4032:
257:
4892:Ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς, ἔτι εἰς τὴν βασιλεύουσαν ἐνδιατρίβων, μεμαθηκὼς διὰ γραφῶν τοῦ δουκὸς Δυρραχίου τὴν τοῦ Βαϊμούντου διαπεραίωσιν ἐπετάχυνε τὴν ἐξέλευσιν. ἀνύστακτος γὰρ ὤν ὁ δοὺξ Δυρραχίου, μὴ διδοὺς τὸ παράπαν ὕπνον τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς, ὁπηνίκα διέγνω διαπλωσάμενον τὸν Βαϊμούντον παρὰ τὴν τοῦ Ἰλλυρικοῦ πεδιάδα καὶ τῆς νηὸς ἀποβεβηκότα καὶ αὐτόθι που πηξάμενον χάρακα, Σκύθην μεταπεψάμενος ὑπόπτερον δή, τὸ τοῦ λόγου, πρὸς τὸν αὐτοκράτορα τὴν τούτου διαπεραίωσιν ἐδήλου.
8906:
480:
633:, a centre of Greek culture and language, fell to the Arabs in 642. During the seventh and eighth centuries, Greek was gradually replaced by Arabic as an official language in conquered territories such as Egypt, as more people learned Arabic. Thus, the use of Greek declined early on in Syria and Egypt. The invasion of the Slavs into the Balkan Peninsula reduced the area where Greek and Latin was spoken (roughly north of a line from
5656:, p. 93: "Here too Coptic and Greek were progressively replaced by Arabic, although less swiftly. Some dates enable us to trace the history of this process. The conquest of Egypt took place from 639 to 641, and the first bilingual papyrus (Greek and Arabic) is dated 693 and the last 719, while the last papyrus written entirely in Greek is dated 780 and the first one entirely in Arabic 709."
32:
4133:, appears more and more frequently from the 9th century onwards. It is the first script that regularly uses accents and spiritus, which had already been developed in the 3rd century BC. This very fluent script, with ascenders and descenders and many possible combinations of letters, is the first to use gaps between words. The last forms which developed in the 12th century were
5438:(1856–1909) carried out research in the newly founded state of Greece, and is considered the founder of Medieval and Modern Greek Philology. From 1897 onwards, he held the academic chair of Medieval and Modern Greek at the University of Munich. In the same century Russian Byzantinology evolved from a former connection between the Orthodox Church and the Byzantine Empire.
4903:) of Dyrráchion, he hastened his departure. For the duke had been vigilant, having altogether denied sleep to his eyes, and at the moment when he learned that Bohemond had sailed over beside the plain of Illyricum, disembarked, and set up camp thereabouts, he sent for a Scythian with "wings", as the saying goes, and informed the emperor of the man's crossing.'
5442:
Further centres of
Byzantinology can be found in the United States, Great Britain, France and Italy. Today the two most important centres of Byzantinology in German speaking countries are the Institute for Byzantine Studies, Byzantine Art History and the Institute of Modern Greek Language and Literature at the
5398:
and
Medieval Greek texts were copied repeatedly; studying these texts was part of Byzantine education. Several collections of transcriptions tried to record the entire body of Greek literature since antiquity. As there had already been extensive exchange with Italian academics since the 14th century,
4278:
The following texts clearly illustrate the case of diglossia in
Byzantine Greek, as they date from roughly the same time but show marked differences in terms of grammar and lexicon, and likely in phonology as well. The first selection is an example of high literary classicizing historiography, while
5414:
The Greek tradition was also taken to
Western and Middle Europe in the 16th century by scholars who had studied at Italian universities. It included Byzantine works that mainly had classical Philology, History and Theology but not Medieval Greek language and literature as their objects of research.
661:
between
Byzantium and various Slavic kingdoms or empires. The Greek language spoken by one-third of the population of Sicily at the time of the Norman conquest 1060–1090 remained vibrant for more than a century, but slowly died out (as did Arabic) to a deliberate policy of Latinization in language
1967:
cluster. Medieval Greek also had cluster voicing harmony favoring the voice of the final plosive or fricative; when the resulting clusters became voiceless, the aforementioned sandhi would further apply. This process of assimilation and sandhi was highly regular and predictable, forming a rule of
912:
The earliest evidence of prose vernacular Greek exists in some documents from southern Italy written in the tenth century. Later prose literature consists of statute books, chronicles and fragments of religious, historical and medical works. The dualism of literary language and vernacular was to
564:
Despite the absence of reliable demographic figures, it has been estimated that less than one third of the inhabitants of the
Eastern Roman Empire, around eight million people, were native speakers of Greek. The number of those who were able to communicate in Greek may have been far higher. The
5441:
Byzantinology also plays a large role in the other countries on the Balkan
Peninsula, as Byzantine sources are often very important for the history of each individual people. There is, therefore, a long tradition of research, for example in countries like Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary.
4895:
o ðe vasiˈlefs, ˈeti is tim vasiˈlevusan enðjaˈtrivon, memaθiˈkos ðja ɣraˈfon tu ðuˈkos ðiraˈçiu tin du vaiˈmundu ðjapeˈreosin epeˈtaçine tin eˈkselefsin. aˈnistaktos ɣar on o ðuks ðiraˈçiu, mi ðiˈðus to paˈrapan ˈipnon tis ofθalˈmis, opiˈnika ˈðjeɣno ðjaploˈsamenon tom vaiˈmundon para tin du
429:, or to 395 AD, the division of the empire. However, this approach is rather arbitrary as it is more an assumption of political, as opposed to cultural and linguistic, developments. Indeed, by this time the spoken language, particularly pronunciation, had already shifted towards modern forms.
997:, which had already replaced the tonal system of Ancient Greek during the Hellenistic period. In addition, the vowel system was gradually reduced to five phonemes without any differentiation in vowel length, a process also well begun during the Hellenistic period. Furthermore, Ancient Greek
4948:
3rd person plural endings, the lack of reduplication in perfect passive participles and the addition of ν to the neuter adjective in γλυκύν. In other parts of the poem, the dative case has been almost completely replaced with the genitive and accusative for indirect objects.
6801:
845:, was the first literary work completely written in the vernacular. The Greek vernacular verse epic appeared in the 12th century, around the time of the French romance novel, almost as a backlash to the Attic renaissance during the dynasty of the Komnenoi in works like
5385:'And when her brothers saw the girl withered, the five groaned together, and spoke as follows: "Arise, lissom one, our sweet sister; we had you for dead, but you were protected by God for your beautiful looks. Through our love for you, we fear no battles.'
2459:, conjugation and comparison were regularised through analogy. Thus, in nouns, the Ancient Greek third declension, which showed an unequal number of syllables in the different cases, was adjusted to the regular first and second declension by forming a new
526:
remained the language of both the court and the army. It was used for official documents, but its influence waned. From the beginning of the 6th century, amendments to the law were mostly written in Greek. Furthermore, parts of the Roman
4054:
In the third century, the Greek uncial developed under the influence of the Latin script because of the need to write on papyrus with a reed pen. In the Middle Ages, uncial became the main script for the Greek language.
4916:(manuscript E), possibly dating originally to the 12th century. This text is one of the earliest examples of Byzantine folk literature, and includes many features in line with developments in the demotic language. The
830:, sayings, and particularly common or untranslatable formulations which occasionally made their way into Greek literature. Since the end of the 11th century, vernacular Greek poems from the literary realm of
716:
and early
Christian literature, to a highly artificial learned style, employed by authors with higher literary ambitions and closely imitating the model of classical Attic, in continuation of the movement of
561:('Romans') until its end in 1453, as they saw their State as the perpetuation of Roman rule. Latin continued to be used on the coinage until the ninth century and in certain court ceremonies for even longer.
1958:
such that the first consonant becomes a fricative and/or the second becomes a plosive ultimately favoring a fricative-plosive cluster. But if the first consonant was a fricative and the second consonant was
4050:
The first Greek script, a cursive script, developed from quick carving into wax tablets with a slate pencil. This cursive script already showed descenders and ascenders, as well as combinations of letters.
4022:
Middle Greek used the 24 letters of the Greek alphabet which, until the end of antiquity, were predominantly used as lapidary and majuscule letters and without a space between words and with diacritics.
4261:
Byzantine research played an important role in the Greek State, which was refounded in 1832, as the young nation tried to restore its cultural identity through antique and orthodox-medieval traditions.
5423:(1610–1688). As the Enlightenment saw in Byzantium mainly the decadent, perishing culture of the last days of the empire, the interest in Byzantine research decreased considerably in the 18th century.
4147:). The type for Greek majuscules and minuscules that was developed in the 17th century by a printer from the Antwerp printing dynasty, Wetstein, eventually became the norm in modern Greek printing.
4203:
in these languages often correspond to the
Byzantine phonology, while they found their way into the languages of Western Europe over Latin mediation in the sound shape of the classical Greek (
4924:. Features of popular speech like synezisis, elision and apheresis are regular, as is recognized in the transcription despite the conservative orthography. Also seen is the simplification of
7075:
681:
in 1669, the Greek language lost its status as a national language until the emergence of modern Greece in the year 1821. Language varieties after 1453 are referred to as Modern Greek.
4896:
iliriˈku peˈðjaða ce tiz niˈos apoveviˈkota ce afˈtoθi pu piˈksamenon ˈxaraka, ˈsciθin metapemˈpsamenos iˈpopteron ði, to tu ˈloɣu, pros ton aftoˈkratora tin ˈdutu ðjapeˈreosin eˈðilu.
4238:
Some words in
Germanic languages, mainly from the religious context, have also been borrowed from Medieval Greek and have found their way into languages like German through the
721:
in late antiquity. At the same time, the spoken vernacular language developed on the basis of earlier spoken Koine, and reached a stage that in many ways resembles present-day
7785:
4313:). Anna has a strong command of classical morphology and syntax, but again there are occasional 'errors' reflecting interference from the popular language, such as the use of
929:, Greek did not split into separate languages. However, with the fracturing of the Byzantine state after the turn of the first millennium, newly isolated dialects such as
2247:
in word-final position, which had begun sporadically in Late Antiquity, became more widespread, excluding certain dialects such as South Italian and Cypriot. The nasals
4232:
755:
Furthermore, letters, legal texts, and numerous registers and lists in Medieval Greek exist. Concessions to spoken Greek can be found, for example, in John Malalas's
506:(the Great) moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople) in 330. The city, though a major imperial residence like other cities such as
4299:, son of Robert Guiscard, in 1107. The writer employs much ancient vocabulary, influenced by Herodotean Ionic, though post-classical terminology is also used (e.g.
5426:
It was not until the 19th century that the publication of and research on Medieval Greek sources began to increase rapidly, which was particularly inspired by
4325:+ dative to mean 'in'. As seen in the phonetic transcription, although most major sound changes resulting in the Modern Greek system (including the merger of
8018:
826:'Roman language'). Before the 13th century, examples of texts written in vernacular Greek are very rare. They are restricted to isolated passages of popular
3918:
Other influences on Medieval Greek arose from contact with neighboring languages and the languages of Venetian, Frankish and Arab conquerors. Some of the
518:, was not officially a capital until 359. Nonetheless, the imperial court resided there and the city was the political centre of the eastern parts of the
8953:
6998:
705:. By late antiquity, the gap had become impossible to ignore. In the Byzantine era, written Greek manifested itself in a whole spectrum of divergent
8938:
6844:
1569:("merging" of vowels). In many words with the combinations , , and , the stress shifted to the second vowel, and the first became a glide . Thus:
50:
2923:('be'), originally part of the same class, adopted a new set of endings modelled on the passive of regular verbs, as in the following examples:
8948:
8894:
7248:
7149:
5561:
1199:, an encyclopedia from the late 10th century, gives some indication of the vowel inventory. Following the antistoichic system, it lists terms
421:
The beginning of Medieval Greek is occasionally dated back to as early as the 4th century, either to 330 AD, when the political centre of the
8582:
7159:
7092:
3702:
3476:
and nearly all common participle constructions were gradually substituted by the constructions of subordinate clauses and the newly emerged
7107:
7102:
6740:
2314:. There is some dispute as to when exactly this development took place but apparently it began during the Byzantine period. The graphemes
1992:
occurred before the loss of close vowels, as the clusters resulting from this development do not necessarily undergo the change to , e.g.
8183:
7169:
7144:
2448:, especially in the verbal system, and a complementary tendency of developing new analytical formations and periphrastic constructions.
8534:
8517:
7174:
7154:
6572:
1988:), new clusters were formed and similarly assimilated by sandhi; on the other hand it is arguable that the dissimilation of voiceless
414:. This stage of language is thus described as Byzantine Greek. The study of the Medieval Greek language and literature is a branch of
8233:
8079:
8051:
7695:
7687:
7164:
7097:
732:
Among the preserved literature in the Attic literary language, various forms of historiography take a prominent place. They comprise
6145:
8429:
7790:
6811:
6177:
1931:, which had been present in Classical Greek, had been lost early on, although it continued to be reflected in spelling through the
5407:
set up important collections in Rome, Florence and Venice. The conveyance of Greek by Greek contemporaries also brought about the
3599:, ('physical love'). In everyday usage, some old Greek stems were replaced, for example, the expression for "wine" where the word
8278:
6776:
8758:
8283:
5443:
8682:
7442:
7435:
6991:
6065:
5601:
1916. Modern Greek in Asia Minor. A study of dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
712:
They ranged from a moderately archaic style employed for most every-day writing and based mostly on the written Koine of the
8434:
8293:
7581:
6837:
2868:
forms, was gradually abandoned and only retained in antiquated forms. The small ancient Greek class of irregular verbs in
748:
poetry. Many of the Byzantine emperors were active writers themselves and wrote chronicles or works on the running of the
8968:
8943:
7425:
709:, all of which were consciously archaic in comparison with the contemporary spoken vernacular, but in different degrees.
