1432:
36:
478:" (X son of Y). BNS is also an often returning words in this script, which probably meant "tomb of". Many words had an H at the end of them, the function of which is unclear. A few gravestones show a different word between the two personal names, plausibly interpreted as a kinship term based on Berber comparisons:
563:
Numidian names generally often followed a complicated, but well documented naming convention of Berber antiquity and medieval times. While this wasn't always the case, this was especially true for nobles or higher leaders. The way it worked was simple: Verb in the 3rd person + personal pronouns as an
306:
descended), has been almost fully deciphered and most characters (apart from a few exceptions restricted to specific areas) have known values. Despite this, the language has barely been transcribed and only a few words are known. Libyco-Berber inscriptions are attested from the 3rd century BC to the
554:
in modern times. As Zenaga was one of the first Berber languages to split off from the Proto-Berber group and thus still possesses many ancient characteristics, along with the
Numidian usage of this form, could suggest that in the evolution of Berber languages "ww" turned into "bʷ" and then into
1411:
The people of Thugga built this temple for
Masinissa the King son of Gaia the King son of Zilalsan the Judge, in the tenth year since Micipsa ruled, in the year of Shufet the King son of Afshan the King, The Centurion: Shanok son of Banay and Shufet son of Magon son of Tanaku. The
502:
A few verbs have been unambiguously identified in the various inscriptions. Comparison with modern Berber suggests that ṣkn, probably read as "eṣ(ə)k-n based on modern berber comparison which means"built" is to be analysed as ṣk "build" plus -n, marking 3pl subject agreement
389:
was still not fully complete, and thus the ancient Berber languages of the time were very similar to each other, even more so than the modern ones. In circa 500 B.C various nomadic Berber groups penetrated the Sahara from the north, corresponding the area of the later
1327:
although the modern northern Berber languages have gone through grammatical changes, and they have also taken loanwords from Arabic, Latin, and French. Kabyle may be the closest to
Numidian, but has absorbed loanwords and phrases from the other languages mentioned.
1331:
According to many linguists the H at the end of many numidian words were either silent or disappeared by modern times, or that in many cases such as MSWH or MWSNH was possibly used as a replacement for, or possibly was the ancestor of the modern berber
473:
Work on deciphering the language has not been decisive, although especially recently some tried to reconstruct words by comparing
Numidian script to proto and modern Berber languages. Most remaining scripts are funerary, and follow the formula of
3165:
380:
people of modern-day
Morocco may have been a dialect of the larger Numidian, although there are little to no sources or researches into the language. If Numidian was a Berber language then it is known that by that stage the breakup of
445:
since it is not certain whether
Numidian would fall within the modern Berber languages or form a sister branch to them. Some theorize that it constituted a group of its own, as there is no trace of the
401:
Not much is known of the
Numidian language, and even less of Berber or Proto-Berber languages and dialects at this time, although it is known that for example the language of the native Berbers of
2014:"Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK I.1, DEDICATION. 1 Lemaire informs us, in his title-page, that the two first books of the Natural History are edited by M. Alexandre, in his edition"
498:
some political positions are mentioned, such as "gld" (lord) which based on this technique, can be translated into the modern berber word "agellid" which originates from the proto-berber word "
532:
Numidian also featured and shared most or all of its prepositions "n" (of) and "d" (and) with modern Berber, along with various prefixes, such as "ta...-t", "m-" etc. with modern Berber.
421:
formed a part of the
Numidian language, or was a separate language from it, as there has been as of yet no major efforts into decoding it, and there are no known sources describing it.
2809:
2789:
2938:
2933:
3072:
3079:
1420:: Magon son of Shufet the Centurion son of Abdeshmun the King. Erectors of this property: Ashyan son of Ankikan son of Patash and Arash son of Shufet son of Shanok.
607:
language. Normalized words with vowels added are written in the brackets. Underlined words are based on etymologic or onomastic reconstructions from
Numidian names.
398:
described the
Saharan Gaetulian language as very similar or the same as the Numidian one, implying that the Gaetulian language may have been a dialect of Numidian.
