1657:
2178:
51:
3143:
2030:
3355:
were also fashioned similarly to the Roman model. Power and wealth in the Vandal state were led by a military landowning aristocracy, and the political elite replaced and expropriated the largely absentee senatorial aristocracy. Other main sources of income included its takeover of the major grain and oil export region of the Romans, which had hitherto been the source of food for the major city of Rome. The wealth that the Vandal leaders accumulated was spent on luxurious town houses and religious buildings, according to literary sources and archeology.
69:
733:
2786:
2098:
832:
625:
344:
383:
2713:
358:
4792:
2041:
2820:, while a simultaneous assault, commanded by Marcellinus, would retake Sicily. The Emperor assembled his fleet in 460, but Gaiseric learned of the impending assault and "put a scorched earth policy into effect in Mauretania – scouring the land and poisoning the wells in advance of the planned imperial offensive." In addition, Gaiseric led his own fleet against Majorian's force and
1656:
3292:
intense when it was in proximity to his Arian followers. Heather suggests that
Arianism was a means for Gaiseric to keep his followers united and under control; wherever his people interacted with Nicenes, this strategy was threatened. However, Heather also notes that "personal belief must have also played a substantial role in Gaiseric's decision making."
2141:. Diplomacy between Rome and the Vandal Kingdom broke down. Eudoxia wrote a letter to Gaiseric, begging him to come to her aid. Claiming that the broken betrothal between Huneric and Eudocia invalidated his peace treaty with Valentinian, Gaiseric sacked Rome, rescuing Eudoxia, Eudocia, and Eudoxia's younger daughter
673:
outside the city lay dormant and unharvested. After 14 months, hunger and disease were ravaging both the city's inhabitants and the
Vandals outside the walls. The city eventually fell to the Vandals, who made it their first capital. Peace was made between the Romans and the Vandals in 435 through a treaty between
3330:
While primary sources reveal little about
Gunthamund's religious policies, existing evidence does suggest that the new king was "generally better disposed towards the Chalcedonian faith than his predecessor had been" and maintained a period of tolerance. Gunthamund ended the desert exile of a bishop
2082:
The Roman need for grain from North Africa may have declined by the 5th century because the population of the city of Rome had fallen, and the number of Roman soldiers had decreased. The treaty in 442 between Rome and the
Vandals seems to have ensured that grain shipments continued. However, in terms
672:
and his priests prayed for relief from the Arian
Christian invaders, knowing that the fall of the city would spell conversion or death for many Nicene Christians. On 28 August 430, three months into the siege, the 75-year-old St. Augustine died — perhaps from starvation or stress, as the wheat fields
3354:
The administration of the Vandal
Kingdom bears a close resemblance to the Roman provincial administration of Africa. While it was staffed by local Africans, the currency and taxation system were a creative adaptation of Roman models and were similar to those administered by the Romans. Vandal troops
3338:
Thrasamund ended his late brother's policies of tolerance when he ascended to the throne in 496. He reintroduced "harsh measures against the
Catholic ecclesiastical hierarchy" but "worked to maintain positive relations with the Romano-African lay elite," his intention being to split the loyalties of
1619:
have seen the capture of North Africa by the
Vandals and Alans as the "deathblow" and "the greatest single blow" to the Western Roman Empire in its struggle to survive. Prior to the Vandals, northern Africa was prosperous and peaceful, requiring only a small percentage of the Roman Empire's military
3291:
Heather argues that
Gaiseric's promotion of the Arian church, with the accompanying persecution of the Nicene church, had political motivations. He notes a "key distinction" between "the anti-Nicene character" of Gaiseric's actions in Proconsularis and the rest of his kingdom; persecution was most
3287:
as the new Bishop of
Carthage, a position that had been left empty since Quodvultdeus's departure. Heather argues that this accession was intended to improve Vandal–Roman relations as Gaiseric negotiated the marriage of his son Huneric to the Princess Eudocia. However, after Valentinian was killed
3275:
of three of the most intransigent bishops and expelling them from their cities." Similar policies continued with the capture of Carthage in 439 as the Vandal king made efforts to simultaneously advance the Arian church and oppress Nicene practices. Heather notes that four major churches within the
2860:
2827:
In 468, both the Western and Eastern Empires attempted to conquer Africa again with the "most ambitious campaign ever launched against the Vandal state." Primary sources suggest that the fleet numbered 1,113 ships and carried 100,000 men, but this figure has been rejected by modern historiography,
3295:
Huneric, Gaiseric's son and successor, continued and intensified the repression of the Nicene church and attempted to make Arianism the primary religion in North Africa; indeed, much of Victor of Vita's narrative focuses on the atrocities and persecutions committed during Huneric's reign. Priests
3126:
Christians. He granted religious freedom, and consequently Chalcedonian synods were once more held in North Africa. However, he had little interest in war and left it to his nephew Hoamer. When the Vandals and the Berber kingdom of Dorsale came into conflict yet again, Hoamer suffered a decisive
542:
in the western Mediterranean. In the 460s, the Romans launched two unsuccessful military expeditions by sea in an attempt to overthrow the Vandals and reclaim North Africa. The conquest of North Africa by the Vandals was a blow to the beleaguered Western Roman Empire, as North Africa was a major
3263:
and noble priests" in the first years of the conquest; similarly, Bishop Honoratus writes that "before our eyes men are murdered, women raped and we ourselves collapse under torture." Citing these and other corroborating sources, Merrills has argued that there is "little doubt" that the initial
3371:
The state of the economy overall is hard to assess. The Vandals did not create any gold coins, but taxes were increased to primarily pay for expanding the army. Trade did continue with pottery being exported but at lower levels. Whether grain shipments to Rome continued is unknown. In the 5th
3280:, Bishop of Carthage, and many of his clergy exiled from Africa and refused "to allow replacements to be ordained… so that the total number of Nicene bishops within the Vandal kingdom suffered a decline." Laymen were excluded from office and frequently suffered confiscation of their property.
2828:
with Heather suggesting 30,000 troops and 50,000 soldiers and sailors combined, based on 16,000 Roman soldiers conveyed on 500 ships in 532. Andy Merrills and Richard Miles have asserted that the operation was undoubtedly extensive and "deserves admiration for its logistical brilliance." At a
2875:
reached a treaty with the Vandals, and in 476 Gaiseric was able to conclude a "perpetual peace" with Constantinople. Relations between the two states assumed a veneer of normality. From 477 onward, the Vandals produced their own coinage, although it was restricted to bronze and silver
769:
discovered across the Mediterranean that date from the Vandal period of North Africa to challenge the assumption that the Vandal rule of North Africa was a time of economic instability. When the Vandals raided Sicily in 440, the Western Roman Empire was too preoccupied with war in
660:, the military ruler of the region. However, it has been suggested that the Vandals migrated to Africa in search of safety; they had been attacked by a Roman army in 422 and had failed to seal a treaty with them. Advancing eastward along the African coast, the Vandals
2892:
of North Africa who were kept in line during Gaiseric's rule soon began revolts and invasions against the Vandals following Gaiseric's death and Huneric's strict religious laws. The Vandals started rapidly losing territory in modern-day western Algeria to the
3375:
When arriving in Africa, the Vandals confiscated land held by senators and gave the land to themselves. Those who had their land confiscated ended up keeping their rights. Those who lived in the territory prior and were wealthy kept their wealth and power.
3255:. This persecution began with the unfettered violence inflicted against the church during Gaiseric's invasion, but, with the legitimization of the Vandal Kingdom, the oppression became entrenched in "more coherent religious policies." Victor of Vita's
764:
was destroyed, the street grid remained the same, and some public buildings were renovated. The political centre of Carthage was Byrsa Hill. New industrial centres emerged in towns during this period. Historian Andy Merrills uses the large amounts of
2083:
of halting hostilities between Rome and the Vandals, that treaty was honored more in the breach than in the observance, and the Romans placed a high priority on recovering North Africa and regaining their control of grain from the Vandal Kingdom.
3314:
by sword and fire." In 483, Huneric issued a royal edict commanding all Chalcedonian bishops in Africa to attend a debate with Arian representatives. In the aftermath of this conference, he forbade Nicene clergy from assembling or carrying out
3239:: "The remaining Vandals were then shipped back to Constantinople to be absorbed into the imperial army," As a distinct ethnic unit they disappeared, either by fleeing to Spain or by being absorbed into the population of North Africa.
2915:(484–496), his cousin and successor, sought internal peace with the Nicenes and ceased persecution once more. Externally, Vandal power had been declining since Gaiseric's death; Gunthamund lost large parts of Sicily to
4232:
4225:"Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]"
2879:
Gaiseric died on 25 January 477, 88 years of age. According to the law of succession which he had promulgated, the oldest male member of the royal house was to succeed. Thus he was succeeded by his son
2109:
The peace treaty of 442 did not halt Vandal raids in the western Mediterranean. Over the next 35 years, Gaiseric used his large naval fleet to loot the coasts of both the Eastern and Western Empires. After
2933:(496–523) was a religious fanatic and hostile to Nicenes, but he contented himself with bloodless persecutions. In 510 the Frexenses Berber tribe under king Guenfan seized a portion of territory south of
3189:. The Vandals were prevailing until Gelimer's brother Ammatas and nephew Gibamund fell in battle. Gelimer then lost heart and fled. Belisarius quickly took Carthage as the surviving Vandals fought on.