359:
5450:. The International Byzantine Association is the umbrella organization for Byzantine Studies and has its head office in
993:, or were continuing to develop during this period. Above all, these developments included the establishment of dynamic
8763:
8176:
6023:
3508:
3243:
inflection were reduced to only two basic stem forms, sometimes only one. Thus, in Ancient Greek the stem of the verb
1287:
until the 10th/11th centuries. Up to this point, transliterations into Georgian continue using a different letter for
8864:
7430:
6115:
6086:
6044:
5966:
5945:
5922:
5420:
3496:
68:
5739:
F. Lauritzen, Michael the Grammarian's irony about Hypsilon. A step towards reconstructing Byzantine pronunciation.
4899:'When the emperor, who was still in the imperial city, learned of Bohemond's crossing from the letters of the duke (
2425:, which would remain except within educated varieties, where spelling pronunciations did make for segments such as
7927:
6984:
5494:
5977:
8899:
8721:
7253:
7021:
6830:
6730:
925:
The persistence until the Middle Ages of a single Greek speaking state, the Byzantine Empire, meant that, unlike
768:
349:
6150:
8869:
8859:
8731:
8652:
8470:
8338:
7910:
7854:
7775:
7642:
6096:
Holton, David; Horrocks, Geoffrey; Janssen, Marjolijne; Lendari, Tina; Manolessou, Io; Toufexis, Notis (2020).
1300:
8726:
8716:
8631:
8386:
8171:
6735:
6640:
725:
in terms of grammar and phonology by the turn of the first millennium AD. Written literature reflecting this
7606:
2834:
etc., which earlier showed a complex set of vowel alternations, readopted the endings of the regular forms:
2367:'). On the other hand, some scholars contend that post-nasal voicing of voiceless plosives began already in
323:
283:
8963:
8800:
8768:
8672:
8381:
8353:
8161:
7700:
6469:
6170:
5598:
5434:
gradually split from Classical Philology and became an independent field of research. The Bavarian scholar
3566:
Lexicographic changes in Medieval Greek influenced by Christianity can be found for instance in words like
1395:
had developed into a consonantal or early on (possibly through an intermediate stage of and ). Before ,
4335:
4331:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2214:
2207:
2177:
2172:
2144:
2116:
2106:
2078:
2071:
2041:
2013:
2008:
1981:
1977:
1964:
1960:
1928:
1887:
1857:
1853:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1802:
1792:
1782:
1367:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1320:
1284:
1274:
1270:
1255:
1240:
1219:
1180:
1153:
1130:
1111:
1082:
1053:
8958:
8524:
8166:
8013:
7770:
7521:
6399:
5692:
5419:(1516–1580) is said to be the "father" of German Byzantism. In France, the first prominent Byzantist was
4058:
A common feature of the medieval majuscule script like the uncial is an abundance of abbreviations (e.g.
3483:
The most noticeable grammatical change in comparison to ancient Greek is the almost complete loss of the
771:(mid-10th century). These are influenced by the vernacular language of their time in choice of words and
706:
2368:
879:, a verse chronicle from the 14th century, is unique. It has also been preserved in French, Italian and
8844:
8790:
8529:
8401:
8391:
8091:
7971:
7849:
7780:
7668:
7637:
7480:
7420:
5682:
5504:
5499:
4164:
4160:
4179:
manuscripts, also into the language of the countries with an Orthodox population, thus primarily into
3507:, for example, are in many respects typologically similar to medieval and present day Greek, although
8704:
8228:
8084:
7869:
7760:
7647:
6786:
6441:
5709:
3473:
658:
3369:. In addition, nearly all the participles and the imperative forms of the 3rd person were lost. The
873:
deals with both ancient and medieval heroic sagas, but also with stories of animals and plants. The
600:
In any case, all cities of the Eastern Roman Empire were strongly influenced by the Greek language.
8003:
7755:
7242:
7121:
6704:
6544:
5399:
many scholars and a large number of manuscripts found their way to Italy during the decline of the
3802:, 'official'). In addition, Latin words from everyday life entered the Greek language, for example
2452:
776:
764:
410:
From the 7th century onwards, Greek was the only language of administration and government in the
8933:
8909:
8333:
8059:
7879:
7765:
6766:
6714:
6645:
6564:
6163:
4345:
4156:
4117:
in order to separate sentences for the first time, but there were still no spaces between words.
3458:
2860:, was gradually limited to regular forms in which the augment was required to carry word stress.
2857:
2445:
1515:
914:
185:
143:
2344:
can already be found in transcriptions from neighboring languages in Byzantine sources, like in
8834:
8424:
8266:
7710:
7516:
7490:
7485:
7258:
7234:
7230:
7197:
6675:
6583:
6492:
6321:
3541:
1812:
906:
898:
875:
624:
608:
555:. This was in spite of the fact that the inhabitants of the empire still considered themselves
404:
4031:
1351:. This phenomenon perhaps indirectly indicates that the same original phoneme had merged with
8552:
8406:
7596:
7506:
7470:
7355:
7085:
7080:
6791:
6679:
6599:
6578:
6529:
4296:
4036:
2809:
2725:
503:
468:
5753:
Machardse, Neli A. (1980). "Zur Lautung der griechische Sprache in de byzantinischen Zeit".
5446:, and the Institute of Byzantine Studies and of Modern Greek Language and Literature at the
4199:, sometimes partly through South Slavic intermediates. For this reason, Greek loanwords and
8795:
8778:
8599:
8358:
8323:
8206:
8143:
8138:
7673:
7616:
6916:
6781:
6761:
6709:
6609:
6568:
6238:
5479:
5474:
5447:
5400:
3515:
3492:
2664:
which was partly irregular, was gradually replaced by the formation using the more regular
1662:
994:
966:
958:
612:
552:
529:
444:
and the Eastern Mediterranean, altering the spoken language's pronunciation and structure.
4936:. In morphology, note the use of modern possessive pronouns, the concurrence of classical
953:, which is spoken on the Peloponnese, dialects of older origin continue to be used today.
8:
7705:
7621:
7611:
7475:
7238:
7226:
7113:
6756:
6604:
6384:
6342:
6210:
4172:
3321:
674:
666:
433:
396:
4338:) are assumed complete by this period, learned speech likely resisted the loss of final
1864:. However, the original voiced plosives remained as such after nasal consonants, with (
111:
103:
46:
8783:
8773:
8647:
8318:
8201:
8118:
7981:
7333:
7313:
7293:
7283:
7049:
6534:
6431:
6220:
6121:
5997:
5557:
4188:
4180:
3500:
3240:
1939:
1336:
986:
962:
950:
880:
858:
690:
437:
190:
4013:"Mecca pilgrim", used as a name affix for a Christian after a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
2728:, developed into unstressed enclitic possessive pronouns that were attached to nouns:
339:
8905:
8839:
8744:
8677:
8657:
8625:
8557:
8544:
8465:
8460:
8211:
7976:
7826:
7345:
7298:
7288:
7278:
6660:
6625:
6487:
6463:
6125:
6111:
6082:
6061:
6040:
6001:
5962:
5941:
5918:
4267:
4196:
3504:
3469:
3336:
2865:
2303:
1355:
in mainstream varieties at roughly the same time (the same documents also transcribe
1319:. In the 10th century, Georgian transliterations begin using the letter representing
938:
678:
654:
594:
578:
496:
415:
127:
1203:
but arranges similarly pronounced letters side by side. In this way, for indicating
355:
8709:
8502:
8450:
8396:
8363:
8313:
8106:
8096:
7874:
7562:
7454:
7377:
7360:
7338:
7323:
7308:
7222:
7007:
6696:
6665:
6539:
6408:
6230:
6103:
5989:
5573:
a proposal to grant separate code gkm was submitted in 2006, but rejected in 2023.
5489:
4263:
4217:
4192:
4184:
4168:
3987:
3979:
3937:
3708:
3488:
2721:
2356:
749:
566:
488:
484:
411:
262:
131:
17:
4159:, Medieval Greek has, especially with the conversion of the Slavs by the brothers
841:, a collection of heroic sagas from the 12th century that was later collated in a
8854:
8687:
8667:
8662:
8617:
8607:
8567:
8562:
8512:
8507:
8288:
7894:
7811:
7806:
7546:
7536:
7372:
7366:
7350:
7328:
7318:
7303:
6925:
6806:
6796:
6502:
6337:
6251:
6215:
6205:
6076:
6055:
6034:
5956:
5912:
5816:
Horrocks (2010: Ch. 6) for a summary of these previous developments in the Koine.
5435:
5416:
4921:
4913:
4239:
4209:
4176:
4126:
3958:
3922:
from these languages have been permanently retained in Greek or in its dialects:
3366:
2605:('Greece'). Only a few nouns remained unaffected by this simplification, such as
1932:
1031:
846:
838:
638:
603:
In the period between 603 and 619, the southern and eastern parts of the empire (
590:
586:
582:
463:, it was also influenced by vernacular Koine Greek, which is the language of the
177:
6514:
6140:
570:
8692:
8572:
8305:
8064:
7958:
7944:
7743:
7202:
6854:
6655:
6650:
6635:
6519:
6507:
6186:
5469:
4917:
4306:
4279:
the second is a vernacular poem which is more compromising to ordinary speech.
4134:
4003:
3974:
3953:
3932:
3908:
3903:
3889:
3884:
3870:
3865:
3854:
3843:
3828:
3814:
3809:
3795:
3790:
3776:
3771:
3757:
3752:
3738:
3733:
3722:
3689:
3678:
3667:
3656:
3639:
3628:
3617:
3606:
3595:
3584:
3573:
3549:
3536:
3441:
3430:
3419:
3408:
3391:
3380:
3361:
3331:
3316:
3305:
3294:
3283:
3272:
3261:
3250:
3226:
3212:
3198:
3179:
3165:
3151:
3132:
3118:
3104:
3082:
3068:
3054:
3035:
3021:
3007:
2988:
2974:
2960:
2919:
2908:
2897:
2886:
2875:
2852:
2841:
2830:
2819:
2808:
Irregularities in verb inflection were also reduced through analogy. Thus, the
2801:
2790:
2779:
2768:
2757:
2746:
2735:
2709:
2698:
2687:
2660:
2631:
2612:
2601:
2590:
2579:
2568:
2557:
2546:
2535:
2525:
2514:
2503:
2492:
2481:
2470:
2351:
2295:
2284:
2273:
2262:
2235:
2224:
2198:
2187:
2165:
2154:
2137:
2126:
2099:
2088:
2062:
2051:
2034:
2023:
1861:
1755:
1744:
1733:
1722:
1711:
1700:
1689:
1678:
1658:
1653:
1642:
1631:
1620:
1609:
1598:
1587:
1576:
1558:
1547:
1536:
1525:
1507:
1496:
1485:
1474:
1463:
1452:
1441:
1430:
1419:
1408:
1200:
930:
902:
831:
745:
737:
604:
544:
426:
392:
237:
230:
195:
151:
5934:
5430:. Furthermore, the first texts in vernacular Greek were edited. The branch of
3373:
was replaced by the construction of subordinate clauses with the conjunctions
8927:
8612:
8489:
8455:
8193:
8128:
8101:
7986:
7601:
7541:
6934:
6771:
6670:
6497:
6482:
6450:
6394:
6389:
6364:
6264:
5993:
5678:
5562:"A language in the image of the nation: Modern Greek and some parallel cases"
5464:
5431:
5427:
5395:
3715:, among them mainly titles and other terms of the imperial court's life like
3351:
2861:
1955:
1041:
1036:
954:
726:
670:
650:
464:
316:
306:
5575:
665:
From the late 11th century onwards, the interior of Anatolia was invaded by
499:
in green. (Green dots indicate Cappadocian Greek speaking villages in 1910.)
8373:
8348:
8328:
8133:
8111:
7966:
7214:
7209:
7043:
6961:
6524:
6477:
6457:
6332:
6303:
6200:
5484:
4292:
4101:
3833:
3693:, which became an acrostic for Jesus Christ and a symbol for Christianity.
2389:
in this position are found in the papyri. The prenasalized voiced spirants
2311:
2110:
1973:
1969:
1002:
982:
934:
926:
893:
862:
722:
565:
native Greek speakers consisted of many of the inhabitants of the southern
519:
492:
479:
456:
422:
168:
6976:
6107:
957:
was already in a literary form in the late Middle Ages, being used in the
673:
conquests of Constantinople in 1453, the Peloponnese in 1459 or 1460, the
623:
in the years 622 to 628, were conquered by the Arabs in the course of the
597:
in the east, had become extinct and replaced by Greek by the 5th century.