3086:
2948:
2943:
2690:
2685:
348:
spoke the western Numidian dialect and used the larger and still undecoded west Libyan writing system. The East-Numidian dialect was much more influenced by the
2680:
2675:
2735:
2861:
2659:
494:). Similar to the modern berber languages, the ta-...-t circumfix signified feminine version of the word with a silent h added to the end. In the
372:
Not much is known about the variations of the old Libyc language(s) as none of them have been fully deciphered, and outside of some east-Numidian
3246:
352:
than the West-Numidian, and West-Numidian is thought to be more ancient than East-Numidian. Numidian was influenced mostly by Punic and then
539:, although some linguists believe that Numidian is not an ancestor but an extinct sister branch to the modern surviving Berber languages.
1431:
2583:
1346:
The Thugga inscription is the longest known Numidian inscription as of yet, and has served with the most clues regarding the language.
3496:
546:
form "ww" which evolved into "gg" or "gʷ" in most modern Berber languages was "bb" or "bʷ" in Numidian. This is only found in the
3196:
3160:
2186:
To the Madbar and Back Again: Studies in the languages, archaeology, and cultures of Arabia dedicated to Michael C.A. Macdonald
1774:
1720:
2494:
2350:
2276:
2221:
2194:
2167:
2128:
2101:
2074:
1997:
1947:
1890:
1784:
1757:
1747:
1730:
1939:
Investigation of the Origin of the Old Norse or Icelandic Language: New edition of the 1993 English translation by Niels Ege
3466:
3150:
2447:
2309:
3155:
2157:
1987:
3239:
2484:
1937:
394:. Although the area where these nomads lived yielded no writing and thus is incomparable to Numidian, it is known that
376:
none of the various Old Libyc writings have been interpreted. It may be possible that the language of the neighbouring
332:
It is known that there was an orthographical difference between the western and eastern Numidian language. Starting at
509:
An example of translation using this method can be demonstrated on a part of a Numidian inscription which is read as "
2856:
2211:
2184:
525:". Thus by attempting to translate the Numidian text through modern and proto-Berber the inscription would read "
2266:
2576:
1972:
1880:
542:
If the translations of "SBS" (asebbas) in the Thugga inscription as "year" is correct then that would mean the
3170:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3232:
356:, although Numidian and even some modern Berber vocabulary seem to have been also slightly influenced by the
307:
3rd century AD. The language is scarcely attested and can be confidently identified only as belonging to the
223:
3471:
2757:
2340:
3344:
2724:
2518:
Re-examining Libyco-Berber: how much do we know, and how does it fit into the family's subclassification?
2013:
1428:
These texts are examples of bilingual inscriptions with known meanings, most of which are funerary texts
724:
Unknown, corresponds with Punic "chief of fifty", may be reconstructed as "chief of the builders/masons"
591:, who through his work also help in decoding a few words in the language through dissecting known names.
361:
2516:
2293:
1690:
336:, which was a kind of mixed region, the regions to the east all the way to what is east of modern-day
2968:
2916:
2742:
2707:
2569:
1312:
618:
600:
2393:
344:
used the east Libyan writing system, while the regions to the west all the way to approximately the
3379:
3020:
2973:
2618:
2532:
2237:
1656:
2894:
2038:
357:
3321:
3271:
3191:
3122:
3107:
3065:
2794:
2730:
1846:
1334:
458:
to have no grammatical case either, which would also imply a later addition of the system. The
299:
186:
2118:
2091:
3311:
3127:
3117:
2911:
2821:
2607:
2430:
2064:
543:
414:
382:
316:
308:
110:
41:
3255:
3010:
3005:
2866:
1801:
71:
and parts of west Libya (as result of Numidian expansion but with Libyan Berber languages)
2653:
1847:"Variétés des usages libyques : variations chronologiques, géographiques et sociales"
8:
3389:
3364:
3331:
3281:
463:
1305:
Unsure, either cognate to Kabyle and Tuareg word ameskar, or denoting the Misciri tribe
3099:
3028:
2804:
1827:
239:
3374:
3263:
3000:
2960:
2762:
2752:
2490:
2465:
2460:
2411:
2406:
2346:
2272:
2217:
2190:
2163:
2124:
2097:
2070:
1993:
1943:
1886:
1831:
1819:
1780:
1753:
1726:
1814:
3491:
3445:
3440:
3430:
3425:
3412:
3397:
3294:
3050:
2995:
2987:
2906:
2844:
2816:
2784:
2716:
2592:
2455:
2401:
1858:
1809:
1316:
623:
536:
455:
438:
386:
312:
253:
115:
92:
86:
3435:
3420:
3402:
3339:
3316:
3289:
3033:
2928:
2921:
2900:
2889:
2871:
2777:
2772:
2747:
2670:
2646:
2636:
2631:
2626:
1324:
1320:
551:
547:
395:
102:
535:
These facts would strongly suggest that Numidian is a now extinct branch of the
3359:
3304:
3215:
3186:
2838:
2832:
2799:
2767:
2641:
447:
349:
345:
179:
564:
affix (direct or indirect) in 3rd person plural form (he/she-X-they/of them).