2876:
low-denomination coins. Although the low-denomination imperial money was replaced, the high-denomination was not, demonstrating in the words of Merrills "reluctance to usurp the imperial prerogative".
3215:
The Vandals' territory in North Africa (which is now northern Tunisia and eastern Algeria) became a Byzantine province. The best Vandal warriors were formed into five cavalry regiments, known as
2762:
received Gaiseric and implored him to abstain from murder and destruction by fire, and to be satisfied with pillage. The Vandals departed with countless valuables, including the spoils of the
2797:
The Vandal sack of Rome, piracy in the Mediterranean, and the Roman need to recover control of the grain trade made the destruction of the Vandal Kingdom a priority for the Roman Empire. The
1567:
4606:
Yet, they were the minority in their kingdom. The majority of the population in the Vandal Kingdom considered themselves Romans and looked forward to the day of restoration of the Empire.
760:
was that the Vandal takeover of Carthage and North Africa led to widespread destruction. However, recent archaeological investigations have challenged this assertion. Although Carthage's
2961:
and established a kingdom there, and began sacking Vandalic territories and destroyed various Vandalic settlements. Thrasamund attempted to crush him and retake his territory, but the
3288:
and Vandal relations with Rome and Constantinople worsened, Gaiseric renewed his oppressive religious policies, leaving the bishopric empty once again when Deogratius died in 457.
2177:
50:
4224:
3020:
4824:
3271:
Once Gaiseric secured his hold over Numidia and Mauretania in the treaty of 435, he worked "to destroy the power of the Nicene church in his new territories by seizing the
6272:
397:
570:, the Vandals were also patrons of learning. Grand building projects continued, schools flourished, and North Africa fostered many of the most innovative writers and
778:, emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, dispatched an expedition to deal with the Vandals in 441, but it progressed only as far as Sicily. The Western Empire, under
4559:
3430:
3061:
6267:
3139:(530–534) became king. Hilderic, Hoamer, and their relatives were thrown into prison. In 533, Hilderic was executed when the Byzantine army approached Carthage.
3302:
books were destroyed, and almost 5,000 clergy were exiled into the desert. Violence continued with "men and women… subjected to a series of torments including
1214:
2114:'s death in 453, however, the Romans turned their attention back to the Vandals, who were now in control of some of the richest lands formerly ruled by Rome.
3363:
Most people who lived in the Vandal Kingdom prior to the Vandal arrival mostly considered themselves Roman. The Vandals were a minority of the population.
3196:, some 20 miles (32 km) from Carthage. Again, the Vandals fought well but broke, this time when Tzazo fell in battle. Belisarius quickly advanced to
522:
when it became clear that the Vandal army could not be defeated by Roman military forces. In 439, the Vandals renewed their advance eastward and captured
1279:
3013:
4817:
729:
suggests that the new Vandal rule may not have been unwelcome to the population of North Africa, as the previous landowners were generally unpopular.
4176:
4087:
2129:
when both Eudocia and Huneric were children. However, they had not yet wed when in 455, Valentinian III was murdered by accomplices of the usurper
1628:
in the 1st century AD said that North Africa fed Rome for eight months of the year, with the other four months of needed grain coming from Egypt.
2511:
1461:
1354:
3578:
3276:
city walls were confiscated for the Arians, and a ban was imposed on all Nicene services in areas in which Vandals settled; Gaiseric also had
3260:
3006:
2535:
1495:
656:
estimates that they could have fielded an army of around 15,000–20,000. According to Procopius, the Vandals came to Africa at the request of
1958:
6092:
4810:
2523:
2069:
1602:
1561:
1500:
4555:
Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies
2356:
2938:
1417:
1344:
3283:
However, diplomatic considerations took precedence over religious policy. In 454, at the request of Valentinian III, Gaiseric installed
3165:
declared war, with the stated intention of restoring Hilderic to the Vandal throne. While an expedition was en route, Gelimer's brother
2741:
2684:
601:). The surviving Vandals either assimilated into the indigenous African population or were dispersed among the Byzantine territories.
1968:
3268:
that the Vandals initially targeted the Nicene Church for financial rather than religious reasons, seeking to rob it of its wealth.
5175:
4024:
3323:
and ordered all Nicene churches to be closed and Nicene property confiscated. These churches were then turned over for the royal
1485:
925:
68:
1374:
697:. The city was captured without a fight; the Vandals entered it while most of the inhabitants were attending the races at the
4696:
4303:
4063:
3982:
3858:
3716:
3538:
3503:
2962:
2122:
1738:
6257:
6222:
5477:
5195:
3722:
2884:(477–484), who at first tolerated Nicene Christians, owing to his fear of Constantinople, but after 482 began to persecute
2341:
1948:
6247:
5990:
5733:
5681:
3142:
1349:
1272:
4553:
3657:
1988:
6262:
5872:
5543:
4759:
4529:
2689:
2395:
1456:
1406:
6242:
5984:
5592:
4738:
4721:
4632:
4592:
4412:
4366:
4152:
4112:
3938:
3235:
but refused it because he was not willing to convert from Arianism to Nicene Christianity. In the words of historian
3185:, to land unopposed 10 miles (16 km) from Carthage. Gelimer quickly assembled an army and met Belisarius at the
2399:
645:
290:
6085:
4833:
3046:
2654:
2062:
1788:
1595:
1066:
873:
841:
6002:
4796:
4661:
History of the Later Roman Empire, from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian (A.D.395 to A.D. 565)
2556:
1753:
1514:
1480:
1011:
615:
376:
4659:
1978:
1422:
5978:
5882:
5826:
4984:
4777:
2734:
2624:
2279:
1554:
1475:
4042:
Roman Emperor Zeno: The Perils of Power Politics in Fifth-century Constantinople, Peter Crawford, 2019, p. 221
6070:
5867:
5801:
5600:
5332:
5255:
5106:
2529:
2471:
2466:
2450:
877:
3906:, a great admirer of Leo and quite willing to adjust a date or bend a point (Steven Muhlberger, "Prosper's
2659:
2592:
1711:
1524:
526:, the most important city of North Africa. The fledgling kingdom then conquered the Roman-ruled islands of
1323:
6277:
6227:
6078:
5996:
5948:
5639:
5126:
3259:
details the "wicked ferocity" inflicted against church property and attacks against "many… distinguished
2705:
2546:
2055:
1845:
1636:
1588:
1548:
811:
6126:
5942:
5936:
5887:
5877:
5307:
5292:
5155:
4404:
4358:
3086:
3076:
2639:
2598:
1267:
2770:. Eudoxia and her daughters were taken to Carthage, where Eudocia married Huneric shortly thereafter.
1313:
132:
6054:
5337:
3415:
3265:
3091:
3066:
2821:
2727:
2669:
2634:
2629:
2157:
1939:
171:
3574:
3247:
From their invasion of North Africa in 429 onward, the Vandals, who were predominantly followers of
648:. Although their numbers are unknown and some historians debate the validity of estimates, based on
6237:
5960:
5312:
5165:
5101:
3232:
3151:
3096:
2829:
2649:
2384:
2242:
1675:
690:
515:
363:
6232:
6217:
6166:
6048:
5723:
5615:
5577:
5072:
5002:
2813:
2542:
2414:
2331:
2133:, who sought control of the Empire. Maximus immediately married Valentinian's widow, the Empress
1716:
1574:
1470:
1296:
1284:
1059:
971:
967:
795:
519:
349:
6161:
3850:
3843:
2906:
995:
390:
6252:
6008:
5954:
5902:
5892:
5728:
5671:
5342:
4728:
4727:
Merrills, Andy (2004). "Vandals, Romans and Berbers: Understanding Late Antique North Africa".
