1097:
it expresses a state, a quality (cf. Allati, 2002, 2011b/c, 2013 below) having the value of a stative (cf. idem et Allati, 2008). It is not oriented in relation to its determinants (agentive subject, object...) whose syntactic functions are insured by casual elements including the casual affix (ergative) that indicates, as needed, the agent or the subject. Similar elements attested in
Cushitic, Chadic and Omotic, and remains preserved in Semitic drove Diakonoff to postulate the same type of syntactic construction for proto-Semitic and proto-Afroasiatic (cf. Diakonoff, 1988, 101 ; cf. equally Allati, 2008, 2011a, 2012). Many elements equally show that proto-Berber did not have the noun-verb contrast, the rection contrasts, diathesis and person (cf. idem).
121:
1084:
Its forms and its characteristics are similar to those of the base of word formation postulated for proto-Afroasiatic. The composition and the reduplication/doubling process whose traces are preserved in all the
Afroasiatic branches, including Semitic where they are fossilized in the quadrilaterals
387:
Allati has reconstructed a Proto-Berber vocalic system made of six vowels: i, u, e, o, a. Without the long vowels that are not Proto-Afroasiatic (cf. Diakonoff, 1965 : 31, 40 ; Bomhard et Kerns, 1994 : 107, among others) and
1096:
The Proto-Berber relics preserved at the lexico-semantic and syntactic levels show that the proto-Berber syntactic construction is of the ergative type (cf. idem). The proto-Berber statement core is a predicate of existence, a lexical base which posits the existence of a fact, of a situation...i.e.
1092:
is the Proto-Berber mode of the grammatical adjunction of morphemes whose placement was not fixed in relation to the elements that they determine (cf. Allati, 2002, 2011b/c, 2012, 2013, 2014). The relations between the predicate of existence, the core of the utterance in the proto-Berber stage, and
1008:
The Proto-Berber consonantal system reconstructed by Allati (cf. Allati, 2002, 2011) is based on remains from the ancient stages of this language preserved in the ancient toponymical strata, in Libyan inscriptions and in the modern Berber varieties. It had stops b, t, d, k, g; fricative s; nasal n
228:
Reconstructions of the ancient stages of this language are based on comparisons with other Afro-Asiatic languages in various stages and on the comparisons between the varieties of modern Berber languages or with
Touareg, considered by some authors like Prasse to be the variety that best preserved
186:
was expanding in North Africa. Hence, although Berber had split off from
Afroasiatic several thousand years ago, Proto-Berber itself can only be reconstructed to a period as late as 200 AD. Blench (2018) notes that Berber is considerably different from other Afroasiatic branches, but modern-day
171:
Another dating system is based on examining the differences that characterize ancient stages of
Semitic and Egyptian in the third millennium BC. Many researchers have estimated the differences to have taken 4,000 years to evolve, resulting in breaking this language family in six distinct groups
137:
studies, Proto-Berber might be as recent as 3,000 years BP. Louali & Philippson (2003) propose, on the basis of the lexical reconstruction of livestock-herding, a Proto-Berber 1 (PB1) stage around 7,000 years BP and a Proto-Berber 2 (PB2) stage as the direct ancestor of contemporary Berber
1466:
Allati, 2008. "Proto-berbère et proto-afro-asiatique : l'aspect", in: Semito-Hamitic (Afroasiatic) Festschrift for A.B. Dolgopolsky and H. Jungraithmayr, ed. by Gábor Takács, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer, 19–26. 2009. "Sur le classement du lexique berbère", in Etudes berbères IV, Essais
1203:
Allati, A. 2002. Diachronie tamazight ou berbère, Tanger, Publications de l'Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi; 2011c. "De l'ergativité dans le berbère moderne" in Studi
Africanistici, Quaderna di Studi berberi e Libico-berberi, I, Napoli, 13–25. 2013. La réorganisation de l'ergativité
1080:
The relics of the ancient morphological segments preserved in the modern varieties, in the Libyan inscriptions and in the ancient toponymical strata show that the basis of word formation is a monosyllabic lexical unit (vc, cvc) whose vowels and consonants are part of the root.
172:(Semitic, Egyptian, Berber, Cushitic, Chadic and Omotic) in the eighth millennium BC. Proto-Afroasiatic is thus from the tenth millennium since it took at least 2,000 years before it reached the stage where these different branches of this language family evolved.