300:
8874:
8849:
8343:
8153:
7920:
7526:
7511:
6943:
6426:
6418:
6376:
6359:
6354:
6277:
3370:
3347:
2643:
2433:
Many decisive changes between Ancient and Modern Greek were completed by
1760:
1759:). This phenomenon is attested to have begun earlier, in the Hellenistic
1304:
1048:
1019:
990:
888:
866:
842:
741:
702:
698:
460:
452:
400:
205:
200:
6097:
5532:
657:
remained Greek-speaking. The southern Balkans which would henceforth be
8148:
8008:
7998:
7831:
7821:
7531:
6005:
4200:
4114:
3484:
2621:
2617:
2460:
2456:
2441:
1951:
1849:
1204:
1175:
1024:
998:
827:
634:
630:
574:
448:
6146:
Grammar of Medieval Greek Project (1100–1700), University of Cambridge
884:
8697:
8577:
8069:
7937:
7884:
7816:
6686:
4349:
4243:
3236:
1989:
1924:
1815:
1772:
1566:
1125:
978:
733:
694:
642:
620:
616:
534:
459:. Though Byzantine Greek literature was still strongly influenced by
332:
293:
275:
1335:, in line with the alternative development in certain dialects like
8223:
8123:
8074:
7932:
7864:
7652:
6630:
5509:
5408:
5404:
4100:) were also used as majuscules especially in a sacral context. The
3919:
3556:
3468:, which replaced the old future forms. Ancient formations like the
3464:
2717:
2636:
2307:
1963:, the first consonant instead became a plosive, favoring a plosive-
1947:
1779:
1657:('the children'). This accentual shift is already reflected in the
1392:
946:
718:
646:
539:
441:
367:
139:
3632:(meaning 'something you eat with bread') combined with the suffix
3588:'love' → 'altruistic love', which is strictly differentiated from
8589:
8475:
8416:
7915:
7889:
7567:
6155:
5623:«In that wretched city the reign of Romans lasted for 1143 years»
3495:να. Possibly transmitted through Greek, this phenomenon can also
2364:
1985:
1921:
515:
363:
135:
6822:
533:
were gradually translated into Greek. Under the rule of Emperor
418:, the study of the history and culture of the Byzantine Empire.
8218:
7993:
7859:
3991:
3477:
3340:
2665:
1943:
1776:
1340:
780:
653:, Cyprus, Asia Minor and more generally Anatolia, parts of the
551:, 'monarch') in 610, Greek became the official language of the
147:
4064:
for "Christos") and ligatures. Several letters of the uncial (
5686:
5451:
4937:
4320:
4138:
4130:
4009:
3712:
3611:
3299:
3288:
3277:
3266:
3255:
3244:
3190:
3143:
3046:
2999:
2952:
2869:
2653:
2647:
2595:
2584:
2562:
2540:
2464:
1883:
1552:
1541:
1530:
1519:
1396:
1356:
1330:
1314:
1308:
1294:
1278:
1265:
1259:
1250:
1244:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1214:
1208:
1184:
1165:
1157:
1142:
1134:
1115:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1073:
1065:
1057:
942:
817:
807:
797:
787:
772:
713:
556:
523:
511:
507:
6095:
16:"Byzantine Greek" redirects here. For the ethnic group, see
8497:
4266:(1851–1919), later Prime Minister of Greece, founded Greek
4129:
script, which probably emerged from the cursive writing in
2407:
were still plosives by this time, causing a merger between
1196:
977:
It is assumed that most of the developments leading to the
701:
literary language and the constantly developing vernacular
6028:. Thessalonica, Greece: Institute of Neo-Hellenic Studies.
5781:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 276–277.
3660:), which after apheresis, synizesis and the loss of final
2255:
also disappeared before voiceless fricatives, for example
775:, but largely follow the models of written Koine in their
366:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6039:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
4205:
2856:('he loves'). The use of the past tense prefix, known as
985:
had either already taken place in Medieval Greek and its
6099:
The Cambridge Grammar of Medieval and Early Modern Greek
5729:. London: Hutchinson University Library. pp. 56–57.
4270:, which was continued by his and Krumbacher's students.
5961:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
3499:
in the adjacent languages and dialects of the Balkans.
2302:
A new set of voiced plosives , and developed through
5792:
5094:
anˈdama i ˈpende ˈstenaksan, tiˈuto(n) ˈloɣon ˈipa(n):
3239:
variants that appeared in the Ancient Greek system of
1984:
between two consonants (such as when Myzithras became
937:, spoken along the Black Sea coast of Asia Minor, and
3434:('I want that…') + subordinate clause developed into
941:, spoken in central Asia Minor, began to diverge. In
677:
in 1461, Athens in 1465, and two centuries later the
5978:"Diglossia and register variation in Medieval Greek"
5316:
c eˈsen o ˈθjos eˈfilakse(n) (ð)ja t oˈrea su ˈkali.
4925:
4326:
4314:
4253:
3897:
3878:
3859:
3848:
3837:
3803:
3784:
3765:
3746:
3727:
3716:
3683:
3661:
3650:
3633:
3622:
3600:
3589:
3578:
3567:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3446:
3435:
3424:
3423:. By the end of the Byzantine era, the construction
3413:
3402:
3396:
3385:
3374:
3355:
3325:
3310:
3204:
3157:
3110:
3060:
3013:
2966:
2913:
2891:
2835:
2824:
2813:
2724:, as well as the genitive forms of the third person
2692:
2529:
2519:
2508:
2497:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2345:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2289:
2278:
2267:
2256:
2229:
2218:
2192:
2181:
2159:
2148:
2131:
2120:
2093:
2082:
2056:
2045:
2028:
2017:
1993:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1843:
1833:
1823:
1806:
1796:
1786:
1749:
1738:
1727:
1716:
1705:
1694:
1683:
1672:
1666:
1647:
1636:
1625:
1614:
1603:
1592:
1581:
1570:
1501:
1490:
1479:
1468:
1457:
1446:
1435:
1424:
1413:
1402:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1362:
1324:
1288:
97:
6078:
Histoire du grec moderne: la formation d'une langue
5160:
eˈjiru, i verˈɣolikos, ɣliˈci(m) mas to aˈðelfi(n);
5028:
c os ˈiðasin t aˈðelfja tis tiŋ ˈɡorin maraˈmeni(n)
3346:One of the numerous forms that disappeared was the
913:persist until well into the 20th century, when the
440:, had caused Greek to spread to peoples throughout
41:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
5933:
5025:Καὶ ὡς εἴδασιν τὰ ἀδέλφια της τὴν κόρην μαραμένην,
4142:
4105:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
2518:formed the nominative according to the accusative
2463:form out of the oblique case forms: Ancient Greek
6057:Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers
5904:Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers
5779:Greek: A history of the language and its speakers
5767:C.f. dissimilation of voiceless obstruents below.
5613:, "The Struggle for Existence (610-711)", p. 106.
4920:adheres to the fully developed Greek 15-syllable
4175:and over its subsequent varieties, the different
3696:
2879:disappeared in favour of regular forms ending in
2864:in the verb stem, which was a feature of the old
1938:Changes in the phonological system mainly affect
1514:Words with initial vowels were often affected by
522:where Greek was the dominant language. At first,
8925:
5313:καὶ ἐσὲν ὁ Θεὸς ἐφύλαξεν διὰ τὰ ὡραῖα σου κάλλη.
5091:ἀντάμα οἱ πέντε ἐστέναξαν, τοιοῦτον λόγον εἶπαν:
3557:Vocabulary, script, influence on other languages
3309:. In Medieval Greek, it is reduced to the forms
917:was decided in favor of the vernacular in 1976.
4171:via the religious sector, in particular to the
4150:
3577:('messenger') → heavenly messenger → angel) or
744:. Poetry can be found in the form of hymns and
537:(610–641 AD), who also assumed the Greek title
7367:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
5157:'Ἐγείρου, ἠ βεργόλικος, γλυκύν μας τὸ ἀδέλφιν˙
4273:
3711:, Medieval Greek borrowed numerous words from
3561:
2720:genitive forms of the first and second person
1283:, likely did not lose lip-rounding and become
6992:
6838:
6171:
4907:
4242:. This includes the word the German word for
3703:List of Greek words of Byzantine Latin origin
3350:. It was replaced in the 10th century by the
1860:, respectively) was already completed during
736:as well as classicist, contemporary works of
6741:Institute for Language and Speech Processing
5677:
5529:Literally, ranged opposite in rows or pairs.
4247:
4026:
1976:. When dialects started deleting unstressed
945:, a language spoken in the southern Italian
399:in the 5th–6th centuries and the end of the
7006:
5954:
5795:Sancti Romani melodi cantica: Cantica dubia
5755:Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik
5610:
5553:
5551:
5382:poˈlemus u foˈvumeθa ðiˈa ti ˈsin aˈɣapi(n)
5226:eˈmis ɣar ekraˈtuman se os ja apoθaˈmeni(n)
4943:
4931:
4339:
4300:
3997:
3968:
3947:
3926:
3822:
3672:
3644:
3452:
3218:
3171:
3124:
3074:
3027:
2980:
2902:
2880:
2846:
2795:
2784:
2773:
2762:
2751:
2740:
2729:
2703:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2625:
2606:
2573:
2551:
2486:
2475:
865:about a century later. In fifteen-syllable
853:(in the middle of the 11th century) or the
6999:
6985:
6845:
6831:
6178:
6164:
5379:Πολέμους οὐ φοβούμεθα διὰ τὴν σὴν ἀγάπην.'
4282:
972:
693:, there was a tendency towards a state of
483:Evolution of Greek dialects from the late
474:
6151:Early Modern Greek blog (mainly in Greek)
6021:
5752:
5649:
5647:
5223:ἐμεῖς γὰρ ἐκρατοῦμαν σε ὡς γιὰ ἀποθαμένην
1565:A regular phenomenon in most dialects is
1273:. At least in educated speech, the vowel
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
53:, without removing the technical details.
8954:15th-century disestablishments in Europe
6812:Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries
6053:
6032:
5975:
5901:
5776:
5724:
5665:
5576:"Change Request Documentation: 2006-084"
5548:
4030:
3451:became the Modern Greek future particle
2070:For fricatives where the second was not
1946:processes. In clusters of two different
1489:). Before , it occasionally turned to (
669:Turks, who advanced westwards. With the
478:
447:Medieval Greek is the link between this
8939:Languages attested from the 4th century
8255:
5910:
5653:
5374:
5366:
5358:
5350:
5342:
5334:
5326:
5308:
5300:
5292:
5284:
5276:
5268:
5260:
5252:
5244:
5236:
5218:
5210:
5202:
5194:
5186:
5178:
5170:
5152:
5144:
5136:
5128:
5120:
5112:
5104:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5038:
5020:
5012:
5004:
4996:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4956:
4912:The second excerpt is from the epic of
4887:
4879:
4871:
4863:
4855:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4823:
4815:
4807:
4799:
4791:
4783:
4775:
4767:
4759:
4751:
4743:
4735:
4727:
4719:
4711:
4703:
4695:
4687:
4679:
4671:
4663:
4655:
4647:
4639:
4631:
4623:
4615:
4607:
4599:
4591:
4583:
4575:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4495:
4487:
4479:
4471:
4463:
4455:
4447:
4439:
4431:
4423:
4415:
4407:
4399:
4391:
4383:
4375:
4367:
4359:
767:(9th century) and the works of Emperor
360:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
8926:
6074:
5697:. Oxford University Press. p. 81.
5644:
5444:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
3463:
3354:and the prepositional construction of
2688:[-teros,-tera(-teri),-tero(n)]
1927:() before front vowels. The fricative
1303:could still make fun of the bishop of
8949:Languages extinct in the 15th century
8823:
8254:
8039:
7731:
7398:
7019:
6980:
6826:
6159:
5940:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
5931:
5793:Maas and C.A. Trypanis, Paul (1963).
5694:An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon
5638:
5411:tradition of Greek studies in Italy.
4002:
3973:
3952:
3931:
3902:
3883:
3864:
3853:
3842:
3827:
3808:
3789:
3770:
3751:
3732:
3721:
3688:
3677:
3666:
3655:
3638:
3627:
3616:
3605:
3594:
3583:
3572:
3548:
3535:
3440:
3429:
3418:
3407:
3390:
3379:
3360:
3330:
3315:
3304:
3293:
3282:
3271:
3260:
3249:
3225:
3211:
3197:
3178:
3164:
3150:
3131:
3117:
3103:
3081:
3067:
3053:
3034:
3020:
3006:
2987:
2973:
2959:
2918:
2907:
2896:
2885:
2874:
2851:
2840:
2829:
2818:
2800:
2789:
2778:
2767:
2756:
2745:
2734:
2708:
2697:
2686:
2659:
2630:
2611:
2600:
2589:
2578:
2567:
2556:
2545:
2534:
2524:
2513:
2502:
2491:
2480:
2469:
2440:AD. There is a striking reduction of
2350:
2294:
2283:
2272:
2261:
2234:
2223:
2197:
2186:
2164:
2153:
2136:
2125:
2098:
2087:
2061:
2050:
2033:
2022:
1754:
1743:
1732:
1721:
1710:
1699:
1688:
1677:
1652:
1641:
1630:
1619:
1608:
1597:
1586:
1575:
1557:
1546:
1535:
1524:
1506:
1495:
1484:
1473:
1462:
1451:
1440:
1429:
1418:
1407:
752:and strategic or philological works.
51:make it understandable to non-experts
8040:
6141:Use of Greek in the Byzantine Empire
3643:, which was borrowed from the Latin
3254:('to take') appears in the variants
2485:, in analogy to the accusative form
2206:For fricatives where the second was
1935:, a diacritic mark added to vowels.
