Italy in the Middle Ages

87: 1915: 19: 2054: 1222: 1001: 2045: 1112: 6120: 4890: 1608: 1306:, were enclaves who were becoming increasingly independent of Byzantium. A conquest of Benevento, otherwise, would have meant the total encompassment of the Papal territories, and probably Charlemagne thought it was good for his relationships with the Pope to avoid such a move. The age of Charlemagne was one of stability for Italy, though it was generally dominated by non-Italian interests. The separation with the Eastern world continued to increase. 6110: 2170: 4879: 622: 6130: 2246: 1502: 933: 1802: 1036:, destroyed much of the town life that had survived the barbarian invasions. Town life did not disappear, but they became smaller and considerably more primitive than they had been in classical Roman times. Subsistence agriculture employed the bulk of the Italian population. Wars, famines, and disease epidemics had a dramatic effect on the demographics of Italy. The agricultural estates of the 2384:

with fewer in-between. The widespread belief of medieval Europe having a "pyramid" population where most people were under 45 was not completely true, and in fact varied widely from region to region. France traditionally had high birth rates, but Italy's fertility was lower to begin with and especially after the Plague had ravaged the region, many cities such as

1955:(1066), which took place over the course of a few years after one decisive battle, the conquest of Southern Italy was the product of decades and many battles, few decisive. Many territories were conquered independently, and only later were all unified into one state. Compared to the conquest of England, it was unplanned and unorganised, but just as permanent. 1670: 1165:

After the Lombard invasion, the popes were nominally subject to the eastern emperor, but often received little help from Constantinople, and had to fill the lack of stately power, providing essential services (ex. food for the needy) and protecting Rome from Lombard incursions; in this way, the popes

2399:

Since overall life expectancy in Europe did not increase by any significant margin during this period, the aging cohort in some areas can be almost completely blamed on the effects of the Plague. Wealthy households had larger numbers of children than the poor. For example, in the early 15th century,

2383:

ravaged Europe during the 1340s–50s, wiping out almost half the continent's population. Particularly detrimental was the fact that most of the victims were young adults in their prime working years, which left behind an "hourglass" population structure comprised heavily of children and older people,

1635:

in 871 after a great siege. Louis then tried to set up greater control over all the south by garrisoning his troops in Beneventan fortresses. The response of Adelchis to this action was to imprison and rob the emperor while he was staying the princely palace at Benevento. A month later, the Saracens

992:

confession, constituted an aristocracy of landowners and militaries, but its influence over the country remained minimal; the Latin population was still subject to Roman laws, and maintained the freedom of creed received by Odoacer. The reign of Theodoric is generally considered a period of recovery

1989:

became the prevalent form of government. Keeping both direct church control and imperial power at arm's length, the many independent city states prospered through commerce, based on early capitalist principles, ultimately creating the conditions for the artistic and intellectual changes produced by

1414:

With Charlemagne's conquest of 774, the north of Italy was politically separated from the south completely. Though the Byzantines had continued to hold most of Apulia and Calabria and the Lombard duchies of the south had been aloof of Pavian policies for a century, the situation was exacerbated by

1940:

the Lombard and Byzantine possessions in Southern Italy, ending the six century old presence of both powers in the peninsula. The independent city-states were also subdued. During the same century, the Normans also ended Muslim rule in Sicily. Norman rule in what had once been Byzantine territory

2461:

During this time, the powers of the ruler of states expanded as some of the last feudal institutions faded away. However, power was also put into the hands of smaller branches of families than the amount that feudalism and later pre-Renaissance political systems allowed for, causing friction and

2114:

Thanks to their favorable position between East and West, Italian cities such as Venice became international trading and banking hubs and intellectual crossroads. Milan, Florence and Venice, as well as several other Italian city-states, played a crucial innovative role in financial development,

1310:

was the first Pope to date his Bulls from the year of Charlemagne's reign (795) instead of those of Byzantine emperors. This process of isolation from the Eastern Empire and connection with the Western world of France and Germany, which had started three centuries before, was completed at the

1789:

in 1115. This left a power vacuum – increasingly filled by the papacy and by the bishops, as well as by the increasingly wealthy Italian cities, which gradually came to dominate the surrounding countryside. The papacy went through an age of decadence, which ended only in 999 when emperor

1146:

In the politically unstable situation after the fall of the western empire, the Church often became the only stable institution and the only source of learning in Western Europe. Even the barbarians had to rely on clerics in order to administer their conquests. Furthermore, the Catholic

1893:, Byzantine power experienced a recovery; and the impact of this was felt in southern Italy. During the late 9th century, the amount of territory under direct Byzantine rule (which in the early 9th century was limited to the toe and heel of the peninsula) expanded dramatically. The 1769:, nominally controlled the Northern Italian communes. In general, the monarch was an absentee, spending most of his time in Germany and leaving the Kingdom of Italy with little central authority. There was also a lack of powerful landed magnates – the only notable one being the 1636:

had landed with a new invasive force and Adelchis released Louis to lead the armies against it. Adelchis forced Louis to vow never to re-enter Benevento with an army or to take revenge for his detention. Louis went to Rome in 872 and was released from his oath by

2400:

the average age of Florence's population among the lower classes was 25 while the upper classes had an average age of just 17. The countryside became swiftly depopulated after the Plague as well due to surviving young people moving en masse to the cities.

1314:

After the death of Charlemagne (814) the new empire soon disintegrated under his weak successors. The equilibrium created through the great emperor's charisma fell apart. This crisis was due also to the emergence of external forces, including the

1469:

In 839, Sicard was assassinated, and a civil war broke out, which illustrated the nature of political power in the south. It was still largely in the hands of the land-owning aristocracy, who had the power to choose a prince. In 839, some chose

1897:

was set up to administer the newly acquired territory. The rest of Southern Italy remained divided among the Lombard kings and the Italian cities. Both sets of principalities were de facto independent but paid nominal allegiance to Byzantium.

1204:

was abolished. This ended the Byzantine presence in central Italy (although some coastal cities and some areas in south Italy remained under Byzantine control until the 11th century). Facing a new Lombard offensive, the papacy appealed to the

987:

defeated Odoacer and became the king of the Ostrogoths. Theodoric, who had lived long in Constantinople, is now generally considered a Romanized German, and he in fact ruled over Italy largely through Roman personnel. The Goth minority, of

1498:, invaded the peninsula and imposed peace between the Lombard factions. He divided the principality into two: one at Benevento, one at Salerno. Thenceforward, the history of the Lombard south is one of declining, competing powers. 1599:

The period following the Beneventan civil war was one of confusion, brought on by the independence movements in the various cities and provinces and by the Saracen onslaught. In Salerno, a palace coup removed Siconulf's successor

968:, but practically in total independence. The administration remained essentially the same as that under the Western Roman Empire, and gave religious freedoms to the Christians. Odoacer fought against the Vandals, who had occupied 1529:

duke. However, Anthimus was unable to control the cities under his rule, Gaeta and Amalfi. Subsequent to Anthimus, the patrician tried to appoint his own candidate without imperial approval. The people rebelled and accepted

1263:. A war between the two empires soon followed; in 812 the Byzantines agreed to recognize the existence of two Roman Empires in return for an assurance that the remaining Byzantine possessions in Italy would be uncontested. 1905:

laws caused trouble in Salerno. The urban populations were upset with Byzantine taxation, resulting in an uprising in Apulia in the early 980s. In 990, deadly earthquakes directly affected two cities, Benevento and Capua.

