828:Germany
1823:Georgia
1813:Finland
1808:Estonia
1803:Denmark
1798:Czechia
1783:Belarus
1773:Austria
1768:Armenia
1745:Vietnam
1660:Myanmar
1645:Lebanon
1565:Bahrain
1524:Tunisia
1502:Somalia
1477:Nigeria
1472:Namibia
1462:Morocco
1392:Eritrea
1337:Algeria
1221:Neofiti
1130:Italkim
1120:Juhurim
1030:Zionism
979:Khazars
874:Sicarii
870:Zealots
866:Essenes
853:Schisms
718:Leaders
680:General
672:History
615:Tosefta
610:Midrash
587:Mishnah
569:Ketuvim
564:Nevi'im
513:Customs
444:Shabbat
439:Halakha
431: (
429:Mitzvot
416: (
382:Judaism
302:Judaism
290:English
278:Russian
270:Yiddish
249:450,000
244:276,588
207:Romania
185:460,000
181:280,000
104:scholar
9059:Others
8636:Gagauz
8575:Rusyns
8551:Czechs
8527:Greeks
8521:Croats
8497:Nogais
8489:Tatars
8459:Romani
8377:Jersey
8319:Kosovo
8264:Turkey
8254:Sweden
8234:Serbia
8224:Russia
8209:Poland
8204:Norway
8184:Monaco
8154:Latvia
8122:Greece
8107:France
8082:Cyprus
7872:
7805:", in
7655:Decree
7622:Decree
7601:Divers
7358:"Home"
6863:Decree
6689:("Neo-
6590:
5760:Vaslui
5756:Vasloi
5706:Reghin
5679:NÄsÄud
5625:BuhuČi
5621:Bohush
5600:ā 10th
5594:Spinks
5574:Satmar
5495:24,667
5482:42,888
5290:Satmar
5274:Chabad
5134:, was
5117:Soviet
5088:Aliyah
5084:Bricha
5078:Israel
4950:Soviet
4931:Romani
4902:Allies
4871:Odessa
4758:After
4747:rƩgime
4628:Hitler
4378:. The
4366:, and
4286:BraČov
4265:French
4249:French
4144:London
4053:, and
3938:boyars
3904:GalaČi
3900:Easter
3774:boyars
3770:tavern
3743:niches
3716:GalaČi
3710:, and
3702:, the
3696:Hertsa
3557:sudiČi
3551:Kalmyk
3516:Danube
3511:GalaČi
3462:kapucu
3426:French
3418:Easter
3369:Under
3284:Timush
3214:Prince
3190:Danube
3152:Prince
3006:Prince
2981:Poland
2927:OrČova
2892:Israel
2869:Soviet
2762:aliyah
2741:racism
2674:Portal
2533:Domari
2463:Shassi
2424:Hebrew
2319:Humour
2263:Hiloni
2258:Aliyah
2218:Niddah
2203:Minyan
2138:Reform
2125:Haredi
2120:Modern
2021:Mexico
2006:Guyana
1969:Brazil
1931:Canada
1903:Sweden
1893:Serbia
1888:Russia
1873:Poland
1868:Norway
1848:Latvia
1833:Greece
1818:France
1793:Cyprus
1759:Europe
1730:Turkey
1720:Taiwan
1630:Kuwait
1615:Jordan
1605:Israel
1539:Zambia
1529:Uganda
1447:Malawi
1417:Guinea
1407:Gambia
1342:Angola
1328:Africa
1211:Dƶnmeh
1206:Anusim
1150:Berber
1088:Litvak
1040:Israel
946:
883:
797:Second
765:
626:Targum
592:Gemara
578:Talmud
550:Tanakh
503:Ethics
454:Prayer
286:Polish
274:German
266:Hebrew
239:Israel
236:
204:
163:GalaČi
106:
99:
92:
85:
77:
8856:Islam
8746:(100)
8740:(224)
8734:(500)
8732:Kurds
8728:(610)
8722:(700)
8716:(700)
8710:(800)
8684:Arabs
8632:(175)
8577:(262)
8571:(520)
8545:Poles
8503:Serbs
8477:Turks
8352:Ć
land
8294:Wales
8249:Spain
8174:Malta
8144:Italy
7895:, in
7778:(PDF)
6695:boyar
6186:(PDF)
5991:(PDF)
5984:(PDF)
5921:(PDF)
5914:(PDF)
5898:Notes
5738:Siget
5720:Shotz
5715:Siret
5711:Seret
5697:Roman
5693:Roman
5675:Nasod
5648:Deyzh
5532:3,271
5521:5,785
5508:8,955
5358:Year
5222:When
4873:(see
4779:BacÄu
4330:(his
4242:oath
4164:Greek
4037:Regat
3531:rabbi
3445:Porte
3375:guild
3347:Roman
3119:Greek
3035:Isak
3000:Saxon
2990:. In
2919:Dacia
2622:Labor
2617:Green
2314:Dance
2272:Music
2091:Palau
2011:Haiti
1974:Chile
1898:Spain
1843:Italy
1750:Yemen
1710:Syria
1685:Qatar
1665:Nepal
1610:Japan
1585:India
1575:China
1514:Sudan
1437:Libya
1432:Kenya
1412:Ghana
1402:Gabon
1382:Egypt
1367:Benin
1226:Xueta
1171:Lemba
790:First
655:Zohar
559:Torah
541:Texts
528:Rabbi
518:Rites
418:names
222:8,000
217:9,700
212:3,271
179:est.