3460:
3349:
2849:
2697:
2469:
2415:
1823:
216:
1862:
3299:
2827:
2665:
2366:
588:
451:
139:
1965:"Reconciling archaeological and linguistic evidence for Berber prehistory"
1397:əṣk(ə)-n Tubgag BNYFŠ Masnsen a-gəllidṯ u-Gayya a-gəllidṯ u-Zelalsen šufeṭ
207:
522:
1986:
Gatto, M. C.; Mattingly, D. J.; Ray, N.; Sterry, M. (14 February 2019).
3224:
584:
2213:
The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States
1907:
576:
514:
410:
406:
402:
232:
200:
79:
35:
1964:
1311:
This comparison suggests that Numidian may be closest to the modern
3112:
2561:
604:
568:
459:
430:
322:
303:
1908:"La parenté de la langue berbère et du basque: nouvelle approche"
1694:
805:
honorary title for men. May be translated as "sir" or "seignor",
434:
418:
391:
337:
333:
295:
68:
64:
53:
2554:
Aikhenvald & Militarev, 1991. 'Livijsko-guanchskie jazyki',
1989:
Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond
367:
599:
Here is a comparison of the few known Numidian words to modern
495:
373:
2295:
Sign, Symbol, and Script: An Account of Man's Efforts to Write
413:. It is also unknown whether the language of the neighbouring
286:
3354:
706:
Possibly soldier or guard based on linguistic reconstruction
467:
377:
353:
341:
268:
1520:
Workers of the wood: Msdl son of Nnpsn and 'nkn son of 'šy.
283:
277:
262:
2342:
Linguistique berbère: études de syntaxe et de diachronie
1114:
she (third person feminine singular verb subject affix)
1100:
he (third person masculine singular verb subject affix)
441:. The Berber branch of Afro-Asiatic is sometimes called
1985:
1525:
Casters of the iron: Šfṭ son of Bll and Ppy son of Bby.
1222:
Possibly year, although Numidian translation is unsure
450:
system shared by the modern Berber languages. However,
2039:"Hérodote : livre IV : Melpomène (bilingue)"
1515:
And for its ???, Zzy son of Ṭmn and Wrskn.
256:
2486:
A Sketch of the Modern Languages of Africa: Volume I
2116:
2096:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 132.
1674:
Meaning either "the good one" or the "resting one".
1647:
Zaktut son of Iyimir MTYBLH soldier of the emperor.
1633:
Normalization and adding of known or possible vowels
1565:
Normalization and adding of known or possible vowels
1435:
The first published sketch of the Ateban inscription
1392:
Normalization and adding of known or possible vowels
424:
280:
2183:Nehmé, Laïla; Al-Jallad, Ahmad (20 November 2017).
1776:
The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia
1495:
The monument of 'ṭbn son of Ypmṭt son of Plw.
274:
271:
2062:
575:" (he who surpasses them), while the name of king
327:
2089:
1402:Asəbbas NDH a-gəllidṯ(?) s-yusa a-gəllid Mikiwsan
470:without vowels complicates the matter even more.
3458:
2310:"Libyan' Inscriptions in Numidia and Mauretania"
1659:, which helped decoding the Libyco-Berber script
323:Dialects and relation to other ancient languages
311:family, although it was most likely part of the
91:Developed into, or replaced with various modern
1590:inababen n a-šɣarh Masdil w-Nanafsen Naken w-šy
437:, it is supposed that Numidian was therefore a
2209:
2182:
2066:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period
1599:
1595:inababen (?) n uzzal Šufeṭ w-Balil Fafy W-Beby
1355:ṢKN•TBGG•BNYFŠ•MSNSN•GLDṮ•WGYY•GLDṮ•WZLLSN•ŠFṬ
770:Unknown, possibly "inspector of construction"
3240:
2577:
2264:
2056:
1718:
1500:Builders of the stones: ʕb'rš son of ʕbdštrt;
1370:WTNKW•MṢṢKW•MGN•WYRŠTB•WSDYLN•GẒB•MGN•WŠFṬ•MW
856:achieve victory, inflict defeat upon someone
368:Other ancient Berber or Berber-like languages
2448:"Onomastique libyco-berbère (Anthroponymie)"
1416:Magon son of Yirashtan son of Sadyalan, and
315:, spoken at the start of the breakup of the
2391:
2265:Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996).