1651:

was on friendly terms with the Saracens, a habit which annoyed the popes and often put a ruler at odds with his neighbours. The south Italian lords continually rotating in their allegiances. Guaifer's successor,

2991:"Breve cronologia degli attacchi saraceni (termine con cui si designano gli attacchi arabo-islamici del primo millennio) nel Mediterraneo, nella penisola italiana, in quella ispanica, in Provenza e sulle Alpi" 2154:. From the 11th to the 13th centuries these cities built fleets of ships both for their own protection and to support extensive trade networks across the Mediterranean, leading to an essential role in the 2324:, prosperous city-states could field considerable forces, despite their low populations. In the course of the 15th century, the most powerful city-states annexed their smaller neighbors. Florence took 1901:

The Southern Italy growth and change stagnated for a number of reasons. In 878 the Arabs captured the crucial city of Syracuse, and by 965 the entire island was under Arab rule. The reminisce of the

1640:

on 28 May. His attempts to punish Adelchis were not very successful. Adelchis vacillated between nominal fealty to the Carolingian and Byzantine emperors, but, in fact, by his alterations to the

1521:

independence. Naples, in particular, had a history of differences with Byzantium and had in the past sought to make herself dependent on other authorities, often papal. In 801, the Byzantine

1627:

there. Greek power being significantly threatened, as well as Adriatic commerce, the Byzantine emperor requested an alliance from Louis II of Italy. Similarly, the new prince of Benevento,

1534:

in 821. During Stephen's decade of rule, Naples severed all legal ties to Constantinople and even began minting her own coins. In 840, after a brief flirtation with Frankish servitude, to

1055:

was the first main centre to fall, while the Byzantine resistance concentrated in the coast areas. The Lombards soon overran most of the peninsula, establishing a Kingdom with capital in

2221:

from Italy; this sponsorship was, like the invasion of the south, part of a 12th-century Byzantine effort to regain the influence it had once held on the peninsula during the reign of

2896: 3306:

Huang, Angela Ling, and Carsten Jahnke, eds. Textiles and the Medieval Economy: Production, Trade, and Consumption of Textiles, 8th–16th Centuries. Vol. 16. Oxbow Books, 2015.

2827: 86: 1656:, made war on the Saracens. Guaifer had originally associated Guaimar with him as co-ruler, a practice which became endemic to the south and was especially evident in Capua. 1266:

Throughout this period, some coastal regions, and all of southern Italy, remained under Byzantine or Lombard control. The imperial authority never extended much south of the

2313:, while Florence developed into a highly organized commercial and financial city-state, becoming for many centuries the European capital of silk, wool, banking and jewelry. 993:

for the country. Infrastructures were repaired, frontiers were expanded, and the economy well cared for. The Latin culture flourished for the last time with figures like

2586: 1559:

In Gaeta, as in Naples, the violent situation inland required new power structures to maintain Byzantine authority. The Gaetans received their first imperial Byzantine

2450:

industry began that would see wool textiles become Italy's most important manufacture for export. By the late 14th century Florence rivaled even the Low Countries of

1587:. However, Naples, Gaeta, Amalfi, the Tyrrhenian cities, and Venice (in North Italy) retained some allegiance to Byzantium until the 11th century-long after becoming 997:, Theodoric's minister; the Italian Kingdom was again the most powerful political entity of the Mediterranean. However, Theodoric's successors were not equal to him. 5104: 1346:, became Emperor and ruler of the Central Franks. His three sons in turn divided this kingdom between them, and Northern Italy became the Kingdom of Italy under 5573: 5939: 2001:, so that their society was primarily based on merchants and commerce. In this era, northern cities and states gained prominence over the south with their 1392:

in 847; they were completed in 853. In the late 9th century, the Byzantines and the Franks launched a joint offensive against the Arabs in southern Italy.

1319:

attacks and the rising power of the marine republics. Charlemagne had announced his division of the Empire in 806: the Lombard-Frank reign, together with

6075: 2189:

The papacy regained its authority, and started a long struggle with the empire, about both ecclesiastical and secular matters. The first episode was the

884: 2158:. The maritime republics, especially Venice and Genoa, soon became Europe's main gateways to trade with the East, establishing colonies as far as the 1632: 2850: 1213:. However, the remainder of Italy stayed under Lombard (such as Benevento and Spoleto) or Byzantine (such as Calabria, Apulia and Sicily) control. 1040:

era did not disappear. They produced an agricultural surplus that was sold in towns; however slavery was replaced by other labour systems such as

4926: 3949: 420: 5588: 1059:, divided into a series of dukedoms. The areas in central-northern Italy which remained under Byzantine control (mostly the current Lazio and 765:

In the 11th century, in the Northern and Central parts of the peninsula, began a political development unique to Italy, the transformation of

3981: 444: 1647:

The successors of Adelchis were weak and the principality of Benevento declined just as Salernitan power was beginning to make itself felt.

5665: 4612: 3964: 1981:

Between the 12th and 13th centuries, Italy developed a peculiar political pattern, significantly different from feudal Europe north of the

688: 432: 265: 1251:

In 774, upon a Papal invitation, the Franks invaded the Kingdom of Italy and finally annexed the Lombards; as a reward the Frankish king

825: 2293:. High Medieval Northern Italy was further divided by the long running battle for supremacy between the forces of the papacy and of the 5136: 4576: 3506: 1209:

for aid. In 756 Frankish forces defeated the Lombards and gave the papacy legal authority over all of central Italy, thus creating the

894:" itself ultimately derives from the description of the period of "obscurity" in Italian history during the 9th to 11th centuries, the 650: 593: 5094: 4710: 2193:. In the 12th century, those Italian cities which lay in the Holy Roman Empire launched a successful effort to win autonomy from the 4617: 2547:"Women at Canossa. The role of royal and aristocratic women in the reconciliation between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV of Germany" 711:

in 751. From this period, former states that were part of the Exarchate and were not conquered by the Lombard Kingdom, such as the

1427:

and his successors, it was the Beneventan policy to pay homage to the Carolingian emperors but ignore their rulings. As a result,

5485: 4182: 3394: 3034: 1087:. Under the imperial authority remained also much of the ports, which eventually turned into actually independent city-states ( 1724:. From that time on, the kings of Italy were always also kings of Germany, and Italy thus became a constituent kingdom of the 1517:

Greek cities, the violence raging inland, between them and their fellow Greeks on toe and heel, fostered the circumstances of

1185:

At the end of the 8th century the popes definitely aspired to independence, and found a way to achieve it by allying with the

805:

among others, rose to great political power, becoming major financial and trading centers. These states paved the way for the

5543: 4860: 4023: 3336: 3278: 3179: 2927: 2760: 863:. As a result, Italy became a battleground of the great European powers for the next sixty years, finally culminating in the 840:, bringing relative calm for the region for the first time in centuries. These five powers were the Venetian Republic, the 5209: 4657: 3932: 3740: 2115:

devising the main instruments and practices of banking and the emergence of new forms of social and economic organization.