3209:
2674:
1742:
1490:
1364:
1291:
4293:
2137:, and he also canceled Eudocia's betrothal to Huneric and married her instead to his own son,
5972:
5816:
5768:
5754:
5582:
5322:
5235:
5185:
4864:
4847:
4519:
3056:
2664:
2644:
2566:
2203:
1221:
912:
766:
661:
2773:
The sack of Rome earned the Vandals association with senseless destruction through the noun
6186:
6020:
5897:
5836:
5821:
5744:
5708:
5664:
5654:
5432:
5404:
5210:
5054:
4952:
4896:
3899:
3635:
3602:
3332:
3193:
3186:
3106:
3101:
2840:, the Vandals destroyed the Western fleet and part of the Eastern fleet through the use of
2755:
2482:
2273:
2197:
1339:
1030:
686:
619:
594:
579:
511:
3208:, surrendered to the Byzantines, ending the Kingdom of the Vandals and paving the way for
2982:
2973:
ravaged the coast of southern Italy, preventing him from coming to the assistance of King
8:
6171:
6151:
6042:
5773:
5676:
5659:
5649:
5504:
5427:
5250:
5245:
5180:
5080:
4990:
3390:
3205:
2916:
2894:
2763:
2444:
2432:
2409:
2311:
1998:
1767:
1692:
1238:
1019:
987:
757:
652:'s assertion that the Vandals and Alans numbered 80,000 when they moved to North Africa,
563:
164:
6196:
6101:
5966:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5831:
5796:
5791:
5749:
5713:
5572:
5467:
5389:
5362:
5302:
5205:
5190:
5028:
5008:
4339:
4170:
4081:
3816:
3405:
3385:
3311:
3220:
3071:
2867:
In the 470s, the Romans abandoned their policy of war against the Vandals. The Western
2405:
2345:
2138:
2092:
1645:
1543:
1451:
1434:
1250:
1206:
881:
820:
669:
559:
502:
to North Africa. They advanced eastward, conquering the coastal regions of what is now
476:
3875:
Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol 36, The Seaborne Commerce of Ancient Rome
3518:
2898:
2852:
at Kenipolis with heavy losses. In retaliation, the Vandals took 500 hostages at
1620:
forces, and was an important source of taxes for the empire and grain for the city of
6181:
5811:
5806:
5739:
5698:
5692:
5533:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5240:
5220:
5170:
5160:
5141:
4773:
4755:
4734:
4717:
4692:
4628:
4588:
4525:
4408:
4362:
4299:
4158:
4148:
4118:
4108:
4069:
4059:
3944:
3934:
3908:
3903:
3854:
3820:
3712:
3534:
3530:
3346:) to a greater or lesser extent, banning conversion for Vandals and exiling bishops.
3252:
3200:, second city of the Vandal Kingdom. In 534 Gelimer, besieged at Mount Pappua by the
3081:
3051:
2888:
and Nicenes. He also murdered many rival members of the Vandalic dynasty. The native
2550:
2360:
2192:
2130:
1874:
1864:
1827:
1807:
1797:
1245:
1162:
1154:
1074:
1003:
885:
139:
118:
2856:, hacked them to pieces, and threw the pieces overboard on the way back to Carthage.
498:
In 429 AD, the Vandals, estimated to number 80,000 people, had crossed by boat from
6105:
6028:
5610:
5605:
5528:
5462:
5457:
5327:
5297:
5265:
5121:
5066:
5045:
5023:
4802:
4335:
4202:, translated by Thomas J. Dunlap (Berkeley: University of California, 1988), p. 308
3808:
3526:
3410:
3284:
3227:
of Belisarius. Gelimer himself was honourably treated and granted large estates in
3158:
2868:
2805:
2166:
1701:
1443:
1186:
1098:
1040:
937:
761:
737:
722:
629:
598:
307:
4680:
The Cambridge Ancient History. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600
4671:
The Cambridge Ancient History. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600
3146:
A 16th century perception of the Vandals, illustrated in a manuscript. Painted by
2804:
began to organize an offensive in the summer of 458. A maritime force staged from
1369:
732:
6136:
5551:
5519:
5514:
5494:
5357:
5317:
5287:
5270:
5230:
5215:
5200:
5131:
5116:
5033:
5013:
4886:
4749:
4705:
Heather, Peter (2007), 'Christianity and the Vandals in the Reign of Geiseric',
4622:
4582:
3706:
3420:
3400:
2586:
2389:
2134:
2118:
1921:
1911:
1902:
1666:
1519:
1359:
1318:
1306:
1233:
1226:
1170:
1106:
1082:
864:
779:
745:
674:
571:
111:
5409:
4326:
Heather, Peter (2007). "Christianity and the Vandals in the Reign of Geiseric".
6156:
6034:
5930:
5924:
5524:
5499:
5372:
5367:
5352:
5347:
5282:
5277:
5260:
5225:
5018:
4940:
4879:
3147:
2970:
2954:
2517:
2301:
2236:
2111:
2045:
1884:
1301:
1258:
1178:
958:
856:
726:
460:
448:
146:
125:
6100:
4669:
Cameron, Averil (2000). "The Vandal conquest and Vandal rule (A.D. 429–534)".
4073:
782:, secured peace with the Vandals in 442. Under the treaty, the Vandals gained
701:. Gaiseric made it his capital and styled himself the King of the Vandals and
644:(also known as Genseric or Geiseric), crossed to Africa in 429, beginning the
514:, then ruling North Africa, allowed the Vandals to settle in the provinces of
6211:
5718:
5556:
5060:
4934:
4906:
4162:
3948:
3653:
3395:
3236:
2798:
2679:
2230:
2209:
2149:). Maximus and Palladius were killed by an angry mob while fleeing the city.
2102:
2034:
1854:
1616:
1429:
1138:
775:
653:
492:
4122:
2785:
2097:
685:. Gaiseric chose to break the treaty in 439 when he invaded the province of
5091:
4946:
4926:
3277:
3197:
3030:
2998:
2994:
2790:
2717:
2438:
2267:
2223:
1330:
787:
753:
665:
624:
590:
544:
488:
303:
107:
82:
4730:
Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa
4399:
Merrills, Andy (2014). "Kingdoms of North Africa". In Michael Mass (ed.).
3812:
831:
5644:
5509:
3902:
account of the event was followed by his continuator in the 6th century,
3162:
3123:
2969:, but despite this alliance, Thrasamund failed to aid Theoderic when the
2885:
2845:
2579:
2492:
2247:
1391:
1381:
1090:
3372:
century, there was a decline in trade across the Mediterranean as well.
2941:, pushing the Vandals further out of inland. Around the 510s, migrating
705:, to denote the inclusion of his Alan allies into his realm. Conquering
3472:
3320:
3298:
3224:
3182:
2930:
2912:
2897:, and by the end of Huneric's rule he completely lost control over the
2759:
2572:
950:
698:
682:
657:
586:
241:
229:
4689:
The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians
4053:
3342:
Except for Hilderic, most Vandal kings persecuted Nicenes (as well as
2965:
in 523 ended in a disastrous Vandalic defeat. He also allied with the
6121:
6116:
4911:
4142:
3631:
3598:
3425:
3272:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2919:
2853:
2841:
2774:
2259:
2253:
1817:
1146:
1114:
932:
898:
749:
649:
4102:
2859:
6176:
5629:
5111:
4916:
4859:
3343:
3303:
3248:
3231:, where he lived to be an old man. He was also offered the rank of
3170:
3132:
3119:
2958:
2942:
2833:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2455:
2146:
2142:
1625:
1130:
1122:
1045:
1035:
783:
710:
694:
641:
567:
535:
527:
523:
499:
480:
253:
205:
159:
88:
3335:
and also restored the Nicene shrine of Saint Agileus in Carthage.
3135:
faction within the royal family led a revolt, and Hoamer's cousin
6131:
4891:
4852:
3316:
3307:
3228:
3192:
On December 15, 533, Gelimer and Belisarius clashed again at the
3136:
3128:
3034:
2923:
2902:
2889:
2881:
2872:
2849:
2837:
2126:
2008:
942:
848:
791:
714:
678:
637:
539:
507:
503:
468:
431:
427:
265:
217:
57:
3873:
Rickman, G.E. (1980), "The Grain Trade under the Roman Empire,"
3181:. This enabled the armies of the Byzantine Empire, commanded by
6141:
5399:
4791:
4144:
The age of Justinian : the circumstances of imperial power
3264:
invasion was "brutally violent." He has also argued along with
3201:
2946:
2934:
2117:
In an effort to bring the Vandals into the fold of the Empire,
903:
893:
706:
531:
484:
415:
4682:. Vol. XIV. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–126.
4673:. Vol. XIV. Cambridge University Press. pp. 553–559.
3972:
3970:
5377:
4901:
4874:
4772:
trans. John Moorhead, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press,
3878:
3708:
The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000
3178:
3174:
3166:
2767:
1386:
718:
702:
575:
548:
472:
435:
423:
419:
100:
2758:
offers the only 5th-century report that on 2 June 455, Pope
6146:
4869:
4055:
Globalizing borderlands studies in Europe and North America
3967:
3324:
2844:. Following up the attack, the Vandals tried to invade the
2145:(the latter was married to the future unrecognised emperor
1621:
771:
552:
186:
3981:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985 (
585:
The Vandal Kingdom ended in 534, when it was conquered by
2950:
2922:
and had to withstand increasing pressure from the native
4020:
4018:
4016:
3933:. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 119–121.
3799:
Linn, Jason (2012). "The Roman Grain Supply, 442–455".
3122:(523–530) was the Vandal king who was most tolerant of
2988:
3955:
632:
to North Africa where the Vandals crossed into Africa.