2155:
2110:
1719:Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996).
1570:Aṭeban w-Yefmaṭat w-Falu****D'rš w-Wadaštar
3247:
3233:
2584:
2570:
2083:
2069:. Cambridge University Press. p. 15.
1380:WŠYN•GLDṮ•WMGN•GLDṮ•ṬNYN•ŠYN•WNKKN•WFṬŠ•DR
587:work on the Numidian language was done by
433:, who spoke the language, were ethnically
298:. The script in which it was written, the
34:
2459:
2428:
2405:
1813:
1745:
1375:WŠMN•GLDṮ•GLDGMYL•ZMR•WMSNF•WŠMN•GLDMṢK•M
1365:ŠFṬ•GLDṮ•WFŠN•MWSNG•ŠNK•WBNY•WŠNK•DŠFṬ•WM
3254:
2483:Cust, Robert Needham (15 October 2013).
1905:
1878:
1643:Possible Numidian to English translation
1505:Zmr son of 'ṭbn son of Ypmṭt son of Plw;
1430:
3197:Amazigh Cultural Association in America
1882:The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber
1772:
1749:The Languages and Linguistics of Africa
1444:
16:Language spoken in ancient North Africa
3459:
2445:
2338:
2291:
2156:Pereltsvaig, Asya (3 September 2020).
1931:
1929:
1844:
1799:
1752:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
1619:Sactut son of Ihimir lived 70 years.
40:Numidian stela with Libyc text in the
3228:
2565:
2533:"Libyco-Berber - Examples of writing"
2514:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2260:
2258:
2142:
2140:
2117:Steven Roger Fischer (4 April 2004).
2063:Jamil M. Abun-Nasr (20 August 1987).
1638:Zaktut w-Iymir MTYBLH amsiweɣ amenkad
1341:
558:
550:of Mauritania and a few instances of
2591:
2482:
2392:Camps, G.; Chaker, S. (1 May 2004).
2210:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (1 May 2011).
1935:
1874:
1872:
1746:Güldemann, Tom (10 September 2018).
1668:
417:in what is approximately modern day
1926:
1802:"Libyque : écriture et langue"
1773:Woodard, Roger D. (10 April 2008).
1480:hḥršm šyr msdl bn nnpsn w'nkn b 'šy
13:
2525:
2503:
2327:
2255:
2137:
1962:
1610:SACTUT•IHIMIR F•VIXIT•ANORVM•LXX H
1439:
14:
3508:
2435:. Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen.
2345:(in French). Peeters Publishers.
1869:
517:while "gldt" is the word for king
425:Categorization and reconstruction
294:was a language spoken in ancient
3497:Unclassified languages of Africa
2461:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2816
2407:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1377
2093:Historical Dictionary of Algeria
2090:Phillip C. Naylor (7 May 2015).
1975:from the original on 7 May 2023.
1808:(in French) (28–29): 4395–4409.
1669:
1575:Zamir w-Aṭeban w-Yefmaṭat w-Falu
1423:
583:" (their seignor). Much of the
567:For example, the actual name of
527:Massinissa the king, son of Gaia
252:
2476:
2439:
2432:Names in Neo-Punic Inscriptions
2422:
2385:
2359:
2302:
2285:
2230:
2203:
2176:
2149:
2123:. Reaktion Books. p. 104.
2031:
2006:
1979:
1956:
1815:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.344
1535:****N WYFMṬT W*******DRŠ WWDŠTR
1485:hnskm šbrzl špṭ bll wppy bn bby
1475:wb'zrt šl' **t* zzy wṭmn wwrskn
521:Finally, "w-gjj" means "son of
513:." "Msnsn" is the name of king
482:"daughter (of)" (modern Berber
328:Dialects and foreign influences
2162:. Cambridge University Press.
1992:. Cambridge University Press.
1936:Rask, Rasmus (15 April 2013).
