331:
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perhaps, "the way women are used matters less than their number." In this further analogy of women "on the market," understood through
Marxist terms, Irigaray points out that women, like commodities, are moved between men based on their exchange value rather than just their use value, and the desire will always be surplus â making women almost seem like capital, in this case, to be accumulated. "As commodities, women are thus two things at once: utilitarian objects and bearers of value."
1458:
heteronormative sexuality. As Helen
Fielding states, the uneasiness among feminists about Irigaray's discussion of masculinity and femininity does not so much reveal Irigaray's heteronormative bias as much as it "arises out of an inherited cultural understanding that posits nature as either unchanging organism or as matter that can be ordered, manipulated and inscribed upon. Hence the concern over essentialism is itself grounded in the
2928:
36:
1437:, she introduces the idea of relationships between men and women centered around a bond other than reproduction. She acknowledges themes including finiteness and intersubjectivity, embodied divinity, and the emotional distinction between the two sexes. She concludes that Western culture is unethical due to gender discrimination.
1328:
to claim that women are exchanged between men in the same way as any other commodity is. She argues that our entire society is predicated on this exchange of women. Her exchange value is determined by society, while her use value is her natural qualities. Thus, a womanâs self is divided between her
1416:
She continued to conduct empirical studies about language in a variety of settings, researching the differences between the way men and women speak. This focus on sexual difference is the key characteristic of
Irigaray's oeuvre, since she is seeking to provide a site from which a feminine language
1235:
It has also been noted that in her writings, Irigaray has stated a concern that an interest in her biography would affect the interpretation of her ideas, as the entrance of women into intellectual discussions has often also included the challenging of women's point of view based on biographical
1465:
W. A. Borody has criticised
Irigaray's phallogocentric argument as misrepresenting the history of philosophies of "indeterminateness" in the West. Irigaray's "black and white" claims that the masculine equates to determinateness and that the feminine equates to indeterminateness which contain a
1332:
She further uses additional
Marxist foundations to argue that women are in demand due to their perceived shortage and as a result, males seek "to have them all," or seek a surplus like the excess of commodity buying power, capital, that capitalists seek constantly. Irigaray speculates thus that
1457:
positions. However, there is much debate among scholars as to whether or not
Irigaray's theory of sexual difference is, indeed, an essentialist one. The perception that her work is essentialist concentrates on her attention to sexual difference, taking this to constitute a rehearsal of
1271:
Irigaray engages in close analyses of phallocentrism in
Western philosophy and psychoanalytic theory, analyzing texts by Freud, Hegel, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, and Kant. The book's most cited essay, "The Blind Spot of an Old Dream," critiques Freud's lecture on femininity.
1417:
can eventuate. Through her research, Irigaray discovered a correlation between the suppression of female thought in the
Western world and language of men and women. She concluded that there are gendered language patterns that denote dominance in men and subjectivity in women.
1224:), which received much criticism from both the Lacanian and Freudian schools of psychoanalysis. This criticism brought her recognition, but she was removed from her position as an instructor at the University of Vincennes as well as ostracized from the Lacanian community.
1244:). Overall, she maintains the belief that biographical details pertaining to her personal life hold the possibility to be used against her within the male dominated educational establishment as a tool to discredit her work. However, at age 91, she published
1329:
use and exchange values, and she is only desired for the exchange value. This system creates three types of women: the mother, who is all use value; the virgin, who is all exchange value; and the prostitute, who embodies both use and exchange value.
1355:. Like MerleauâPonty, Irigaray describes corporeal intertwining or vision and touch. Counteracting the narcissistic strain in MerleauâPonty's chiasm, she assumes that sexual difference must precede the intertwining. The subject is marked by the
1231:
since 1964, where she is now a
Director of Research in Philosophy. Her initial research focused on dementia patients, about whom she produced a study of the differences between the language of male and female patients.
1483:
criticized
Irigaray's use of hard-science terminology in her writings. Among the criticisms, they question the purported interest Einstein had in "accelerations without electromagnetic reequilibrations"; confusing
64:
992:
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1445:
Irigaray is active in a feminist movement in Italy, but she refused to belong to any one movement because she does not like the competitive dynamic between the feminist movements.
1248:(2021) in which she discusses her decades-long practices of yoga asanas (postures) and pranayama (breathing) and maintains that yoga builds a bridge between body and spirit.
