435:
268:
1426:
233:
189:
379:
368:
130:
222:
357:
343:
329:
315:
301:
287:
116:
423:
412:
171:
255:
158:
1472:
401:
390:
212:
144:
991:
243:
1453:, this was "Located at the furthest extreme of the southern no-fly zone, far away from the areas that needed to be patrolled to prevent attacks on the Shi'a; it was destroyed not because it was a threat to the patrols, but to allow allied special forces operating from Jordan to enter Iraq undetected."
1374:
Operation
Provide Comfort officially ended on 31 December 1996. Following Operation Provide Comfort, the United States continued to watch over the northern skies with the launching of Operation Northern Watch on 1 January 1997. Operation Northern Watch continued to provide air security to the Kurdish
964:
that killed 50,000 to 182,000 Kurdish civilians. The establishing of no-fly zones effectively cut off Saddam
Hussein from much of the north and secured the Kurdish population, who gained effective autonomy directly following the intervention. This autonomy has continued to thrive and even avoided the
1442:
released figures showing that the number of provocations had actually dropped dramatically prior to and just after the increase in allied attacks. Their records indicate that in the first seven months of 2001, there had been 370 provocations on the part of Iraq. In the seven months from
October 2001
1378:
American and
British aircraft continuously enforced the NFZ, receiving anti-aircraft fire from Iraqi forces almost daily. The operation ran until its conclusion on 1 May 2003. In the south, Operation Southern Watch was underway to watch over the persecuted Shi'ite populations. This operation was
1245:
once again began mobilizing around 64,000 Iraqi troops near the
Kuwaiti border because of their expressed frustrations of economic sanctions imposed on Iraq by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). In response, the U.S. begins to deploy troops in the Persian Gulf to deter Iraqi aggression
1437:
in June 2002. They began to carry out offensive sorties, not only against targets that had fired on them, but upon installations that had demonstrated no hostile intent. The U.S. claimed that these increased attacks were the result of increasing Iraqi provocations, but later, in July 2005, the
1224:, publicly announced as retaliation for the assassination attempt by the IIS on former President George H. W. Bush while he was visiting Kuwait in April of that year to commemorate a coalition victory over Iraq in the Gulf War. Fourteen cruise missiles were launched from
959:
The United States and coalition countries denied these allegations and cited popular
Kurdish and Shia demands for no-fly zones, in order to protect against Saddam Hussein, who unhindered had committed numerous atrocities a few years earlier, such as the infamous 1988
1443:
into May 2002, only 32 such provocations were recorded. General Tommy Franks later acknowledged that the dramatic increase in offensive sorties was an attempt to destroy the Iraqi defenses in much the same way as the air strikes at the beginning of the Gulf War had.
1446:
In purported retaliation for the Iraqis' now-daily air defense attacks on
Coalition aircraft, the September attacks included a 5 September 100-aircraft attack on the main air defense site in western Iraq. According to an editorial by Michael Smith for the
1403:, which was a major four-day bombing campaign on Iraqi targets from 16 December to 19 December 1998. The contemporaneous justification for the strikes was Iraq's failure to comply with United Nations Security Council resolutions and its interference with
914:
From March to
December 2002 the number of bombs dropped increased by 300%. This was recognised as "a clear indication that the no-fly zone is being used to destroy the country's air defence systems in anticipation of an all-out attack".
1387:
fighter which had locked onto it in the
Southern no-fly zone. The next month Coalition planes attacked Iraqi SAM sites in the South. Baghdad eventually halted firing on patrolling Coalition aircraft after August 1993.
1418:. Air strikes by British and American aircraft against Iraqi claimed anti-aircraft and military targets continued weekly over the next few years. In the early 2000s (decade), the U.S. developed a contingency plan,
955:
reported that in 1999 alone 144 civilians were killed during
Coalition bombing raids. By 1999 over 1,800 bombs had been dropped on Iraq, while Iraq stated that 1,400 civilians died due to bombing during the NFZ.