128:
Proto-Berber shows features that clearly distinguish it from all other branches of
Afroasiatic, but modern Berber languages are relatively homogeneous. Whereas the split from the other known Afroasiatic branches was very ancient, on the order of 10,000~9,000 years
1274:
K.-G. Prasse (1990), New Light on the Origin of the Tuareg Vowels E and O, in: H. G. Mukarovsky (ed), Proceedings of the Fifth
International Hamito-Semitic Congress, Vienna, I 163–170. In earlier publications, Prasse had argued that /e/ and /o/ did not go back to
175:
From that perspective, Proto-Berber was the first Berber stage to depart from Proto-Afroasiatic in the eighth millennium. It was restructured several times during the almost 10,000 years that separated it from its modern shape, which has preserved few relics.
1467:
lexicologiques et lexicographiques et autres articles. ed. by Rainer Vossen, Dymitr
Ibriszimow, and Harry Stroomer, 9–24. Köln : Köppe, 9–24. 2015. La dérivation dans la morphologie berbère, forthcoming in Mélanges offerts à M. Peyron.
2456:
207:
loanwords in Proto-Berber point to the breakup of Proto-Berber between 1 and 200 AD. During this time period, Roman innovations including the ox-plough, camel, and orchard management were adopted by Berber communities along the
1447:
2013. La réorganisation de l'ergativité proto-berbère : de l'état à l'état / procès, in Sounds and Words through the Ages: Afroasiatic
Studies from Turin, ed. by Mengozzi, A et Tausco, M., Alessandria, Edizioni dell'Orsa,
182:(2018) suggests that Proto-Berber speakers had spread from the Nile River valley to North Africa 4,000–5,000 years BP due to the spread of pastoralism, and experienced intense language leveling about 2,000 years BP as the
1810:
1017:
Karl G. Prasse has produced a comprehensive reconstruction of Proto-Berber morphology based on Tuareg. Additional work on the reconstruction of Proto-Berber morphology was done by Maarten Kossmann.
1204:
proto-berbère : de l'état à l'état/procès, in Sounds and Words through the Ages: Afroasiatic Studies from Turin, ed. by Mengozzi, A et Tausco, M., Alessandria, Edizioni dell'Orsa, 177–190.
1009:
and liquids l, r. The stops of the phonological system have evolved since the proto-Berber stage into variants from which other consonants have been progressively formed (Allati, 2002, 2011).
1431:
Allati,A. 2002, 2011b. "Sur les reconstructions berbères et afro-asiatiques", in Parcours berbères, Mélanges offerts à P. Galand et L. Galand, ed. by Amina Mettouchi, Köln, Köppe, 65–74.
1231:
Galand, L. 1988, "Le berbère" in Les langues dans le monde ancien et moderne, III, les langues chamito-sémitiques, ed. by Jean Pierrot & David Cohen, Paris, éditions CNRS, 207–242.
1831:
2100:
2080:
2229:
2224:
2363:
249:
reconstruct three short vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ and four long vowels /aa/, /ii/, /uu/ and /ee/. Their main reflexes in modern Berber languages are shown in the following table:
2370:
2377:
2239:
2234:
237:
Some earlier attempts to derive the phonemic inventory of Proto-Berber were heavily influenced by Tuareg because of its perception of being particularly archaic.
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
2026:
1359:
2152:
1950:
1805:
1318:
1767:
1141:
1219:
388:
that evolved in some modern Berber varieties (Toureg, Ghadames, ...), the system is preserved in the southeastern Berber varieties including
1838:
1540:
1874:
1433:
2011c. "De l'ergativité dans le berbère moderne", in Studi Africanistici, Quaderna di Studi berberi e Libico-berberi, I, Napoli, 13–25.
1194:
Bomhard, A.R & Kerns, J.C., 1994, The Nostratic Macrofamily. A study in Distant Linguistic Relationship, Berlin, New York, Mouton)
1126:
Militarev, A. (1984), "Sovremennoe sravnitel'no-istoricheskoe afrazijskoe jazykoznanie: chto ono mozhet dat' istoricheskoj nauke?",
2487:
2451:
153:
records. The final spread occurred in the first millennium AD, when the Tuareg, now possessing camels, moved into the central
1789:
1739:
1638:
1553:
384:
Tuareg and Ghadames also have /o/, which seems to have evolved from /u/ by vowel harmony in Tuareg and from *aʔ in Ghadames.