4551:
1466:
degree of cultural and historical validity, but not when they are deployed to self-replicate a similar form of the gender-othering they originally sought to overcome.
1309:. For example, Irigaray argues that the phallic economy places women alongside signs and currency, since all forms of exchange are conducted exclusively between men.
375:
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is a "sexed equation" because "it privileges the speed of light over other speeds that are vitally necessary to us". In reviewing Sokal and Bricmont's book,
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1204:(Freudian School of Paris), directed by Lacan. She was expelled from this school in 1974, after the publication of her second doctoral thesis (
68:
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204:
1228:
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Some of Irigaray's books written in her lyrical mode are imaginary dialogues with significant contributors to Western philosophy, such as
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who examines the uses and misuses of language in relation to women. Irigaray's first and most well known book, published in 1974, was
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1191:(University of Paris VIII). Her dissertation on speech patterns of subjects suffering from dementia became her first book,
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90:
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in 1954, a master's degree from the same university in 1956, and taught at a high school in Brussels from 1956 to 1959.
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1990:, Blackwell Readings in Continental Philosophy Series, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 283â292,
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1978:
Luce Irigaray (1999), "Philosophy in the Feminine", Feminist Review, Volume 42, Issue 1, pp 111â114, ISSN 1466-4380.
4357:
4277:
4257:
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2023:
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3153:
1408:. Her academic work is largely influenced by a wide range of philosophers and cannot be limited to one approach.
4601:
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2101:"God's Mother, Eve's Advocate: a Gynocentric Refiguration of Marian Symbolism in Engagement with Luce Irigaray"
893:
104:
1128:'s emphasis on the element of earth as the ground of life and speech and his "oblivion" or forgetting of air.
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was unfairly neglected in physics due to its association with "feminine" fluids (in contrast to "masculine"
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314:
2004:
Irigaray, Luce (1981), "And the One Doesn't Stir Without the Other", Signs, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 60â67.
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Irigaray employs three different modes in her investigations into the nature of gender, language, and
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In the 1960s, Irigaray started attending the psychoanalytic seminars of Jacques Lacan and joined the
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2434:"Figuring the Phallogocentric Argument with Respect to the Classical Greek Philosophical Tradition"
1297:) which was subsequently translated into English with that title and published in 1985, along with
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in Psychopathology from the school in 1962. In 1968, she received a doctorate in Linguistics from
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2398:
Fielding, H. (2003). "Questioning nature: Irigaray, Heidegger and the potentiality of matter".
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2007:
Irigaray, Luce (1980), "When Our Lips Speak Together", Signs, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 69â79.
1205:
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1471:
1301:. In addition to more commentary on psychoanalysis, including discussions of Lacan's work,
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228:
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2635:
Sjöholm, Cecilia. "Crossing Lovers: Luce Irigaray's Elemental Passions." Hypatia, 2000
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Since 1990, Irigaray's work has turned increasingly toward women and men together. In
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or the âmore than oneâ and encoded as a historically contingent gendered conflict.
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material. Her most extensive autobiographical statements thus far are gathered in
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2247:
Cixous, Irigaray, Kristeva: The Jouissance of French Feminism (European Writers)
2185:
Sjöholm, Cecilia (2000). "Crossing Lovers: Luce Irigaray's Elemental Passions".
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2018:
1960:
Irigaray, Luce (1997), "This sex which is not one", in Nicholson, Linda (ed.),
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Irigaray, L. (1998) . "Women on the Market". In Rivkin, J.; Ryan, M. (eds.).
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1934:
1480:
1433:(2002), she imagines new forms of love for a global democratic community. In
1405:
1305:
also comments on political economy, drawing on structuralist writers such as
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1321:
1197:, published in 1973. In 1974, she earned a second PhD in Philosophy.
1139:. As of October 2021, she is active in the Women's Movements in both
1100:. Irigaray is the author of works analyzing many thinkers, including
1085:
643:
449:
3138:
2369:
Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction
2229:
4412:
3888:
3614:
3584:
3543:
3538:
3304:
3279:
2679:
http://criticallegalthinking.com/2013/06/06/equality-luce-irigaray/
2303:
1356:
1053:
863:
184:
2683:
2655:
2551:
2526:
3650:
3513:
3294:
3252:
3235:
1397:
1045:
2492:
Fashionable nonsense: postmodern intellectuals' abuse of science
2436:, Nebula: A Netzine of the Arts and Science, Vol. 13 (pp. 1â27).