1254:, Georgia-based 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized) deployed and drew pre-positioned equipment in Kuwait. The 23rd Wing's (Flying Tigers) 75th Fighter Squadron (Tigersharks) and its full complement of
1115:
852:
in the south. Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. The policy was enforced by the United States and the United Kingdom until 2003, when it was rendered obsolete by the
1127:
1379:
launched on 27 August 1992 with the mission of preventing further human rights abuses against civilian populations. Iraq challenged the no-fly zone beginning in December 1992 when a USAF
1217:
began. This operation essentially created a Northern NFZ to Iraqi military aircraft. The operation provided the Kurdish population with humanitarian aid and reassurance of safe skies.
50:
555:
1785:
estimates that between 50,000 and 100,000 people were killed during al-Anfal; Kurdish officials have put the number as high as 182,000. When presented with this figure, 'Chemical'
1671:
1410:
In the aftermath of Operation Desert Fox in December 1998, Iraq announced it would no longer respect the no-fly zones and resumed its efforts in shooting down Coalition aircraft.
1460:
in March 2003, since air superiority over the country was quickly attained by the coalition. The NFZs were officially deactivated right after Saddam Hussein's overthrow.
1343:, launched 27 cruise missiles against Iraqi air defense targets in southern Iraq. A second wave of 17 was launched later that day. The missiles hit targets in and around
1039:
1864:
U.S., Iraq Move More Troops Toward Kuwait : Military: Baghdad mobilizes force of 64,000. Tension up as American ships, planes, 4,000 soldiers converge on Gulf
1157:
688:
548:
943:'s air wing said that the NFZ "makes any potential action infinitely easier ... to fly over the same territory you're going to attack is a real luxury".
797:
1238:. Sixteen hit the target, while three struck a residential area, killing nine civilians and wounding 12 others. Four missiles were unaccounted for.
541:
1981:
1495:
903:
1577:
1429:
Still photograph from a videotape of an Iraqi surface-to-air missile, believed to be an SA-3, launched at a Coalition aircraft in July 2001.
1150:
1109:
772:
681:
2079:
1221:
2074:
1655:
1278:, Kuwait and points north. Iraq would later withdraw troops near the Kuwaiti border in response to a massive U.S. military build-up.
1274:, Kuwait. This allowed better face-to-face coordination with tactical air control parties (TACP) assets further forward deployed at
2059:
1937:
1143:
891:
871:
1675:– John Pilger – "Labour claims its actions are lawful while it bombs Iraq, starves its people and sells arms to corrupt states"
674:
647:
1103:
863:
bombing during the NFZ. The Kurdish-dominated north gained effective autonomy and was protected from a feared repeat of the
2064:
2054:
2037:
1439:
1174:, there were two NFZs in Iraq. The NFZ in the north of Iraq was established shortly after the Gulf War, extending from the
1061:
745:
740:
611:
600:
2089:
1965:
1800:
1546:
1293:
17:
925:
that the no-fly zones were being used to weaken Iraq's air defence systems instead of the stated aim of defending the
867:
in 1988 that killed tens of thousands of civilians. Over 280,000 sorties were flown in the first 9 years of the NFZs.
1587:
1404:
1886:
1814:
895:
787:
782:
1414:
offered a $ 14,000 reward to anyone who could accomplish this task, but no manned aircraft were ever shot down by
2084:
1769:
777:
735:
640:
593:
1222:
cruise missile attack on the Iraqi Intelligence Service's (IIS) principal command and control complex in Baghdad
2020:
937:
1863:
792:
1716:
1691:
1603:
1764:
1247:
1027:
1009:
755:
619:
1375:
population in the north. By 1999, the Department of Defense had flown over 200,000 sorties over Iraq.
2069:
1214:
1187:
860:
579:
204:
1434:
1199:
1195:
1049:
718:
652:
626:
586:
427:
181:
1419:
1396:
1384:
1307:
1286:
1271:
1267:
1079:
977:
607:
480:
41:
1911:
1874:
1831:
1210:
1206:
394:
1933:
1225:
1171:
1121:
875:
853:
484:
1525:
1425:
1392:
1097:
1091:
1067:
899:
750:
723:
633:
416:
1652:
8:
1786:
1363:, the dictator of Iraq, attempting to launch an Iraqi military offensive campaign in the
1336:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1085:
1922:
1975:
1782:
1325:
1297:
1021:
1015:
1003:
461:
361:
333:
1961:
1631:
1583:
1232:
1033:
708:
492:
434:
291:
272:
267:
198:
77:
1942:
1300:
1576:
Sponeck, Graf Hans-Christof; Sponeck, H. C. von; Amorim, Celso N. (October 2006).
