119:
Korea are estimated to have gone missing or have never been heard from. However, in spite of the harsh political situation, migration to North Korea did not stop completely until 1984. As of 1997, North Korea had refused to provide Japan with a list of surviving
Japanese in the country, and had only permitted a few small groups of 10–15 to travel to Japan. They further objected to the Japanese practice of referring to such trips as "visits home", instead preferring to call them "temporary visitors" or even "government delegations".
99:; they welcomed the repatriation campaign as a way of reducing the ethnic minority population. In total, 6,637 Japanese people are estimated to have accompanied Korean spouses to North Korea, of whom 1,828 retained their Japanese nationality. The numbers of both Japanese and Koreans going to North Korea dropped sharply in the 1960s as knowledge of the poor economic conditions, social discrimination, and political repression faced by both Korean and Japanese migrants filtered back to Japan by word of mouth.
709:
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118:
and personally begged to him to be allowed to go back to Japan. These two events are said to have been the impetus for the 1970s purges of migrants from Japan, in which many
Chongryon members and their families were sent to detention camps or killed. Two-thirds of the Japanese who migrated to North
181:
and swam to North Korea where she requested asylum. Her actions made her the first
Japanese defector to North Korea since the Flight 351 hijacking. However, after two years of living in a hotel where she reportedly had complaints about her hotel room, clothing, and constant surveillance by guards,
71:. Their current whereabouts are unknown; documents from Russian archives suggest that only the physically ill were sent to North Korea, while able-bodied men were retained by the Soviets to perform forced labor there.
640:
110:'s first anti-government demonstration in North Korean history, when they staged a protest appealing for permission to return home. Kang also relayed an anecdote about
151:, two died in North Korea, and five are still believed to reside in Pyongyang. Four were confirmed to be alive in 2004 when they were interviewed and photographed by
79:
Voluntary migration of
Japanese to North Korea began in 1959, under a repatriation campaign for Zainichi Koreans sponsored by ethnic activist organisation and
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to North Korean intelligence operatives; however, the government of North Korea officially admits to only 16 such kidnappings.
95:
governments, who saw
Koreans in Japan as "Communists" and "criminals", in the words of the US ambassador to Japan at the time,
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59:; however, they were repatriated to Japan soon after. The earliest and largest post-war influx of Japanese to
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are known to have received political asylum in
Pyongyang in 1970; of those, two were later arrested by
106:, himself the son of participants in the repatriation campaign, Japanese wives of North Korean men led
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being shocked when one
Japanese woman showed up when he was making a "spot visit" to a mine in
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are people of
Japanese descent living in North Korea. They consist mainly of four groups:
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441:"Ethnic Koreans in Japan Victimized by the North Korean Regime's Fraud"
178:
152:
713:
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293:"Russia Acknowledges Sending Japanese Prisoners of War to North Korea"
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107:
84:
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295:. Mosnews.com. 2005-04-01. Archived from the original on 2006-11-13
148:
1383:
549:"North Korea rejects DNA link to Megumi Yokota abduction case"
1373:
1363:
886:
467:"Movements of the Japanese Red Army and the "Yodo-go" Group""
517:
185:
74:
520:"N. Korean defector says 70-80 Japanese abducted by North"
648:
177:, jumped overboard from a Chinese tourist boat on the
541:
472:. National Police Agency, Japan. 2003. Archived from
326:
247:"The left-right confrontation in Korea – Its origin"
329:"The Forgotten Victims of the North Korean Crisis"
1492:
249:. Association for Asian Research. Archived from
244:
87:. Chongryon received the tacit support of the
869:
634:
407:"The Dilemma of North Korea's Japanese Wives"
210:in North Korea, Younger Sister of Kim Jong Un
160:kidnapped between 70 and 80 Japanese citizens
122:
511:
162:between 1977 and 1983 in order to teach the
35:. The number who remain alive is not known.
518:Asian Political News (Kyodo) (2002-11-25).
876:
862:
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173:, a Japanese citizen and former member of
186:Notable North Koreans of Japanese Descent
411:Japan Policy Research Institute Critique
75:Spouses of repatriating Zainichi Koreans
1531:North Korean people of Japanese descent
575:"Cult saga of sex, spies and defection"
400:
398:
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392:See section "Koreans Living Overseas".
182:she arranged to be returned to Japan.
857:
622:
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158:North Korea is also believed to have
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395:
331:. Nautilus Institute. Archived from
208:Publicity and Information Department
206:(born 1987), Deputy Director of the
21:prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union
1521:Japanese expatriates in North Korea
843:Korean clan names of foreign origin
650:Immigrants and expatriates in Korea
404:
381:Library of Congress Country Studies
327:Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (2007-03-13).