1299:, and in the year 1030, Michael the
901:, a crusader state set up after the
883:versions, and covers the history of
786:The spoken form of Greek was called
25:
23:Medieval stage of the Greek language
7742:
4120:
3707:Especially at the beginning of the
3610:('mixture') replaced the old Greek
2642:The Ancient Greek formation of the
1373:In the original closing diphthongs
487:through to the early 20th century.
467:and the liturgical language of the
13:
6185:
6014:
5982:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
5371:
5363:
5355:
5347:
5339:
5331:
5323:
5305:
5297:
5289:
5281:
5273:
5265:
5257:
5249:
5241:
5233:
5215:
5207:
5199:
5191:
5183:
5175:
5167:
5149:
5141:
5133:
5125:
5117:
5109:
5101:
5083:
5075:
5067:
5059:
5051:
5043:
5035:
5017:
5009:
5001:
4993:
4985:
4977:
4969:
4961:
4953:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4788:
4780:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4716:
4708:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4676:
4668:
4660:
4652:
4644:
4636:
4628:
4620:
4612:
4604:
4596:
4588:
4580:
4572:
4564:
4556:
4548:
4540:
4532:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4492:
4484:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4396:
4388:
4380:
4372:
4364:
4356:
4319:+ accusative instead of classical
405:Ottoman conquest of Constantinople
14:
8980:
8865:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
6852:
6134:
6081:. L'Asiathèque Langues du monde.
5936:Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome
662:and religion from the mid-1160s.
8904:
5403:. Renaissance Italian and Greek
2455:, the inflectional paradigms of
573:, and all of the inhabitants of
255:
30:
7254:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
7076:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
6895:300 BC – AD 600
6731:Hellenic Foundation for Culture
6022:Andriotis, Νicholas P. (1995).
5882:
5873:
5864:
5855:
5846:
5837:
5828:
5819:
5810:
5801:
5785:
5770:
5761:
5746:
5733:
5718:
5701:
5523:
4143:
4106:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
3821:, 'hostel', therefore "house",
1467:), and before it was dropped (
769:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
619:and, after being recaptured by
8339:Great Palace of Constantinople
8080:Patriarchate of Constantinople
7399:
6102:. Cambridge University Press.
5958:History of the Byzantine State
5777:Horrocks, Geoffrey C. (2010).
5671:
5659:
5632:
5616:
5604:
5592:
5567:
4287:The first excerpt is from the
3697:Loanwords from other languages
3511:they are not closely related.
1972:that would persist into Early
1343:and South Italian Greek where
729:begins to appear around 1100.
403:, conventionally dated to the
1:
6900:
6892:
6884:
6876:
6868:
6736:Center for the Greek Language
6294:
6281:
6268:
6255:
6242:
6025:History of the Greek Language
5542:
5495:Omurtag's Tarnovo Inscription
4295:, recounting the invasion by
4233:differences in Serbo-Croatian
4104:was adopted in this form as "
4040:
3682:and eliminated the Old Greek
3487:, which has been replaced by
2434:
2001:The resulting clusters were:
1766:
1277:, which had also merged with
740:, theological documents, and
161:
8801:University of Constantinople
8382:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
7732:
7532:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
7221:Byzantine successor states (
5955:Ostrogorsky, George (1969).
5917:. Markus Wiener Publishers.
4151:Influence on other languages
3235:In most cases, the numerous
1661:of the 6th century hymns of
684:
577:, where the native tongues (
557:
112:
104:
7:
8471:Saint Catherine's Monastery
7527:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
7522:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
7020:
6054:Horrocks, Geoffrey (2010).
5902:Horrocks, Geoffrey (2010).
5457:
5389:
4274:Sample Medieval Greek texts
4110:" in the Cyrillic script.
3562:Intralinguistic innovations
3412:and was later shortened to
2496:. Feminine nouns ending in
1671:disappeared in the endings
1665:. In many cases, the vowel
920:
857:, the biography of Emperor
615:) were occupied by Persian
10:
8985:
8969:Languages of ancient Italy
8944:4th-century establishments
8860:Neo-Byzantine architecture
8824:
7481:Comes sacrarum largitionum
5894:
5714:. Oxford University Press.
5687:
5530:
4938:
4926:
4908:Sample 2 – Digenes Akritas
4327:
4321:
4315:
4254:
4167:, found entrance into the
4113:The Greek uncial used the
3898:
3879:
3860:
3849:
3838:
3804:
3785:
3766:
3747:
3728:
3717:
3700:
3684:
3662:
3651:
3634:
3623:
3612:
3601:
3590:
3579:
3568:
3545:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3447:
3436:
3425:
3414:
3403:
3397:
3386:
3375:
3356:
3326:
3311:
3300:
3289:
3278:
3267:
3256:
3245:
3205:
3191:
3158:
3144:
3111:
3061:
3047:
3014:
3000:
2967:
2953:
2914:
2892:
2870:
2836:
2825:
2814:
2693:
2654:
2648:
2596:
2585:
2563:
2541:
2530:
2520:
2509:
2498:
2465:
2444:categories inherited from
2428:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2346:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2290:
2279:
2268:
2257:
2230:
2219:
2193:
2182:
2160:
2149:
2132:
2121:
2094:
2083:
2057:
2046:
2029:
2018:
1994:
1954:, there is a tendency for
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1844:
1834:
1824:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1750:
1739:
1728:
1717:
1706:
1695:
1684:
1673:
1648:
1637:
1626:
1615:
1604:
1593:
1582:
1571:
1553:
1542:
1531:
1520:
1502:
1491:
1480:
1469:
1458:
1447:
1436:
1425:
1414:
1403:
1397:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1363:
1357:
1331:
1325:
1315:
1309:
1295:
1289:
1279:
1266:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1185:
1166:
1158:
1143:
1135:
1116:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1074:
1066:
1058:
818:
808:
798:
788:
759:from the 6th century, the
98:
15:
8887:
8830:
8819:
8740:
8640:
8598:
8543:
8488:
8443:
8430:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
8415:
8372:
8304:
8274:
8265:
8261:
8250:
8192:
8050:
8046:
8035:
7957:
7903:
7842:
7799:
7751:
7738:
7727:
7686:
7661:
7630:
7589:
7580:
7555:
7499:
7463:
7416:
7409:
7405:
7394:
7267:
7183:
7130:
7061:
7032:
7028:
7015:
6861:
6749:
6723:
6695:
6618:
6592:
6557:
6440:
6417:
6320:
6313:
6229:
6193:
6036:Medieval and Modern Greek
6033:Browning, Robert (1983).
5911:Lombard, Maurice (2003).
5861:Horrocks (2010: 111, 170)
5834:See Horrocks (2010: 405.)
5727:Medieval and Modern Greek
5725:Browning, Robert (1983).
5711:Oxford English Dictionary
5394:In the Byzantine Empire,
4944:
4932:
4340:
4301:
4221:
4027:Uncial and cursive script
4017:
3998:
3969:
3948:
3927:
3823:
3673:
3540:('not') was derived from
3474:accusative and infinitive
3453:
3219:
3172:
3125:
3092:
3075:
3028:
2981:
2944:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2903:
2881:
2847:
2796:
2785:
2774:
2763:
2752:
2741:
2730:
2704:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2626:
2607:
2574:
2552:
2487:
2476:
1213:is grouped together with
1179:
1018:
1015:
1008:
548:
346:
330:
314:
291:
273:
268:
250:Official language in
248:
243:
227:
174:
157:
122:
95:
90:
85:
8004:Droungarios of the Fleet
5994:10.1179/174962508X322687
5976:Toufexis, Notis (2008).
5932:Mango, Cyril A. (1980).
5888:Horrocks (2010: 333-337)
5879:Horrocks (2010: 238-241)
5870:Horrocks (2010: 275-276)
5852:Horrocks (2010: 274-275)
5825:Horrocks (2010: 281-282)
5807:Horrocks (2010: 175-176)
5533:Suda § Organization
5516:
3529:, the negation particle
3069:['eni→ˈene,ˈine]
2912:('push'). The auxiliary
2646:of adjectives ending in
869:(versus politicus), the
861:written by his daughter
796:'vernacular language'),
765:Theophanes the Confessor
8518:Early Byzantine mosaics
7880:Domestic of the Schools
6767:Greek language question
6060:. John Wiley and Sons.
5914:The Golden Age of Islam
5505:The Dead Brother's Song
4283:Sample 1 – Anna Komnena
4157:Eastern Orthodox Church
4155:As the language of the
3324:or present system) and
2937:Regular passive ending
2371:, as interchanges with
1667:
973:Phonetics and phonology
915:Greek language question
649:). Sicily and parts of
475:History and development
91:Byzantine Greek, Romaic
8835:Byzantine commonwealth
7597:Praetorian prefectures
7517:Logothetes tou genikou
7491:Quaestor sacri palatii
7486:Comes rerum privatarum
7259:Fall of Constantinople
7198:Sack of Constantinople
6075:Tonnet, Henri (2003).
4310:
4248:
4213:
4047:
3983:
3962:
3941:
3912:
3893:
3874:
3818:
3799:
3780:
3761:
3742:
3645:
2360:
961:and the chronicles of
907:fall of Constantinople
899:Principality of Achaea
876:Chronicle of the Morea
500:
391:) is the stage of the
348:This article contains
8535:Komnenian renaissance
8530:Macedonian period art
8435:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
8407:Walls of Thessaloniki
7507:Logothetes tou dromou
7122:Twenty Years' Anarchy
7086:Valentinianic dynasty
7081:Constantinian dynasty
6108:10.1017/9781316632840
5797:. Berlin: De Gruyter.
5679:Liddell, Henry George
4297:Bohemond I of Antioch
4037:Anthology of Planudes
4034:
3986:(itself derived from
3671:became the new Greek
2726:demonstrative pronoun
2583:('homeland'), and in
2243:The disappearance of
2089:[myz(i)'θras]
905:and the 13th century
482:
469:Greek Orthodox Church
8732:Units of measurement
8466:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
8359:Pammakaristos Church
8207:Corpus Juris Civilis
8158:Missionary activity
7617:Exarchate of Ravenna
7443:Imperial bureaucracy
6777:Morphemes in English
6762:Eteocypriot language
6194:Origin and genealogy
5906:. Oxford: Blackwell.
5843:Horrocks (2010: 281)
5791:See Appendix III in
5625:(George Sphrantzes,
5480:Chatalar Inscription
5475:Byzantine literature
5448:University of Vienna
5401:Eastern Roman Empire
4258:‚ 'the fiftieth ').
3866:[kanˈdilion]
3753:[ˈmaʝistros]
2710:[mi'zoteros]
2493:[tomba'tera]
1663:Romanos the Melodist
1370:very sporadically).
967:Georgios Boustronios
933:, spoken in Crimea,
553:Eastern Roman Empire
530:Corpus Iuris Civilis
8964:Languages of Sicily
8256:Culture and society
8119:Ecumenical councils
7622:Exarchate of Africa
7612:Quaestura exercitus
7476:Magister officiorum
7471:Praetorian prefects
7114:Byzantine Dark Ages
6782:Terms of endearment
6757:Eteocretan language
6724:Promotion and study
6211:Pre-Greek substrate
5668:, pp. 203–217.
4173:Old Church Slavonic
3810:[oˈspition]
3791:[ofiˈcalos]
3734:[ˈpriɲɟips]
3723:[ˈavɣustos]
3657:[oˈpsarion]
3489:subordinate clauses
3251:[lambáneːn]
2898:[kʰóːnnymi]
2661:[-oːn,-ion]
2482:[opa'teras]
2471:[hopatɛ́ːr]
2352:[der'visis]
1920:) were realised as
1848:) to corresponding
1508:[a'napapsi]
1497:[a'napafsi]
1420:['emnostos]
1409:['evnostos]
689:As early as in the
675:Empire of Trebizond
627:a few years later.
434:Alexander the Great
397:classical antiquity
395:between the end of
8959:Languages of Egypt
8673:Flags and insignia
8319:Baths of Zeuxippus
8202:Codex Theodosianus
8092:Oriental Orthodoxy
7050:Later Roman Empire
6879:1600–1100 BC
6802:Greek Language Day
6432:Jewish Koine Greek
6221:Hellenic languages
4901:military commander
4048:
4035:Manuscript of the
3915:, 'wine bottle').
3855:[taˈverna]
3772:[cyˈestor]
3607:[kraˈsion]
3574:[ˈaɲɟelos]
2699:[méːzdoːn]
2632:[tufo'tos]
2580:[paˈtriða]
2109:(only occurred in
2100:[mi'stras]
1940:consonant clusters
1723:[xar'tion]
1654:[tape'ðʝa]
1643:[tape'ðia]
987:Hellenistic period
963:Leontios Makhairas
859:Alexios I Komnenos
691:Hellenistic period
501:
438:Hellenistic period
436:, and the ensuing
165: 600–1500 AD
134:) : Southern
8921:
8920:
8883:
8882:
8840:Byzantine studies
8815:
8814:
8811:
8810:
8626:Alexander Romance
8484:
8483:
8461:Nea Moni of Chios
8324:Blachernae Palace
8246:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8212:Code of Justinian
8060:Eastern Orthodoxy
8031:
8030:
8027:
8026:
7953:
7952:
7827:Scholae Palatinae
7723:
7722:
7719:
7718:
7688:Foreign relations
7682:
7681:
7576:
7575:
7390:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7189:(1204–1453)
6974:
6973:
6969:
6968:
6871:3rd millennium BC
6820:
6819:
6626:Cypriot syllabary
6553:
6552:
6427:Hellenistic Koine
6067:978-1-4051-3415-6
5580:SIL International
5421:Charles du Fresne
3975:[paˈzari]
3933:[ˈkaltsa]
3904:[ˈflaska]
3885:[ˈfurnos]
3690:[ikʰtʰýs]
3649:, became 'fish' (
3470:genitive absolute
3431:[ˈθelona]
3233:
3232:
3187:3rd person sing.