2128:"Luce Irigaray: French linguist, psychoanalyst, and philosopher"
1215:
Speculum: La fonction de la femme dans le discours philosophique
4432:
3523:
3493:
3345:
3257:
3188:
2048:
1982:
Irigaray, Luce (2005), "In science, is the subject sexed?", in
1140:
176:
2613:
Forever fluid: A reading of Luce Irigaray's Elemental Passions
1380:. However, Irigaray also writes a significant body of work on
74:
from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially
3533:
3528:
3508:
3316:
2583:"Jane Clare Jones on Luce Irigaray: The murder of the mother"
2075:
Cixous, Irigaray, Kristeva: The Jouissance of French Feminism
1389:
1381:
1163:
1144:
1081:
2323:
Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages
1267:
based on her second dissertation, was published in 1974. In
3518:
2641:
Reading Art, Reading Irigaray: The Politics of Art by Women
4557:
Academic staff of Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis
2249:. Maidstone, Kent: Crescent Moon Publishing. p. 28.
1894:
Sharing the Fire: Outline of a Dialectics of Sensitivity
378:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
1945:, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 79â83,
1933:
Irigaray, Luce (1996), "This sex which is not one", in
1258:
Speculum of the Other Woman (Speculum de l'autre femme)
1462:
that preserves a hierarchy of...culture over nature."
4288:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
2154:
Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture
1860:
Through Vegetal Being: Two Philosophical Perspectives
2923:
1769:
Between East and West: From Singularity to Community
1427:
Between East and West, From Singularity to Community
1187:
She completed a PhD in linguistics in 1968 from the
1155:
Luce Irigaray received a bachelor's degree from the
1715:
I Love to You: Sketch for a Felicity Within History
1166:to pursue a master's degree in Psychology from the
2489:
1679:Thinking the Difference: For a Peaceful Revolution
1181:Approche psycholinguistique du langage des déments
4552:Catholic University of Leuven (1834â1968) alumni
4513:
2372:. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons.
1170:, which she earned in 1961. She also received a
2269:
4567:Academic staff of Erasmus University Rotterdam
2674:https://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/Irigaray.html
2610:
2365:
2320:
1857:
1453:Some feminists criticize Irigaray's perceived
3154:
2699:
2487:
2345:. Malden, Mass: Blackwell. pp. 799â811.
1911:A New Culture of Energy: Beyond East and West
1697:Je, tu, nous: Towards a Culture of Difference
1246:A New Culture of Energy: Beyond East and West
1022:
3396:
3350:
3336:
2611:Canters, Hanneke; Jantzen, Grace M. (2005).
1962:The second wave: a reader in feminist theory
1351:'s article âThe IntertwiningâThe Chiasmâ in
1292:
1229:Centre national de la recherche scientifique
1219:
1213:
1192:
1179:
1116:'s article âThe IntertwiningâThe Chiasmâ in
2385:L'Ennemi principal, tome 2: Penser le genre
2296:
3161:
3147:
2706:
2692:
2086:Luce Irigaray, "Women on the Market", in:
1607:The Forgetting of Air: In Martin Heidegger
1029:
1015:
67:about living persons that is unsourced or
4547:Academics of the University of Nottingham
2550:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2231:The Forgetting of Air in Martin Heidegger
2090:, Cornell University Press, 1985, p. 170.
1964:, New York: Routledge, pp. 323â329,
1122:The Forgetting of Air in Martin Heidegger
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Belgian-born French feminist, philosopher
2638:
2397:
2340:
2321:Commire, Anne; Klezmer, Deborah (2007).
2227:
2150:
1981:
1959:
1932:
1908:
1891:
1877:To Be Born: Genesis of a New Human Being
1874:
1858:Irigaray, Luce; Marder, Michael (2016).