1899:
1838:
1793:
1779:. Cambridge University Press.
1766:
1739:
1712:
1683:
1216:assewas, assegwas or asseggas
594:
579:(MSNSN in Libyco-Berber) was "
1:
2454:(in French) (35): 5760–5779.
2446:Chaker, Salem (1 June 2013).
2400:(in French) (26): 3975–3979.
2216:. University of Texas Press.
1942:. John Benjamins Publishing.
1800:Chaker, S. (1 January 2008).
1677:
1555:NBBN NŠRH MSDL WNNFSN NKN WŠY
1030:of (pertaining to something)
490:"mother (of)" (modern Tuareg
1490:Punic to English translation
634:Political positions and jobs
7:
3467:Extinct languages of Africa
3345:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
2558:, vol. 4, pp. 148–266.
2271:. Oxford University Press.
2268:The World's Writing Systems
1725:. Oxford University Press.
1722:The World's Writing Systems
1650:
1628:ZKTT WYMR MTYBLH MSWH MNKDH
1600:Kef Beni Fredj inscriptions
1560:NB*N NZLH ŠFṬ WBLL FFY WBBY
1465:zmr bn 'ṭbn bn ypmṭt bn plw
1460:hbnm š'bnm ʕb'rš bn ʕbdštrt
362:Pre-Indo-European languages
10:
3513:
2824:(transitional to Eastern)
2314:World History Encyclopedia
1879:Kossmann, Maarten (2013).
1585:KSLNS Żaży w-Ṭaman w-Raskn
1360:SBSNDH•GLDṮ•SYSH•GLD•MKWSN
3411:
3390:Main liturgical languages
3388:
3330:
3280:
3262:
3209:
3179:
3143:
3136:
3098:
3042:
3019:
2986:
2959:
2882:
2715:
2706:
2617:
2599:
2429:Jongeling, Karel (1984).
1906:Iglesias, Hector (2011).
1455:ṣbt š'ṭbn bn ypmṭt bn plw
1313:Northern Berber languages
1302:
1201:
1137:
991:
949:
828:
767:
632:
619:Northern Berber languages
601:Northern Berber languages
230:
214:
198:
193:
176:
147:
132:
99:
85:
75:
59:
48:
33:
28:
23:
2727:(transitional to Atlas)
2371:Diccionari Amazic-Català
2146:Robert Martin Kerr, 2010
1663:
1657:Punic-Libyan Inscription
1510:Mngy son of Wrsbn.
993:Affixes and prepositions
571:most likely sounded as "
1863:10.3406/antaf.2002.1360
358:Paleohispanic languages
3413:Main foreign languages
3322:Tunisian Sign Language
3272:Modern Standard Arabic
3192:World Amazigh Congress
3123:Berber Arabic alphabet
3108:Libyco-Berber alphabet
2515:Souag, Lameen (2011).
2339:Chaker, Salem (1995).
2159:Languages of the World
1845:Chaker, Salem (2002).
1436:
1407:Translation from Punic
665:Tagellidt or Tagellit
360:and possibly by other
300:Libyco-Berber alphabet
187:Libyco-Berber alphabet
3312:Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
3128:Judeo-Berber alphabet
3118:Berber Latin alphabet
2758:South Oran and Figuig
2292:Jensen, Hans (1969).
