2235:
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766:: "This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any state to the Contrary notwithstanding."
268:. However, in a dispute with any nation that has not affirmed the "silence implies consent" principle, any invocation of the "silence implies consent" principle involves an appeal to custom, such that if that nation does not espouse the broader premise of acknowledging the existence of customary international law, such an appeal will depend on
257:
must consent in order to be bound by a particular treaty or legal norm. However, international customary laws are norms that have become pervasive enough internationally that countries need not consent in order to be bound. In these cases, all that is needed is that the state has not objected to the
292:
Article 38(1)(b) of the
Statute of the International Court of Justice, has recognized International Custom as evidence of general practice accepted as law. Thus, general practice demonstrates custom, and not vice versa. In order to prove the existence of customary rule, it is necessary to show that
347:
that "not only must the acts concerned amount to a settled practice, but they must also be such, or be carried out in such a way, as to be evidence of a belief that this practice is rendered obligatory by the existence of a rule of law requiring it ... The States concerned must therefore feel
73:
that "appears to be sufficiently widespread, representative as well as consistent" showing that a significant number of states have used and relied on the rule in question and the concept has not been rejected by a significant number of states, (2) states were motivated by a belief that they were
91:
listed the following sources as forms of evidence of customary international law: treaties, decisions of national and international courts, national legislation, opinions of national legal advisors, diplomatic correspondence, and practice of international organizations. In 2018, the
Commission
368:
recognition. Regional customs can become customary international law in their respective regions, but do not become customary international law for nations outside the region. The existence of bilateral customary law was recognized by the
International Court of Justice in the
300:
acting out of the belief that the law required them to act that way". It follows that customary international law can be discerned by a "widespread repetition by States of similar international acts over time (state practice); Acts must occur out of sense of
104:
The
International Court of Justice Statute defines customary international law in Article 38(1)(b) as "a general practice accepted as law". This is generally determined through two factors: the general practice of states, and what states have accepted as law
348:
that they are conforming to what amounts to a legal obligation." The Court emphasised the need to prove a "sense of legal duty" as distinct from "acts motivated by considerations of courtesy, convenience or tradition". This was subsequently confirmed in
373:
case between
Portugal and India, in which the court found "no reason why long continued practice between the two states accepted by them as regulating their relations should not form the basis of mutual rights and obligations between the two states".
126:
rights, while other customary international law may simply be followed by a small group of states. States are typically bound by customary international law, regardless of whether the states have codified these laws domestically or through treaties.
197:
are customary international law through their adoption by states, but not all customary international laws rise to the level of peremptory norms. States can deviate from customary international law by enacting treaties and conflicting laws, but
68:
Many governments accept in principle the existence of customary international law, although there are differing opinions as to what rules are contained in it. A rule becomes customary international if two requirements are met: (1) There is a
288:
by
Article 92: "The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such as disputes that are submitted to it, shall apply ... international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law."
861:
ICJ Rep 116, 131 where it is stated "the ten-mile rule would appear to be inapplicable as against Norway inasmuch as she has always opposed any attempt to apply it to the
Norwegian coast". The case can be found at
113:). This means that many states need to engage in the practice (in particular, great powers) and that states engage in the practice out of a sense of legal obligation (rather than custom or habit).
272:("customary international law is binding because silence implies consent, and silence implies consent because the fact that silence implies consent is one aspect of customary international law").
33:
are international obligations arising from established or usual international practices, which are less formal customary expectations of behavior often unwritten as opposed to formal written
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If any treaty or law has been called as customary international law, then parties which have not ratified said treaty will be bound to observe its provisions in good faith.
2474:
2509:
2301:
606:
Merkouris, Panos (2022), Kammerhofer, Jörg; Arajärvi, Noora; Merkouris, Panos (eds.), "Interpreting
Customary International Law: You'll Never Walk Alone",
311:); Acts must be taken by a significant number of States and not be rejected by a significant number of States." A marker of customary international law is
241:, and other treaties. However, these conventions do not purport to govern all legal matters that may arise during war. Instead, Article 1(2) of Additional
816:"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I)"
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norm. These norms are rooted in natural law principles, and any laws conflicting with it should be considered null and void. Examples include various
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Military and
Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
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There are several kinds of customary international laws recognized by states. Some customary international laws rise to the level of
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Customary
International Law - Bibliographies on the topics of the International Law Commission (no.13 in the list) (UNOG Library)
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legally compelled to accept the legitimacy of the rule in question because customary international law obligated them to do so
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dictates that customary international law governs legal matters concerning armed conflict not covered by other agreements.