2441:
2446:
1340:
739:
656:
2147:
1617:
1598:
1579:
1529:
1508:
768:
1396:
662:
1816:
638:
1867:
2461:
191:
borrowings in Proto-Berber points to the diversification of modern Berber languages subsequent to the fall of
1356:
728:
2048:
1093:
its determinants ordered around it without a pre-established order, are indicated with affixes (cf. idem).
961:
957:
2015:
213:
1628:
721:
2525:
2259:
2207:
2033:
1998:
1860:
1025:
644:
562:
2530:
2311:
2264:
1909:
1731:
1037:
1033:
950:
613:
534:
2185:
984:
582:
146:
1240:
Prasse, Karl-G. 1973–74. Manuel de grammaire touarègue (tahaggart). Copenhague: Akademisk forlag
392:. It is equally close to the proposed Proto-Afroasiatic vocalic system (Diakonoff, 1965, 1988).
2482:
2413:
2398:
2356:
2085:
2021:
1559:
1156:
Les Protoméditerranéens Capsiens sont-ils des protoberbères ? Interrogations de linguiste.
1001:
are the only Berber languages to preserve Proto-Berber *β as β; elsewhere in Berber it becomes
569:
428:
1779:
1436:
2418:
2408:
2202:
2112:
1775:
1749:
1442:
1158:", GALF (Groupement des Anthropologues de Langue Française), Marrakech, 22–25 septembre 2003.
848:
813:
702:
606:
540:
481:
85:
1723:
157:; in the past, the northern parts of the Sahara were much more habitable than they are now.
124:
Map of the spread of the Afroasiatic languages; Proto-Berber is indicated by the number "6."
2301:
2296:
2157:
1572:
Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary
588:
1944:
1485:
That has the role of the verb and the noun in systems where the noun-verb contrast exists.
994:
873:
271:
149:. In the last millennium BC, another Berber expansion created the Berber peoples noted in
8:
1724:
1663:"The Origin of the Glottal Stop in Zenaga and its Reflexes in the other Berber Languages"
631:
491:
395:
134:
2390:
2319:
2095:
1761:
1711:
931:
in Zenati (but a number of irregular correspondences for this are found). For example,
97:
2349:
2291:
2251:
2053:
2043:
1785:
1735:
1715:
1634:
1613:
1594:
1575:
1549:
1525:
1504:
1135:
757:
458:
448:
433:
101:
93:
60:
2341:
2286:
2278:
2197:
2135:
2107:
2075:
2007:
1883:
1701:
1691:
1085:
and quintiliterals, constitute the type of word formation at that stage of Berber.
1029:
1021:
858:
443:
423:
418:
389:
246:
196:
192:
109:
105:
89:
81:
35:
216:. In Blench's view, this resulted in a new trading culture involving the use of a
2324:
2219:
2212:
2191:
2180:
2162:
2068:
2063:
2038:
1961:
1937:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1363:
1041:
998:
940:
802:
474:
438:
266:
261:
200:
168:
in Proto-Berber implies that its speakers bred livestock and were pastoralists.
2506:
2477:
2129:
2123:
2090:
2058:
1932:
878:
523:
188:
130:
77:
141:
In the third millennium BC, proto-Berber speakers spread across the area from
2519:
2140:
1988:
1089:
944:
466:
217:
2118:
1956:
1503:(in French). Publications de L'Universite Abdelmalek Essaâdi. p. 296.
620:
406:
Kossmann reconstructs the following consonantal phonemes for Proto-Berber:
183:
179:
150:
45:
160:
The fact that there are reconstructions for all major species of domestic
1024:. Its descendants developed a marked nominative that is still present in
1706:
1220:
Reconciling archaeological and linguistic evidence for Berber prehistory
1309:
Allati, 2002, 2011, Histoire du berbère, I. Phonologie, Tanger, PUAEFL.
1811:
Berber languages and Berber peoples: genetic and linguistic diversity
1476:
Including its privileged determinant which is a patient not an agent.
851:
161:
1696:
1679:
1649:
2403:
1852:
1662:
120:
847:
As in modern Berber languages, most Proto-Berber consonants had a
988:
187:
Berber languages display low internal diversity. The presence of
142:
1457:
Diakonoff, I. M. 1988. Afrasian languages. Moscou: Nauka, 42–56.
1128:
Lingvisticheskaja rekonstrukcija i drevnejshaja istorija Vostoka
1032:/Tuareg. Some Berber languages lost it thereafter, recently in
276:
154:
204:
165:
1421:. Milan: Centro Studi Camito-Semitici di Milano. p. 11.