4013:
4832:
3976:
3469:
The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Roman World
677:
and Gaiseric, giving the Vandals control of coastal
3431:
Church of the priest Félix and baptistry of Kélibia
3842:
6273:States and territories disestablished in the 530s
4678:Collins, Roger (2000). "Vandal Africa, 429–533".
3525:, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
3127:defeat by the Berbers led by Guenfan and his son
6209:
4691:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
4189:Landuse in the Roman Empire, Volume 22, page 34
3169:led a large part of the Vandal army and navy to
2926:, who raided everything inland up to the coast.
6018:
6268:States and territories established in the 430s
4707:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
4352:
4328:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
4251:
4249:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3782:
3780:
3767:
3765:
3763:
725:, he built his kingdom into a powerful state.
73:The Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans in 526 AD
32:
6086:
4818:
4747:
4714:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila.
3928:
3849:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp.
3557:
3555:
3014:
2863:The location of Carthage, the Vandal capital.
2735:
2063:
1596:
5221:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
4401:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila
4175:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4086:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3929:Merrills, Andrew H.; Miles, Richard (2010).
3028:
4291:
4285:
4246:
3840:
3827:
3777:
3760:
3517:Lawrence, Thomas Christopher (2012-10-26),
3502:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMiles2007 (
736:Routes taken by Vandal invaders during the
143:(spoken among common people in rural areas)
26:
6093:
6079:
4825:
4811:
4357:. Translated by John Moorhead. Liverpool:
3552:
3447:
3445:
3021:
3007:
2742:
2728:
2070:
2056:
1603:
1589:
67:
4748:Merrills, Andrew; Miles, Richard (2010).
4104:The Roman Empire and its Germanic peoples
4726:
4620:
4398:
4140:
4052:Michael., Lee, John W. I. North (2016).
4051:
4007:
3754:
3742:
3516:
3296:were forbidden to practice the liturgy,
3141:
2985:, which contributed to Alaric's defeat.
2858:
2784:
2096:
744:The impression given by sources such as
731:
623:
5176:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
4716:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
4686:
4677:
4668:
4467:
4441:
4325:
4255:
4100:
3961:
3786:
3771:
3704:
3689:
3677:
3640:
3619:
3607:
3561:
3475:(Cambridge University Press, 2001), 223
3442:
6210:
4580:
4517:
558:Although primarily remembered for the
6074:
4806:
4616:
4614:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4380:
4378:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4141:Steward., Evans, James Allan (1996).
4136:
4134:
4132:
4038:
4036:
3700:
3698:
3497:
3242:
3002:
4657:
4624:The Roman Empire Divided: 400-700 AD
4551:
4279:
4267:
4211:
3995:
3845:How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower
3798:
3705:Wickham, Chris (2009). "Chapter 4".
2989:Conquest by the Eastern Roman Empire
3523:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
3484:Andrew Merrills and Richard Miles,
3451:Andrew Merrills and Richard Miles,
1568:List of people on stamps of Algeria
13:
4611:
4562:from the original on July 14, 2014
4492:
4473:
4375:
4340:10.1111/j.2041-5370.2007.tb02384.x
4312:
4129:
4107:. University of California Press.
4033:
3922:
3695:
2121:offered the hand of his daughter,
801:
14:
6289:
5985:United Provinces of Central Italy
4784:
4770:History of the Vandal Persecution
4524:. AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. p. 33.
4486:Merrills and Miles (2010), p. 185
4355:History of the Vandal Persecution
3455:(Blackwell Publishing, 2007), 60.
3349:
3257:History of the Vandal Persecution
646:Vandalic conquest of Roman Africa
495:for 99 years from 435 to 534 AD.
291:Vandalic conquest of Roman Africa
4834:List of historic states of Italy
4790:
4429:Merrills and Miles (2010), p.180
4058:. University of Nebraska Press.
3977:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
3912:: was there an edition of 443?"
3531:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah12213
3173:to deal with a rebellion by the
2711:
2176:
2125:, in marriage to Gaiseric's son
2039:
2028:
1655:
830:
609:
562:in 455 and their persecution of
457:Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans
395:
381:
356:
342:
49:
23:Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans
16:Germanic Kingdom in North Africa
5967:Provisional Government of Milan
4574:
4545:
4511:
4461:
4447:
4435:
4421:
4392:
4346:
4273:
4261:
4235:from the original on 2020-10-29
4217:
4205:
4192:
4183:
4094:
4045:
4001:
3989:
3893:
3884:
3867:
3792:
3748:
3736:
3725:from the original on 2014-10-11
3683:
3671:
3660:from the original on 2017-10-20
3646:
3625:
3581:from the original on 2021-05-13
2086:
794:and confirmed their control of
616:Vandal conquest of Roman Africa
377:Praetorian prefecture of Africa
5166:City of Fiume and its District
4581:Brogna, Major Anthony (2015).
3613:
3592:
3567:
3510:
3491:
3478:
3458:
2780:
2280:Praetorian prefecture of Italy
2101:The Sack of Rome, painting by
1555:List of wars involving Algeria
1:
5601:County of Apulia and Calabria
5107:Campagna e Marittima Province
4664:, vol. 2 vols, Macmillan
4584:The Generalship Of Belisarius
3358:
2789:Map of the operations of the
2390:Byzantine reconquest of Italy
465:Regnum Vandalorum et Alanorum
28:Regnum Vandalorum et Alanorum
3919:.3 (July 1986), pp 240–244).
3841:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009).
2848:but were driven back by the
2451:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.
150:(spoken among common people)
129:(spoken among common people)
104:(spoken by elite and clergy)
7:
6258:Medieval history of Tunisia
6223:Countries in ancient Africa
6003:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
5997:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
5949:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
5127:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
4712:Mass, Michael (ed.) (2014)
4658:Bury, John Bagnell (1923),
3379:
3327:or for Arian clerical use.
1549:Military history of Algeria
487:warlord. It ruled parts of
136:(spoken among Alanic elite)
10:
6294:
6248:Former countries in Europe
5943:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
5937:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
5338:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
5308:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
5293:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
4733:. Ashgate. pp. 3–28.
4651:
4604:– via Google Books.
4505:Merrills and Miles, p. 196
4405:Cambridge University Press
4386:Merrills and Miles, p. 181
4359:Liverpool University Press
4298:. Routledge. p. 253.
3890:Linn, pp. 298–299, 317–321
3877:, p. 264. Downloaded from
3366:
2992:
2090:
613:
604:
593:and incorporated into the
6263:Medieval history of Libya
6112:
6055:Free Territory of Trieste
5915:
5845:
5784:
5767:
5691:
5628:
5591:
5573:Principality of Benevento
5565:
5542:
5487:
5476:
5418:
5388:
5140:
5090:
5044:
4975:
4962:
4925:
4840:
4754:. John Wiley & Sons.
4644:– via Google Books.
4101:Herwig., Wolfram (2005).
3801:Journal of Late Antiquity
3416:Suebic Kingdom of Galicia
3042:
2824:the Romans at Cartagena.
2766:booty brought to Rome by
2294:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms
1562:Postal history of Algeria
1501:Insurgency in the Maghreb
1324:Sétif and Guelma massacre
467:) was a confederation of
411:
321:
317:
300:
287:
283:
275:
271:
259:
247:
235:
223:
211:
199:
195:
185:
177:
172:Chalcedonian Christianity
155:
115:(spoken by common people)
96:
78:
66:
46:
41:
21:
6243:Algeria in the Roman era
5961:Italian United Provinces
5313:Principality of Piombino
5102:Patrimony of Saint Peter
4627:. Taylor & Francis.
3436:
3152:Ghent University Library
3047:Nervasos Mountains (419)
2385:Italy in the Middle Ages
2243:Roman expansion in Italy
543:source of revenue and a
364:Sicilia (Roman province)
6104:established around the
6049:Italian Social Republic
5724:Principality of Taranto
5616:Principality of Taranto
5578:Principality of Salerno
5333:Bishopric of Tarantasia
5156:Bishopric of Bressanone
5073:Duchy of the Pentapolis
4687:Heather, Peter (2005).
4621:Moorhead, John (2013).
4353:Victor of Vita (1992).
3881:; Heather, pp. 275–276.
3467:, Penelope M. Allison,
3223:frontier. Some entered
3219:, and stationed on the
3118:Thrasamund's successor
2929:Gunthamund's successor
2593:European migrant crisis
2543:Italian Social Republic
2458:Italy (1801–1814)
2415:Guelphs and Ghibellines
1575:History of North Africa
1375:Independence referendum
1314:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir
640:, under their new king
350:Africa (Roman province)
33:
5955:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
5729:Terra Sancti Benedicti
5633:(from the 9th century)
5343:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4768:Victor of Vita (1992)
4587:. Hauraki Publishing.