1841:
1812:
1795:
1766:
1748:
1730:
1712:
1694:
1676:
1658:
1640:
1622:
1604:
1586:
1568:
1550:
1528:
1517:
1313:"Women on the Market" (Chapter Eight of
1135:: the analytic, the essayistic, and the
4537:21st-century French non-fiction writers
4527:20th-century French non-fiction writers
2669:http://mythosandlogos.com/Irigaray.html
2524:
2184:
1784:Irigaray, Luce (2000). Why Different?,
1665:(Eng. trans. 1993 by Gillian C. Gill),
1629:(Eng. trans. 1993 by Gillian C. Gill),
1575:(Eng. trans. 1991 by Gillian C. Gill),
14:
4514:
2382:
2329:
1830:Irigaray, Luce (2008). Conversations,
1347:(1982) could be read as a response to
1189:University of Vincennes in Saint-Denis
1108:'s work as well as political economy;
501:Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center
3168:
3142:
2687:
1506:wrote that Irigaray's assertion that
1336:
521:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State
2488:Sokal, Alan; Bricmont, Jean (1998).
2445:
2366:Merriman, John; Winter, Jay (2006).
2244:
2180:
2178:
2122:
2120:
1571:Marine Lover: Of Friedrich Nietzsche
1112:(1982) can be read as a response to
1072:(1974), which analyzes the texts of
29:
2713:
2661:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2325:. Vol. 1. Yorkin Publications.
2308:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
24:
2604:
2199:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2000.tb00332.x
1420:
551:Feminism and the Mastery of Nature
25:
4663:
2648:
2432:Wayne A. Borody (1998), pp. 3, 5
2221:
2175:
2117:
2077:, Crescent Moon Publishing, 2016.
1988:Continental philosophy of science
1326:theory of capital and commodities
4542:21st-century French philosophers
4532:20th-century French philosophers
4358:The Closing of the American Mind
4278:Civilization and Its Discontents
4258:A Vindication of Natural Society
2926:
2157:. New York: Routledge. pp.
2024:Feminism and the Oedipus complex
1943:Feminism and sexuality: a reader
1227:She held a research post at the
329:
34:
4572:Scholars of feminist philosophy
2615:. Manchester University Press.
2575:
2518:
2481:
2439:
2426:
2391:
2376:
2359:
2314:
2263:
2238:
2144:
2093:
2080:
2067:
1625:An Ethics of Sexual Difference
1435:An Ethics of Sexual Difference
1251:
205:Catholic University of Louvain
13:
1:
4248:Oration on the Dignity of Man
2446:Luce, Irigaray (2017-09-25),
2400:Continental Philosophy Review
2343:Literary theory, an anthology
2060:
1367:
1353:The Visible and the Invisible
1118:The Visible and the Invisible
947:Feminist Philosophy Quarterly
911:Social construction of gender
4318:The Society of the Spectacle
2234:. University of Texas Press.
1733:Democracy Begins Between Two
1448:
1287:In 1977, Irigaray published
1265:Speculum of the Other Woman,
1150:
45:biography of a living person
7:
2454:, Routledge, pp. 1â8,
2011:
1531:Speculum of the Other Woman
1440:
1411:
1294:Ce sexe qui n'en est pas un
1281:Ce sexe qui n'en est pas un
1210:Speculum of the Other Woman
1124:(1999), Irigaray critiques
1070:Speculum of the Other Woman
431:Speculum of the Other Woman
72:must be removed immediately
10:
4668:
4642:University of Paris alumni
4627:Philosophers of psychology
2383:Delphy, Christine (2001),
2039:List of deconstructionists
1315:This Sex Which is Not One)
1221:Speculum: De l'autre femme
511:The Creation of Patriarchy
4652:20th-century French women
4632:Philosophers of sexuality
4597:French women philosophers
4577:Feminist studies scholars
4496:
4400:
4388:Intellectuals and Society
4338:The Culture of Narcissism
4229:
3897:
3689:
3638:
3567:
3481:
3474:
3414:
3176:
3120:
2979:
2943:
2921:
2721:
2639:Robinson, Hilary (2006).
2525:Dawkins, Richard (1998).
2452:To Speak is Never Neutral
2088:This Sex Which Is Not One
1926:
1844:In the Beginning, She Was
1643:To Speak is Never Neutral
1553:This Sex Which Is Not One
1514:) was "daffy absurdity".
1362:
1303:This Sex Which is Not One
1289:This Sex Which is Not One
1277:This Sex Which is Not One
1202:Ăcole Freudienne de Paris
1102:This Sex Which Is Not One
441:This Sex Which is Not One
304:
291:
250:
234:
224:
214:
210:
200:
192:
159:
152:
4617:Philosophers of language
4378:The Malaise of Modernity
4328:The History of Sexuality
3427:Catholic social teaching
3128:Women's studies journals
2527:"Postmodernism disrobed"
2304:"Luce Irigaray (1932?â)"
2270:Irigaray, Luce. (1992).