3152:[ɛ̂ːstʰa]
3140:2nd person sing.
3097:1st person sing.
3062:ἔνι → ἔναι, εἶναι
3043:3rd person sing.
2996:2nd person sing.
2949:1st person sing.
2853:[aɣaˈpai]
2842:[aɡapâːi]
2558:[elˈpiða]
2285:['an̪θos]
2236:['epapsa]
2225:['epafsa]
2166:['ftonos]
2155:['fθonos]
2127:[sxo'lio]
1950:or two different
1771:The shift in the
1745:['cyrios]
1734:[xar'tin]
1701:[sa'cion]
1588:[ro'mɲos]
1577:[ro'meos]
1526:[ii'mera]
1453:[e'lavno]
1442:['xamnos]
1431:['xavnos]
1193:
1192:
959:Assizes of Cyprus
887:feudalism on the
655:Crimean Peninsula
432:The conquests of
416:Byzantine studies
374:
373:
356:rendering support
352:phonetic symbols.
167:; developed into
79:
78:
71:
8976:
8908:
8821:
8820:
8764:Imperial Library
8710:Byzantine Greeks
8451:Daphni Monastery
8402:Panagia Chalkeon
8397:Hagios Demetrios
8364:Prison of Anemas
8314:Basilica Cistern
8272:
8271:
8263:
8262:
8252:
8251:
8107:West Syriac Rite
8097:Alexandrian Rite
8048:
8047:
8041:Religion and law
8037:
8036:
7972:Maritime themata
7928:Palaiologan army
7781:Military manuals
7749:
7748:
7740:
7739:
7729:
7728:
7587:
7586:
7563:Megas logothetes
7414:
7413:
7407:
7406:
7396:
7395:
7269:By modern region
7190:
7137:
7136:(717–1204)
7068:
7030:
7029:
7017:
7016:
7008:Byzantine Empire
7001:
6994:
6987:
6978:
6977:
6909:
6904:
6902:
6896:
6894:
6888:
6887:800–300 BC
6886:
6880:
6878:
6872:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6847:
6840:
6833:
6824:
6823:
6545:Greco-Australian
6318:
6317:
6299:
6296:
6286:
6283:
6273:
6270:
6260:
6257:
6247:
6244:
6180:
6173:
6166:
6157:
6156:
6129:
6092:
6071:
6050:
6029:
6009:
6004:. Archived from
5972:
5951:
5939:
5928:
5907:
5889:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5871:
5868:
5862:
5859:
5853:
5850:
5844:
5841:
5835:
5832:
5826:
5823:
5817:
5814:
5808:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5750:
5744:
5741:Byzantinoslavica
5737:
5731:
5730:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5690:
5689:
5675:
5669:
5663:
5657:
5651:
5642:
5636:
5630:
5620:
5614:
5611:Ostrogorsky 1969
5608:
5602:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5571:
5565:
5555:
5536:
5527:
5490:Byzantine Greece
4947:
4946:
4941:
4940:
4939:-ουσι(ν)/-ασι(ν)
4935:
4934:
4929:
4928:
4792:metapemˈpsamenos
4343:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4317:
4304:
4303:
4264:Spyridon Lambros
4257:
4256:
4251:
4223:
4195:, as well as on
4169:Slavic languages
4146:
4145:
4121:Minuscule script
4109:
4108:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4045:
4042:
4006:
4004:[xadzi-]
4001:
4000:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3831:
3829:[ˈspiti]
3826:
3825:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3709:Byzantine Empire
3692:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3679:[ˈpsari]
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3640:[-arion]
3637:
3636:
3631:
3629:[ˈopson]
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3585:[aˈɣapi]
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3552:
3547:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3295:[lɛːpʰ-]
3292:
3291:
3286:
3284:[lɛːps-]
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3229:
3222:
3221:
3215:
3208:
3207:
3201:
3194:
3193:
3182:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3147:
3146:
3135:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3085:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3050:
3049:
3038:
3031:
3030:
3024:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3003:
3002:
2991:
2984:
2983:
2977:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2956:
2955:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2812:verbs ending in
2804:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2722:personal pronoun
2713:('the bigger').
2712:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2602:[eˈlaða]
2599:
2598:
2593:
2591:[hellás]
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2569:[patrís]
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2439:
2436:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2263:['nyɱfi]
2260:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:[sko'ʎo]
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2108:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:['nixta]
2032:
2031:
2026:
2024:['nykta]
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
1997:
1996:
1983:
1979:
1966:
1962:
1930:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1758:
1756:['cyris]
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1712:[sa'cin]
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1548:[ero'to]
1545:
1544:
1539:
1537:[i'mera]
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1475:['θavma]
1472:
1471:
1466:
1464:['lamno]
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1013:
1012:
834:are documented.
821:
820:
811:
810:
806:'basic Greek'),
801:
800:
791:
790:
625:Muslim conquests
567:Balkan Peninsula
560:
550:
485:Byzantine Empire
412:Byzantine Empire
342:
326:
310:
303:
296:
287:
286:
278:
263:Byzantine Empire
261:
259:
258:
233:
180:
166:
163:
144:Byzantine Crimea
132:Byzantine Empire
117:
109:
101:
100:
83:
82:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
34:
33:
26:
18:Byzantine Greeks
8984:
8983:
8979:
8978:
8977:
8975:
8974:
8973:
8924:
8923:
8922:
8917:
8914:
8879:
8855:Cyrillic script
8826:
8807:
8752:
8736:
8636:
8618:Digenes Akritas
8594:
8539:
8480:
8444:Other locations
8439:
8411:
8368:
8300:
8289:Cross-in-square
8257:
8238:
8188:
8042:
8023:
7949:
7899:
7895:Varangian Guard
7838:
7812:East Roman army
7807:Late Roman army
7795:
7734:
7715:
7678:
7657:
7626:
7572:
7551:
7547:Epi ton deeseon
7537:Epi tou eidikou
7495:
7459:
7401:
7382:
7369:
7272:
7270:
7263:
7249:Palaiologan era
7191:
7188:
7179:
7150:Nikephorian era
7138:
7135:
7126:
7069:
7067:(330–717)
7066:
7057:
7037:
7024:
7011:
7005:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6956:
6947:
6938:
6929:
6920:
6907:
6899:
6891:
6883:
6875:
6867:
6857:
6851:
6821:
6816:
6807:Trojan language
6797:Minoan language
6745:
6719:
6691:
6619:Writing systems
6614:
6610:Standard Modern
6588:
6584:Standard Modern
6549:
6503:Greco/Calabrian
6436:
6413:
6309:
6297:
6284:
6271:
6258:
6252:Mycenaean Greek
6245:
6225:
6216:Graeco-Phrygian
6206:Graeco-Armenian
6189:
6184:
6137:
6132:
6118:
6089:
6068:
6047:
6017:
6015:Further reading
6012:
5969:
5948:
5925:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5883:
5878:
5874:
5869:
5865:
5860:
5856:
5851:
5847:
5842:
5838:
5833:
5829:
5824:
5820:
5815:
5811:
5806:
5802:
5790:
5786:
5775:
5771:
5766:
5762:
5751:
5747:
5738:
5734:
5723:
5719:
5708:"Antistœchal".
5707:
5706:
5702:
5676:
5672:
5664:
5660:
5652:
5645:
5637:
5633:
5621:
5617:
5609:
5605:
5597:
5593:
5584:
5582:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5558:Peter Mackridge
5556:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5500:Ptochoprodromus
5460:
5436:Karl Krumbacher
5417:Hieronymus Wolf
5392:
5387:
5377:
5369:
5361:
5353:
5345:
5337:
5329:
5320:
5311:
5303:
5295:
5287:
5279:
5271:
5263:
5255:
5247:
5239:
5230:
5221:
5213:
5205:
5197:
5189:
5181:
5173:
5164:
5155:
5147:
5139:
5131:
5123:
5115:
5107:
5098:
5089:
5081:
5073:
5065:
5057:
5049:
5041:
5032:
5023:
5015:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4983:
4975:
4967:
4959:
4922:political verse
4914:Digenes Akritas
4910:
4905:
4890:
4882:
4874:
4866:
4858:
4850:
4842:
4834:
4826:
4818:
4810:
4802:
4794:
4786:
4778:
4770:
4762:
4754:
4746:
4738:
4730:
4722:
4714:
4706:
4698:
4690:
4682:
4674:
4666:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4594:
4586:
4578:
4570:
4562:
4554:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4498:
4490:
4482:
4474:
4466:
4458:
4450:
4442:
4434:
4426:
4418:
4410:
4402:
4394:
4386:
4378:
4370:
4362:
4285:
4276:
4240:Gothic language
4177:Church Slavonic
4153:
4137:and word-final
4127:Greek minuscule
4123:
4043:
4029:
4020:
3954:[ˈdama]
3844:[ˈsela]
3783:, 'Quaestor'),
3705:
3699:
3618:[oînos]
3596:[ˈeros]
3564:
3559:
3550:[uːdén]
3457:
3442:[θeˈna]
3317:[lamb-]
3306:[lɛːm-]
3262:[lamb-]
3119:['imin]
3055:[estín]
2909:['xono]
2613:[tofos]
2547:[elpís]
2474:→ Modern Greek
2437:
2431:
2296:['aθos]
2274:['nifi]
2199:['xtes]
2188:['xθes]
2063:[e'fta]
2052:[e'pta]
1968:Medieval Greek
1933:rough breathing
1769:
1632:['pços]
1621:['pios]
1599:[e'nea]
1559:[ro'to]
1486:['θama]
1011:
975:
923:
871:Digenes Akritas
839:Digenes Akritas
750:Byzantine state
687:
679:Duchy of Candia
569:, south of the
477:
385:Byzantine Greek
379:(also known as
354:Without proper
338:
322:
319:
304:
299:
292:
282:
281:
274:
256:
254:
251:
244:Official status
234:
229:
223:
181:
178:Language family
176:
164:
118:
110:
102:
75:
64:
58:
55:
47:help improve it
44:
35:
31:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
8982:
8972:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8934:Medieval Greek
8919:
8918:
8916:
8915:
8913:
8912:
8902:
8897:
8891:
8888:
8885:
8884:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8831:
8828:
8827:
8817:
8816:
8813:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8806:
8805:
8804:
8803:
8793:
8788:
8787:
8786:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8755:
8753:
8751:
8750:
8747:
8741:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8713:
8712:
8702:
8701:
8700:
8695:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8644:
8642:
8638:
8637:
8635:
8634:
8629:
8622:
8621:
8620:
8610:
8604:
8602:
8596:
8595:
8593:
8592:
8587:
8586:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8549:
8547:
8541:
8540:
8538:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8521:
8520:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8494:
8492:
8486:
8485:
8482:
8481:
8479:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8447:
8445:
8441:
8440:
8438:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8421:
8419:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8387:Byzantine Bath
8384:
8378:
8376:
8370:
8369:
8367:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8310:
8308:
8306:Constantinople
8302:
8301:
8299:
8298:
8297:
8296:
8291:
8281:
8275:
8269:
8259:
8258:
8248:
8247:
8244:
8243:
8240:
8239:
8237:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8204:
8198:
8196:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8186:
8181:
8180:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8089:
8088:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8065:Byzantine Rite
8056:
8054:
8044:
8043:
8033:
8032:
8029:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7990:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7969:
7963:
7961:
7955:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7948:
7947:
7945:Grand domestic
7942:
7941:
7940:
7935:
7925:
7924:
7923:
7918:
7911:Komnenian army
7907:
7905:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7846:
7844:
7840:
7839:
7837:
7836:
7835:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7809:
7803:
7801:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7788:
7786:Military units
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7756:Battle tactics
7752:
7746:
7736:
7735:
7725:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7692:
7690:
7684:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7671:
7665:
7663:
7659:
7658:
7656:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7593:
7591:
7584:
7578:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7565:
7559:
7557:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7503:
7501:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7467:
7465:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7448:Medieval Greek
7440:
7439:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7417:
7411:
7403:
7402:
7392:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7342:
7341:
7336:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7275:
7273:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7219:
7218:
7217:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7203:Fourth Crusade
7194:
7192:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7160:Macedonian era
7157:
7152:
7147:
7141:
7139:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7124:
7119:
7118:
7117:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7093:Theodosian era
7090:
7089:
7088:
7083:
7072:
7070:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7040:
7038:
7033:
7026:
7025:
7013:
7012:
7004:
7003:
6996:
6989:
6981:
6972:
6971:
6967:
6966:
6959:
6957:
6950:
6948:
6941:
6939:
6932:
6930:
6923:
6921:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6903:600–1453
6897:
6889:
6881:
6873:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6850:
6849:
6842:
6835:
6827:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6727:
6725:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6701:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6683:
6682:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6656:Greek numerals
6653:
6651:Attic numerals
6648:
6643:
6636:Greek alphabet
6633:
6628:
6622:
6620:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6596:
6594:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6495:
6493:Constantinople
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6461:
6454:
6446:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6423:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6379:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6357:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6335:
6326:
6324:
6315:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6301:
6291:Medieval Greek
6288:
6275:
6262:
6249:
6235:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6187:Greek language
6183:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6136:
6135:External links
6133:
6131:
6130:
6116:
6093:
6087:
6072:
6066:
6051:
6045:
6030:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6008:on 2011-07-22.