4521:Historia Persecutionis
3210:Byzantine North Africa
3155:
3131:. Following this, the
2905:, who established the
2864:
2794:
2276:(286 AD–476 AD)
2206:(12th–6th c. BC)
2200:(18th–3rd c. BC)
2106:
1743:Byzantine North Africa
857:Iberomaurusian Culture
741:
664:to the walled city of
633:
464:
452:
27:
5973:Republic of San Marco
5755:Crown Colony of Malta
5583:Principality of Capua
5323:Marquisate of Saluzzo
5186:County of Santa Fiora
4848:Etruscan civilization
4709:50, pp. 137–146.
4518:Swartz, Nico (2009).
4455:Heather (2010), p.141
4026:Catholic Encyclopedia
3813:10.1353/jla.2012.0015
3575:"The Vandal conquest"
3145:
2862:
2799:Western Roman Emperor
2788:
2536:Italy in World War II
2239:(509 BC–27 BC)
2233:(753 BC–509 BC)
2212:(8th–3rd c. BC)
2204:Etruscan civilization
2100:
1739:2nd Roman (Byzantine)
1481:High Council of State
1261:(19th–20th centuries)
1222:Emirate of Beni Abbas
1209:(16th–19th centuries)
913:Archeology of Algeria
767:African red slip ware
735:
627:
97:Common languages
6162:Kingdom of the Aurès
6122:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
5769:French Revolutionary
5709:State of the Presidi
5433:Republic of Florence
5405:Domini di Terraferma
5055:Exarchate of Ravenna
4953:Western Roman Empire
4897:Nuragic civilization
4799:at Wikimedia Commons
4552:Wace, Henry (1911).
4292:Susan Raven (2012).
4200:History of the Goths
3194:Battle of Tricamarum
3187:Battle of Ad Decimum
2937:and established the
2907:kingdom of the Aurès
2756:Prosper of Aquitaine
2630:Currency and coinage
2569:(1970s–1980s)
2524:Italy in World War I
2435:(14th–16th c.)
2270:(27 BC–286 AD)
2198:Nuragic civilization
2009:Parliamentary system
1706:12th C.–146 BC
1031:Early African Church
1012:Prefecture of Africa
996:Kingdom of the Aurès
687:Africa Proconsularis
620:Vandal War (439-442)
595:Eastern Roman Empire
580:Western Roman Empire
512:Western Roman Empire
391:Kingdom of the Aurès
122:(spoken among elite)
6172:Ostrogothic kingdom
6043:Free State of Fiume
5991:Kingdom of Sardinia
5734:Neapolitan Republic
5682:Kingdom of Sardinia
5677:Republic of Sassari
5505:Catepanate of Italy
5428:Republic of Cospaia
5251:Duchy of Montferrat
5246:March of Montferrat
5181:County of Guastalla
5081:Exarchate of Africa
3914:Classical Philology
3465:An Empire of Cities
3391:Ostrogothic Kingdom
3225:the private service
3150:. Preserved in the
2945:berbers under king
2764:Temple in Jerusalem
2433:Italian Renaissance
2410:Italian city-states
1999:Tunisian revolution
1239:Barbary Slave Trade
1020:Exarchate of Africa
988:Mauro-Roman Kingdom
758:Fulgentius of Ruspe
181:Pre-feudal Monarchy
165:Nicene Christianity
6278:Barbarian kingdoms
6228:History of Corsica
6197:Visigothic kingdom
6157:Kingdom of Odoacer
6127:Burgundian kingdom
6117:Alamannian kingdom
6102:Barbarian kingdoms
5873:Lucca and Piombino
5750:Malta Protectorate
5714:Duke of San Donato
5468:Republic of Ancona
5390:Republic of Venice
5303:Duchy of Mirandola
5191:Duchy of Guastalla
5029:Duchy of Tridentum
5009:Duchy of Benevento
4976:Barbarian kingdoms
4444:, pp. 125–126
4270:, pp. 133–135
3692:, pp. 553–554
3680:, pp. 124–125
3622:, pp. 197–198
3406:Burgundian Kingdom
3386:Visigothic Kingdom
3243:Religious policies
3217:Vandali Iustiniani
3156:
3057:Hippo Regius (430)
2939:kingdom of Dorsale
2865:
2816:and then march on
2795:
2406:Maritime republics
2392:(6th–8th c.)
2346:Carolingian Empire
2107:
2093:Sack of Rome (455)
2046:History portal
1959:Kingdom of Tunisia
1544:Outline of Algeria
1452:Algerian Civil War
1251:Second Barbary War
1207:Regency of Algiers
796:Proconsular Africa
742:
634:
572:natural scientists
568:Arian Christianity
479:established under
6205:
6204:
6182:Sub-Roman Britain
6152:Kingdom of Altava
6068:
6067:
6064:
6063:
5911:
5910:
5878:Massa and Carrara
5763:
5762:
5740:Hospitaller Malta
5699:Kingdom of Naples
5693:Kingdom of Sicily
5624:
5623:
5534:Duchy of Sorrento
5453:Republic of Genoa
5448:Republic of Siena
5443:Republic of Massa
5438:Republic of Lucca
5171:County of Gorizia
5161:Corsican Republic
5142:Holy Roman Empire
4795:Media related to
4698:978-0-19515-954-7
4305:978-1-134-89239-6
4065:978-0-8032-8562-0
3909:Epitoma Chronicon
3904:Victor of Tunnuna
3860:978-0-300-13719-4
3718:978-0-14-190853-3
3540:978-1-4443-3838-6
3253:Nicene Christians
3115:
3114:
2983:Battle of Vouillé
2895:Kingdom of Altava
2752:
2751:
2599:COVID-19 pandemic
2595:(2014–2016)
2589:(2007–2009)
2583:(1992–2001)
2575:(1986–1992)
2553:(1943–1945)
2551:Italian Civil War
2538:(1940–1945)
2532:(1922–1943)
2526:(1914–1918)
2520:(1882–1960)
2514:(1861–1946)
2486:(1815–1871)
2447:(1545–1648)
2441:(1494–1559)
2402:in southern Italy
2370:
2369:
2361:Holy Roman Empire
2193:Prehistoric Italy
2131:Petronius Maximus
2080:
2079:
2035:Africa portal
2020:
2019:
1930:
1929:
1893:
1892:
1836:
1835:
1779:
1778:
1683:
1682:
1615:Historians since
1613:
1612:
1525:COVID-19 pandemic
1246:First Barbary War
1215:Ottoman governors
1075:Umayyad Caliphate
1004:Kingdom of Altava
564:Nicene Christians
551:) to the city of
545:supplier of grain
477:barbarian kingdom
441:
440:
407:
406:
403:
402:
369:
368:
6285:
6132:Frankish kingdom
6106:Migration Period
6095:
6088:
6081:
6072:
6071:
6029:Kingdom of Italy
6016:
6015:
5782:
5781:
5611:County of Sicily
5606:County of Aversa
5529:Byzantine Sicily
5515:Theme of Lucania
5485:
5484:
5463:Republic of Pisa
5458:Republic of Noli
5328:Duchy of Spoleto
5298:Duchy of Merania
5196:Kingdom of Italy
5122:Duchy of Ferrara
5067:Duchy of Perugia
5046:Byzantine Empire
5024:Duchy of Spoleto
4991:Ostrogothic rule
4973:
4972:
4841:Pre-Roman period
4827:
4820:
4813:
4804:
4803:
4794:
4765:
4744:
4702:
4683:
4674:
4665:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4618:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4601:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4501:
4490:
4489:
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4465:
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4425:
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4344:
4343:
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4310:
4309:
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4265:
4259:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4198:Herwig Wolfram,
4196:
4190:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4174:
4166:
4138:
4127:
4126:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4085:
4077:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4031:
4022:
4011:
4010:, pp. 11–12
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
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3882:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3848:
3838:
3825:
3824:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3775:
3769:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3702:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3650:
3644:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3476:
3462:
3456:
3449:
3411:Frankish Kingdom
3339:the two groups.