216:(born 1981), Brother of Kim Jong un
102:According to North Korean defector
13:
599:"Defector gives up on North Korea"
551:. Associated Press. Archived from
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200:(1952–2004), Mother of Kim Jong Un
194:(born 1982), Leader of North Korea
14:
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838:Immigration policy of South Korea
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818:Ethnic minorities in North Korea
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405:Kim, Yong Mok (November 1997).
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439:Kang, Chol-hwan (2003-12-05).
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17:Japanese people in North Korea
1:
1443:The Japanese in Latin America
245:Kim, Young Sik (2003-10-28).
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1511:Ethnic groups in North Korea
1501:Japanese diaspora by country
7:
1516:Japan–North Korea relations
1506:Demographics of North Korea
828:Demographics of North Korea
573:Green, Shane (2003-11-21).
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55:were stranded north of the
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823:Immigration to South Korea
123:Defections and kidnappings
27:accompanying repatriating
1526:Japanese diaspora in Asia
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579:The Sydney Morning Herald
312:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
141:Japan Airlines Flight 351
129:Japanese Communist League
894:and Japanese expatriates
135:(the predecessor of the
127:The nine members of the
63:was involuntary: 27,000
47:and the collapse of the
31:spouses, defectors, and
1436:The Japanese and Europe
116:South Hamgyong Province
1467:Looking Like the Enemy
499:Cite journal requires
355:Cite journal requires
273:Cite journal requires
1474:New Worlds, New Lives
1430:Foreign-born Japanese
335:on September 27, 2007
83:North Korean embassy
1158:United Arab Emirates
1054:By state and/or city
524:Asian Political News
417:(10). Archived from
97:Douglas MacArthur II
45:end of World War II
942:Dominican Republic
53:Japanese colonists
43:In 1945, with the
33:kidnapping victims
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1398:fourth generation
1378:second generation
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1220:Sakhalin Japanese
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892:Japanese diaspora
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164:Japanese language
137:Japanese Red Army
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1418:Related articles
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1388:third generation
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139:) who hijacked
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555:on 2011-08-20
554:
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529:
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479:on 2011-03-23
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57:38th parallel
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912:South Africa
733:
607:. Retrieved
605:. 2005-11-03
602:
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578:
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553:the original
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532:. Retrieved
528:the original
523:
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492:cite journal
481:. Retrieved
474:the original
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348:cite journal
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333:the original
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255:. Retrieved
251:the original
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69:Soviet Union
42:
16:
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1357:Generations
1334:New Zealand
1223: [
1210:Netherlands
1133:Philippines
1116:South Korea
1111:North Korea
1022:Mexico City
800:Jeju Island
760:Indonesians
743:South Korea
722:North Korea
376:North Korea
204:Kim Yo Jong
198:Ko Yong Hui
192:Kim Jong Un
112:Kim Il Sung
61:North Korea
1495:Categories
1368:immigrants
1263:Micronesia
1203:Düsseldorf
790:Pakistanis
780:Mongolians
775:Malaysians
750:Brazilians
699:Vietnamese
672:Chaoxianzu
609:2009-06-01
584:2009-06-01
559:2007-03-15
534:2007-03-15
483:2007-03-15
452:2007-03-16
425:2007-03-16
387:2007-03-16
339:2007-03-15
299:2007-02-23
257:2007-03-15
233:References
179:Yalu River
153:Kyodo News
51:, 200,000
39:Background
1449:Japantown
1307:Melbourne
1302:Australia
1295:Elsewhere
1178:Belgium (
1143:Sri Lanka
1138:Singapore
1103:Indonesia
1093:Hong Kong
1044:Venezuela
963:Argentina
956:Elsewhere
929:Caribbean
755:Filipinos
729:Americans
308:cite news
169:In 2003,
108:Pyongyang
85:Chongryon
67:from the
1425:Dekasegi
1276:Kiribati
1180:Brussels
1148:Thailand
1123:Malaysia
1081:Shanghai
1029:Paraguay
1012:Colombia
995:Montreal
921:Americas
811:See also
795:Refugees
765:Japanese
734:Japanese
694:Russians
603:BBC News
221:See also
149:Thailand
93:American
89:Japanese
81:de facto
25:Japanese
1255:Oceania
1198:Germany
1163:Vietnam
1039:Uruguay
1000:Toronto
968:Bolivia
947:Jamaica
785:Nepalis
689:Indians
684:Germans
667:Chinese
1394:Yonsei
1384:Sansei
1328:France
1314:Hawaii
1244:London
1215:Russia
1186:France
1172:Europe
1153:Turkey
1107:Korea
1017:Mexico
985:Canada
973:Brazil
900:Africa
679:French
383:. 1994
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1374:Nisei
1364:Issei
1286:Palau
1234:Spain
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1128:Nepal
1098:India
1076:China
1007:Chile
907:Egypt
477:(PDF)
470:(PDF)
1459:list
1069:Asia
1034:Peru
937:Cuba
770:Jews
657:Pre-
505:help
361:help
314:link
279:help
91:and
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