5988:(2): 203–217.
5973:
5967:
5952:
5946:
5929:
5923:
5908:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5881:
5872:
5863:
5854:
5845:
5836:
5827:
5818:
5809:
5800:
5784:
5769:
5760:
5757:(29): 144–150.
5745:
5732:
5717:
5700:
5670:
5658:
5643:
5631:
5629:, ια΄, c.1460)
5615:
5603:
5591:
5566:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5470:Bridge of Arta
5467:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5391:
5388:
5370:
5362:
5354:
5346:
5338:
5330:
5322:
5321:
5304:
5296:
5288:
5280:
5272:
5264:
5256:
5248:
5240:
5232:
5231:
5214:
5206:
5198:
5190:
5182:
5174:
5166:
5165:
5148:
5140:
5132:
5124:
5116:
5108:
5100:
5099:
5082:
5074:
5066:
5058:
5050:
5042:
5034:
5033:
5016:
5008:
5000:
4992:
4984:
4976:
4968:
4960:
4952:
4951:
4909:
4906:
4883:
4875:
4867:
4859:
4851:
4843:
4835:
4827:
4819:
4811:
4803:
4795:
4787:
4779:
4771:
4763:
4755:
4747:
4739:
4731:
4723:
4715:
4707:
4699:
4691:
4683:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4648:ðjaploˈsamenon
4643:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4611:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4547:
4539:
4531:
4523:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4475:
4467:
4459:
4451:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4395:
4387:
4379:
4371:
4363:
4355:
4354:
4284:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4152:
4149:
4135:Iota subscript
4122:
4119:
4028:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4014:
3995:
3966:
3945:
3896:, 'oven') and
3726:('Augustus'),
3698:
3695:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3509:genealogically
3459:Medieval Greek
3445:. Eventually,
3409:[iˈna]
3392:[ˈina]
3381:[ˈoti]
3332:[lav-]
3273:[lab-]
3231:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3213:[ˈito]
3209:
3202:
3199:[ɛ̂ːn]
3195:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3166:['isy]
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3133:[-min]
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3105:[ɛ̂ːn]
3101:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3022:['ise]
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2975:['ime]
2971:
2964:
2961:[eːmí]
2957:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2920:[eːmí]
2831:[-eoː]
2820:[-aoː]
2536:[-aða]
2526:[-iða]
2430:
2427:
2241:
2240:
2204:
2203:
2175:
2170:
2142:
2114:
2104:
2068:
2067:
2039:
2011:
2004:For plosives:
1862:Late Antiquity
1768:
1765:
1690:[-ios]
1679:[-ion]
1610:[e'ɲa]
1307:for confusing
1234:together with
1201:alphabetically
1191:
1190:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1151:
1148:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1109:
1079:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1007:
974:
971:
931:Mariupol Greek
922:
919:
903:Fourth Crusade
832:Constantinople
794:glōssa dēmōdēs
789:γλῶσσα δημώδης
746:ecclesiastical
738:historiography
686:
683:
593:etc.), except
476:
473:
427:Constantinople
393:Greek language
377:Medieval Greek
372:
371:
358:, you may see
344:
343:
336:
328:
327:
320:
315:
312:
311:
297:
289:
288:
279:
271:
270:
269:Language codes
266:
265:
252:
249:
246:
245:
241:
240:
238:Greek alphabet
235:
231:Writing system
228:
225:
224:
222:
221:
220:
219:
218:
217:
216:
215:
214:
213:
211:Medieval Greek
184:
182:
175:
172:
171:
159:
155:
154:
152:Southern Italy
124:
120:
119:
96:
93:
92:
88:
87:
86:Medieval Greek
77:
76:
38:
36:
29:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8981:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8892:
8890:
8889:
8886:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8832:
8829:
8822:
8818:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8785:
8782:
8781:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8759:Encyclopedias
8757:
8756:
8754:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8742:
8739:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8711:
8708:
8707:
8706:
8703:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8690:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8683:Hellenization
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8641:Everyday life
8639:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8616:
8615:
8614:
8613:Acritic songs
8611:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8603:
8601:
8597:
8591:
8588:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8570:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8548:
8546:
8542:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8519:
8516:
8515:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8491:
8487:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8456:Hosios Loukas
8454:
8452:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8442:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8422:
8420:
8418:
8414:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8375:
8371:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8311:
8309:
8307:
8303:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8253:
8249:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8195:
8191:
8185:
8182:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8129:Monophysitism
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8102:Armenian Rite
8100:
8098:
8095:
8094:
8093:
8090:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8061:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8038:
8034:
8020:
8019:Naval battles
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7960:
7956:
7946:
7943:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7929:
7926:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7902:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7841:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7798:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7730:
7726:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7689:
7685:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7664:
7660:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7629:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7579:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7554:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7542:Protasekretis
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7502:
7498:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7462:
7456:
7453:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7444:
7441:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7423:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7415:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7397:
7393:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7368:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7266:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7211:
7208:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7187:
7182:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7170:Komnenian era
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7134:
7129:
7123:
7120:
7115:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7108:Heraclian era
7106:
7104:
7103:Justinian era
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7065:
7060:
7052:
7051:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7018:
7014:
7009:
7002:
6997:
6995:
6990:
6988:
6983:
6982:
6979:
6964:
6963:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6912:
6906:
6898:
6890:
6882:
6874:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6856:
6848:
6843:
6841:
6836:
6834:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6748:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6688:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6676:Cyrillization
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6646:Archaic forms
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6509:
6508:Griko/Apulian
6506:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6472:
6471:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6407:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6344:
6343:Arcadocypriot
6341:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6305:
6302:
6292:
6289:
6285: 300 BC
6279:
6276:
6266:
6265:Ancient Greek
6263:
6253:
6250:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6181:
6176:
6174:
6169:
6167:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6117:9781139026888
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6094:
6090:
6088:2-911053-90-7
6084:
6080:
6079:
6073:
6069:
6063:
6059:
6058:
6052:
6048:
6046:0-521-29978-0
6042:
6038:
6037:
6031:
6027:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5970:
5968:0-8135-1198-4
5964:
5960:
5959:
5953:
5949:
5947:0-684-16768-9
5943:
5938:
5937:
5930:
5926:
5924:1-55876-322-8
5920:
5916:
5915:
5909:
5905:
5900:
5899:
5885:
5876:
5867:
5858:
5849:
5840:
5831:
5822:
5813:
5804:
5796:
5788:
5780:
5773:
5764:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5736:
5728:
5721:
5713:
5712:
5704:
5696:
5695:
5684:
5683:Scott, Robert
5680:
5674:
5667:
5666:Toufexis 2008
5662:
5655:
5650:
5648:
5641:, p. 23.
5640:
5635:
5628:
5624:
5619:
5612:
5607:
5600:
5599:Dawkins, R.M.
5595:
5581:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5552:
5547:
5534:
5526:
5522:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5465:Acritic songs
5463:
5462:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5432:Byzantinology
5429:
5428:Philhellenism
5424:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5397:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5368:
5365:
5360:
5357:
5352:
5349:
5344:
5341:
5336:
5333:
5328:
5325:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5302:
5299:
5294:
5291:
5286:
5283:
5278:
5275:
5270:
5267:
5262:
5259:
5254:
5251:
5246:
5243:
5238:
5235:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5219:apoθaˈmeni(n)
5217:
5212:
5209:
5204:
5201:
5196:
5193:
5188:
5185:
5180:
5177:
5172:
5169:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5146:
5143:
5138:
5135:
5130:
5127:
5122:
5119:
5114:
5111:
5106:
5103:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5080:
5077:
5072:
5069:
5064:
5061:
5056:
5053:
5048:
5045:
5040:
5037:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5014:
5011:
5006:
5003:
4998:
4995:
4990:
4987:
4982:
4979:
4974:
4971:
4966:
4963:
4958:
4955:
4950:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4904:
4902:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4881:
4878:
4873:
4870:
4865:
4862:
4857:
4854:
4849:
4846:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4830:
4825:
4822:
4817:
4814:
4809:
4806:
4801:
4798:
4793:
4790:
4789:μεταπεψάμενος
4785:
4782:
4777:
4774:
4769:
4766:
4761:
4758:
4753:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4737:
4734:
4729:
4726:
4721:
4718:
4713:
4710:
4705:
4702:
4697:
4694:
4689:
4686:
4681:
4678:
4673:
4670:
4665:
4662:
4657:
4654:
4649:
4646:
4645:διαπλωσάμενον
4641:
4638:
4633:
4630:
4625:
4622:
4617:
4614:
4609:
4606:
4601:
4598:
4593:
4590:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4574:
4569:
4566:
4561:
4558:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4542:
4537:
4534:
4529:
4526:
4521:
4518:
4513:
4510:
4505:
4502:
4497:
4494:
4489:
4486:
4481:
4478:
4473:
4470:
4465:
4462:
4457:
4454:
4449:
4446:
4441:
4438:
4433:
4430:
4425:
4422:
4417:
4416:enðjaˈtrivon,
4414:
4409:
4406:
4401:
4398:
4393:
4390:
4385:
4382:
4377:
4374:
4369:
4366:
4361:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4280:
4271:
4269:
4268:Byzantinology
4265:
4259:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4116:
4111:
4103:
4056:
4052:
4038:
4033:
4024:
4012:
4011:
4007:from Arabic:
4005:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3877:, 'candle'),
3876:
3872:
3867:
3856:
3845:
3835:
3830:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3764:, 'Master'),
3763:
3759:
3754:
3745:, 'Prince'),
3744:
3740:
3735:
3724:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3694:
3691:
3680:
3669:
3658:
3647:
3641:
3630:
3619:
3608:
3597:
3586:
3575:
3554:
3553:('nothing').
3551:
3543:
3542:Ancient Greek
3538:
3537:[ðen]
3517:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3443:
3432:
3421:
3410:
3401:first became
3395:('so that').
3393:
3384:('that') and
3382:
3372:
3368:
3365:('in, to') +
3363:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3323:
3318:
3307:
3296:
3285:
3274:
3263:
3252:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3227:[-to]
3224:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3180:[-sy]
3177:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3083:[-te]
3080:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3036:[-se]
3033:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2989:[-me]
2986:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2910:
2899:
2888:
2887:[-oː]
2877:
2876:[-mi]
2867:
2863:
2862:Reduplication
2859:
2854:
2843:
2832:
2821:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2802:[ton]
2792:
2791:[sas]
2781:
2780:[mas]
2770:
2769:[tis]
2759:
2748:
2737:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2711:
2700:
2689:
2676:-τέρα (-τερη)
2667:
2662:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2603:
2592:
2581:
2570:
2559:
2548:
2537:
2527:
2516:
2515:[-as]
2505:
2504:[-is]
2494:
2483:
2472:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2446:Indo-European
2443:
2426:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2313:
2309:
2306:of voiceless
2305:
2300:
2297:
2286:
2275:
2264:
2237:
2226:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2189:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2156:
2143:
2139:
2128:
2115:
2112:
2105:
2101:
2090:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2064:
2053:
2040:
2036:
2025:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1975:
1971:
1957:
1956:dissimilation
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1923:
1888:/k,x,ɣ,ŋk,ŋɡ/
1885:
1863:
1851:
1817:
1814:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1746:
1735:
1724:
1713:
1702:
1691:
1680:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1644:
1633:
1622:
1611:
1600:
1589:
1578:
1568:
1563:
1562:('(I) ask').
1560:
1549:
1540:('the day'),
1538:
1527:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1498:
1487:
1476:
1465:
1454:
1443:
1432:
1421:
1410:
1394:
1371:
1342:
1338:
1306:
1302:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1162:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1080:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:Cypriot Greek
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
918:
916:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
816:'spoken') or
815:
814:kathōmilēmenē
805:
804:haploellēnikē
795:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
742:saints' lives
739:
735:
730:
728:
727:Demotic Greek
724:
720:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
660:
656:
652:
651:Magna Graecia
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
562:
559:
554:
546:
542:
541:
536:
532:
531:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
472:
470:
466:
465:New Testament
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
425:was moved to
424:
419:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
351:
345:
341:
337:
335:
334:
329:
325:
321:
318:
317:Linguist List
313:
308:
307:Ancient Greek
302:
298:
295:
290:
285:
280:
277:
272:
267:
264:
253:
247:
242:
239:
236:
232:
226:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
203:
202:
199:
198:
197:
194:
193:
192:
189:
188:
187:
186:Indo-European
183:
179:
173:
170:
160:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:Mediterranean
125:
121:
116:
115:
108:
107:
94:
89:
84:
81:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
39:This article
37:
28:
27:
19:
8624:
8392:Hagia Sophia
8374:Thessalonica
8349:Hagia Sophia
8329:Chora Church
8267:Architecture
8144:Great Schism
8134:Paulicianism
8112:Miaphysitism
7967:Karabisianoi
7447:
7271:or territory
7231:Thessalonica
7215:Latin Empire
7210:Frankokratia
7185:
7145:Isaurian era
7132:
7063:
7048:
7044:Roman Empire
7034:
6960:
6952:
6951:
6942:
6933:
6924:
6915:
6680:Romanization
6530:Romano-Greek
6520:Mariupolitan
6468:
6458:Katharevousa
6456:
6449:
6306:(since 1453)
6304:Modern Greek
6290:
6201:Graeco-Aryan
6098:
6077:
6056:
6035:
6024:
6006:the original
5985:
5981:
5957:
5935:
5913:
5903:
5884:
5875:
5866:
5857:
5848:
5839:
5830:
5821:
5812:
5803:
5794:
5787:
5778:
5772:
5763:
5754:
5748:
5740:
5735:
5726:
5720:
5710:
5703:
5693:
5673:
5661:
5654:Lombard 2003
5634:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5606:
5594:
5583:. Retrieved
5579:
5569:
5525:
5485:Frankokratia
5440:
5425:
5413:
5393:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5269:eˈfilakse(n)
5228:
5225:
5222:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5121:verˈɣolikos,
5096:
5093:
5090:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:maraˈmeni(n)
4918:poetic metre
4911:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4880:ðjapeˈreosin
4877:διαπεραίωσιν
4856:aftoˈkratora
4736:apoveviˈkota
4520:eˈkselefsin.