3107:Tricamarum (533)
3102:Ad Decimum (533)
3087:Garigliano (457)
3077:Agrigentum (456)
3037:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2718:Italy portal
2716:
2715:
2714:
2445:Catholic revival
2298:
2297:
2180:
2170:
2152:
2151:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2016:
1945:
1944:
1908:
1907:
1851:
1850:
1794:
1793:
1775:
1770:
1761:
1756:
1723:146 BC–435
1720:
1698:
1697:
1672:
1671:
1659:
1649:
1631:
1630:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1570:
1557:
1508:2010s to present
1423:1965 coup d'état
1407:Contemporary era
1273:French governors
1191:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1041:Fossatum Africae
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:
984:
976:
963:
955:
947:
938:Ancient Carthage
869:
861:
853:
834:
824:
806:
805:
740:, 5th century AD
738:Migration Period
723:Balearic Islands
668:in 430. Inside,
630:Gibraltar strait
599:Byzantine Empire
399:
398:
385:
384:
373:
372:
360:
359:
346:
345:
339:
338:
323:
322:
308:Byzantine Empire
71:
53:
36:
30:
19:
18:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6238:Ancient Tunisia
6208:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6187:Suebian kingdom
6167:Lombard kingdom
6137:Frisian kingdom
6108:
6099:
6069:
6060:
6014:
5917:
5916:Post-Napoleonic
5907:
5841:
5777:
5771:
5759:
5701:
5697:
5696:(1130–1816) and
5695:
5687:
5632:
5620:
5587:
5561:
5552:Emirate of Bari
5538:
5525:Theme of Sicily
5520:Duchy of Naples
5495:Duchy of Amalfi
5480:
5472:
5420:
5419:Other Republics
5414:
5392:
5384:
5378:County of Tenda
5358:County of Savoy
5318:Duchy of Reggio
5288:Duchy of Mantua
5216:March of Friuli
5148:
5146:
5144:
5136:
5132:Duchy of Urbino
5117:Duchy of Castro
5094:
5086:
5040:
5034:Duchy of Tuscia
5014:Duchy of Friuli
4977:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4958:
4937:(753 BC–509 BC)
4921:
4836:
4831:
4787:
4762:
4741:
4699:
4654:
4649:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4619:
4612:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4579:
4575:
4565:
4563:
4558:. p. 386.
4550:
4546:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4516:
4512:
4503:
4502:
4493:
4484:
4483:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4407:. p. 266.
4397:
4393:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4351:
4347:
4324:
4313:
4306:
4290:
4286:
4278:
4274:
4266:
4262:
4254:
4247:
4238:
4236:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4168:
4167:
4155:
4139:
4130:
4115:
4099:
4095:
4079:
4078:
4066:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4034:
4023:
4014:
4006:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3975:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3941:
3927:
3923:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3839:
3828:
3797:
3793:
3785:
3778:
3770:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3741:
3737:
3728:
3726:
3719:
3703:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3663:
3661:
3654:"Newadvent.org"
3652:
3651:
3647:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3597:
3593:
3584:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3560:
3553:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3483:
3479:
3463:
3459:
3450:
3443:
3439:
3421:Vandal Sardinia
3401:Lombard Kingdom
3382:
3369:
3361:
3352:
3245:
3116:
3111:
3092:Cartagena (461)
3038:
3029:
3027:
2997:
2991:
2899:Aurès Mountains
2783:
2754:The chronicler
2748:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2655:Historic states
2619:
2611:
2610:
2587:Great Recession
2518:Colonial Empire
2507:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2478:
2428:
2420:
2419:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2226:
2216:
2215:
2188:
2168:
2161:
2135:Licinia Eudoxia
2119:Valentinian III
2105:from the 1830s.
2095:
2089:
2076:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2014:
1993:1987–2011
1973:1957–1987
1963:1956–1957
1953:1881–1956
1942:
1932:
1931:
1926:1705–1881
1916:1574–1705
1905:
1895:
1894:
1889:1229–1574
1879:1160–1229
1869:1148–1160
1848:
1838:
1837:
1791:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1714:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1669:
1647:
1640:
1609:
1580:
1579:
1566:
1564:
1553:
1551:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1505:
1439:
1409:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1319:Operation Torch
1307:Cheikh Bouamama
1292:Emir Abdelkader
1268:French conquest
1255:
1234:Barbary pirates
1227:Emirate of Kuku
1203:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1062:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1022:
1014:
1006:
998:
990:
982:
975:(146 BC–590 AD)
974:
961:
953:
945:
928:
918:
917:
908:
867:
865:Capsian culture
859:
851:
849:Aterian Culture
844:
822:
815:
804:
802:The grain trade
780:Valentinian III
675:Valentinian III
670:Saint Augustine
622:
614:Main articles:
612:
607:
453:Regnum Vandalum
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
396:
382:
357:
343:
310:
293:
262:
261:• 530–534
250:
249:• 523–530
238:
237:• 496–523
226:
225:• 484–496
214:
213:• 477–484
202:
201:• 435–477
167:
163:
145:
138:
131:
124:
117:
112:African Romance
106:
91:
87:
85:
74:
62:
61:
56:Coin depicting
54:
37:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6291:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6233:Ancient Sicily
6230:
6225:
6220:
6218:Vandal Kingdom
6203:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6192:Vandal kingdom
6189:
6184:
6179:
6177:Rugian kingdom
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6098:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6075:
6066:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6052:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6035:Italian Empire
6025:
6023:
6013:
6012:
6006:
6000:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5979:Roman Republic
5976:
5970:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5946:
5940:
5934:
5931:Duchy of Lucca
5928:
5925:Duchy of Genoa
5921:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5788:
5786:
5779:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5705:
5703:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5636:
5634:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5548:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5500:Duchy of Gaeta
5497:
5491:
5489:
5482:
5478:Southern Italy
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5424:
5422:
5421:(c. 1000–1797)
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5373:County of Nice
5370:
5368:Duchy of Aosta
5365:
5360:
5355:
5348:Savoyard state
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5283:Duchy of Milan
5280:
5278:Duchy of Ivrea
5275:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5152:
5150:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5098:
5096:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5051:
5049:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5019:Duchy of Ivrea
5016:
5011:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4985:Odoacer's rule
4981:
4979:
4970:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4950:
4949:(27 BC–395 AD)
4944:
4943:(509 BC–27 BC)
4941:Roman Republic
4938:
4931:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4880:Cisalpine Gaul
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4830:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4797:Vandal Kingdom
4786:
4785:External links
4783:
4782:
4781:
4766:
4761:978-1405160681
4760:
4745:
4739:
4724:
4710:
4703:
4697:
4684:
4675:
4666:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4633:
4610:
4593:
4573:
4544:
4531:978-1920383008
4530:
4510:
4491:
4472:
4460:
4446:
4434:
4420:
4413:
4391:
4374:
4367:
4345:
4311:
4304:
4295:Rome in Africa
4284:
4282:, pp. 139
4272:
4260:
4245:
4216:
4204:
4191:
4182:
4153:
4128:
4113:
4093:
4064:
4044:
4032:
4012:
4000:
3988:
3966:
3964:, p. 268.
3954:
3939:
3921:
3892:
3883:
3866:
3859:
3826:
3807:(2): 298–321.
3791:
3776:
3759:
3747:
3735:
3717:
3711:. Penguin UK.
3694:
3682:
3670:
3645:
3624:
3612:
3591:
3566:
3551:
3539:
3509:
3490:
3477:
3457:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3381:
3378:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3357:
3351:
3350:Administration
3348:
3244:
3241:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:Cape Bon (468)
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3067:Carthage (439)
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2993:Main article:
2990:
2987:
2971:Byzantine Navy
2782:
2779:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2576:
2564:
2554:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2403:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2366:962–1801
2364:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2274:Western Empire
2271:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2250:
2245:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2112:Attila the Hun
2091:Main article:
2088:
2085:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1969:Bourguiba rule
1965:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1949:French Tunisia
1943:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1859:973–1148
1857:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1624:. The scholar
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1559:
1546:
1540:
1538:Related topics
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1520:Hirak Movement
1517:
1511:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1448:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1302:Mokrani Revolt
1299:
1297:Fatma N'Soumer
1294:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1259:French Algeria
1254:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:(1235–1556 AD)
1184:
1182:(1229–1574 AD)
1176:
1174:(1215–1465 AD)
1168:
1166:(1121–1269 AD)
1160:
1158:(1040–1147 AD)
1152:
1150:(1014–1152 AD)
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
985:
980:Vandal Kingdom
977:
964:
959:Jugurthine War
956:
948:
940:
935:
929:
924:
923:
920:
919:
916:
915:
907:
906:
901:
896:
890:
889:
888:
870:
862:
854:
845:
840:
839:
836:
835:
827:
826:
817:
816:
809:
803:
800:
790:, and part of
746:Victor of Vita
727:Averil Cameron
628:View from the
611:
608:
606:
603:
510:. In 435, the
475:, which was a
445:Vandal Kingdom
439:
438:
413:
409:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
393:
387:
386:
379:
370:
367:
366:
361:
353:
352:
347:
335:
334:
329:
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
301:
298:
297:
294:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
273:
272:
269:
268:
263:
260:
257:
256:
251:
248:
245:
244:
239:
236:
233:
232:
227:
224:
221:
220:
215:
212:
209:
208:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
157:
153:
152:
147:Medieval Greek
98:
94:
93:
80:
76:
75:
72:
64:
63:
55:
48:
47:
44:
43:
39:
38:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6290:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6253:Ancient Libya
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6147:Hunnic empire
6145:
6143:
6142:Gepid kingdom
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6096:
6091:
6089:
6084:
6082:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6017:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5914:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5766:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5719:Duchy of Sora
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5558:
5557:Muslim Sicily
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5079:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5061:Duchy of Rome
5059:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4974:
4971:
4961:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4935:Roman Kingdom
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4907:Magna Graecia
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4746:
4742:
4740:0-7546-4145-7
4736:
4732:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4722:9781139128964
4719:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4636:
4634:9781317861430
4630:
4626:
4625:
4617:
4615:
4607:
4596:
4594:9781786256058
4590:
4586:
4585:
4577:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4548:
4533:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4470:, p. 555
4469:
4464:
4456:
4450:
4443:
4438:
4430:
4424:
4416:
4414:9781139128964
4410:
4406:
4403:. Cambridge:
4402:
4395:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4370:
4368:0-85323-127-3
4364:
4361:. p. 4.