398:
reconstructs the vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ in his proto-forms.
857:
The consonants *ɟ and *g have remained distinct in some
1341:
Kossmann, M.G.; Stroomer, H.J.: "Berber Phonology", in
983:. (This change also occurs in varieties including the
1680:"Proto-Berber phonological reconstruction: An update"
1548:. Institut Royal de la Culture Amazigh. p. 445.
1366:", Etudes et Documents Berbères 13, 1995, pp. 99–104.
1435:2012. "From proto-Berber to proto-Afroasiatic", in
1294:
1292:
854:counterpart, with the sole exceptions of *β, *ʔ.
253:Reflexes of PB vowels in modern Berber languages
2517:
1652:, in Ibriszimow, Dymitr; Vossen, Rainer (eds.),
1650:"L'origine du vocalisme en zénaga de Mauritanie"
1607:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1047:
1574:. University of California Press. p. 557.
1806:Proto-Berber etymologies (Alexander Militarev)
1289:
1270:
1268:
16:Reconstructed ancestor of the Berber languages
1868:
1334:
1323:
1243:
923:Similarly, Proto-Berber *c, corresponding to
1214:
1212:
1210:
1748:
1612:. Cambridge University Press. p. 396.
1522:Archaeology, language, and the African past
1416:
1384:
1265:
1130:, vol. 3, Moscow, pp. 3–26, 44–50
1875:
1861:
1781:Burning Issues in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics
1774:
1766:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1684:Lingüistique et Languages Africaines (LLA)
1438:Burning Issues in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics
1140:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1754:Manuel de grammaire touarègue (tăhăggart)
1705:
1695:
1660:
1647:
1298:
1284:
1207:
1125:
1677:
1630:Essai sur la phonologie du proto-berbère
1626:
1538:
1329:
1260:
119:
2488:Amazigh Cultural Association in America
2518:
1591:A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali)
1519:
1498:
1378:
1113:
1856:
1721:
1588:
1569:
442:
427:
417:
1882:
203:lack Punic loanwords. Additionally,
1730:. Oxford University Press. p.
13:
1610:African languages: an introduction
1608:Heine, Bernd; Derek Nurse (2000).
1593:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 745.
223:
88:language, and thus its descendant
14:
2542:
1799:
812:
767:
738:
727:
720:
661:
655:
643:
637:
619:
612:
605:
587:
581:
568:
561:
539:
533:
490:
480:
1524:. Rowman Altamira. p. 361.
1501:Diachronie tamazighte ou berbere
1397:Publications of Maarten Kossmann
927:in non-Zenati varieties, became
1492:
1479:
1470:
1460:
1451:
1425:
1410:
1401:
1389:
1369:
1357:Les verbes à i finale en zénète
1349:
1312:
1303:
1278:
1234:
1225:
1154:Louali & Philippson 2003, "
1343:Phonologies of Asia and Africa
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1148:
1119:
1107:
1:
1100:
1088:These remains also show that
1048:Independent personal pronouns
939:. (The change also occurs in
401:
220:, which became Proto-Berber.
84:descend. Proto-Berber was an
1832:"Proto-Berber kinship words"
1419:From Proto-Semitic to Hebrew
1355:See also Maarten Kossmann, "
232:
7:
1661:Kossmann, Maarten (2001b),
1648:Kossmann, Maarten (2001a),
1570:Ehret, Christopher (1995).
214:borders of the Roman Empire
10:
2547:
2115:(transitional to Eastern)
1756:. Vol. 3. Copenhagen.
1678:Kossmann, Maarten (2020),
1627:Kossmann, Maarten (1999).
1499:Allati, Abdelaziz (2002).
1417:Dolgopolsky, Aron (1999).
1063:
1012:
975:in Zenati. For example, *
744:
737:
611:
602:
593:
580:
575:
560:
555:
550:
496:
489:
486:
479:
115:
2500:
2470:
2434:
2427:
2389:
2333:
2310:
2277:
2250:
2173:
2006:
1997:
1908:
1890:
465:
462:
457:
454:
447:
437:
422:
414:
240:
51:
41:
31:
26:
21:
2018:(transitional to Atlas)
1633:. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
1539:Boukouss, Ahmed (2009).
951:Eastern Berber languages
1722:König, Christa (2008).
1589:Heath, Jeffrey (2005).