965:
chaos and bloodshed that characterized the rest of Iraq during the 2003 Iraq war.
1818:
1742:
1659:
1514:
1400:
1311:
474:
457:
1536:
Carrington, Anca. "Iraq: Issues, Historical Background, Bibliography." Page 18.
1490:
1411:
1364:
1360:
1263:
961:
952:
864:
826:
762:
509:
439:
405:
319:
135:
533:
2048:
1485:
1449:
1282:
837:. The United States stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic
822:
503:
489:
121:
1923:
U.S. Counters Iraq's Increased Aggression, Department of Defense News Brief
1348:
1251:
921:
856:. French aircraft patrols also participated until France withdrew in 1996.
818:
347:
305:
176:
27:
No-fly zones in Iraq proclaimed by the USA, UK and France between 1991–2003
1958:
The unseen war : allied air power and the takedown of Saddam Hussein
1477:
926:
879:
227:
1890:
1811:
1547:"BBC News | FORCES AND FIREPOWER | Containment: The Iraqi no-fly zones"
1318:
1289:
930:
383:
372:
1852:
1801:
BBC News | FORCES AND FIREPOWER | Containment: The Iraqi no-fly zones
1352:
1275:
916:
906:, though the resolution made no explicit reference to no-fly zones.
194:
1789:
took exception. 'It could not have been more than 100,000,' he said.
666:
49:
1457:
1303:
helicopters, killing 26 Coalition military and civilian personnel.
1259:
1055:
982:
870:
This military action was not authorised by the United Nations. The
834:
767:
713:
260:
94:
1994:
Michael Smith, "RAF Bombing Raids Tried to Goad Saddam into War,"
1242:
849:
215:
990:
1456:
The NFZs effectively ceased to exist with the beginning of the
1356:
1209:
ended in 1991, the safety of Kurds who were fleeing during the
846:
830:
163:
149:
878:, called the no-fly zones "illegal" in a later interview with
1368:
838:
515:
248:
236:
1270:, Saudi Arabia, followed by the first forward deployment to
859:
The Iraqi government claimed 1,400 civilians were killed by
1415:
1380:
1332:
1255:
1191:
842:
1526:
Defense.gov News Article: Patrolling Iraq's Northern Skies
1422:
for dealing with pilots shot down over Iraqi no-fly zones.
909:
483:
personnel deployed as part of the operation killed in the
1344:
1579:
A Different Kind of War: The UN Sanctions Regime in Iraq
1832:"Air Strike 13 January 1993 – Operation Southern Watch"
1765:"The Crimes of Saddam Hussein: 1988 The Anfal Campaign"
1178:
northwards. In August 1992 the NFZ in the south to the
1912:
U.S. launches missile strikes against Iraq – CNN.com
1575:
1467:
1182:
was established, but in 1996 it was expanded to the
1743:"The health and environmental costs of war on Iraq"
1686:
1684:
1682:
1433:The operation continued until it transitioned to
477:helicopters shot down (friendly fire, 26 killed)
2046:
1679:
500:Unknown number of air defense systems destroyed
126:
1938:"Unfairenheit 9/11: The lies of Michael Moore."
798:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)
563:
453:50 aircraft and 1,400 personnel at any one time
112:
1515:http://www.stripes.com/01/jun01/ed060401a.html
904:United Nations Security Council Resolution 688
167:
1875:Operation Desert Strike at globalsecurity.org
1170:From 1992 to the United States-led coalition
1151:
682:
549:
68:(12 years, 2 weeks and 5 days)
1213:from Iraqi persecution became an issue, and
205:Operation Provide Comfort/Provide Comfort II
1853:Saddam Hussein & the invasion of Kuwait
821:(NFZs) in Iraq that were proclaimed by the
66:1 March 1991 – 20 March 2003
1980:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1496:Post–World War II air-to-air combat losses
1186:. The northern NFZ was initially part of
1158:
1144:
689:
675:
556:
542:
1194:minority in Iraq, and was followed on by
1692:"Britain and US Step Up Bombing in Iraq"
1424:
140:
1955:
1740:
910:Role in preparation for ground invasion
902:justified the no-fly zones by invoking
874:at the time the resolution was passed,
14:
2047:
1868:
1306:In September 1996, the U.S. conducted
1220:On 26 June 1993, the U.S. conducted a
731:Iraq no-fly zones conflict (1991–2003)
1829:
1762:
1198:. The southern NFZ was maintained by
696:
670:
537:
1887:"2nd Cruise Missile Strikes in Iraq"
1717:"US Pilots Enforce Iraq No-Fly Zone"
1626:
1624:
1571:
1569:
1567:
817:was a low-level conflict in the two
724:Iraqi Kurdish/Shi'a uprisings (1991)
1285:incident on 14 April 1994 when two
309:(20 January 1993 – 20 January 2001)
24:
1812:2nd Cruise Missile Strikes in Iraq
1632:"No-fly zones: The legal position"
1190:relief operations to a persecuted
946:
498:Unknown number of soldiers killed
25:
2101:
2031:
1665:
1646:
1621:
1564:
1405:United Nations Special Commission
1383:fighter plane shot down an Iraqi
1604:"Iraq Under Siege: Ten Years On"
1470:
989:
919:officials privately admitted to
433:
421:
410:
399:
388:
377:
366:
355:
341:
327:
313:
299:
285:
266:
253:
241:
231:
220:
210:
187:
169:
156:
142:
128:
114:
93:Ended with the beginning of the
48:
2013:
2001:
1988:
1949:
1927:
1916:
1905:
1879:
1857:
1846:
1823:
1805:
1794:
1763:Johns, Dave (24 January 2006).
1756:
1734:
1709:
1359:. This was done in response to
1231:and nine of them launched from
736:Iraq air strikes (January 1993)
2060:2003 disestablishments in Iraq
2023:. News Statesman. 30 May 2005.
1596:
1539:
1530:
1519:
1508:
1281:However, this was marred by a
1128:Colin Powell's UN presentation
13:
1:
2080:Iraq–United Kingdom relations
1956:Lambeth, Benjamin S. (2013).
1501:
1043:
763:Iraqi conflict (2003–present)
648:Kurdistan Islamist insurgency
523:1,400 Iraqi civilians killed
2075:Iraq–United States relations
1104:U.S. invasion of Afghanistan
788:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
783:Iraqi insurgency (2008–2011)
773:Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006)
7:
2065:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
2055:1991 establishments in Iraq
2038:Full-text of Resolution 688
1463:
1440:British Ministry of Defense
1246:against Kuwait. Code-named
1074:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
885:
872:Secretary-General of the UN
815:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
778:Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)
746:Iraq missile strikes (1996)
741:Iraq missile strikes (1993)
567:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
10:
2106:
1248:Operation Vigilant Warrior
968:
756:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
1215:Operation Provide Comfort
1188:Operation Provide Comfort
1110:Alleged Prague connection
719:Invasion of Kuwait (1990)
709:Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)
704:
575:
522:
467:
445:
278:
106:
58:
47:
39:
34:
2021:"The war before the war"
1658:14 November 2007 at the
1435:Operation Southern Focus
1317:Battle Group, including
1258:initially deployed from
1200:Operation Southern Watch
1196:Operation Northern Watch
1172:invasion of Iraq in 2003
1050:Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
526:(Iraqi government claim)
182:Operation Southern Watch
1817:9 February 2005 at the
1420:Operation Desert Badger
1308:Operation Desert Strike
1287:United States Air Force
1272:Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base
1080:Iraq disarmament crisis
793:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
295:(until 20 January 1993)
42:lead-up to the Iraq War
2085:No-fly zone operations
1741:Salvage, Jane (2002).
1662:ZNet, 23 February 2003
1430:
1331:, in conjunction with
1207:Operation Desert Storm
1062:Sanctions against Iraq
1010:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
323:(from 20 January 2001)
279:Commanders and leaders
2090:France–Iraq relations
1934:Hitchens, Christopher
1428:
1395:was conducted by the
1310:, and ships from the
1250:, 1st Brigade of the
1122:Wood Green ricin plot
936:The commander of the
876:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
854:2003 invasion of Iraq
841:minority in northern
485:Khobar Towers Bombing
468:Casualties and losses
462:Iraqi Police officers
1834:. Globalsecurity.org
1721:www.globalpolicy.org
1696:www.globalpolicy.org
1608:www.globalpolicy.org
1393:Operation Desert Fox
1371:in Iraqi Kurdistan.