1881:

he declared hereditary. Indeed, Conrad could stable his rule, however, the imperial supremacy in Italy remained contested.

1766: 1713: 1673: 727: 668: 250: 5999: 5974: 5914: 5213: 4919: 3986: 3849: 6154: 6090: 5130: 5126: 5014: 4705: 4290: 3917: 3750: 3511: 2465:

The Italian Renaissance peaked in the mid-16th century as foreign invasions plunged the region into the turmoil of the

1405: 994: 598: 304: 2320:. Renaissance politics developed from this background. Since the 13th century, as armies became primarily composed of 2297:. Each city aligned itself with one faction or the other, yet was divided internally between the two warring parties, 6133: 6095: 5625: 5407: 5099: 5029: 5010: 3937: 3912: 3755: 3119: 2952: 2860: 2789: 1937: 1409: 308: 2469:. However, the ideas and ideals of the Renaissance endured and even spread into the rest of Europe, setting off the 5048: 5037: 5033: 5006: 4309: 3590: 3476: 1914: 563: 3109: 2209:

in 1176. This made north Italy a land of quasi-independent or independent city-states until the 19th century (see

1948:

to reassert its authority in Southern Italy. However, the attempt failed, and in 1158, the Byzantines left Italy.

5593: 4986: 4982: 4935: 4433: 4345: 4192: 4187: 4018: 3886: 465: 5959: 5899: 5871: 5630: 5057: 4978: 4912: 4381: 3969: 3446: 643: 533: 188: 18: 6045: 5876: 5065: 5061: 4632: 4463: 4350: 3881: 3876: 2357: 1856: 1852: 876: 438: 380: 375: 359: 742:. This set the precedent for the main political conflict in Italy over the following centuries, between the 5493: 5489: 5360: 4391: 4330: 4315: 4167: 4028: 3481: 2697: 1959: 1829: 1817: 1791: 755: 568: 501: 6055: 5025: 4735: 4453: 4299: 4081: 3991: 3891: 3777: 3745: 3430: 3328: 1841: 1311:

beginning of the 9th century. Sicily, Calabria, Puglia and Venice were the main exceptions to this rule.

1189:

of the Franks: the Carolingians needed someone who could give legitimacy to a coup against the powerless

1175: 614: 455: 6050: 6040: 6004: 5846: 5748: 5403: 5141: 5084: 4974: 4790: 4418: 4238: 4145: 4118: 4053: 3927: 3461: 3387: 2674: 2316:

Warfare between the states was common, invasion from outside Italy confined to intermittent sorties of

2201:

of communes launched a successful effort to win autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire, defeating Emperor

1963: 1952: 1942: 1681: 1032:, conquered the Ostrogothic kingdom after years of warfare, ending in 552. This conflict, known as the 864: 860: 548: 507: 3142: 844:, the Duchy of Milan and the Papal States, dominating the northern and central parts of Italy and the 5773: 5536: 5459: 5289: 5146: 4992: 4820: 4586: 4509: 4473: 3491: 3456: 3451: 1825: 1443:, against whom Sicard warred constantly. He also warred against his Byzantine neighbours, especially 927: 636: 578: 543: 538: 66: 1978:

from 1194 to 1254. The Kingdom of Sicily would last under various dynasties until the 19th century.

1604:

in 853 and destabilised that principality until a new dynasty, the Dauferidi, came to power in 861.

6024: 5053: 5043: 4997: 4969: 4835: 4825: 4805: 4775: 4730: 4428: 4270: 4202: 4172: 4152: 4033: 3674: 3471: 2352:

found itself in the focus of European power politics in the 15th century, leading to the drawn-out

1782: 1495: 1471: 1033: 696: 558: 151: 2968: 2253:

In the 14th century, Northern Italy and upper-central Italy were divided into a number of warring

5728: 5698: 5425: 5391: 4715: 4478: 4335: 4305: 4280: 4197: 4157: 4096: 3995: 3760: 3730: 2190: 1741: 1574: 1424: 1377: 1116: 923: 708: 700: 451: 323: 240: 5338: 1255:

received papal support. Later, on December 25, 800, Charlemagne was also crowned emperor of the

6085: 5841: 5615: 5478: 5474: 5386: 5253: 4413: 4401: 4177: 4162: 3854: 3496: 1824:, even succeeded in assuming the Italian crown and in defeating the imperial forces under Duke 1806: 1755: 1693: 856: 583: 2635: 5904: 5796: 5753: 4720: 4647: 4627: 4541: 4490: 4248: 4228: 4038: 3632: 3600: 3486: 3466: 3380: 2024:

were internationally renowned and developed in reaction to the statecraft and knights of the

1869: 1628: 1531: 1487: 573: 553: 475: 112: 6123: 6065: 5861: 5768: 5738: 5723: 5529: 5433: 5244: 4571: 4386: 4275: 4253: 3907: 3805: 3689: 3557: 3270: 2470: 2202: 2119: 1701: 1653: 1570: 1201: 1068: 903: 902:

or "Dark Age" of the Roman papacy as seen from the perspective of the 14th to 15th century

841: 716: 704: 391: 182: 106: 2521: 8: 6009: 5989: 5969: 5934: 5866: 5778: 5645: 5329: 5324: 5313: 5293: 5263: 4855: 4845: 4800: 4566: 4531: 4526: 4243: 3864: 3800: 3720: 3236:

Martin, J. and Romano, D., Venice Reconsidered, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University, 2000

2496: 2474: 2404: 2317: 2254: 2234: 2210: 1894: 1751: 1689: 1543: 1539: 1475: 1456: 1436: 1260: 1186: 1156: 1052: 1005: 984: 919: 806: 770: 684: 672: 353: 341: 318: 220: 5160: 3172:

The Chronicle of Pilgrimage to the Holy Land: The Adventures, The Events, The Holy Sites

2805: 2748: 851:

The precarious balance between these powers came to an end in 1494 as the duke of Milan

6113: 5949: 5924: 5826: 5703: 5655: 5650: 5640: 5578: 5455: 5354: 5319: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5275: 5271: 5234: 5205: 5152: 5002: 4830: 4815: 4795: 4652: 4593: 4546: 4468: 4325: 4295: 4285: 4260: 4233: 4140: 4133: 4069: 3825: 3820: 3537: 2501: 2373: 2143: 2139: 2123: 2086: 2082: 2070: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1926: 1890: 1786: 1746: 1729: 1717: 1648: 1583:

appearing in 839, simultaneous with the death of Sicard and the appearance of a Gaetan

1553: 1526: 1432: 1401: 1084: 837: 747: 314: 254: 51: 47: 35: 27: 23: 5267: 695:

until the mid 8th century. The "Middle Ages" proper begin as the Byzantine Empire was

6109: 5851: 5821: 5811: 5801: 5718: 5708: 5693: 5560: 5505: 5470: 5466: 5444: 5421: 5417: 5350: 5346: 5285: 5249: 5239: 5229: 5224: 5201: 4780: 4770: 4642: 4556: 4521: 4448: 4438: 4216: 4086: 4000: 3830: 3810: 3784: 3772: 3567: 3562: 3547: 3542: 3527: 3367: 3332: 3274: 3185: 3175: 3115: 2948: 2923: 2856: 2828:"La Chiesa di Roma prima e dopo Costantino. Da Vittore (189–199) a Liberio (352–366)" 2785: 2756: 2568: 2365: 2361: 2294: 2206: 2194: 2178: 2127: 2074: 2033: 2029: 2013:

enjoyed relative political freedom that boosted scientific and artistic advancement.