1542:Phonologie de l'amazigh
985:Central Atlas Tamazight
935:"you (f. sg.)" becomes
2483:World Amazigh Congress
2414:Berber Arabic alphabet
2399:Libyco-Berber alphabet
1784:. Cambridge Scholars.
125:
80:from which the modern
32:Reconstruction of
2419:Judeo-Berber alphabet
2409:Berber Latin alphabet
2049:South Oran and Figuig
1218:Blench, Roger. 2018.
991:, Nafusi, and Siwi.)
123:
76:is the reconstructed
2364:Fezzan-Tripolitanian
2016:Eastern Middle Atlas
1176:Heath 2005, pp. 4–5.
1020:Proto-Berber had no
1520:Blench, R. (2006).
1407:König 2008, p. 288.
1185:Blench 2006, p. 81.
1167:Heine 2000, p. 292.
411:
410:Consonant phonemes
396:Alexander Militarev
254:
245:Karl G. Prasse and
135:glottochronological
92:are cousins to the
1817:"Berber languages"
1778:, Ghil'ad (2012).
1667:Afrika und Übersee
1443:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
1385:Prasse (1972–1974)
1362:2011-07-18 at the
1345:, 461 – 475 (1997)
409:
252:
126:
98:Cushitic languages
2513:
2512:
2507:extinct languages
2496:
2495:
2273:
2272:
1791:978-1-4438-4070-5
1741:978-0-19-923282-6
1640:978-3-89645-035-7
1555:978-9954-28-019-5
1375:Kossmann 1999:61.
1078:
1077:
1061:
1060:
921:
920:
845:
844:
805:
760:
705:
634:
526:
477:
382:
381:
164:but none for the
102:Semitic languages
94:Egyptian language
67:
66:
61:Proto-Afroasiatic
2538:
2526:Berber languages
2432:
2431:
2260:Moroccan Amazigh
2208:Sanhaja de Srayr
2148:Western Algerian
2086:Eastern Moroccan
2034:Northern Saharan
2004:
2003:
1884:Berber languages
1877:
1870:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:on June 8, 2011.
1843:
1837:. Archived from
1836:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1795:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1745:
1729:
1718:
1709:
1699:
1674:
1657:
1656:, pp. 89–95
1644:
1623:
1604:
1585:
1566:
1564:
1558:. Archived from
1547:
1535:
1514:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1319:Berber etymology
1316:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1299:Kossmann (2001b)
1296:
1287:
1285:Kossmann (2001a)
1282:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1258:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1216:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1068:
1067:
1052:
1051:
1022:grammatical case
979:"write" becomes
963:
959:
864:
863:
859:Zenati languages
816:
801:
771:
756:
742:
731:
724:
701:
665:
659:
647:
641:
630:
623:
616:
609:
591:
585:
572:
565:
543:
537:
522:
494:
484:
473:
412:
408:
255:
251:
247:Maarten Kossmann
195:in 146 BC; only
110:Omotic languages
106:Chadic languages
90:Berber languages
82:Berber languages
36:Berber languages
19:
18:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2531:Proto-languages
2516:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2492:
2466:
2452:IRCAM (Morocco)
2423:
2385:
2329:
2306:
2269:
2265:Algerian Berber
2246:
2230:Central-Western
2225:Central-Eastern
2181:Atlas languages
2169:
2113:Tunisian-Zuwara
2101:Western Riffian
2081:Central Riffian
1993:
1904:
1886:
1881:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1802:
1792:
1759:
1758:
1750:Prasse, Karl G.
1742:
1697:10.4000/lla.277
1654:Etudes berbères
1641:
1620:
1601:
1582:
1562:
1556:
1545:
1532:
1511:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1364:Wayback Machine
1354:
1350:
1339:
1335:
1330:Kossmann (2020)
1328:
1324:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1261:Kossmann (1999)
1259:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1066:
1050:
1030:Southern Berber
1026:Northern Berber
1015:
1005:or disappears.
987:dialect of the
679:
674:
669:
660:
651:
642:
624:
604:
595:
586:
577:
567:
557:
552:
547:
538:
432:
424:Dental/Alveolar
404:
279:
270:
243:
235:
226:
224:Reconstructions
133:, according to
118:
63:
56:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2544:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2511:
2510:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2478:Berber Academy
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2442:AAAL (Algeria)
2438:
2436:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2346:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:(23.8 KB)
1828:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1800:External links
1798:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1772:
1746:
1740:
1726:Case in Africa
1719:
1675:
1658:
1645:
1639:
1624:
1618:
1605:
1599:
1586:
1580:
1567:
1565:on 2013-11-26.