4496:ðjapeˈreosin
4493:διαπεραίωσιν
4413:ἐνδιατρίβων,
4408:vasiˈlevusan
4405:βασιλεύουσαν
4293:Anna Komnena
4288:
4286:
4277:
4260:
4237:
4226:
4224:
4204:
4154:
4124:
4112:
4102:lunate sigma
4057:
4053:
4049:
4021:
4008:
3990:), 'market,
3917:
3858:('tavern'),
3847:('saddle'),
3834:Modern Greek
3706:
3565:
3514:Besides the
3513:
3482:
3465:[θa]
3420:[na]
3362:[is]
3345:
3322:imperfective
3234:
3008:[êː]
2807:
2758:[tu]
2747:[su]
2736:[mu]
2715:
2641:
2450:
2442:inflectional
2432:
2301:
2242:
2205:
2111:Pontic Greek
2069:
2003:
2000:
1974:Modern Greek
1970:phonotactics
1937:
1775:system from
1770:
1564:
1513:
1401:turned to (
1372:
1347:reverted to
1194:
1183:
1164:
1156:
1141:
1133:
1114:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1003:monophthongs
989:predecessor
983:Modern Greek
976:
935:Pontic Greek
927:Vulgar Latin
924:
911:
894:Latinokratia
892:
874:
870:
863:Anna Komnena
854:
851:Chronography
850:
836:
828:acclamations
823:
813:
809:καθωμιλημένη
803:
799:ἁπλοελληνική
793:
785:
760:
757:Chronography
756:
754:
731:
723:Modern Greek
711:
697:between the
688:
664:
629:
613:North Africa
602:
599:
571:Jireček Line
563:
538:
528:
520:Roman Empire
502:
457:Modern Greek
446:
431:
423:Roman Empire
420:
409:
388:
384:
381:Middle Greek
380:
376:
375:
347:
331:
210:
169:Modern Greek
113:
105:
80:
65:
56:
40:
8875:Megali Idea
8850:Byzantinism
8553:Agriculture
8344:Hagia Irene
8177:Kievan Rus'
8154:Mount Athos
7977:Cibyrrhaeot
7921:Vestiaritai
7776:Mercenaries
7653:Catepanates
7512:Sakellarios
7431:Family tree
7356:Mesopotamia
7175:Angelid era
7155:Amorian era
6917:Proto-Greek
6787:Place names
6661:Orthography
6470:Misthiotika
6464:Cappadocian
6278:Koine Greek
6259: 1600
6246: 2900
6239:Proto-Greek
5743:, 67 (2009)
5688:ἀντίστοιχος
5153:aˈðelfi(n);
5118:βεργόλικος,
5063:ˈstenaksan,
4942:and modern
4853:αὐτοκράτορα
4768:piˈksamenon
4733:ἀποβεβηκότα
4528:aˈnistaktos
4044: 1300
3668:[n]
3621:. The word
3371:subjunctive
2644:comparative
2438: 1100
1761:Koine Greek
1635:('which'),
1591:('Roman'),
1305:Philomelion
991:Koine Greek
939:Cappadocian
891:during the
889:Peloponnese
867:blank verse
504:Constantine
497:Cappadocian
495:in orange,
491:in yellow,
461:Attic Greek
453:Koine Greek
451:, known as
401:Middle Ages
362:instead of
305:(i.e. with
206:Koine Greek
201:Attic-Ionic
8928:Categories
8870:Third Rome
8796:University
8779:Philosophy
8769:Inventions
8632:Historians
8600:Literature
8583:Varangians
8425:San Vitale
8354:Hippodrome
8334:City Walls
8234:Mutilation
8229:Hexabiblos
8149:Bogomilism
8139:Iconoclasm
8009:Megas doux
7999:Greek fire
7982:Aegean Sea
7855:Kleisourai
7832:Excubitors
7822:Bucellarii
7674:Despotates
7643:Kleisourai
7582:Provincial
7426:Coronation
7400:Governance
7165:Doukid era
7098:Leonid era
6908:Since 1453
6697:Literature
6666:Diacritics
6409:Pamphylian
6400:Macedonian
6381:Northwest
6298: 330
6272: 800
5639:Mango 1980
5585:2023-12-21
5543:References
5531:See also:
5216:ἀποθαμένην
5187:ekraˈtuman
5184:ἐκρατοῦμαν
5060:ἐστέναξαν,
5018:μαραμένην,
4930:to modern
4800:iˈpopteron
4664:vaiˈmundon
4661:Βαϊμούντον
4624:ofθalˈmis,
4621:ὀφθαλμοῖς,
4565:Δυρραχίου,
4525:ἀνύστακτος
4517:ἐξέλευσιν.
4504:epeˈtaçine
4485:Βαϊμούντου
4424:memaθiˈkos
4376:vasiˈlefs,
4346:aphaeresis
4255:πεντηκοστή
4222:автомобиль
4201:neologisms
4115:interpunct
3944:'stocking'
3800:officialis
3786:ὀφφικιάλος
3701:See also:
3485:infinitive
3367:accusative
3337:perfective
3090:Imperfect
2810:contracted
2705:µειζότερος
2622:accusative
2618:nominative
2561:('hope'),
2488:τὸν πατέρα
2461:nominative
2457:declension
2453:morphology
2084:Μυζ(η)θράς
1998:as not .
1990:obstruents
1952:fricatives
1942:that show
1925:allophones
1850:fricatives
1767:Consonants
1613:('nine'),
1301:Grammarian
999:diphthongs
843:verse epic
777:morphology
734:chronicles
635:Montenegro
631:Alexandria
575:Asia Minor
449:vernacular
140:Asia Minor
8698:Octoechos
8578:Silk Road
8070:Hesychasm
7938:Paramonai
7885:Hetaireia
7817:Foederati
7706:Diplomacy
7701:Diplomats
7607:Provinces
7436:Empresses
7239:Trebizond
7035:Preceding
6926:Mycenaean
6710:Byzantine
6687:Greeklish
6558:Phonology
6535:Tsakonian
6488:Himariote
6338:Mycenaean
6314:Varieties
6261:–1100 BC)
6248:–1600 BC)
6126:222381614
6002:162128578
5685:(1889). "
5627:Chronicle
5409:itacistic
5405:humanists
5375:aˈɣapi(n)
5343:foˈvumeθa
5340:φοβούμεθα
5129:ɣliˈci(m)
5102:'Ἐγείρου,
5071:tiˈuto(n)
4797:ὑπόπτερον
4765:πηξάμενον
4693:Ἰλλυρικοῦ
4568:ðiraˈçiu,
4501:ἐπετάχυνε
4488:vaiˈmundu
4461:Δυρραχίου
4421:μεμαθηκὼς
4373:βασιλεὺς,
4350:synizesis
4249:Pfingsten
4244:Pentecost
4214:Automobil
4189:Ukrainian
4181:Bulgarian
4165:Methodius
3920:loanwords
3861:κανδήλιον
3819:hospitium
3767:κοιαίστωρ
3748:μάγιστρος
3718:Αὔγουστος
3516:particles
3501:Bulgarian
3491:with the
3343:system).
3246:λαμβάνειν
2931:Classical
2627:τοῦ φωτός
2477:ὁ πατέρας
2369:the Koine
2347:ντερβίσης
1818:plosives
1816:voiceless
1813:aspirated
1773:consonant
1649:τα παιδιά
1638:τα παιδία
1567:synizesis
1516:apheresis
1337:Tsakonian
1293:than for
1205:homophony
1032:unrounded
979:phonology
951:Tsakonian
949:, and in
881:Aragonese
824:Rhōmaiïkē
761:Chronicle
707:registers
695:diglossia
685:Diglossia
659:contested
643:Black Sea
621:Heraclius
617:Sassanids
535:Heraclius
407:in 1453.
333:Glottolog
294:ISO 639-3
276:ISO 639-2
59:June 2020
8791:Scholars
8784:Rhetoric
8774:Medicine
8749:Learning
8648:Calendar
8525:Painters
8224:Basilika
8162:Bulgaria
8124:Arianism
8075:Hayhurum
8052:Religion
8014:Admirals
7933:Allagion
7865:Droungos
7771:Generals
7733:Military
7696:Treaties
7602:Dioceses
7421:Emperors
7334:Sardinia
7314:Dalmatia
7294:Bulgaria
7284:Anatolia
7243:Theodoro
7237: /
7233: /
7225: /
6953:Medieval
6853:Ages of
6792:Proverbs
6631:Linear B
6573:teaching
6329:Central
6287:–AD 330)
6274:–300 BC)
5510:Timarion
5458:See also
5390:Research
5372:ἀγάπην.'
5327:poˈlemus
5324:Πολέμους
5266:ἐφύλαξεν
5150:ἀδέλφιν˙
5087:ˈipa(n):
5068:τοιοῦτον
4989:aˈðelfja
4945:-ουν/-αν
4776:ˈxaraka,
4704:peˈðjaða
4696:iliriˈku
4632:opiˈnika
4600:paˈrapan
4464:ðiraˈçiu
4231:and the
4229:tomobil,
4197:Romanian
3805:ὁσπίτιον
3781:quaestor
3762:magister
3743:princeps
3505:Romanian
3497:be found
3493:particle
3352:genitive
2942:Present
2934:Medieval
2718:enclitic
2682:-τερο(ν)
2637:genitive
2539:, as in
2308:plosives
1948:plosives
1780:plosives
1763:papyri.
1492:ἀνάπαυση
1415:ἔμνοστος
1404:εὔνοστος
1393:offglide
947:exclaves
921:Dialects
885:Frankish
819:Ῥωμαιϊκή
719:Atticism
647:Bulgaria
595:Armenian
579:Phrygian
558:Rhomaioi
549:βασιλεύς
540:Basileus
442:Anatolia
368:Help:IPA
340:medi1251
191:Hellenic
126:Eastern
106:Rhōmaïkḗ
8900:Outline
8845:Museums
8745:Science
8722:Slavery
8678:Gardens
8658:Cuisine
8590:Dynatoi
8558:Coinage
8545:Economy
8513:Mosaics
8476:Mystras
8417:Ravenna
8279:Secular
8167:Moravia
7916:Pronoia
7890:Akritai
7875:Tagmata
7850:Themata
7791:Revolts
7761:Battles
7669:Kephale
7638:Themata
7568:Mesazon
7410:Central
7346:Maghreb
7299:Corsica
7289:Armenia
7279:Albania
7022:History
6935:Ancient
6772:Exonyms
6705:Ancient
6671:Braille
6641:History
6600:Ancient
6593:Grammar
6565:Ancient
6540:Yevanic
6498:Italiot
6483:Cypriot
6451:Demotic
6395:Locrian
6390:Epirote
6385:Achaean
6365:Homeric
6322:Ancient
6231:Periods
5895:Sources
5564:, 2009.
5396:Ancient
5105:eˈjiru,
5039:anˈdama
4986:ἀδέλφια
4973:ˈiðasin
4970:εἴδασιν
4888:eˈðilu.
4885:ἐδήλου.
4784:ˈsciθin
4773:χάρακα,
4752:afˈtoθi
4701:πεδιάδα
4640:ˈðjeɣno
4629:ὁπηνίκα
4597:παράπαν
4440:ɣraˈfon
4305:, from
4289:Alexiad
4218:Russian
4193:Serbian
4185:Russian
3988:Persian
3980:Turkish
3938:Italian
3880:φούρνος
3875:candela
3850:ταβέρνα
3729:πρίγκιψ
3652:ὀψάριον
3602:κρασίον
3569:ἄγγελος
3426:θέλω να
2893:χώννυμι
2866:perfect
2858:augment
2848:ἀγαπάει
2575:πατρίδα
2466:ὁ πατήρ
2429:Grammar
2365:dervish
2357:Turkish
2355:, from
2304:voicing
2133:σκολειό
2122:σχολείο
2095:Μυστράς
1995:κ(ου)τί
1986:Mystras
1922:palatal
1886:sounds
1882:). The
1858:/f,θ,x/
1854:/v,ð,ɣ/
1718:χαρτίον
1696:σακκίον
1572:Ῥωμαῖος
1521:ἡ ἡμέρα
1503:ἀνάπαψη
1341:Megaran
1150:
1042:rounded
1037:rounded
1001:became
897:of the
855:Alexiad
847:Psellos
671:Ottoman
641:on the
516:Sirmium
489:Demotic
364:Unicode
136:Balkans
114:Romaïkí
99:Ῥωμαϊκή
45:Please
8910:Portal
8825:Impact
8705:People
8653:Cities
8503:Enamel
8284:Sacred
8219:Ecloga
8085:Saints
7994:Dromon
7870:Bandon
7860:Tourma
7843:Middle
7766:Beacon
7648:Bandon
7631:Middle
7500:Middle
7455:Senate
7378:Thrace
7361:Serbia
7339:Sicily
7324:Greece
7309:Cyprus
7227:Epirus
7223:Nicaea
7133:Middle
7010:topics
6962:Modern
6715:Modern
6569:accent
6525:Pontic
6515:Maniot
6478:Cretan
6442:Modern
6333:Aeolic
6300:–1453)
6124:
6114:
6085:
6064:
6043:
6000:
5965:
5944:
5921:
5309:ˈkali.