2018:www.perseus.tufts.edu
1851:Antiquités africaines
1434:
736:imahalen, yixeddamen
486:), and, more rarely,
415:Kingdom of Mauretania
405:contained many Greek
340:and western parts of
317:Proto-Berber language
95:in the 3rd century AD
42:Bardo National Museum
3487:Languages of Tunisia
3482:Languages of Morocco
3477:Languages of Algeria
3332:Historical languages
3282:Vernacular languages
3256:Languages of Tunisia
3073:Fezzan-Tripolitanian
2725:Eastern Middle Atlas
2556:Jazyki Azii i Afriki
2452:Encyclopédie berbère
2398:Encyclopédie berbère
1806:Encyclopédie berbère
1550:KSLNS ŻŻY WṬMN WRSKN
1445:Cenotaph inscription
850:ernu, erna, or erni
647:agellid or a-žellid
3472:Languages of Africa
3365:Phoenician language
1912:Archive ouverte HAL
1540:*****BN WYFMṬṮ WFLW
824:defender/protector
786:possibly architect
611:
496:Dougga inscriptions
464:Phoenician alphabet
3264:Official languages
2120:History of Writing
1697:on 24 January 2015
1437:
1342:Thugga inscription
1006:-nnes, -is or -es
747:MWSN(H) (amawsan)
610:
559:Naming conventions
511:Msnsn. gldt. w-gjj
63:Mainly modern day
3454:
3453:
3375:Vandalic language
3370:Numidian language
3222:
3221:
3216:extinct languages
3205:
3204:
2982:
2981:
2496:978-1-136-37237-7
2352:978-2-87723-152-7
2278:978-0-19-507993-7
2223:978-0-292-74505-6
2196:978-90-04-35761-7
2169:978-1-108-47932-5
2130:978-1-86189-588-2
2103:978-0-8108-7919-5
2076:978-1-316-58334-0
1999:978-1-108-47408-5
1949:978-90-272-7198-3
1892:978-90-04-25309-4
1786:978-1-139-46934-0
1759:978-3-11-042175-0
1732:978-0-19-507993-7
1309:
1308:
781:amasgad, ameṣkad
756:sage or wise man
721:amănokal ălbănna
462:tifinagh and the
246:
245:
3504:
3398:Classical Arabic
3249:
3242:
3235:
3226:
3225:
3141:
3140:
2969:Moroccan Amazigh
2917:Sanhaja de Srayr
2857:Western Algerian
2795:Eastern Moroccan
2743:Northern Saharan
2713:
2712:
2593:Berber languages
2586:
2579:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2512:
2501:
2500:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2336:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1817:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1693:. Archived from
1687:
1673:
1615:Latin to English
1580:Mangy w-Wareskan
1317:Zenati languages
624:Tuareg languages
612:
609:
537:Berber languages
387:Berber languages
313:Berber languages
293:
292:
289:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
265:
264:
259:
258:
242:
226:
210:
203:
189:(Proto-Tifinagh)
182:
105:
93:Berber languages
38:
21:
20:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3407:
3403:Biblical Hebrew
3384:
3380:Ottoman Turkish
3340:African Romance
3326:
3290:Tunisian Arabic
3276:
3258:
3253:
3223:
3218:
3201:
3175:
3161:IRCAM (Morocco)
3132:
3094:
3038:
3015:
2978:
2974:Algerian Berber
2955:
2939:Central-Western
2934:Central-Eastern
2890:Atlas languages
2878:
2822:Tunisian-Zuwara
2810:Western Riffian
2790:Central Riffian
2702:
2613:
2595:
2590:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2521:. Lameen Souag.
2513:
2504:
2497:
2481:
2477:
2444:
2440:
2427:
2423:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2337:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2263:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2238:"Libyco-Berber"
2236:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1984:
1980:
1963:Blench, Roger.
1961:
1957:
1950:
1934:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1877:
1870:
1843:
1839:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1717:
1713:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1666:
1653:
1602:
1447:
1442:
1440:Bilingual texts
1426:
1350:Numidian script
1344:
1325:Kabyle language
1321:Shilha language
1292:MSKR or MSKRH (
1287:to be superior
718:agellid imeska
713:a-gellid ameṣka
597:
561:
548:Zenaga language
439:Berber language
427:
396:Pliny the Elder
370:
330:
325:
267:
261:
255:
251:
238:
222:
219:
206:
199:
183:
178:
156:West-Numidian †
153:East-Numidian †
143:
135:
128:
106:
103:Language family
101:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3510:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3360:Punic language
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3187:Berber Academy
3183:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3151:AAAL (Algeria)
3147:
3145:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3055:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2897:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2668:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2524:
2502:
2495:
2475:
2438:
2421:
2384:
2358:
2351:
2326:
2301:
2284:
2277:
2254:
2229:
2222:
2202:
2195:
2175:
2168:
2148:
2136:
2129:
2109:
2102:
2082:
2075:
2055:
2030:
2005:
1998:
1978:
1955:
1948:
1925:
1898:
1891:
1868:
1857:(1): 267–273.