2132:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1522:
1178:. Her thesis was titled
1104:(1977), which discusses
571:The Promise of Happiness
4458:Philosophy of education
2806:International relations
2460:10.4324/9781315084718-1
2412:10.1023/A:1025144306606
2274:. New York: Routledge.
2228:Irigaray, Luce (1999).
1909:Irigaray, Luce (2021).
1892:Irigaray, Luce (2019).
1875:Irigaray, Luce (2017).
1842:Irigaray, Luce (2013).
1813:Irigaray, Luce (2008).
1796:Irigaray, Luce (2002).
1767:Irigaray, Luce (1999).
1749:Irigaray, Luce (1997).
1731:Irigaray, Luce (1994).
1713:Irigaray, Luce (1990).
1695:Irigaray, Luce (1990).
1677:Irigaray, Luce (1989).
1659:Irigaray, Luce (1987).
1641:Irigaray, Luce (1985).
1623:Irigaray, Luce (1984).
1605:Irigaray, Luce (1983).
1587:Irigaray, Luce (1982).
1569:Irigaray, Luce (1980).
1551:Irigaray, Luce (1977).
1529:Irigaray, Luce (1974).
1052:feminist, philosopher,
1044:(born 3 May 1930) is a
481:The Politics of Reality
366:The Subjection of Women
300:, "Women on the market"
219:Contemporary philosophy
4647:Feminist psychologists
4607:French women linguists
3397:
3351:
3337:
3087:Catharine A. MacKinnon
2151:Gerstner, ed. (2006).
2106:. 1998. Archived from
2044:Strategic essentialism
1293:
1263:Her first major book,
1220:
1214:
1194:Le langage des déments
1193:
1180:
1162:In 1960, she moved to
541:Black Feminist Thought
491:Women, Race, and Class
241:Continental philosophy
59:Please help by adding
4602:Linguists from France
4592:French psychoanalysts
4463:Philosophy of history
4453:Philosophy of culture
4348:A Conflict of Visions
3067:Patricia Hill Collins
2961:Hegemonic masculinity
2496:. New York: Picador.
1661:Sexes and Genealogies
1535:(Eng. trans. 1985 by
1518:Selected bibliography
1492:; and her claim that
1238:Through Vegetal Being
1157:University of Louvain
906:Gender performativity
401:The Feminine Mystique
4637:Postmodern feminists
4622:Philosophers of mind
4468:Political philosophy
4268:Democracy in America
2621:10.2307/j.ctt21216bb
2245:Ives, Kelly (2016).
1915:(Eng. trans. 2021),
1819:(Eng. trans. 2008),
1773:(Eng. trans. 2001),
1755:(Eng. trans. 2001),
1737:(Eng. trans. 2000),
1719:(Eng. trans. 1993),
1701:(Eng. trans. 1993),
1683:(Eng. trans. 1993),
1647:(Eng. trans. 2002),
1611:(Eng. trans. 1999),
1593:(Eng. trans. 1992),
1557:(Eng. trans. 1985),
1472:Fashionable Nonsense
1320:Irigaray draws upon
1218:, later retitled as
1096:through the lens of
471:In a Different Voice
461:Throwing Like a Girl
421:The Dialectic of Sex
65:Contentious material
4308:One-Dimensional Man
3102:Diana E. H. Russell
2771:Composition studies
2543:1998Natur.394..141D
2113:on 24 January 2022.
1168:University of Paris
1000:Feminist philosophy
323:Feminist philosophy
266:Feminist Philosophy
4582:Feminist theorists
4562:Critical theorists
4428:Cultural pessimism
4423:Cultural criticism
3322:National character
2997:Simone de Beauvoir
2987:Elizabeth Anderson
2980:Feminist theorists
2781:Digital humanities
2759:Literary criticism
2272:Elemental passions
1589:Elemental Passions
1490:general relativity
1486:special relativity
1345:Elemental Passions
1338:Elemental Passions
1240:(co-authored with
1172:specialist diploma
1110:Elemental Passions
968:Radical Philosophy
229:Western philosophy
4509:
4508:
4225:
4224:
3370:Spontaneous order
3360:Social alienation
3209:Cultural heritage
3170:Social philosophy
3136:
3135:
3017:Kimberlé Crenshaw
2868:Political ecology
2537:(6689): 141â143.