1985:. As no dominant powers emerged as they did in other parts of Europe, the oligarchic 1975: 1967: 1945: 1795: 1725: 1685: 1491: 1444: 1347: 1267: 1256: 897: 872: 845: 459: 269: 101: 55: 31: 2610: 1000: 6070: 6019: 6014: 5954: 5919: 5831: 5788: 5758: 5680: 5598: 5568: 5440: 5429: 5399: 5378: 5259: 5164: 5115: 5109: 5089: 4964: 4850: 4672: 4622: 4603: 4598: 4551: 4458: 4396: 4376: 4364: 4320: 4123: 4103: 4091: 3954: 3835: 3552: 3415: 3407: 3012: 2558: 2491: 2455: 2310: 2218: 2214: 2163: 2151: 2131: 2095: 2078: 2009:. Compared to feudal and absolute monarchies, the Italian independent communes and 1770: 1737: 1548: 1339: 1279: 1155:

had a major role both in the economic life of the time, and in the preservation of

1080: 1013: 953: 817: 766: 751: 692: 75: 43: 39: 3922: 3086: 1704:. The thrones of Italy and Germany were united. When in 960 Berengar attacked the 6080: 5994: 5964: 5688: 5605: 5501: 5413: 5281: 4904: 4760: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4637: 4561: 4423: 3942: 3840: 3725: 3625: 3532: 3262: 2356:, which persisted for the best part of the 16th century before giving way to the 2306: 2135: 2053: 1833: 1821: 1641: 1624: 1601: 1452: 1448: 1335: 1226: 852: 759: 715:, became de facto independent states, having less and less interference from the 712: 495: 298: 2546: 2102: 1573:

represented Gaeta's move from Byzantium towards independence. The first elected

1569:

remained Byzantine loyals, in 866, the sudden appearance of a new dynasty under

1353:

The first half of the 9th century saw other troubles for Italy as well. In 827,

5984: 5929: 5883: 5836: 5816: 5660: 5583: 5497: 5451: 5119: 4893: 4840: 4810: 4755: 4662: 4536: 4483: 4443: 4113: 4108: 3959: 3859: 3815: 3767: 3715: 3669: 3637: 3595: 3572: 3267:

Empires of the Steppes: A History of the Nomadic Tribes Who Shaped Civilization

2424: 2349: 2337: 2198: 2147: 1971: 1848: 1637: 1607: 1328: 1295: 1017: 965: 915: 868: 821: 774: 735: 676: 426: 230: 210: 145: 2784:(in Italian). Translated by Guglielmotti, Paola. Torino: Einaudi. p. 34. 2777: 1079:

and Sicily, were also occupied by the two semi-independent Lombard duchies of

6148: 5743: 5156: 4765: 4406: 3976: 3664: 3642: 3501: 3189: 2572: 2182: 2025: 1810: 1709: 1522: 1486:

of Benevento took the opportunity to entrench their independence, especially

1221: 983:

people living in the Danube, by sending them into Italy. On February 25, 493

949: 833: 829: 739: 588: 139: 118: 2990: 2733:

Mark L. Johnson (1988). "Toward a History of Theoderic's Building Program".

2718:

Mark L. Johnson (1988). "Toward a History of Theoderic's Building Program".

2462:

periods of noble hostility against Italian rulers and other noble families.

1840:. Arduin ranks as the last domestic "King of Italy" before the accession of 1431:

independence was achieved from Frankish as well as Byzantine authority. The

5909: 5806: 5610: 5219: 4883: 4690: 4495: 4265: 3869: 3735: 3684: 3659: 3364:

The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento

2466: 2431:

scholars with new texts. The Renaissance later had a significant effect on

2380: 2369: 2353: 2238: 2066: 1705: 1439:

in the 830s. At his time, the Mezzogiorno was suffering the ravages of the

1389: 1385: 1307: 1303: 1210: 1037: 731: 626: 347: 176: 132: 2228: 1941:

naturally angered Constantinople, which in 1155 made a last attempt under

6060: 5763: 5670: 5552: 4785: 4725: 4695: 4048: 3679: 2658: 2321: 2222: 1991: 1922: 1721: 1514: 1381: 1252: 1238: 1190: 1152: 1148: 1143:), had played an important political role since the time of Constantine. 1021: 891: 810: 723: 488: 401: 156: 3357:

Italy in the Early Middle Ages: 476–1000 (Short Oxford History of Italy)

1758:

in Pavia as a prelude to the visit to Rome to be crowned Emperor by the

1631:, an independent-minded ruler, also sought his aid. Louis came down and 1047:

The withdrawal of Byzantine armies allowed another Germanic people, the

909: 5635: 5521: 5334: 4043: 3652: 2396:

had populations where more than 15% of people were over the age of 60.

2302: 1986: 1918: 1232: 1111: 1063:, plus a short corridor between Umbria that connected them, as well as 1025: 976: 481: 3307: 3058:

The Struggle for Power in Medieval Italy: Structures of Political Rule

2044: 1020:, invaded Italy in the early 6th century, and the generals of emperor 5944: 5713: 2563: 2486: 2174: 2159: 2021: 1998: 1535: 1463: 1343: 1324: 1278:, who accepted Charlemagne's suzerainty only formally (812), and the 1275: 1162:(although in the east the Greek authors were much better preserved). 972:, and other Germanic tribes that periodically invaded the peninsula. 941: 168: 162: 2360:. In the 14th century, Italy presents itself as divided between the 5979: 5856: 5733: 4700: 4685: 4680: 4581: 3615: 3610: 3111:

Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries

2451: 2428: 2412: 2385: 2262: 2169: 2155: 1902: 1778: 1361: 1194: 1076: 1048: 989: 945: 880: 790: 364: 2661:

refers to the period from 867 to 1049 as the "nadir of the papacy"

964:, theoretically under the suzerainty of the eastern Roman emperor 5620: 5196: 3647: 3372: 2408: 2278: 1934: 1774: 1579: 1561: 1483: 1479: 1460: 1440: 1369: 1320: 1316: 1271: 1270:. Southern Italy was divided amongst the two Lombards duchies of 1244: 1159: 1124: 1064: 1060: 1041: 957: 802: 2884:

Annali della Zecca di Roma. Serie del Senato romano. Parte prima

2245: 1501: 1482:. This civil war continued apace for a decade, during which the 932: 4340: 2420: 2393: 2389: 2333: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2017: 1556:, that was to rule the duchy for the next three hundred years. 1365: 1354: 1299: 1291: 1287: 1206: 1132: 1100: 1096: 1072: 1029: 969: 778: 2458:

and reigned supreme in the marketplaces of the Mediterranean.