1554:
1536:
1530:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1459:
1450:
1424:
1409:
1400:
1388:
1377:
1368:
1348:
1333:
1322:
1311:
1302:
1288:
1277:
1264:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1206:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1147:
1118:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1049:
1046:
1038:Western Berber
1034:Eastern Berber
1014:
1011:
967:Proto-Berber *
965:
964:
919:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
902:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
885:
884:
881:
876:
871:
868:
843:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
817:
810:
808:
806:
798:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
772:
765:
763:
761:
753:
752:
750:
748:
746:
743:
736:
734:
732:
725:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
698:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
676:
671:
666:
653:
648:
635:
627:
626:
617:
610:
601:
599:
597:
592:
579:
574:
559:
554:
549:
544:
531:
529:
527:
519:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
495:
488:
485:
478:
470:
469:
464:
461:
456:
452:
451:
446:
441:
436:
426:
421:
416:
403:
400:
380:
379:
376:
373:
370:
366:
365:
362:
359:
356:
352:
351:
348:
345:
342:
338:
337:
334:
331:
328:
324:
323:
320:
317:
314:
310:
309:
306:
303:
300:
296:
295:
292:
289:
286:
282:
281:
274:
264:
259:
242:
239:
234:
231:
229:proto-Berber.
225:
222:
117:
114:
78:proto-language
65:
64:
59:
57:
52:
49:
48:
43:
39:
38:
33:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2543:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:DNAFLA (Mali)
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:HCA (Algeria)
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2379:
2378:West Numidian
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2357:East Numidian
2354:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2186:Central Atlas
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:Reconstructed
1889:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1840:
1833:
1829:
1826:(4.2 MB)
1818:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1755:
1752:(1972–1974).
1751:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1619:0-521-66629-5
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1600:3-11-018484-2
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1581:0-520-09799-8
1577:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1531:0-7591-0466-2
1527:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1510:9981-61-015-1
1506:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1482:
1473:
1463:
1454:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1428:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1372:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1315:
1306:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1275:Proto-Berber.
1271:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1237:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1143:
1137:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:agglutination
1086:
1082:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
956:
955:
954:
952:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
903:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
886:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
869:
866:
865:
862:
860:
855:
853:
850:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
818:
815:
811:
809:
807:
804:
800:
799:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
773:
770:
766:
764:
762:
759:
755:
754:
751:
749:
747:
741:
735:
733:
730:
726:
723:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
704:
700:
699:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
677:
672:
667:
664:
658:
654:
649:
646:
640:
636:
633:
629:
628:
622:
618:
615:
608:
600:
598:
590:
584:
571:
564:
545:
542:
536:
532:
530:
528:
525:
521:
520:
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
493:
483:
476:
472:
471:
468:
460:
453:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
413:
407:
399:
397:
393:
391:
385:
377:
374:
371:
368:
367:
363:
360:
357:
354:
353:
349:
346:
343:
340:
339:
335:
332:
329:
326:
325:
321:
318:
315:
312:
311:
307:
304:
301:
298:
297:
293:
290:
287:
284:
283:
278:
275:
273:
268:
265:
263:
260:
257:
256:
250:
248:
238:
230:
221:
219:
218:lingua franca
215:
211:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
136:
132:
122:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
62:
58:
53:Reconstructed
50:
47:
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2502:
2462:CRB (France)
2435:Governmental
2428:Institutions
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2252:Standardised
2203:Judeo-Berber
2190:
2128:
1949:
1899:Proto-Berber
1898:
1897:
1839:the original
1780:
1753:
1725:
1707:1887/3194969
1690:(6): 11–42,
1687:
1683:
1670:
1666:
1653:
1629:
1609:
1590:
1571:
1560:the original
1541:
1521:
1500:
1493:Bibliography
1481:
1472:
1462:
1453:
1445:, pp. 62–74.