1815:Sharing the World
1066:cultural theorist
1039:
1038:
926:Standpoint theory
921:Intersectionality
349:A Vindication of
308:
307:
148:
147:
140:
122:
48:needs additional
16:(Redirected from
4659:
4587:French feminists
4473:Social criticism
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3461:Frankfurt School
3439:Communitarianism
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3139:
3107:Dorothy E. Smith
2944:Related subjects
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1798:The Way of Love
1537:Gillian C. Gill
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1508:fluid mechanics
1504:Richard Dawkins
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1460:binary thinking
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1431:The Way of Love
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1421:Gender identity
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2643:. I.B. Tauris.
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4483:Social theory
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Radhakrishnan
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3898:20th and 21st
3896:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3690:18th and 19th
3688:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:Luce Irigaray
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3057:Donna Haraway
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Cynthia Enloe
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:HĂ©lĂšne Cixous
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Judith Butler
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2924:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:Technoscience
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:Postmodernism
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Art criticism
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2588:
2587:New Statesman
2584:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2552:10.1038/28089
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2503:0-312-19545-1
2499:
2494:
2493:
2484:
2471:
2469:9781315084718
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2352:9780631200291
2348:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:(3): 92â112.
2192:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2168:0-415-30651-5
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2109:
2102:
2096:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:HĂ©lĂšne Cixous
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1997:9780631236108
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:Gutting, Gary
1980:
1977:
1973:
1971:9780415917612
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1952:9780231107082
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1921:9780231177139
1918:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1903:9783030283292
1900:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1886:9783319392219
1883:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1869:9780231173865
1866:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1853:9781441106377
1850:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1836:9781847060365
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:9781847060341
1822:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1807:9780826473271
1804:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1790:9780801493300
1787:
1783:
1780:
1779:9780231119351
1776:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1761:9780415918145
1758:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1743:9780415918169
1740:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1725:9780415907323
1722:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1707:9780415905824
1704:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1689:9780485114263
1686:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1671:9780231070331
1668:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1653:9780826459046
1650:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1635:9780801481451
1632:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1617:9780292738720
1614:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1599:9780415906920
1596:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1581:9780231070829
1578:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1563:9780801493317
1560:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1545:9780801493300
1542:
1538:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1481:Jean Bricmont
1478:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1406:Merleau-Ponty
1404:, as well as
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:MerleauâPonty
1346:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:MerleauâPonty
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:psychoanalyst
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:Luce Irigaray
1032:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1001:
997:
986:
985:
977:
976:
972:
970:
969:
965:
963:
962:
958:
956:
955:
951:
949:
948:
944:
943:
936:
935:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
865:
862:
861:
854:
853:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
584:
583:
576:
572:
568:
566:
562:
561:Whipping Girl
558:
556:
552:
548:
546:
542:
538:
536:
532:
528:
526:
522:
518:
516:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
496:
492:
488:
486:
482:
478:
476:
472:
468:
466:
462:
458:
456:
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
436:
432:
428:
426:
422:
418:
416:
412:
408:
406:
402:
398:
396:
392:
388:
385:
379:
373:
371:
367:
363:
360:
354:
351:the Rights of
344:
343:
337:
336:
332:
328:
327:
324:
321:
320:
316:
312:
311:
303:
299:
296:
293:Notable ideas
290:
287:
284:
283:
282:Schizophrenia
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
255:
249:
246:
242:
239:
237:
233:
230:
227:
223:
220:
217:
213:
209:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
182:
178:
172:(age 94)
162:
158:
154:Luce Irigaray
151:
142:
139:
131:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89: â
88:
84:
83:Find sources:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
56:
55:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4386:
4376:
4366:
4356:
4346:
4336:
4326:
4316:
4306:
4296:
4286:
4276:
4266:
4256:
4246:
4236:
4056:
3656:Guicciardini
3639:Early modern
3475:Philosophers
3449:Conservatism
3444:Confucianism
3432:Distributism
3365:Social norms
3353:Sittlichkeit
3339:Ressentiment
3285:Institutions
3263:Human nature
3097:Val Plumwood
3076:
3047:Nancy Fraser
2841:Epistemology
2816:Legal theory
2739:Architecture
2729:Anthropology
2659:
2640:
2629:j.ctt21216bb
2612:
2591:. Retrieved
2589:. 2014-05-14
2586:
2577:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2491:
2483:
2473:, retrieved
2451:
2441:
2428:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2384:
2378:
2368:
2361:
2342:
2322:
2316:
2307:
2298:
2271:
2265:
2246:
2240:
2230:
2223:
2190:
2186:
2153:
2146:
2135:. Retrieved
2131:
2108:the original
2095:
2087:
2082:
2074:
2073:Kelly Ives,
2069:
1987:
1961:
1942:
1910:
1893:
1876:
1859:
1843:
1814:
1797:
1768:
1750:
1732:
1714:
1696:
1678:
1660:
1642:
1624:
1606:
1588:
1570:
1552:
1530:
1498:
1494:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1455:essentialist
1452:
1444:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1415:
1371:
1352:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1319:
1314:
1307:LĂ©vi-Strauss
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1245:
1237:
1234:
1226:
1209:
1199:
1186:
1161:
1154:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1069:
1041:
1040:
973:
966:
959:
952:
945:
874:epistemology
713:
570:
560:
550:
540:
530:
520:
510:
500:
490:
480:
470:
460:
450:
440:
439:
430:
429:
420:
410:
400:
390:
377:
365:
348:
260:
134:
125:
115:
108:
101:
94:
82:
71:
54:verification
47:
4522:1930 births
4443:Historicism
4272:(1835â1840)
4238:De Officiis
3962:de Beauvoir
3932:Baudrillard
3884:Vivekananda
3874:Tocqueville
3789:Kierkegaard
3605:Ibn Khaldun
3575:Alpharabius
3466:Personalism
3375:Stewardship
3332:Reification
3327:Natural law
3248:Familialism
3214:Culturalism
3027:Alice Crary
3007:Nancy Bauer
3002:Wendy Brown
2992:Karen Barad
2951:Ecofeminism
2856:Metaphysics
2776:Criminology
2754:Film theory
2734:Archaeology
2387:(in French)
1252:Major works
961:philoSOPHIA
916:Care ethics
889:metaphysics
769:Taylor Mill
604:de Beauvoir
451:Gyn/Ecology
340:Major works
257:Linguistics
193:Nationality
4516:Categories
4448:Humanities
4408:Agnotology
4067:KoĆakowski
3630:Ibn Tufayl
3610:Maimonides
3554:Thucydides
3549:Tertullian
3504:Lactantius
3399:Volksgeist
3380:Traditions
3194:Convention
3072:bell hooks
2883:Psychology
2836:Empiricism
2831:Aesthetics
2826:Philosophy
2593:2021-12-01
2475:2021-10-22
2281:0415906911
2137:2019-10-29
2061:References
1939:Scott, Sue
1477:Alan Sokal
1368:Philosophy
869:analytical
634:De la Cruz
278:Psychology