1193:

kings, while the popes needed military protection against the

5342: 3620: 3403: 2416: 2345: 2341: 2329: 2298: 2274: 2270: 2258: 1864: 1801: 1697: 1565:

around the time of the Beneventan civil war. While the first

1418: 1283: 1088: 1056: 794: 786: 782: 680: 1644:, he acknowledged himself as the legitimate Lombard "king." 1372:, ruled the island until 1053. In 846, Muslim Arabs invaded 4128: 3605: 2806:"Le 4 repubbliche marinare: Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia" 2447: 2440: 2432: 2325: 2266: 2213:

and history of every city). The revolts were funded by the

1982: 1878: 1785:, but which failed due to lack of heirs after the death of 1759: 1669: 1620: 1506: 1415:

the loss of a centralising Lombard authority in the north.

1373: 1357: 1169: 1140: 1136: 1092: 875:

would control territories in Italy for the duration of the

798: 743: 2753:

Il mondo bizantino. I. L'Impero romano d'Oriente (330–641)

2695: 1259:

by the pope, triggering controversy and disputes over the

871:

as the dominant power in Southern Italy and in Milan. The

3073:

Fra Dolcino. Nascita, vita e morte di un'eresia medievale

1909: 2439:

mode, then was largely rebuilt by humanist 16th-century

1380:, and stole all the gold and silver in it. In response, 1342:

in 843 divided the empire. Louis' eldest surviving son,

960:. He subsequently ruled in Italy for seventeen years as 3250:

The Ascent of Money: The Financial History of the World

2587:"The End of Europe's Middle Ages – Italy's City-States" 2435:, which was ornamented with some structures in the new 2229:

Late Middle Ages and Renaissance (14th century to 1559)

1659: 3114:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 118–122. 1820:

in 1002, one of late Berengar's successors, Margrave

956:, was deposed in 476 by an Eastern Germanic general, 910:

Transition from Late Antiquity (6th to 8th centuries)

2751:(2007). "Gli avvenimenti: prospettiva cronologica". 1216: 828:

between five emerging powerful states, which at the

3887:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

2669: 2667: 1611:Louis II at the capture of Bari, 871, from Houze's 1106: 824:and the Republic of Venice, there was eventually a 4934: 2942: 2118:During the same period, Italy saw the rise of the 975:In 489, however, Emperor Zeno decided to oust the 2917: 2848: 2309:expanded its territory into the peninsula in the 2162:and often controlling most of the trade with the 1855:tried to confirm his dominion against Archbishop 1676:, outlined in red, in the 12th and 13th centuries 6146: 2747: 2664: 2446:Beginning in 1320 an upheaval in the Florentine 1594: 2732: 2717: 667:can be roughly defined as the time between the 3174:. Raʼana, Israel: RMC Publishing. p. 79. 3169: 809:and the end of the perceived obscurity of the 5537: 4920: 3388: 3244: 3242: 1765:The Emperor, or his subordinate ruler of the 1474:, the treasurer and assassin, and some chose 644: 3366:(Cambridge University Press, 2015). 648 pp. 3325:The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300–1600 2855:(in Italian). Gius.Laterza & Figli Spa. 1180: 689:Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty 3217:The Foundations of Modern Political Thought 2340:annexed a number of nearby areas including 1958:Thanks to the marriage between the Emperor 1828:. Not until 1004 could the new German King 1509:, probably dating from Docibilis I's reign. 1200:In 751 the Lombards seized Ravenna and the 1004:The maximum extent of territories ruled by 944:in the 5th century, and Rome was sacked by 936:Map of Odoacer's Kingdom of Italy in 480 AD 895: 683:lingered on into the 7th century under the 5544: 5530: 4927: 4913: 3395: 3381: 3297:, Roma, Biblioteca di storia patria, 1967. 3239: 3143:"La lunga decadenza dell'Impero Bizantino" 3060:. Cambridge University Press. p. 116. 2611:"italica, Lega nell'Enciclopedia Treccani" 1836:, move into Italy to have himself crowned 1716:and on 2 February 962 had himself crowned 1613:Atlas Universel Historique et Geographique 1419:Creation of independent moieties (774–849) 651: 637: 2562: 1490:, which sided with Siconulf. In 849, the 5551: 3322: 2244: 2168: 1913: 1800: 1668: 1664: 1606: 1538:, and a Frankish duke, in the person of 1500: 1220: 1170:Early Middle Ages (8th to 9th centuries) 1110: 1071:. Southern Italy, with the exception of 999: 931: 722:Lombard rule ended with the invasion of 17: 1166:started building an independent state. 948:in 410. The (traditional) last Western 6147: 3107: 2922:(in Italian). Il Mulino. p. 158. 2776: 2544: 2166:and the Islamic Mediterranean world. 1966:, heiress to the Sicilian throne, the 1910:High Middle Ages (11th–13th centuries) 1873:in order to secure the support of the 5525: 4908: 3376: 3318: 3316: 3165: 3163: 3108:Kreutz, Barbara M. (1 January 1996). 2636:"BiblioToscana – Lega Italica (1454)" 1552:. Sergius established a dynasty, the 1123:) at its greatest extent, under King 3933:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 3261: 1997:Italian towns transitioned out from 1660:Italian states from the 10th century 773:, many of them, modelled on ancient 750:, culminating with conflict between 669:collapse of the Western Roman Empire 6129: 5574:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 3308:https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dm0t 3227:, Cambridge University Press, p. 69 3055: 2947:(in Italian). Laterza. p. 70. 2755:(in Italian). Einaudi. p. 34. 2094:: Trade routes and colonies of the 1884: 1542:, the Neapolitan citizenry elected 1455:. It was in a war with Naples that 1435:reached its territorial peak under 1327:, was to be handed over to his son 13: 5666:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 3402: 3349: 3313: 3255: 3160: 3070: 2945:Carlo Magno – Un padre dell'Europa 2849:Massimo Montanari (October 2014). 1406:History of Islam in southern Italy 14: 6166: 6096:Historiography in the Middle Ages 2427:were brought together, providing 2419:. It later had a great impact in 2069:, displaying the coat of arms of 1410:Norman conquest of southern Italy 1395: 1217:The Frankish (Carolingian) Empire 6128: 6119: 6118: 6108: 4889: 4888: 4877: 2696:Dizionario biografico Treccani. 2249:The Italian city-states in 1499. 2052: 2043: 1809:, for centuries a symbol of the 1720:at Rome, reviving the empire of 1525:of Sicily succeeded in creating 1107:Rise of the Patriarchate of Rome 620: 85: 5594:Christianity in the Middle Ages 5589:Decline of Hellenistic religion 4618:Orders, decorations, and medals 3300: 3287: 3230: 3209: 3196: 3135: 3101: 3079: 3064: 3049: 3027: 3005: 2983: 2961: 2936: 2911: 2889: 2876: 2842: 2820: 2798: 2769: 2741: 2737:. Vol. 42. pp. 76–77. 2726: 2677:(in Italian). 11 September 2018 2522:"Storia dell'Esarcato d'Italia" 1859:and other Italian aristocrats ( 1131:The Church (and especially the 859:against Venice, triggering the 5872:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 4936:European Middle Ages by region 3323:Kirshner, Julius, ed. (1996). 2808:(in Italian). 14 November 2021 2711: 2689: 2652: 2628: 2603: 2579: 2538: 2514: 1494:, in one of his first acts as 189:Praetorian prefecture of Italy 1: 6046:Disability in the Middle Ages 5719:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 5651:Rise of the Venetian Republic 2899:(in Italian). 24 October 2020 2675:"Odoacre, Zenone e Teodorico" 2545:Creber, Alison (2018-01-23). 2507: 1595:Period of confusion (849–915) 299:Byzantine reconquest of Italy 5361:Hereditary Kingdom of Norway 3170:Deborah Camiel, ed. (2008). 3035:"Domini bizantini in Italia" 2411:, centered in the cities of 2358:Early Modern period in Italy 1348:Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor 726:in 773, who established the 360:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c. 7: 4658:Water supply and sanitation 4082:Italian geographical region 3950:Monarchy and the World Wars 3892:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 3778:War of the Sicilian Vespers 3431:Timeline of Italian history 3329:University of Chicago Press 2943:Barbero Alessandro (2006). 2897:"Dai Merovingi ai Pipinidi" 2886:, p. 37 (256) (In Italian). 2722:. Vol. 42. p. 74. 2480: 2407:originates in 14th-century 2217:, which hoped to expel the 1700:despite his rival Margrave 1176:Kingdom of Italy (medieval) 816:After the three decades of 10: 6171: 5847:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 4577:Inventions and discoveries 3987:Fall of the Fascist regime 3970:Fourth War of Independence 3928:Expedition of the Thousand 3918:Second War of Independence 2918:Giorgio Ravegnani (2004). 2372:in Central Italy, and the 2257:, the most powerful being 2232: 1953:Norman conquest of England 1816:Upon the death of Emperor 1773:, which had wide lands in 1750:) would be crowned by the 1619:In 852, the Saracens took 1399: 1173: 1014:eastern half of the Empire 913: 699:under the pressure of the 6155:Medieval history of Italy 6104: 6033: 5892: 5787: 5774:Mongol invasion of Europe 5679: 5559: 5460:Principality of Chernigov 5369: 5290:Principality of Catalonia 5187: 5178: 5075: 4955: 4942: 4873: 4671: 4517: 4508: 4372: 4363: 4351:Security and intelligence 4224: 4215: 4077: 4068: 4011: 3938:Third War of Independence 3913:First War of Independence 3900: 3793: 3702: 3583: 3520: 3439: 3423: 3414: 3355:Cristina La Rocca (Ed.): 3075:. Jaca Book. p. 233. 2328:in 1406, Venice captured 1933:In the 11th century, the 1708:, King Otto, summoned by 1688:, the widow of late King 1674:Medieval Kingdom of Italy 1368:; their descendants, the 1237:Orange = expansion under 1181:Collapse of the Exarchate 940:Italy was invaded by the 928:Military history of Italy 203:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms 5439:Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 4029:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 4024:Institutional referendum 1334:After Charlemagne's son 665:Italy in the Middle Ages 294:Italy in the Middle Ages 152:Roman expansion in Italy 5729:Investiture Controversy 5699:Second Bulgarian Empire 5370:Central, Eastern Europe 5076:Central, Eastern Europe 4552:Emigration and diaspora 3761:Guelphs and Ghibellines 3746:the Sardinian Judicates 3295:Le repubbliche del mare 2423:, where the remains of 2191:Investiture Controversy 1867:in 1037, he issued the 1832:, by the aid of Bishop 1478:, who was installed at 1425:Arechis II of Benevento 1117:Kingdom of the Lombards 924:Kingdom of the Lombards 867:, which concluded with 836:, on the initiative of 502:European migrant crisis 452:Italian Social Republic 367:Italy (1801–1814) 324:Guelphs and Ghibellines 6086:Post-classical history 5842:Fall of Constantinople 5749:Capet–Plantagenet feud 5616:First Bulgarian Empire 5254:Burgundian Netherlands 5095:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4434:Science and technology 4382:Italian regions by GDP 4183:Marine protected areas 3855:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 3225:The Age of Reformation 2250: 2186: 1930: 1813: 1807:Iron Crown of Lombardy 1771:Margraviate of Tuscany 1694:Iron Crown of Lombardy 1677: 1616: 1510: 1364:invaded and conquered 1282:. Coastal cities like 1248: 1128: 1009: 937: 896: 865:Italian War of 1551–59 861:Italian War of 1494–98 857:Charles VIII of France 734:in large parts of the 185:(286 AD–476 AD) 115:(12th–6th c. BC) 109:(18th–3rd c. BC) 58: 5131:Late Medieval Kingdom 5127:High Medieval Kingdom 4633:Public administration 3741:the Holy Roman Empire 3273:. pp. 263, 516. 