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Władysław Czapliński. "Jus Cogens and the Law of Treaties". In C. Tomuschat and J. M. Thouvenin (eds). 2006.
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Report of the International Law Commission. Seventieth session (30 April-1 June and 2 July-10 August 2018)
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acknowledges the existence of customary international law in Article 38(1)(b), incorporated into the
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542:"Second report on identification of customary international law by Michael Wood, Special Rapporteur"
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for "compelling law") is a fundamental principle of international law which is accepted by the
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Customary international law "consists of rules of law derived from the consistent conduct of
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adopted Conclusions on Identification of Customary International Law with commentaries. The
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1981:
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975:"Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Merits) (Port. v. India), 1960 I.C.J. 6 (Apr. 12)"
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there exists a 'general practice' which conforms to the rule and which is accepted as law.
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to customary international law may not be bound by them unless these laws are deemed to be
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M. Cherif Bassiouni (1998). "International Crimes: jus cogens and Obligatio Erga Omnes".
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Resolution adopted by the General Assembly. Identification of customary international law
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among states exhibited both by widespread conduct and a discernible sense of obligation.
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Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports
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welcomed the Conclusions and encouraged their widest possible dissemination.
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163:; a state violates customary international law if it permits or engages in
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Other examples accepted or claimed as customary international law include
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Certain Norwegian Loans (France v Norway) (Jurisdiction) ICJ Rep 9, 53.
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The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict
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The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict
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The Theory, Practice, and Interpretation of Customary International Law
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and domestic laws, while others are recognized only as customary law.
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The recognition of different customary laws can range from simple
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The two essential elements of customary international law are
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Some international customary laws have been codified through
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and customary international law are not interchangeable. All
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or conventions. Customary international law is an aspect of
2008:
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645:. A/73/10. New York: United Nations. 2018. pp. 12–116.
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adopted Geneva conventions as customary international law.
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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
1080:
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International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
229:, were long a matter of customary law before they were
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The Fundamental Rules of the International Legal Order
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North Sea Continental Shelf, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
343:, the International Court of Justice further held in
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through acceptance by the international community as
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Fisheries Case (United Kingdom v Norway) (Judgement)
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533:
725:
Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law
2465:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
1017:with cases and commentary. Nathaniel Burney, 2007.
849:, pp. 6–7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
563:"Customary International Law – International Law"
530:
337:In relation to the psychological element that is
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2495:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
2470:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
610:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 347–369,
332:Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
712:, pp. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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779:, pp. 83–98. Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV
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41:involving the principle of custom. Along with
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764:Article Six of the United States Constitution
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282:Statute of the International Court of Justice
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364:recognition of customary laws to worldwide
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661:. A/RES/73/203. United Nations. 2018-12-20
100:Recognition of customary international law
45:and treaties, custom is considered by the
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877:Practice and Methods of International Law
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2217:History of the American legal profession
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824:International Committee of the Red Cross
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476:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
411:Customary international humanitarian law
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371:Right of Passage Over Indian Territory
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1038:Peace Palace Library - Research Guide
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350:Nicaragua v. United States of America
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27:Customary law applied between nations
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1015:A Brief Primer on International Law
750:"Constitution of the United States"
24:
722:Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2018).
276:The International Court of Justice
235:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
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345:North Sea Continental Shelf
31:Customary international law
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1709:Basic structure doctrine
1559:Natural and legal rights
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451:International regulation
436:Public international law
61:to be among the primary
2394:Crimes against humanity
1889:Principle of typicality
1363:International trade law
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421:Crimes against humanity
181:crimes against humanity
153:international community
2551:Universal jurisdiction
2526:Command responsibility
2419:Incitement to genocide
2357:United Nations Charter
1033:Customary IHL Database
910:" 1996, p. 226, 253,
845:Yoram Dinstein. 2004.
708:Yoram Dinstein. 2004.
680:"Statute of the Court"
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2044:Legal representation
1982:Justice of the peace
1328:Financial regulation
386:of visiting foreign
161:international crimes
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2362:Genocide Convention
2137:Election commission
1849:Expressive function
1378:Landlord–tenant law
1277:Consumer protection
957:1986, pp. 14, 98,
204:are non-derogable.