5306:κάλλη.
5126:γλυκύν
5084:εἶπαν:
5079:ˈloɣon
5055:ˈpende
5036:ἀντάμα
5013:ˈɡorin
4869:τούτου
4832:ˈloɣu,
4829:λόγου,
4781:Σκύθην
4749:αὐτόθι
4637:διέγνω
4608:ˈipnon
4584:ðiˈðus
4581:διδοὺς
4456:ðuˈkos
4453:δουκὸς
4437:γραφῶν
4252:(from
4210:German
4018:Script
3999:χατζι-
3992:bazaar
3970:παζάρι
3965:'dame'
3959:French
3928:κάλτσα
3913:flasco
3899:φλάσκα
3894:furnus
3646:-arium
3635:-αριον
3478:gerund
3472:, the
3348:dative
3341:aorist
3241:aspect
2694:µείζων
2670:-τερος
2666:suffix
2616:(both
2608:τὸ φῶς
2597:Ἑλλάδα
2564:πατρίς
2553:ἐλπίδα
2383:, and
2361:derviş
2312:nasals
2310:after
2220:ἔπαυσα
2161:φτόνος
2150:φθόνος
1944:sandhi
1811:) and
1777:voiced
1740:κύριος
1729:χαρτίν
1707:σακκίν
1583:Ῥωμιός
1532:ἡ μέρα
1448:ἐλαύνω
1437:χάμνος
1426:χαύνος
1391:, the
1329:) for
1296:ι/ει/η
1258:, and
1009:Vowels
995:stress
781:syntax
667:Seljuq
591:Carian
587:Lydian
583:Lycian
493:Pontic
455:, and
389:Romaic
260:
148:Cyprus
123:Region
8895:Index
8727:Death
8717:Women
8688:Music
8668:Dress
8663:Dance
8608:Novel
8568:Trade
8563:Mints
8508:Glass
8498:Icons
8294:Domes
8172:Serbs
7987:Samos
7800:Early
7590:Early
7464:Early
7373:Syria
7351:Malta
7329:Italy
7319:Egypt
7304:Crete
7235:Morea
7064:Early
6944:Koine
6855:Greek
6750:Other
6605:Koine
6579:Koine
6419:Koine
6377:Doric
6373:West
6360:Ionic
6355:Attic
6351:East
6122:S2CID
5998:S2CID
5517:Notes
5452:Paris
5293:oˈrea
5290:ὡραῖα
5277:(ð)ja
5261:ˈθjos
5245:eˈsen
5171:eˈmis
5168:ἐμεῖς
5076:λόγον
5052:πέντε
5010:κόρην
4872:ˈdutu
4728:niˈos
4605:ὕπνον
4334:with
4307:Latin
4161:Cyril
4139:sigma
4131:Syria
4010:hajji
3984:pazar
3978:from
3957:from
3949:ντάμα
3942:calza
3936:from
3909:Latin
3890:Latin
3871:Latin
3839:σέλλα
3824:σπίτι
3815:Latin
3796:Latin
3777:Latin
3758:Latin
3739:Latin
3713:Latin
3685:ἰχθύς
3613:οἶνος
3580:ἀγάπη
3546:oὐδέν
3312:λαμβ-
3257:λαμβ-
3048:ἐστίν
3015:εἶσαι
2968:εἶμαι
2837:ἀγαπᾷ
2586:Ἑλλάς
2542:ἐλπίς
2422:γγ/γκ
2416:νδ/ντ
2410:μβ/μπ
2280:ἄνθος
2258:νύμφη
2231:ἔπαψα
2030:νύχτα
2019:νύκτα
1884:velar
1876:), (
1870:), (
1751:κύρις
1659:metre
1627:ποιός
1616:ποῖος
1605:ἐννιά
1594:ἐννέα
1543:ἐρωτῶ
1470:θαῦμα
1459:λάμνω
1361:with
1264:with
1249:with
1049:Close
1020:Front
1016:Type
943:Griko
773:idiom
714:Bible
703:Koine
699:Attic
639:Varna
609:Egypt
605:Syria
545:Greek
524:Latin
512:Milan
508:Trier
387:, or
196:Greek
8693:Lyra
8573:silk
8184:Jews
7959:Navy
7904:Late
7744:Army
7711:Wars
7662:Late
7556:Late
7186:Late
6678:and
6112:ISBN
6083:ISBN
6062:ISBN
6041:ISBN
5963:ISBN
5942:ISBN
5919:ISBN
5367:ˈsin
5351:ðiˈa
5258:Θεὸς
5242:ἐσὲν
4840:pros
4837:πρὸς
4725:νηὸς
4672:para
4669:παρὰ
4613:τοῖς
4560:ðuks
4557:δοὺξ
4384:ˈeti
4348:and
4328:υ/οι
4302:δούξ
4216:vs.
4191:and
4163:and
4125:The
4094:for
4082:for
4070:for
3963:dame
3674:ψάρι
3624:ὄψον
3591:ἔρως
3526:θενά
3523:and
3503:and
3448:θενά
3437:θενά
3327:λαβ-
3301:λημ-
3298:and
3290:ληφ-
3279:ληψ-
3268:λαβ-
3237:stem
3173:-σοι
3159:ἦσοι
3145:ἦσθα
3126:-μην
3112:ἤμην
3076:-ται
3029:-σαι
2982:-μαι
2954:εἰμί
2915:εἰμί
2904:χώνω
2716:The
2655:-ιον
2620:and
2531:-αδα
2521:-ιδα
2507:and
2419:and
2401:and
2340:and
2332:for
2326:and
2291:ἄθος
2269:νύφη
2251:and
2194:χτές
2183:χθές
2058:ἑφτά
2047:ἑπτά
1980:and
1856:and
1840:/kʰ/
1830:/tʰ/
1820:/pʰ/
1685:-ιος
1682:and
1674:-ιον
1554:ρωτῶ
1481:θάμα
1385:and
1358:υ/οι
1332:υ/οι
1313:for
1290:υ/οι
1256:/o̞/
1228:and
1220:/e̞/
1197:Suda
1195:The
1176:Open
1154:/o̞/
1131:/e̞/
1025:Back
965:and
837:The
779:and
514:and
8490:Art
8194:Law
6104:doi
5990:doi
5691:".
5364:σὴν
5356:τὴν
5348:διὰ
5298:σου
5274:διὰ
5234:καὶ
5208:γιὰ
5179:ɣar
5176:γὰρ
5137:mas
5134:μας
5005:tiŋ
5002:τὴν
4997:tis
4994:της
4954:Καὶ
4933:γιὰ
4927:διὰ
4864:tin
4861:τὴν
4848:ton
4845:τὸν
4821:τοῦ
4808:ði,
4805:δή,
4757:που
4741:καὶ
4720:tiz
4717:τῆς
4709:καὶ
4685:τοῦ
4680:tin
4677:τὴν
4656:tom
4653:τὸν
4616:tis
4536:ɣar
4533:γὰρ
4512:tin
4509:τὴν
4477:τοῦ
4472:tin
4469:τὴν
4445:τοῦ
4432:ðja
4429:διὰ
4400:tim
4397:τὴν
4389:εἰς
4381:ἔτι
4336:/i/
4332:/y/
4316:εἰς
4311:dux
4291:of
4235:).
4206:cf.
3836:),
3832:in
3532:δέν
3404:ἱνά
3398:ἵνα
3387:ἵνα
3376:ὅτι
3357:εἰς
3339:or
3220:-το
3206:ἦτο
2871:-μι
2826:-έω
2815:-άω
2797:των
2786:σας
2775:µας
2764:της
2753:του
2742:σου
2731:µου
2649:-ων
2639:).
2624:),
2510:-ας
2499:-ις
2451:In
2342:/ɡ/
2338:/d/
2334:/b/
2253:/n/
2249:/m/
2245:/n/
2208:/s/
2072:/s/
1982:/u/
1978:/i/
1965:/s/
1961:/s/
1929:/h/
1838:),
1828:),
1803:/ɡ/
1801:),
1793:/d/
1791:),
1783:/b/
1511:).
1368:/i/
1353:/i/
1349:/u/
1345:/y/
1321:/u/
1285:/i/
1275:/y/
1271:/y/
1241:/i/
1181:/a/
1126:Mid
1112:/u/
1083:/y/
1054:/i/
981:of
849:'s
763:of
645:in
637:to
350:IPA
324:qgk
301:grc
284:grc
158:Era
49:to
8930::
6901:c.
6893:c.
6885:c.
6877:c.
6869:c.
6295:c.
6282:c.
6269:c.
6256:c.
6243:c.
6120:.
6110:.
5996:.
5986:32
5984:.
5980:.
5681:;
5646:^
5578:.
5560:,
5550:^
5454:.
5359:ti
5332:οὐ
5301:su
5282:τὰ
5211:ja
5203:os
5200:ὡς
5195:se
5192:σε
5145:to
5142:τὸ
5044:οἱ
4978:τὰ
4965:os
4962:ὡς
4824:tu
4816:to
4813:τὸ
4760:pu
4744:ce
4712:ce
4688:du
4592:to
4589:τὸ
4576:mi
4573:μὴ
4544:on
4541:ὤν
4480:du
4448:tu
4392:is
4368:ðe
4365:δὲ
4352:.
4344:,
4322:ἐν
4309::
4246:,
4220::
4212::
4187:,
4183:,
4088:,
4076:,
4061:ΧϹ
4041:c.
3982::
3961::
3940::
3911::
3892::
3873::
3817::
3798::
3779::
3760::
3741::
3544::
3520:να
3480:.
3454:θα
3415:να
3287:,
3276:,
3265:,
3192:ἦν
3100:ἦν
3001:εἶ
2901:→
2890:;
2882:-ω
2845:→
2823:,
2805:.
2794:,
2783:,
2772:,
2761:,
2750:,
2739:,
2702:→
2691::
2685:,
2679:,
2673:,
2658:,
2652:,
2594:→
2572:→
2550:→
2435:c.
2413:,
2404:γγ
2398:νδ
2395:,
2392:μβ
2377:,
2363:('
2359::
2336:,
2329:γκ
2323:ντ
2320:,
2317:μπ
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2288:→
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2266:→
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2210::
2191:→
2158:→
2130:→
2092:→
2074::
2055:→
2027:→
1917:γγ
1914:,
1911:γκ
1908:,
1902:,
1896:,
1879:γγ
1873:νδ
1867:μβ
1748:→
1737:,
1726:→
1715:,
1704:→
1646:→
1624:→
1602:→
1580:→
1551:→
1529:→
1518::
1500:→
1478:→
1456:→
1445:,
1434:→
1423:,
1412:→
1388:ηυ
1382:ευ
1379:,
1376:αυ
1339:,
1280:υι
1261:οι
1243:;
1225:ει
1222:;
1210:αι
1207:,
1163:,
1144:αι
1140:,
1117:ου
1105:υι
1101:,
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1071:,
1067:ει
1063:,
1005:.
969:.
909:.
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611:,
607:,
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547::
510:,
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383:,
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150:,
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7241:–
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4549:ὁ
4360:o
4357:Ὁ
4341:ν
4227:v
4225:a
4144:ς
4141:(
4107:С
4097:Ω
4091:Ѡ
4085:Σ
4079:Ϲ
4073:Ε
4067:ϵ
4046:)
4039:(
3994:'
3907:(
3888:(
3869:(
3813:(
3794:(
3775:(
3756:(
3737:(
3663:ν
3461::
3335:(
3320:(
2635:(
2386:γ
2380:δ
2374:β
2239:)
2217:(
2215:→
2202:)
2180:(
2178:→
2173:→
2169:)
2147:(
2145:→
2141:)
2119:(
2117:→
2113:)
2107:→
2103:)
2081:(
2079:→
2066:)
2044:(
2042:→
2038:)
2016:(
2014:→
2009:→
1905:γ
1899:χ
1893:κ
1890:(
1852:(
1845:χ
1842:(
1835:θ
1832:(
1825:φ
1822:(
1808:γ
1805:(
1798:δ
1795:(
1788:β
1785:(
1693:(
1668:o
1398:υ
1364:ი
1326:უ
1323:(
1316:υ
1310:ι
1267:υ
1252:ω
1246:ο
1237:ι
1231:η
1216:ε
1186:α
1167:ω
1159:ο
1136:ε
1089:υ
1081:(
1075:η
1059:ι
822:(
812:(
802:(
792:(
543:(
370:.
309:)
130:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
20:.
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