1837:
1792:
1785:
1765:
1758:
1738:
1731:
1711:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1649:
1601:
1598:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1425:
1422:
1343:
1340:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
996:
995:
989:
988:
985:
982:
979:
972:
971:
968:
965:
962:
954:
953:
947:
946:
943:
941:
938:
929:
928:
925:
923:
920:
911:
910:
907:
905:
902:
893:
892:
889:
886:
883:
875:
874:
871:
868:
865:
858:
857:
854:
851:
848:
833:
832:
826:
825:
822:
819:
816:
807:
806:
803:
800:
797:
788:
787:
784:
782:
779:
772:
771:
768:
766:
758:
757:
754:
751:
748:
744:
743:
740:
737:
734:
726:
725:
722:
719:
716:
708:
707:
704:
701:
698:
690:
689:
686:
684:
681:
673:
672:
669:
666:
663:
655:
654:
653:chief or king
651:
648:
645:
637:
636:
630:
629:
626:
621:
616:
596:
593:
560:
557:
426:
423:
369:
366:
350:Punic language
346:Moulouya river
329:
326:
324:
321:
244:
243:
236:
228:
227:
220:
215:
212:
211:
204:
196:
195:
194:Language codes
191:
190:
184:
180:Writing system
177:
174:
173:
172:
171:
164:
157:
154:
149:
145:
144:
138:
136:
133:
130:
129:
127:
126:
125:
124:
109:
107:
100:
97:
96:
89:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
61:
57:
56:
50:
49:Native to
46:
45:
39:
31:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3509:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:DNAFLA (Mali)
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:HCA (Algeria)
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3088:
3087:West Numidian
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3066:East Numidian
3063:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2895:Central Atlas
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:Reconstructed
2598:
2594:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2538:
2537:mnamon.sns.it
2534:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2498:
2492:
2489:. Routledge.
2488:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2259:
2243:
2242:mnamon.sns.it
2239:
2233:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1930:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1708:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1470:mngy bn wrsbn
1467:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1433:
1429:
1424:Example texts
1421:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1257:uger or agar
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:
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1139:Kinship terms
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3171:CRB (France)
3144:Governmental
3137:Institutions
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3078:
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3058:
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3049:
2961:Standardised
2912:Judeo-Berber
2899:
2837:
2658:
2608:Proto-Berber
2606:
2555:
2540:. Retrieved
2536:
2527:
2517:
2485:
2478:
2451:
2441:
2431:
2424:
2397:
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2373:(in Catalan)
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2341:
2317:. Retrieved
2313:
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2287:
2267:
2245:. Retrieved
2241:
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2151:
2119:
2112:
2092:
2085:
2065:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:
2033:
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2017:
2008:
1988:
1981:
1969:Academia.edu
1968:
1958:
1938:
1916:. Retrieved
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1901:
1881:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1805:
1795:
1775:
1768:
1748:
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1721:
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1699:. Retrieved
1695:the original
1685:
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1354:
1353:
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1310:
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1269:
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1168:
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1036:
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992:
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879:
870:kann or dăy
862:
844:
843:
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837:
829:
812:
811:
793:
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776:
762:
730:
712:
694:
677:
659:
641:
633:
598:
589:Salem Chaker
580:
572:
566:
562:
544:Proto-Berber
541:
534:
531:
526:
518:
510:
508:
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499:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:
452:Proto-Berber
442:
428:
400:
383:Proto-Berber
371:
331:
302:(from which
248:
247:
231:
167:
160:
140:Proto-Berber
121:
111:Afro-Asiatic
18:
3100:Orthography
3080:Mauretanian
3006:Tawellemmet
2731:Seghrouchen
2319:12 February
2247:12 February
2043:remacle.org
1918:15 November
1914:(in French)
1545:MNGY WWRSKN
1263:to surpass
867:eṣk or bnu
668:tamănokalt
595:Known words
500:*a-gəllid".
309:Afroasiatic
161:Mauretanian
67:, parts of
3461:Categories
3059:Old Libyan
2883:Non-Zenati
2394:"Jugurtha"
1707:c. 200 BC.
1678:References
1323:, and the
1197:mother of
739:imǝsɡuyya
703:əssărdasi
577:Massinissa
573:y-uger-ten
515:Massinissa
392:Gaetulians
134:Early form
29:Old Libyan
3214:indicate
3029:Tetserret
2470:1015-7344
2416:1015-7344
2298:. Putnam.
2189:. BRILL.
1885:. BRILL.
1832:161729616
1824:1015-7344
1691:"Berbère"
1385:ŠFṬ•WŠNK•
1281:if or af
977:a-šɣarh?)