2404:Crime of apartheid
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2095:Legal institutions
1962:Lawsuit/Litigation
1952:Dispute resolution
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1465:State of emergency
1428:Will and testament
1152:Law of obligations
1105:Constitutional law
1095:Administrative law
1043:2020-08-27 at the
961:2016-03-04 at the
939:2011-08-12 at the
935:1969, pp. 3, 43,
914:2012-02-27 at the
788:Article 53 of the
592:2008-12-26 at the
270:circular reasoning
260:states that object
249:Silence as consent
239:Geneva Conventions
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1937:Constitutionalism
1859:Law and economics
1697:Act of parliament
1435:Product liability
1388:Legal archaeology
1313:Environmental law
1307:Entertainment law
1147:International law
735:978-1-000-52208-2
627:978-1-316-51689-8
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177:war of aggression
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1606:Ballot measure
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1583:Legal treatise
1580:
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1578:
1573:
1563:
1562:
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1551:
1549:Letters patent
1546:
1541:
1540:
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1529:
1524:
1519:
1510:
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1500:Sources of law
1496:
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1485:Unenforced law
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1257:Commercial law
1254:
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1027:External links
1025:
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752:. U.S. Senate.
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388:heads of state
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378:Other examples
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320:state practice
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258:law. However,
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71:state practice
55:United Nations
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2122:Civil society
2120:
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2110:
2108:
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2100:
2099:
2097:
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2081:Trier of fact
2079:
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2020:
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2015:
2012:
2010:
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2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
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1985:
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1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:Legal opinion
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:Court-martial
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1919:Jurisprudence
1916:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
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1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:Statutory law
1806:
1804:
1803:Socialist law
1801:
1797:
1796:Byzantine law
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
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1777:
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1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:Religious law
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
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1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1719:Legal systems
1716:
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1707:
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1689:
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1687:Statutory law
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1528:
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1523:
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1518:
1517:Statutory law
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:Transport law
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
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1458:
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1453:
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1393:Legal fiction
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1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:Financial law
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:Corporate law
1280:
1278:
1275:
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1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
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1207:
1206:Statutory law
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1202:
1199:
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1177:
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1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:Core subjects
1086:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