274:Philosophy
181:Bernissart
170:3 May 1930
166:1930-05-03
98:newspapers
4488:Sociology
4438:Historism
4147:Santayana
4117:Oakeshott
4087:MacIntyre
4072:Kropotkin
4047:Heidegger
3900:centuries
3814:Nietzsche
3779:Jefferson
3764:Helvétius
3729:Condorcet
3692:centuries
3676:Montaigne
3499:Confucius
3489:Augustine
3406:Worldview
3300:Modernity
3273:Formation
2893:Sociology
2796:Geography
2786:Economics
2561:1476-4687
2420:170564589
2215:143882714
2207:1527-2001
1751:To Be Two
1449:Criticism
1394:Aristotle
1386:Descartes
1378:Heidegger
1374:Nietzsche
1322:Karl Marx
1269:Speculum,
1151:Education
1126:Heidegger
1120:, and in
1090:Descartes
1086:Aristotle
814:Showalter
789:Pankhurst
749:MacKinnon
744:Luxemburg
704:Haslanger
669:Firestone
187:, Belgium
128:June 2023
50:citations
4501:Category
4413:Axiology
4401:See also
4192:Voegelin
4182:Spengler
4157:Shariati
4112:Nussbaum
4097:Maritain
4057:Irigaray
4037:Habermas
4002:Foucault
3987:Durkheim
3889:Voltaire
3854:de Staël
3829:Rousseau
3754:Franklin
3615:Muhammad
3600:Gelasius
3585:Avempace
3568:Medieval
3544:Polybius
3539:Plutarch
3305:Morality
3280:Ideology
3268:Identity
3177:Concepts
2908:Womanist
2903:Theology
2888:Sexology
2821:Pedagogy
2569:40887987
2512:39605994
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2290:27376081
2012:See also
1941:(eds.),
1441:Politics
1412:Language
1357:alterity
1299:Speculum
1133:identity
1054:linguist
989:Category
939:Journals
864:Feminism
824:Voilquin
799:Plumwood
779:Nussbaum
724:Kristeva
714:Irigaray
664:Federici
315:a series
313:Part of
185:Wallonia
76:libelous
18:Irigaray
4242:(44 BC)
4172:Sombart
4167:Skinner
4152:Scruton
4132:Polanyi
4107:Niebuhr
4092:Marcuse
4027:Gramsci
4022:Gentile
3982:Du Bois
3972:Deleuze
3942:Benoist
3912:Agamben
3869:Thoreau
3859:Stirner
3849:Spencer
3799:Le Play
3749:Fourier
3734:Emerson
3719:Carlyle
3704:Bentham
3681:MĂŒntzer
3651:Erasmus
3625:Plethon
3620:Photios
3580:Aquinas
3514:Mencius
3482:Ancient
3415:Schools
3295:Loyalty
3253:History
3241:Counter
3236:Culture
3204:Customs
2861:Science
2801:History
2766:Biology
2539:Bibcode
2187:Hypatia
1986:(ed.),
1402:Spinoza
1398:Levinas
1046:Belgian
954:Hypatia
894:science
809:Saadawi
794:Pateman
774:Millett
739:Lugones
694:Goldman
679:Friedan
674:Fourier
659:Dworkin
639:Collins
112:scholar
4433:Ethics
4392:(2010)
4382:(1991)
4372:(1990)
4362:(1987)
4352:(1987)
4342:(1979)
4332:(1976)
4322:(1967)
4312:(1964)
4302:(1949)
4292:(1935)
4282:(1930)
4262:(1756)
4252:(1486)
4197:Walzer
4187:Taylor
4177:Sowell
4162:Simmel
4127:Pareto
4122:Ortega
4032:Guénon
4017:Gehlen
4012:Gandhi
3967:Debord
3952:Butler
3947:Berlin
3937:Bauman
3927:Badiou
3917:Arendt
3907:Adorno
3839:Ruskin
3794:Le Bon
3769:Herder
3744:Fichte
3739:Engels
3709:Bonald
3699:Arnold
3671:Milton
3666:Luther
3646:Calvin
3524:Origen
3494:Cicero
3454:Social
3390:Family
3385:Values
3346:Rights
3310:Public
3258:Honour
3189:Anomie
3184:Agency
2846:Ethics
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1994:
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1512:solids
1363:Themes
1141:France
1092:, and
1064:, and
1050:French
1048:-born
879:ethics
844:Zetkin
829:Wittig
819:Spivak
784:Paglia
759:Michel
729:Lerner
719:Jaggar
689:Gamond
629:Cleyre
624:Cixous
619:Butler
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574:(2010)
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4230:Works
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4202:Weber
4142:Röpke
4102:Negri
4082:Lasch
4052:Hoppe
4007:Fromm
3997:Evola
3977:Dewey
3957:Camus
3864:Taine
3844:Smith
3834:Royce
3824:Renan
3759:Hegel
3724:Comte
3714:Burke
3661:Locke
3595:Dante
3590:Bruni
3559:Xunzi
3534:Plato
3529:Philo
3509:Laozi
3317:Mores
3229:Multi
3219:Inter
3121:Lists
2913:Asian
2625:JSTOR
2565:S2CID
2416:S2CID
2211:S2CID
2111:(PDF)
2104:(PDF)
1523:Books
1390:Plato
1382:Hegel
1164:Paris
1145:Italy
1106:Lacan
1082:Plato
1078:Hegel
1074:Freud
975:Signs
857:Ideas
839:Young
804:Rubin
734:Lorde
709:hooks
699:Grosz
654:DĂ©mar
649:Davis
614:Boggs
609:Bebel
599:Baier
353:Woman
119:JSTOR
105:books
43:This
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4207:Weil
4077:Land
4062:Kirk
3922:Aron
3879:Vico
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3809:Mill
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3784:Kant
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3519:Mozi
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2791:FPDA
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