951:Materials
945:to cross
927:to stand
813:(amastan)
777:amṣeṣkaw)
750:amussnaw
731:inababen?
676:MNKD(H) (
660:Ta-gəllit
658:TGLT(H) (
650:amănokal
615:Numidian
585:onomastic
456:theorized
448:noun-case
411:Herodotus
407:loanwords
403:Cyrenaica
233:Glottolog
201:ISO 639-3
168:Gaetulian
80:Numidians
76:Ethnicity
3113:Tifinagh
3001:Tamashek
2773:Wad Righ
2763:Tidikelt
2753:Mozabite
2708:Northern
2654:Ghadamès
2542:14 March
2048:11 April
1973:Archived
1651:See also
1623:Numidian
1530:Numidian
1414:ms s kwy
1229:(aẓekka)
909:to live
821:amastan
818:amastan
753:amûssen
742:workers
711:GLDMṢK (
700:aserdas
695:amsiweɣ?
688:emperor
683:amenkad
642:a-gəllid
628:English
605:Tamashek
603:and the
581:mas-nsen
569:Jughurta
431:Massylii
304:Tifinagh
249:Numidian
240:numi1241
148:Dialects
142: ?
122:Numidian
52:ancient
24:Numidian
3492:Numidia
3446:Turkish
3441:Spanish
3431:Italian
3426:English
3305:Matmata
3212:Italics
3051:Guanche
3021:Western
2996:Tamahaq
2949:Western
2944:Eastern
2907:Ghomara
2862:Gouraya
2845:Douiret
2833:Matmata
2817:Shawiya
2800:Iznasen
2785:Riffian
2660:Jaghbub
2619:Eastern
2367:"porta"
1298:miskiri
1294:ameskar
1236:aẓəkka
1233:aẓekka
1219:awăṭay
1211:asəbbas
1162:son of
1083:-nesǝn
1009:-ənnes
984:esăɣer
981:a-sɣar
975:Š?RH (
967:tăzoli
775:MṢṢKW (
678:amenkad
429:As the
419:Morocco
338:Tunisia
334:Kabylia
296:Numidia
118: ?
87:Extinct
69:Tunisia
65:Algeria
54:Numidia
3436:German
3421:French
3317:French
3295:Berber
3043:Others
3034:Zenaga
3011:Tayart
2988:Tuareg
2929:Kabyle
2922:Shilha
2872:Shenwa
2867:Shelif
2850:Zuwara
2805:Snouss
2778:Wargla
2748:Gurara
2736:Warayn
2717:Zenati
2691:Yefren
2686:Wazzin
2671:Nafusi
2647:Tmessa
2637:Foqaha
2632:Fezzan
2627:Awjila
2493:
2468:
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2377:25 May
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2166:
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1946:
1889:
1830:
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1729:
1337:sound.
1203:Others
1177:wălăt
1086:their
1080:-nsen
1075:-nsen)
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1056:(-ten)
964:uzzal
935:afel?)
917:(bded)
899:(idir)
888:ǝqqăl
873:build
794:(mass)
729:NBBN (
693:MSWH (
671:queen
555:"gʷ".
552:Kabyle
468:abjads
466:being
435:Berber
374:steles
116:Berber
60:Region
3355:Latin
3350:Greek
3300:Jerba
2901:Gharb
2839:Sened
2828:Jerba
2768:Tuwat
2681:Nalut
2666:Kufra
2642:Sokna
2023:2 May
1828:S2CID
1701:1 May
1664:Notes
1605:Latin
1450:Punic
1260:agǝr
1239:tomb
1209:SBS (
1187:mat?)
1174:wəlt
1169:wəlt-
1167:WLT (
1067:them
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999:NS (-
987:wood
970:iron
959:uzzal
957:ZLH (
940:zger
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904:idir
863:(eṣk)
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640:GLD (
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476:X w-Y
378:Mauri
354:Latin
342:Libya
3180:NGOs
2698:Siwa
2676:Jadu
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2491:ISBN
2466:ISSN
2412:ISSN
2379:2024
2347:ISBN
2321:2022
2273:ISBN
2249:2022
2218:ISBN
2191:ISBN
2164:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2071:ISBN
2050:2022
2025:2022
1994:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1920:2023
1887:ISBN
1820:ISSN
1781:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1703:2024
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1133:not
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880:yusa
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839:(rna
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170:†
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