3206:(Random House, 2005). 3204:The Victory of Reason 2920:I Bizantini in Italia 2782:Storia dei Longobardi 2735:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 2720:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 2425:ancient Greek culture 2248: 2233:Further information: 2172: 2065:: Flag of the modern 2016:The southern states' 1917: 1870:Constitutio de feudis 1804: 1672: 1665:The Holy Roman Empire 1610: 1504: 1400:Further information: 1384:started building the 1224: 1174:Further information: 1114: 1003: 935: 914:Further information: 832:formed the so-called 445:Italy in World War II 148:(509 BC–27 BC) 142:(753 BC–509 BC) 121:(8th–3rd c. BC) 113:Etruscan civilization 21: 6066:Medieval reenactment 5862:Renaissance Humanism 5769:Medieval Warm Period 5739:Republic of Florence 5553:European Middle Ages 5339:Caliphate of Córdoba 5245:Republic of Florence 4861:World Heritage Sites 4316:Council of Ministers 4054:Coronavirus pandemic 3452:Currency and coinage 3271:Hanover Square Press 2471:Northern Renaissance 2203:Frederick Barbarossa 1877:petty gentry, whose 1736:) and – from 1032 – 1686:Adelaide of Burgundy 1378:St. Peter's Basilica 1202:Exarchate of Ravenna 1139:, by now styled the 1069:Exarchate of Ravenna 842:Republic of Florence 717:Eastern Roman Empire 705:Exarchate of Ravenna 539:Currency and coinage 478:(1970s–1980s) 433:Italy in World War I 344:(14th–16th c.) 179:(27 BC–286 AD) 107:Nuragic civilization 5779:Kingdom of Portugal 5646:Old Church Slavonic 5631:Anglo-Saxon England 5330:Lordship of Ireland 5325:Kingdom of Scotland 5314:Kingdom of Portugal 5294:Kingdom of Valencia 5264:Kingdom of Asturias 4392:Automotive industry 4331:Metropolitan cities 3877:Early Modern period 3850:Kingdom of Sardinia 3801:Italian city-states 3056:Tabacco, Giovanni. 2882:Edoardo Martinori, 2591:www.faculty.umb.edu 2497:Italian city-states 2475:English Renaissance 2405:Italian Renaissance 2318:Holy Roman Emperors 2235:Italian Renaissance 2211:Italian city-states 2173:The defense of the 1895:Catepanate of Italy 1863:). While besieging 1830:Henry II of Germany 1826:Otto I of Carinthia 1752:Archbishop of Milan 1734:regnum Teutonicorum 1692:. Otto assumed the 1690:Lothair II of Italy 1476:Siconulf of Salerno 1187:Carolingian dynasty 1053:Cividale del Friuli 1051:, to invade Italy. 1006:Theodoric the Great 985:Theodoric the Great 920:Ostrogothic Kingdom 877:early modern period 807:Italian Renaissance 775:Roman Republicanism 707:finally fell under 685:Ostrogothic Kingdom 673:Italian Renaissance 342:Italian Renaissance 319:Italian city-states 26:of medieval Italy: 5960:In popular culture 5925:Crusading movement 5797:Hundred Years' War 5656:Civitas Schinesghe 5641:Carolingian Empire 5626:Kingdom of Croatia 5579:Barbarian kingdoms 5490:Grand Principality 5408:Kingdom of Croatia 5355:Emirate of Granada 5320:Kingdom of England 5304:Kingdom of Navarre 5298:Kingdom of Majorca 5276:Kingdom of Galicia 5272:Kingdom of Castile 5235:Republic of Venice 5206:Kingdom of Bohemia 4454:Telecommunications 3821:Maritime republics 3215:Skinner, Quentin, 3087:"La Sicilia Araba" 2969:"L'età carolingia" 2526:www.homolaicus.com 2502:Maritime republics 2374:Maritime republics 2368:in the south, the 2251: 2197:. In the north, a 2187: 2120:Maritime Republics 2087:maritime republics 2011:merchant republics 2007:Republic of Venice 2003:merchant republics 1931: 1927:Tranquillo Cremona 1891:Macedonian dynasty 1842:Victor Emmanuel II 1814: 1787:Matilda of Canossa 1730:Kingdom of Germany 1718:Holy Roman Emperor 1678: 1649:Guaifer of Salerno 1617: 1511: 1433:Duchy of Benevento 1402:Duchy of Benevento 1249: 1129: 1010: 938: 855:sought the aid of 838:Francesco I Sforza 758:and the latter's " 748:Holy Roman Emperor 703:, and most of the 315:Maritime republics 301:(6th–8th c.) 255:Carolingian Empire 59: 24:maritime republics 6142: 6141: 6051:Basic topics list 5852:Swiss mercenaries 5802:Wars of the Roses 5709:Kingdom of Poland 5694:Holy Roman Empire 5561:Early Middle Ages 5519: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5471:Novgorod Republic 5445:Kingdom of Bosnia 5383:Bulgarian Empire 5286:Kingdom of Aragon 5250:Duchy of Burgundy 5240:Republic of Genoa 5230:Kingdom of Naples 5225:Kingdom of Sicily 5214:Swiss Confederacy 5202:Holy Roman Empire 5174: 5173: 4902: 4901: 4869: 4868: 4504: 4503: 4439:Southern question 4359: 4358: 4291:Political parties 4239:Foreign relations 4211: 4210: 4064: 4063: 3785:Kingdom of Naples 3773:Kingdom of Sicily 3362:Ruggiero, Guido. 3338:978-0-226-43769-9 3293:Armando Lodolini 3280:978-1-335-42927-8 3269:. United States: 3248:Ferguson, Niall, 3181:978-965-7240-00-7 2929:978-88-15-09690-6 2762:978-88-06-18610-4 2640:biblio.toscana.it 2362:Kingdom of Naples 2295:Holy Roman Empire 2207:Battle of Legnano 2195:Holy Roman Empire 2179:battle of Legnano 2107: 2100: 2085:, the most known 2034:Holy Roman Empire 2030:Kingdom of France 2005:, especially the 1976:Holy Roman Empire 1968:Kingdom of Sicily 1946:Manuel I Komnenos 1728:, along with the 1726:Holy Roman Empire 1702:Berengar of Ivrea 1682:Otto I of Germany 1338:died in 840, the 1268:Italian Peninsula 1257:Holy Roman Empire 1225:Expansion of the 1016:, now centred on 904:Italian Humanists 898:saeculum obscurum 885:invasion of Italy 873:House of Habsburg 846:Kingdom of Naples 777:. Cities such as 767:medieval communes 661: 660: 508:COVID-19 pandemic 504:(2014–2016) 498:(2007–2009) 492:(1992–2001) 484:(1986–1992) 462:(1943–1945) 460:Italian Civil War 447:(1940–1945) 441:(1922–1943) 435:(1914–1918) 429:(1882–1960) 423:(1861–1946) 395:(1815–1871) 356:(1545–1648) 350:(1494–1559) 311:in southern Italy 279: 278: 270:Holy Roman Empire 102:Prehistoric Italy 6162: 6132: 6131: 6122: 6121: 6112: 6071:Medieval studies 5915:Church and State 5789:Late Middle Ages 5681:High Middle Ages 5599:Christianization 5569:Migration Period 5546: 5539: 5532: 5523: 5522: 5441:Banate of Bosnia 5379:Byzantine Empire 5260:Crown of Castile 5210:Kingdom of Italy 5185: 5184: 4953: 4952: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4906: 4905: 4892: 4891: 4884:Italy portal 4881: 4880: 4821:National symbols 4515: 4514: 4370: 4369: 4222: 4221: 4075: 4074: 3955:Kingdom of Italy 3882:Napoleonic Italy 3421: 3420: 3397: 3390: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3343: 3342: 3320: 3311: 3304: 3298: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3263:Harl, Kenneth W. 3259: 3253: 3246: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3213: 3207: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3167: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3147: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3009: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2893: 2887: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2852:Storia medievale 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2749:Cécile Morrisson 2745: 2739: 2738: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2671: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2597: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2566: 2564:10.12977/stor681 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2518: 2492:Medieval Corsica 2311:late Middle Ages 2219:Germanic peoples 2215:Byzantine Empire 2164:Byzantine Empire 2105: 2098: 2056: 2047: 1921:at the court of 1857:Aribert of Milan 1767:Kingdom of Italy 1714:Kingdom of Italy 1712:, conquered the 1549:magister militum 1492:Emperor Louis II 1459:first called in 1340:treaty of Verdun 1280:Byzantine Empire 1247:and dependencies 1231:Blue = realm of 954:Romulus Augustus 901: 826:balance of power 818:wars in Lombardy 752:Pope Gregory VII 728:Kingdom of Italy 701:Muslim conquests 693:Byzantine Papacy 653: 646: 639: 627:Italy portal 625: 624: 623: 354:Catholic revival 207: 206: 89: 79: 61: 60: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6100: 6081:Neo-medievalism 6029: 5965:Itinerant court 5888: 5783: 5704:Georgian Empire 5689:Norman Conquest 5675: 5621:Frankish Empire 5555: 5550: 5520: 5511: 5456:Kingdom of Rus' 5414:Crusader states 5371: 5365: 5282:Crown of Aragon 5268:Kingdom of León 5197:Frankish Empire 5190:Northern Europe 5189: 5180: 5170: 5077: 5071: 4958:Northern Europe 4957: 4949:political units 4948: 4946: 4944: 4938: 4933: 4903: 4898: 4878: 4865: 4836:Public holidays 4667: 4613:Life expectancy 4500: 4355: 4271:Law enforcement 4207: 4060: 4007: 3996:Social Republic 3960:Colonial Empire 3943:Capture of Rome 3896: 3789: 3698: 3591:Ancient peoples 3579: 3516: 3477:Historic states 3435: 3410: 3401: 3352: 3350:Further reading 3347: 3346: 3339: 3331:. p. 141. 