111:JSTOR
97:books
8533:Jews
8495:and
7870:ISBN
7839:"),
7609:The
6957:2013
6929:2010
6588:ISBN
6012:link
5942:link
5833:and
5550:YIVO
5529:2011
5518:2002
5505:1992
5492:1977
5479:1966
5465:1956
5450:1941
5424:1930
5413:1899
5395:1887
5369:1866
5310:The
5286:Cluj
5268:and
5200:and
5136:shot
5121:see
5086:and
5082:see
4865:and
4739:Roma
4529:King
4488:and
4407:USSR
4392:IaČi
4313:IaČi
4233:and
4174:1880
3958:US$
3932:and
3928:(of
3819:and
3768:and
3686:and
3657:Code
3615:The
3601:IaČi
3500:Army
3449:rape
3361:The
3280:IaČi
3174:IaČi
3117:, a
3031:IaČi
2985:King
2979:and
2950:see
2925:and
2853:Roma
2826:IaČi
2804:and
2739:and
2718:Jews
2712:The
2081:Guam
2076:Fiji
2031:Peru
1984:Cuba
1670:Oman
1640:Laos
1600:Iraq
1595:Iran
1552:Asia
1481:Igbo
1452:Mali
471:Brit
380:and
378:Jews
314:Jews
288:and
83:news
8801:of
8638:(5)
7666:PDF
7599:on
6143:UPI
5652:Dej
5163:PCR
4981:in
4956:).
4877:),
4500:in
4478:'s
4439:).
4300:in
4263:in
4105:of
3870:in
3655:'s
3575:In
3459:'s
3256:'s
3246:'s
3242:by
3234:to
3212:by
3161:'s
3037:Bey
3029:of
2983:by
2879:in
2815:of
2295:Art
641:Tur
433:613
183:to
66:by
33:or
9083::
7868:,
7831:,
7817:,
7791:,
7784:,
7754:,
7750:,
7740:,
7728:,
7715:,
7706:,
7699:,
7677:,
7401:.
7360:.
7317:.
7264:^
7254:.
7236:.
7217:.
7187:.
7125:.
7112:^
7064:^
7028:^
7018:.
6945:.
6919:.
6810:^
6615:^
6594:.
6582:,
6503:^
6433:^
6399:^
6378:^
6265:^
6249:.
6237:^
6216:.
6205:^
6188:.
6150:^
6141:,
6128:^
6116:^
6104:^
6092:^
6078:^
6066:^
6054:^
6038:^
6028:.
6008:}}
6004:{{
5938:}}
5934:{{
5441:,
5408:)
5390:)
5382:,
5333:.
5322:.
5288:.
5154:.
5020:.
4944:,
4885:,
4881:,
4789:,
4781:,
4741:.
4635:.
4394:;
4362:,
4315:.
4237:.
4172:c.
4170:,
4162:A
4049:,
3987::
3906:.
3838:,
3734:.
3706:,
3698:,
3694:,
3506:.
3431:,
3409:.
3405:,
3294:.
3132:,
3105:.
2994:,
2929:.
2828:.
908:,
902:,
872:,
868:,
864:,
860:,
372:on
356:,
352:,
348:,
344:,
340:,
336:,
332:,
328:,
324:,
320:,
316:,
284:,
280:,
276:,
272:,
268:,
264:,
8966:)
8790:e
8783:t
8776:v
8416:e
8409:t
8402:v
8010:e
8003:t
7996:v
7876:)
7801:"
7664:(
7567:.
7546:.
7514:.
7461:.
7433:.
7405:.
7375:.
7346:.
7321:.
7275:.
7240:.
7221:.
7202:.
7173:.
7152:.
7046:.
7022:.
6959:.
6931:.
6755:.
6727:.
6259:.
6231:.
6199:.
6032:.
6014:)
6000:.
5969:.
5944:)
5930:.
5837:)
5433:(
5378:(
4861:(
4612:)
4606:(
4601:)
4597:(
4593:.
4003:.
3554:(
3033:(
2948:(
2701:e
2694:t
2687:v
1535:)
1531:(
1483:)
1479:(
952:)
948:(
914:)
897:(
890:)
885:(
876:)
856:(
799:)
788:(
778:)
767:(
435:)
420:)
133:)
127:(
122:)
118:(
108:Ā·
101:Ā·
94:Ā·
87:Ā·
60:.
37:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.