1335:bombers escorted by
1294:mistakenly shot down
1098:U.S. anthrax attacks
1092:September 11 attacks
933:population of Iraq.
768:Iraq War (2003–2011)
714:Gulf War (1990–1991)
1787:Ali Hassan al-Majid
1086:Arms-to-Iraq affair
751:Iraq bombing (1998)
395:François Mitterrand
1893:on 9 February 2005
1783:Human Rights Watch
1634:. 19 February 2001
1582:. Berghahn Books.
1431:
1391:In December 1998,
1298:United States Army
1028:Ba'ath Party Purge
1022:Iranian Revolution
1016:17 July Revolution
1004:14 July Revolution
900:French governments
602:Strikes (June '93)
456:Unknown number of
451:6,000 infantrymen
362:T. Michael Moseley
334:John Shalikashvili
54:No-fly zone detail
35:Iraqi no-fly zones
18:Iraqi no-fly zones
1960:. Annapolis, Md.
1653:A People Betrayed
1241:In October 1994,
1168:
1167:
808:
807:
698:Persian Gulf Wars
663:
662:
642:Strikes (Feb '01)
608:Kurdish Civil War
595:Strikes (Jan '93)
532:
531:
528:
518:Fitters shot down
493:unmanned aircraft
352:
338:
324:
310:
296:
292:George H. W. Bush
199:Operation Habitat
102:
101:
16:(Redirected from
2097:
2070:Aviation in Iraq
2025:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2008:American Soldier
2005:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1953:
1947:
1936:(21 June 2004).
1931:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1889:. Archived from
1883:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1827:
1821:
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1753:
1747:
1738:
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1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1688:
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1650:
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1628:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1573:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1512:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1301:UH-60 Black Hawk
1268:Dhahran Air Base
1235:Chancellorsville
1160:
1153:
1146:
1045:
993:
973:
972:
835:Gulf War of 1991
699:
691:
684:
677:
668:
667:
621:Vigilant Warrior
570:
568:
558:
551:
544:
535:
534:
524:
438:
437:
426:
425:
424:
415:
414:
413:
404:
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402:
393:
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214:
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179:
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172:
162:
160:
159:
152:
148:
146:
145:
138:
134:
132:
131:
124:
120:
118:
117:
89:US-led victory
60:
59:
52:
32:
31:
21:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1954:
1950:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1828:
1824:
1819:Wayback Machine
1810:
1806:
1799:
1795:
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1735:
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1715:
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1660:Wayback Machine
1651:
1647:
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1555:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1401:Royal Air Force
1292:fighter planes
1164:
1135:
1116:Iraq Resolution
1068:Iraqi uprisings
980:
971:
949:
947:Civilian deaths
940:Abraham Lincoln
912:
888:
811:
810:
809:
804:
700:
697:
695:
665:
664:
659:
581:Provide Comfort
571:
566:
564:
562:
513:
507:
501:
499:
487:
478:
475:UH-60 Blackhawk
458:Iraqi Air Force
452:
432:
428:Prince Abdullah
422:
420:
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125:
115:
113:
80:
67:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2103:
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1830:John Pike.
1478:Iraq portal
1341:Carl Vinson
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2049:Categories
1726:17 October
1701:17 October
1638:17 October
1613:17 October
1556:17 October
1502:References
1290:F-15 Eagle
978:leading up
833:after the
635:Desert Fox
512:shot down
506:shot down
384:Tony Blair
373:John Major
1976:cite book
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1399:and the
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95:Iraq War
73:Location
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1192:Kurdish
981:to the
976:Events
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850:Muslims
839:Kurdish
216:Germany
2010:p. 342
1964:
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85:Result
1943:Slate
1776:5 May
1746:(PDF)
1369:Arbil
1256:A-10s
1205:When
1042:1982–
516:Su-22
249:Spain
237:Italy
1982:link
1962:ISBN
1899:2013
1840:2009
1778:2020
1728:2019
1703:2019
1640:2019
1615:2019
1584:ISBN
1558:2019
1416:Iraq
1397:USAF
1381:F-16
1333:B-52
1296:two
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951:The
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931:Shia
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845:and
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813:The
481:USAF
273:Iraq
78:Iraq
63:Date
1673:ITV
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