3321: 3314: 3305: 3301: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3260: 3256: 3252:. Penguin, 2008 3247: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3221:The Renaissance 3214: 3210: 3202:Rodney Stark, 3201: 3197: 3182: 3168: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3106: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3069: 3065: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2881: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2746: 2742: 2731: 2727: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2673: 2672: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2644: 2642: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2620: 2618: 2615:www.treccani.it 2609: 2608: 2604: 2595: 2593: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2543: 2539: 2530: 2528: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2483: 2307:county of Savoy 2241: 2231: 2150:and the little 2112: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2090: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2049: 2048: 1912: 1887: 1834:Leo of Vercelli 1822:Arduin of Ivrea 1667: 1662: 1642:Edictum Rothari 1597: 1575:ruler of Amalfi 1421: 1412: 1398: 1336:Louis the Pious 1242: 1236: 1230: 1227:Frankish Empire 1219: 1183: 1178: 1172: 1149:monastic orders 1109: 930: 912: 853:Ludovico Sforza 760:Walk to Canossa 713:Duchy of Naples 663:The history of 657: 621: 619: 617: 608: 607: 606: 604: 564:Historic states 528: 520: 519: 496:Great Recession 427:Colonial Empire 416: 408: 407: 406: 387: 337: 329: 328: 289: 281: 280: 204: 196: 195: 135: 125: 124: 97: 77: 70: 12: 11: 5: 6168: 6158: 6157: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6126: 6116: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6076:Misconceptions 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5884:Little Ice Age 5881: 5880: 5879: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5837:Western Schism 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5793: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5685: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5591: 5586: 5584:Late antiquity 5581: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5549: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5482: 5467:Rus' Khaganate 5463: 5448: 5437: 5411: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5306: 5301: 5279: 5257: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5199: 5193: 5191: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5123: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5081: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5023: 5018: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4972: 4967: 4961: 4959: 4950: 4940: 4939: 4932: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4909: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4886: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4444:Stock exchange 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4346:Municipalities 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4306:Prime Minister 4303: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4193:Regional parks 4190: 4188:National parks 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4097:Climate change 4089: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3962: 3957: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3862: 3860:Duchy of Savoy 3857: 3852: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3770: 3768:Lombard League 3765: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3690:Western Empire 3682: 3677: 3675:Roman conquest 3672: 3667: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3596:Italic peoples 3587: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3427: 3425: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3400: 3399: 3392: 3385: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3360: 3359:, Oxford 2002. 3351: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3337: 3312: 3299: 3286: 3279: 3254: 3238: 3229: 3208: 3195: 3180: 3159: 3134: 3120: 3100: 3078: 3063: 3048: 3026: 3004: 2982: 2960: 2953: 2935: 2928: 2910: 2888: 2875: 2861: 2841: 2819: 2797: 2790: 2768: 2761: 2740: 2725: 2710: 2688: 2663: 2651: 2627: 2602: 2578: 2553:(in Italian). 2537: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2482: 2479: 2376:in the north. 2350:Duchy of Milan 2338:Duchy of Milan 2230: 2227: 2199:Lombard League 2061: 2060: 2051: 2050: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2038: 1972:personal union 1911: 1908: 1886: 1885:Southern Italy 1883: 1811:kings of Italy 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1638:Pope Adrian II 1596: 1593: 1457:Duke Andrew II 1420: 1417: 1397: 1396:Southern Italy 1394: 1329:Pepin of Italy 1296:Tyrrhenian Sea 1218: 1215: 1182: 1179: 1171: 1168: 1151:, such as the 1108: 1105: 1018:Constantinople 916:Late Antiquity 911: 908: 869:Habsburg Spain 848:in the south. 822:Duchy of Milan 769:into powerful 677:Late antiquity 659: 658: 656: 655: 648: 641: 633: 630: 629: 610: 609: 602: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 530: 529: 526: 525: 522: 521: 518: 517: 516: 515: 505: 499: 493: 485: 473: 463: 448: 442: 436: 430: 424: 417: 414: 413: 410: 409: 405: 404: 398: 397: 396: 386: 385: 384: 383: 378: 370: 369: 368: 362: 357: 351: 345: 338: 335: 334: 331: 330: 327: 326: 321: 312: 302: 296: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 277: 276: 275:962–1801 273: 262: 261: 258: 247: 246: 243: 237: 236: 233: 227: 226: 223: 217: 216: 213: 205: 202: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 192: 191: 183:Western Empire 180: 174: 173: 172: 159: 154: 143: 136: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 122: 116: 110: 104: 98: 95: 94: 91: 90: 82: 81: 72: 71: 64: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6167: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6135: 6127: 6125: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5744:Scholasticism 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5606:Rise of Islam 5604: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5542: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372:and Near East 5368: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5177: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5078:and Near East 5074: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4954: 4951: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4918: 4916: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4895: 4887: 4885: 4876: 4875: 4872: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4039:Years of Lead 4037: 4035: 4034:Economic Boom 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3977:Fascist Italy 3975: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3923:Niçard exodus 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3643:Magna Graecia 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3368:online review 3365: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3317: 3309: 3303: 3296: 3290: 3282: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3251: 3245: 3243: 3233: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3205: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3164: 3144: 3138: 3123: 3121:9780812205435 3117: 3113: 3112: 3104: 3088: 3082: 3074: 3067: 3059: 3052: 3036: 3030: 3014: 3008: 2992: 2986: 2970: 2964: 2956: 2954:88-420-7212-5 2950: 2946: 2939: 2931: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2898: 2892: 2885: 2879: 2864: 2862:9788858116814 2858: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2829: 2823: 2807: 2801: 2793: 2791:88-06-13658-5 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2736: 2729: 2721: 2714: 2699: 2692: 2676: 2670: 2668: 2660: 2655: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2616: 2612: 2606: 2592: 2588: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2184: 2183:Amos Cassioli 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2104: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2055: 2046: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026:Low Countries 2023: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1928: 1925:(painting by 1924: 1920: 1916: 1907: 1904: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1748: 1747:Rex Romanorum 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710:Pope John XII 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1675: 1671: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1592: 1591:independent. 1590: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1496:King of Italy 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1386:Leonine walls 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1246: 1240: 1234: 1228: 1223: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1177: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1067:) became the 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1007: 1002: 998: 996: 991: 986: 982: 978: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 950:Roman Emperor 947: 943: 934: 929: 925: 921: 917: 907: 905: 900: 899: 893: 888: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 834:Italic League 831: 830:Peace of Lodi 827: 823: 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 740:Central Italy 737: 733: 729: 725: 720: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 654: 649: 647: 642: 640: 635: 634: 632: 631: 628: 618: 616: 612: 611: 605: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 531: 524: 523: 513: 509: 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Italy in the Middle Ages

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