4360:
4356:
4349:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4307:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4288:
4281:
4276:
4269:
4264:
4258:, p. 126
4257:
4252:
4250:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4214:, p. 131
4213:
4208:
4201:
4195:
4186:
4178:
4172:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4154:0-415-02209-6
4150:
4147:. Routledge.
4146:
4145:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4114:0-520-24490-7
4110:
4106:
4105:
4097:
4089:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4048:
4039:
4037:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4009:
4008:Merrills 2004
4004:
3998:, p. 125
3997:
3992:
3984:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3963:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3940:9781405160681
3936:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3887:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3789:, p. 553
3788:
3783:
3781:
3774:, p. 125
3773:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3756:
3755:Merrills 2004
3751:
3744:
3743:Merrills 2004
3739:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3701:
3699:
3691:
3686:
3679:
3674:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3643:, p. 124
3642:
3639:3.5.23–24 in
3638:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3621:
3616:
3610:, p. 512
3609:
3606:3.5.18–19 in
3605:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3564:, p. 124
3563:
3558:
3556:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3505:
3499:
3494:
3487:
3481:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:Gepid Kingdom
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3356:
3347:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3308:forced labour
3305:
3301:
3300:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3266:Richard Miles
3262:
3258:
3254:
3251:, persecuted
3250:
3240:
3238:
3237:Roger Collins
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3149:
3148:Lucas d'Heere
3144:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Corsica (456)
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:Tarraco (422)
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2792:
2787:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2760:Leo the Great
2757:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:Years of Lead
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2351:774–962
2350:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2336:568–774
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2326:435–534
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2316:493–553
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2306:476–493
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2210:Magna Graecia
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2103:Karl Briullov
2099:
2094:
2084:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2036:
2026:
2025:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1832:909–973
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1822:800–909
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:750–800
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1802:698–750
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1789:Early Islamic
1785:
1784:
1774:590–698
1772:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1760:534–590
1758:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1747:534–698
1746:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1733:435–534
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1617:Edward Gibbon
1606:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1496:Peace Charter
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1486:Civil Concord
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:Berber Spring
1428:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1418:FFS rebellion
1416:
1415:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1370:Évian Accords
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1142:(973–1152 AD)
1140:
1137:
1134:(970–1068 AD)
1132:
1129:
1126:(909–1171 AD)
1124:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1086:(742–1066 AD)
1084:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1067:Arab conquest
1065:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1002:
997:
994:
989:
986:
981:
978:
973:
969:
965:
960:
957:
952:
949:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
922:
921:
914:
910:
909:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
863:
858:
855:
850:
847:
846:
843:
838:
837:
833:
829:
828:
825:
819:
818:
813:
808:
807:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:Theodosius II
773:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
739:
734:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
681:and parts of
680:
676:
671:
667:
663:
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655:
654:Peter Heather
651:
647:
643:
639:
631:
626:
621:
617:
610:Establishment
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
493:Mediterranean
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:
412:Today part of
410:
394:
392:
389:
388:
380:
378:
375:
374:
371:
365:
362:
355:
354:
351:
348:
341:
340:
337:
336:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
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316:
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309:
305:
299:
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292:
286:
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278:
274:
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258:
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252:
246:
243:
240:
234:
231:
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222:
219:
216:
210:
207:
204:
198:
194:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:
170:
166:
162:(among elite)
161:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
90:
84:
81:
77:
70:
65:
59:
52:
45:
40:
35:
29:
20:
6191:
6031:(1861–1946)
6009:Papal States
5837:Transpadania
5410:Stato da Màr
5092:Papal States
5003:Lombard rule
4996:
4967:Early Modern
4955:(395–476 AD)
4947:Roman Empire
4927:Ancient Rome
4769:
4750:
4729:
4713:
4706:
4688:
4679:
4670:
4660:
4640:December 23,
4638:. Retrieved
4623:
4605:
4600:December 23,
4598:. Retrieved
4583:
4576:
4564:. Retrieved
4554:
4547:
4535:. Retrieved
4520:
4513:
4504:
4485:
4468:Cameron 2000
4463:
4454:
4449:
4442:Collins 2000
4437:
4428:
4423:
4400:
4394:
4385:
4354:
4348:
4331:
4327:
4294:
4287:
4275:
4263:
4256:Collins 2000
4237:. Retrieved
4229:lib.ugent.be
4228:
4219:
4207:
4199:
4194:
4185:
4143:
4103:
4096:
4054:
4047:
4030:, "Vandals".
4025:
4003:
3991:
3979:, p. 21
3962:Heather 2005
3957:
3930:
3924:
3916:
3913:
3907:
3895:
3886:
3874:
3869:
3844:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3787:Cameron 2000
3772:Collins 2000
3757:, p. 11
3750:
3745:, p. 10
3738:
3727:. Retrieved
3707:
3690:Cameron 2000
3685:
3678:Collins 2000
3673:
3662:. Retrieved
3648:
3641:Collins 2000
3634:
3627:
3620:Heather 2005
3615:
3608:Heather 2005
3601:
3594:
3583:. Retrieved
3569:
3562:Collins 2000
3544:, retrieved
3522:
3512:
3493:
3485:
3480:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3374:
3370:
3362:
3353:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3282:
3278:Quodvultdeus
3270:
3256:
3246:
3216:
3214:
3191:
3157:
3117:
3062:Calama (430)
3033:against the
2995:Vandalic War
2928:
2911:
2909:in 483–484.
2878:
2866:
2830:naval battle
2826:
2796:
2791:Vandalic War
2772:
2753:
2704:
2694:
2602:
2601:(2020–
2578:
2560:
2559:(1946–
2483:Risorgimento
2481:
2439:Italian Wars
2427:Early modern
2321:
2258:
2252:
2224:Ancient Rome
2116:
2108:
2087:Sack of Rome
2081:
1989:Ben Ali rule
1979:Ben Ali coup
1903:Early modern
1728:
1614:
1507:
1506:
1491:Black Spring
1441:
1440:
1411:
1331:Algerian War
1329:
1328:
1285:Pacification
1257:
1256:
1205:
1202:Modern times
1118:(800–909 AD)
1110:(789–828 AD)
1102:(776–909 AD)
1094:(771–793 AD)
1078:(703–744 AD)
1070:(647–709 AD)
1023:(585–698 AD)
1015:(534–585 AD)
1007:(578–708 AD)
999:(484–703 AD)
991:(477–578 AD)
983:(435–534 AD)
979:
962:(111–106 BC)
954:(264–146 BC)
872:Rock art in
788:Tripolitania
754:Quodvultdeus
743:
666:Hippo Regius
635:
591:Vandalic War
584:
574:of the late
566:in favor of
560:sack of Rome
557:
497:
489:North Africa
456:
444:
442:
332:Succeeded by
331:
326:
168:
149:
142:
135:
128:
121:
114:
108:Vulgar Latin
103:
83:Hippo Regius
6057:(1947–1954)
6051:(1943–1945)
6045:(1920–1924)
6037:(1882–1960)
6021:unification
6011:(1814–1870)
6005:(1815–1866)
5999:(1816–1861)
5993:(1814–1860)
5987:(1859–1860)
5981:(1849–1850)
5975:(1848–1849)
5957:(1815–1859)
5951:(1814–1859)
5945:(1814–1859)
5939:(1814–1829)
5933:(1815–1847)
5927:(1815–1848)
5817:Parthenopea
5778:(1792–1815)
5736:(1647–1648)
5702:(1282–1816)
5684:(1324–1861)
5645:Agugliastra
5510:Longobardia
5147:independent
4997:Vandal rule
4751:The Vandals
4334:: 139–140.