988:
980:
976:
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964:
960:
956:
955:
949:
942:
938:
934:
933:
927:
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917:
913:
909:
903:
895:
891:
885:
878:
872:
865:
860:
855:
848:
842:
827:. 8 June 1977
826:
825:
817:
811:
804:
798:
791:
785:
778:
772:
765:
759:
751:
745:
737:
731:
728:. Routledge.
727:
726:
718:
711:
705:
689:
685:
681:
675:
660:
659:
652:
644:
643:
636:
629:
623:
618:
613:
609:
602:
595:
591:
588:
582:
568:
564:
558:
543:
536:
534:
525:
523:9781405197656
519:
516:. p. 5.
515:
508:
500:
496:
490:
486:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
416:Customary law
414:
412:
409:
408:
402:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
375:
372:
367:
363:
353:
351:
346:
341:
335:
333:
328:
327:
321:
316:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
290:
287:
283:
273:
271:
266:
261:
256:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
222:
217:
215:
205:
202:
195:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:non-derogable
154:
150:
145:
141:(also called
140:
133:
128:
125:
124:non-derogable
121:
120:
114:
111:
110:
97:
95:
90:
87:In 1950, the
85:
82:
80:
72:
66:
64:
60:
59:member states
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2372:Rome Statute
2326:
2266:
2259:
2245:
2231:
2004:Jurisdiction
1972:Legal remedy
1927:Adjudication
1827:Legal theory
1665:Ratification
1660:Promulgation
1631:Proclamation
1611:Codification
1544:Human rights
1532:Divine right
1522:Constitution
1490:Women in law
1408:Military law
1403:Marriage law
1398:Maritime law
1297:Election law
1237:Aviation law
1227:Abortion law
1179:Property law
1115:Criminal law
998:Bibliography
987:
978:
969:
952:
948:
930:
902:
893:
884:
876:
871:
858:
854:
846:
841:
829:. Retrieved
822:
810:
802:
797:
784:
776:
771:
758:
744:
724:
717:
709:
704:
692:. Retrieved
688:the original
683:
674:
663:. Retrieved
657:
651:
641:
635:
607:
601:
581:
570:. Retrieved
566:
557:
546:. Retrieved
513:
507:
498:
489:
431:Human rights
400:
381:
370:
366:multilateral
359:
349:
344:
340:opinio juris
336:
331:
326:opinio juris
317:
308:opinio juris
295:
291:
279:
252:
226:jus in bello
218:
211:
185:
136:
131:
117:
115:
103:
86:
79:opinio juris
67:
30:
29:
2176:Legislature
2107:Bureaucracy
1904:Rule of man
1899:Rule of law
1874:Libertarian
1737:Chinese law
1638:Legislation
1588:Regulations
1576:Law reports
1554:Natural law
1450:Reparations
1445:Refugee law
1368:Jurimetrics
1309:(Media law)
1247:Banking law
1242:Amnesty law
1220:Disciplines
1157:Private law
979:WorldCourts
805:, 59: 63–74
762:E.g., from
461:Rule of law
456:Refugee law
253:Generally,
221:laws of war
2566:Categories
2436:Starvation
2169:Law school
2049:Prosecutor
1987:Magistrate
1774:Jewish law
1732:Common law
1653:Rulemaking
1648:Regulation
1598:Law making
1537:Divine law
1513:Legal code
1460:Sports law
1383:Law of war
1333:Health law
1318:Family law
1302:Energy law
1252:Bankruptcy
1189:Punishment
1184:Public law
665:2020-01-27
572:2023-12-11
548:2023-12-13
482:References
303:obligation
265:jus cogens
243:Protocol I
201:jus cogens
194:jus cogens
188:Jus cogens
144:jus cogens
132:Jus cogens
119:jus cogens
57:, and its
2441:War crime
2147:Judiciary
2142:Executive
2117:The bench
2054:Solicitor
2029:Barrister
1909:Sociology
1894:Pseudolaw
1834:Anarchist
1791:Roman law
1779:Parsi law
1764:Hindu law
1752:Canon law
1727:Civil law
1680:Concordat
1571:Precedent
1480:Trust law
1455:Space law
1292:Drugs law
1162:Procedure
1100:Civil law
875:Rosenne,
362:bilateral
313:consensus
2409:Genocide
2254:Category
2196:Tribunal
2181:Military
2024:Attorney
1994:Judgment
1854:Feminist
1769:Jain law
1566:Case law
1287:Cyberlaw
1194:Corporal
1172:Criminal
1142:Evidence
1132:Doctrine
1110:Contract
1041:Archived
959:Archived
937:Archived
912:Archived
879:, p. 55.
590:Archived
471:Soft law
426:Genocide
405:See also
384:immunity
231:codified
214:treaties
173:genocide
35:treaties
2319:Sources
2268:Outline
2205:History
2112:The bar
2086:Verdict
2034:Counsel
2014:Justice
1869:History
1692:Statute
1508:Charter
1470:Tax law
1418:Probate
894:USLegal
567:USLegal
233:in the
169:torture
165:slavery
51:jurists
2577:Custom
2426:Piracy
2186:Police
2157:Agency
2039:Lawyer
1784:Sharia
1675:Treaty
1670:Repeal
1616:Decree
1527:Custom
1423:Estate
1373:Labour
1137:Equity
831:30 May
792:(1969)
732:
694:30 May
624:
520:
298:States
53:, the
2261:Index
2127:Court
2071:Trial
1977:Judge
1818:Yassa
1621:Edict
1167:Civil
1120:Crime
819:(PDF)
179:, or
149:Latin
2009:Jury
1957:Fiqh
1813:Xeer
1211:Tort
1127:Deed
833:2012
730:ISBN
696:2012
622:ISBN
585:See
544:. UN
518:ISBN
322:and
280:The
219:The
65:.
1081:Law
612:doi
2568::
1515:/
977:.
923:^
892:.
821:.
682:.
620:,
565:.
532:^
497:.
352:.
334:.
237:,
183:.
175:,
171:,
167:,
147:,
137:A
84:.
49:,
2303:e
2296:t
2289:v
1073:e
1066:t
1059:v
981:.
943:.
918:.
906:"
896:.
866:.
835:.
738:.
698:.
668:.
614::
596:.
575:.
551:.
526:.
501:.
305:(
105:(
81:)
77:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.