1441:, edited by
1437:
1427:
1418:
1412:
1403:
1391:
1380:
1371:
1351:
1342:
1336:
1325:
1314:
1305:
1280:
1236:
1227:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1155:
1150:
1127:
1121:
1114:Allati (2002
1109:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1055:
1019:
1016:
1007:
1002:
993:
980:
976:
972:
968:
966:
949:
936:
932:
928:
924:
922:
856:
846:
405:
394:
386:
383:
244:
236:
227:
209:
184:Roman Empire
180:Roger Blench
178:
174:
170:
159:
140:
127:
74:Proto-Libyan
73:
70:Proto-Berber
69:
68:
46:North Africa
27:Proto-Libyan
22:Proto-Berber
2391:Orthography
2371:Mauretanian
2297:Tawellemmet
2022:Seghrouchen
971:has become
703:Approximant
280:and others
138:languages.
86:Afroasiatic
2520:Categories
2350:Old Libyan
2174:Non-Zenati
1776:Zuckermann
1101:References
849:homorganic
402:Consonants
108:, and the
2505:indicate
2320:Tetserret
1762:cite book
1716:248596900
1074:*ʔab(b)-
632:Fricative
233:Phonology
162:ruminants
2404:Tifinagh
2292:Tamashek
2064:Wad Righ
2054:Tidikelt
2044:Mozabite
1999:Northern
1945:Ghadamès
1673:: 61–100
1448:177–190.
1360:Archived
1136:citation
995:Ghadamès
429:Post-al.
272:Ghadames
193:Carthage
55:ancestor
2503:Italics
2342:Guanche
2312:Western
2287:Tamahaq
2240:Western
2235:Eastern
2198:Ghomara
2153:Gouraya
2136:Douiret
2124:Matmata
2108:Shawiya
2091:Iznasen
2076:Riffian
1951:Jaghbub
1910:Eastern
1071:father
1064:Kinship
1056:*ənakkʷ
1013:Grammar
758:Lateral
652:
625:
449:Glottal
434:Palatal
210:limites
197:Guanche
143:Morocco
116:History
2334:Others
2325:Zenaga
2302:Tayart
2279:Tuareg
2220:Kabyle
2213:Shilha
2163:Shenwa
2158:Shelif
2141:Zuwara
2096:Snouss
2069:Wargla
2039:Gurara
2027:Warayn
2008:Zenati
1982:Yefren
1977:Wazzin
1962:Nafusi
1938:Tmessa
1928:Foqaha
1923:Fezzan
1918:Awjila
1846:
1824:
1788:
1738:
1714:
1637:
1616:
1597:
1578:
1552:
1528:
1507:
1042:Zenaga
999:Awjila
989:Izayan
941:Nafusi
883:Chen.
678:
673:
603:
556:
551:
463:Plain
455:Plain
444:Uvular
419:Labial
390:Tuareg
277:Figuig
267:Tuareg
262:Zenaga
241:Vowels
212:, the
201:Zenaga
155:Sahara
42:Region
2192:Gharb
2130:Sened
2119:Jerba
2059:Tuwat
1972:Nalut
1957:Kufra
1933:Sokna
1842:(PDF)
1835:(PDF)
1820:(PDF)
1712:S2CID
1563:(PDF)
1546:(PDF)
874:Ghad.
852:tense
803:Trill
680:z̪ːˤ
558:d̪ːˤ
475:Nasal
439:Velar
415:Type
205:Latin
189:Punic
166:camel
151:Roman
147:Egypt
2471:NGOs
1989:Siwa
1967:Jadu
1786:ISBN
1768:link
1736:ISBN
1635:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1395:See
1142:link
1036:and
1028:and
997:and
977:arəβ
945:Siwi
943:and
879:Riff
870:Tam.
819:r̪ː
774:l̪ː
745:gːʷ
675:z̪ˤ
670:z̪ː
578:ɟː?
553:d̪ˤ
548:d̪ː
524:Stop
497:n̪ː
467:Lab.
459:Pha.
369:*uu
355:*ee
341:*ii
327:*aa
199:and
1732:343
1702:hdl
1692:doi
1116::3)
1044:).
981:ari
969:-əβ
947:.)
937:šəm
933:căm
729:dʒː
668:s̪ː
596:gː
576:cː?
546:t̪ː
487:mː
313:*u
299:*i
285:*a
258:*PB
145:to
96:,
72:or
2522::
1764:}}
1760:{{
1734:.
1710:,
1700:,
1686:,
1682:,
1671:84
1669:,
1665:,
1291:^
1267:^
1245:^
1209:^
1138:}}
1134:{{
973:-i
962:tˤ
960:→
958:dˤ
953::
917:g
905:*g
900:ʒ
888:*ɟ
867:PB
861::
814:r̪
769:l̪
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