3931:The Vandals
3500:, p. 1
3486:The Vandals
3453:The Vandals
3321:ordinations
3163:Justinian I
3124:Trinitarian
2917:Theodoric's
2886:Manichaeans
2846:Peloponnese
2812:would take
2781:Later years
2625:Citizenship
2580:Mani pulite
2493:Young Italy
2312:Ostrogothic
2248:Roman Italy
2167:History of
2013:2011–
1667:Prehistoric
1646:History of
1515:Arab Spring
1392:Oujda Group
1382:Pieds-noirs
1365:1961 putsch
1360:1958 crisis
1340:Nationalism
1333:(1954–1962)
1091:Muhallabids
1060:Middle Ages
946:(202–46 BC)
868:(10,000 BC)
860:(20,000 BC)
852:(80,000 BC)
821:History of
327:Preceded by
6212:Categories
5888:Pontecorvo
5846:Monarchies
5832:Subalpinia
5797:Cispadania
5792:Cisalpinia
5774:Napoleonic
5481:(774–1139)
5393:(697–1797)
5095:(754–1870)
5057:(584–751)
5005:(568–774)
4778:0853231273
4566:August 22,
4537:August 22,
4239:2020-08-25
4074:1047893984
3729:2022-10-01
3664:2013-03-02
3585:2021-06-15
3546:2021-03-26
3498:Miles 2007
3473:Greg Woolf
3359:Population
3299:Homoousian
3285:Deogratius
3183:Belisarius
3072:Rome (455)
2963:expedition
2931:Thrasamund
2920:Ostrogoths
2913:Gunthamund
2842:fire ships
2814:Mauretania
2573:Maxi Trial
2456:Napoleonic
1754:Prefecture
1676:Prehistory
1435:1988 riots
1280:Resistance
1155:Almoravids
968:Mauretania
951:Punic Wars
842:Prehistory
774:to react.
721:, and the
699:hippodrome
691:laid siege
683:Mauretania
662:laid siege
658:Bonifacius
587:Belisarius
578:-speaking
520:Mauretania
242:Thrasamund
230:Gunthamund
178:Government
34:Vandaliric
5863:Guastalla
5853:Benevento
5785:Republics
5640:Judicates
5488:Byzantine
5145:and other
5083:(585–698)
5075:(554–752)
5069:(554–752)
5063:(533–751)
5048:(584–751)
4999:(435–534)
4993:(493–553)
4987:(476–493)
4978:(476–774)
4912:Iapygians
4280:Bury 1923
4268:Bury 1923
4212:Bury 1923
4171:cite book
4163:797873981
4082:cite book
3996:Bury 1923
3949:426065943
3900:Prosper's
3821:161127852
3632:Procopius
3599:Procopius
3519:"Vandals"
3471:, ed. by
3426:Andalusia
3344:Donatists
3312:execution
3273:basilicas
3233:patrician
3177:nobleman
3159:Byzantine
2979:Visigoths
2967:Visigoths
2949:captured
2854:Zakynthos
2806:Cartagena
2775:vandalism
2547:Partisans
2302:Odoacer's
2260:Optimates
2254:Populares
2139:Palladius
1768:Exarchate
1712:1st Roman
1462:Massacres
1412:1960s–80s
1187:Ziyyanids
1147:Hammadids
1131:Maghrawas
1115:Aghlabids
1099:Rustamids
933:Phoenicia
926:Antiquity
911:Related:
899:Madghacen
750:Possidius
650:Procopius
156:Religion
60:(530–534)
5822:Piedmont
5672:Oristano
5665:Logudoro
5655:Cagliari
5630:Sardinia
5363:Piedmont
5112:Holy See
4963:Medieval
4917:Picentes
4860:Samnites
4560:Archived
4233:Archived
4123:57751591
3723:Archived
3658:Archived
3579:Archived
3380:See also
3333:Eugenius
3317:baptisms
3304:scalping
3249:Arianism
3204:General
3202:Herulian
3171:Sardinia
3161:Emperor
3120:Hilderic
2959:Sabratha
2953:(modern
2943:Laguatan
2901:to king
2871:general
2869:Germanic
2834:Cape Bon
2822:defeated
2818:Carthage
2810:Hispania
2802:Majorian
2706:Timeline
2670:Military
2618:By topic
2557:Republic
2541:Fascist
2512:Monarchy
2467:Republic
2379:Medieval
2357:Germanic
2342:Frankish
2237:Republic
2158:a series
2156:Part of
2147:Olybrius
2143:Placidia
2037:•
1922:Husainid
1846:Medieval
1818:Aghlabid
1717:Province
1702:Carthage
1637:a series
1635:Part of
1626:Josephus
1457:Timeline
1171:Marinids
1163:Almohads
1123:Fatimids
1107:Idrisids
1083:Ifranids
1046:Gemellae
1036:Partenia
812:a series
810:Part of
784:Byzacena
711:Sardinia
695:Carthage
642:Gaiseric
547:(mostly
536:Sardinia
528:Mallorca
524:Carthage
500:Hispania
491:and the
485:Vandalic
481:Gaiseric
304:Conquest
254:Hilderic
206:Gaiseric
160:Arianism
140:Numidian
119:Vandalic
89:Carthage
5903:Corsica
5893:Tuscany
5858:Etruria
5807:Liguria
5660:Gallura
5650:Arborea
5566:Lombard
5266:Tuscany
5256:Trieste
4892:Ligures
4853:Etruria
4652:Sources
3367:Economy
3331:called
3261:bishops
3229:Galatia
3221:Persian
3137:Gelimer
3129:Antalas
3035:Vandals
2981:in the
2977:of the
2955:Tripoli
2924:Berbers
2903:Masties
2890:Berbers
2882:Huneric
2873:Ricimer
2850:Maniots
2838:Tunisia
2690:Railway
2685:Postage
2660:Judaism
2650:Genetic
2640:Fashion
2635:Economy
2603:present
2561:present
2530:Fascism
2472:Kingdom
2400:Normans
2332:Lombard
2231:Kingdom
2127:Huneric
2123:Eudocia
2015:present
1912:Ottoman
1875:Almohad
1828:Fatimid
1808:Abbasid
1798:Umayyad
1693:Ancient
1648:Tunisia
1179:Hafsids
943:Numidia
886:Ahaggar
882:Tassili
823:Algeria
792:Numidia
715:Corsica
679:Numidia
638:Vandals
605:History
589:in the
540:Corsica
516:Numidia
508:Algeria
504:Tunisia
469:Vandals
432:Tunisia
428:Algeria
306:by the
302:•
289:•
276:History
266:Gelimer
218:Huneric
92:439–534
86:435–439
79:Capital
58:Gelimer
42:435–534
5969:(1848)
5963:(1831)
5918:states
5883:Naples
5593:Norman
5400:Dogado
5271:Verona
5236:Mantua
5231:Istria
5211:Finale
5201:Ancona
5149:states
4969:states
4887:Veneti
4865:Latins
4776:
4758:
4737:
4720:
4695:
4631:
4591:
4528:
4411:
4365:
4302:
4161:
4151:
4121:
4111:
4072:
4062:
3947:
3937:
3857:
3851:358–59
3819:
3715:
3537:
3206:Pharas
3175:Gothic
2975:Alaric
2957:) and
2947:Cabaon
2935:Thugga
2506:Modern
2322:Vandal
2268:Empire
2160:on the
1940:Modern
1885:Hafsid
1865:Norman
1729:Vandal
1639:on the
1442:1990s–
1387:Harkis
1139:Zirids
972:Africa
966:Roman
904:Jedars
894:Roknia
878:Djelfa
814:on the
756:, and
707:Sicily
538:, and
532:Sicily
506:, and
416:France
279:
191:
133:Alanic
6019:Post-
5868:Italy
5812:Lucca
5802:Italy
5353:Savoy
5261:Turin
5241:Milan
5226:Ivrea
4902:Umbri
4875:Celts
3879:JSTOR
3817:S2CID
3437:Notes
3198:Hippo
3179:Godas
3167:Tzazo
3133:Arian
2768:Titus
2675:Music
2645:Flags
2396:Islam
2187:Early
2169:Italy
1855:Zirid
1444:2000s
762:odeon
719:Malta
703:Alans
576:Latin
549:wheat
473:Alans
461:Latin
455:) or
449:Latin
436:Libya
424:Spain
420:Italy
126:Punic
101:Latin
5898:Elba
5827:Rome
5776:eras
5772:and
5745:Gozo
5544:Arab
5527:and
5206:Ceva
4870:Osci
4774:ISBN
4756:ISBN
4735:ISBN
4718:ISBN
4693:ISBN
4642:2023
4629:ISBN
4602:2023
4589:ISBN
4568:2013
4539:2013
4526:ISBN
4409:ISBN
4363:ISBN
4300:ISBN
4177:link
4159:OCLC
4149:ISBN
4119:OCLC
4109:ISBN
4088:link
4070:OCLC
4060:ISBN
4028:1913
3983:help
3945:OCLC
3935:ISBN
3855:ISBN
3713:ISBN
3636:Wars
3603:Wars
3535:ISBN
3504:help
3488:, 3.
3325:fisc
3310:and
3031:Rome
2680:Name
2665:LGBT
2549:and
2408:and
2398:and
2257:and
2003:2011
1983:1987
1622:Rome
1355:GPRA
1345:RCUA
970:and
884:and
874:Oran
772:Gaul
689:and
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618:and
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553:Rome
518:and
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471:and
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187:King
169:then
110:and
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2808:in
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1471:FIS
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