Indo-Canadians - Knowledge

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regarding elite positions in society. The Vancouver Daily Province newspaper ran an article with the headline, "First in BC and believed first East Indian in Canada to hold public office." He was re-elected in 1952, and again in 1954. The same year the Board unanimously voted to name him Chairman of the Board, which gave him similar duties and influence to that of a Mayor. During his years in public office, he continued his community involvement and large-scale business ventures. He also fought for the building of a new Mission bridge as well as against prohibitive diking taxes Naranjan Singh Grewall was even more passionate about the Forestry industry. At that time, the SoCred government in provincial power was embroiled in a corruption scandal. The Minister of Forestry was suspected of giving away significant amounts of timber rights to previously declined lumber corporations, often his personal friends. Worse, the premier W.A.C. Bennet seemed to be purposefully looking the other way. This infuriated Mr. Grewall, who termed the present holders of forest management licenses "timber maharajas", believing that the current system could revert to a form of feudalism he had left behind in India.

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Mission and beyond – yet there were 14 suspicious fires in sawmills he was part owner of and his own house was set ablaze by an unknown arsonist. His wife was well aware of the dangers he faced although he kept his suspicions as to who was behind the threats to himself. True to his self-reliant and honorable reputation, he refused to name anyone or make any official complaints without proof. Naranjan Grewall's death which occurred on a business trip to Seattle was officially labelled a suicide. Some of his close friends went to Seattle to try and make sense of the tragedy. What they discovered only raised more questions and indicated that the police investigation was certainly very limited in scope. There were reports of a loud quarrel in his room at the Star Motel and later that same night he moved to a different motel. There was alcohol found in the same room as his body and Grewall was never known to have drank alcohol, yet the police insist that he was alone in the room at all times.

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Sikhs from New Westminster and the Lower Mainland to gather and to worship. "It is starting up on Thursday and it will be four days, with the main event on Sunday. It's open to anyone within the community – in Queensborough and in New West. It's to show support, learn about each other and the heritage," said Jag Sall, a member of the committee that's organizing the celebration. "I don't think a lot of people know that the Sikh community has been in Queensborough for over 100 years, and/or the gurdwara itself has been there that long. Not just the Sikh community, but other communities in Queensborough have been living there for a century."

1379: 2508: 8393:. "3 'East Indians' refers to people whose roots are specifically in India. Although there is no country called East India, the British gave and used the term 'East India.' The British and Canadians commonly used the term 'East Indian' during the early period of Indian migration to Canada." and "4 'South Asians' is a very broad category as it refers to people originally in the geographical area of South Asia, including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. 'South Asians' also refers to Indians who have migrated to other parts of the world such as Fiji, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and East Africa." 9423:

people to Canada, the importance of the Gurdwara to the Sikh people and the history of why they left and what brought them back. The largest influx of men came from South Asia in about 1905-06, which would be the time period that the Temple would have begun services. In 1926 a fire burned the timber limits of the Columbia River Lumber Company, where all the South Asian men worked and the men left for the coast having no work to do. When the forest started to grow back the men came back and soon it was necessary to build the present Gurdwara on 13th Street South.

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Mission Tree Farm. In 1958, Mission was the first municipality to be given responsibility to monitor their own forest called Tree Farm License #26. During the much-heated 1956 provincial election, Grewall, as a CCF candidate, commonly addressed the issues of taxes, bridges, farmers and the forestry industry, which he claimed were being "monopolized" by a handful of large companies in the province. Grewall referred to these stakeholders as "timber maharajahs," and said the system would revert to a "form of feudalism, which I left 30 years ago."

6397:, have a particularly strong presence in Brampton, where they represent about a third of the population (Most live in the northeastern and eastern portion of the city). The area is middle and upper middle class, home ownership is very high. The Indo-Canadians in this region are mostly of Punjabi, Telugu, Tamil, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Malayali and Goan origin. When compared to the Indo-Canadian community of Greater Vancouver, the Greater Toronto Area is home to a much more diverse community of Indians – both linguistically and religiously. 13582: 7849: 605: 9653:

he came to Mission, B.C. from Toronto, Ontario. He purchased and became the operator of six lumber companies across the Fraser Valley. Referring to holders of forest management licenses as 'Timber Maharajahs', he warned that within 10 years 3 or 4 giant corporations would effectively control the industry in B.C. Mr. Grewall became a voice for the growing industry and openly critiqued the then government's policies of granting licenses to their friends. Throughout his life, Naranjan Grewall remained incredibly charitable.

328: 73: 2481: 776:, wrote that she used 'Indo-Canadians' to only refer to those of origins from India who have Canadian citizenship. Otherwise she uses "Indo-Canadian" in an interchangeable manner with 'South Asians' and 'East Indians'. Priya S. Mani, the author of "Methodological Dilemmas Experienced in Researching Indo-Canadian Young Adults’ Decision-Making Process to Study the Sciences," defined "Indo-Canadian" as being children of persons who immigrated from South Asia to Canada. Exploring 9361:

had no problem with the men. They hired them to work in the lumberyard, planer, and sawmill. The first documented proof that we have of South Asians of the Sikh faith being residents of Golden is a copy of a telegram sent to G.T. Bradshaw, Chief of Police, New Westminster from Colin Cameron, Chief of Police, Golden, BC on July 20, 1902. It was sent collect and reads: Geha Singh of Golden sent a telegram to Santa Singh care of Small and Bucklin for one thousand dollars.

7417: 1464: 10587: 10057: 1351:, where an estimated 4,700 arrived, at around the same time as a rise in Chinese and Japanese immigration. This rapid increase in immigration totalled 5,209 by the end of 1908. With the federal government curtailing the migration, fewer than 125 South Asians were permitted to land in BC over the next several years. Those who had arrived were often single men and many returned to South Asia. Others sought opportunities south of the border in the 7341: 7217: 7095: 7006: 6910: 1804: 1767: 12079: 7399: 9494:

installed in his home, the Guru Granth Sahib. Singh was a bachelor and gave much of his earnings to the local Khalsa Diwan Society, which in 1908 had built B.C.'s first gurdwara, the Sikh place of worship, in Vancouver. In March 1919, Singh helped the Sikhs of New Westminster start a gurdwara of their own. For $ 250, Singh bought the property next door and donated it to the society. Later, he would donate his house as well.

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Fraser Mills and was elected a union official. He came to own and operate six sawmill companies and established himself as one of the largest employers and most influential business leaders in the area. After being in Mission for almost a decade, Grewall decided to run for political office in 1950. He competed against six other candidates in Mission's board of commissioners election.

7491:, which is still widely practised in India, is no longer widely practised among Canadian-born or naturalized Indians. However, marriages are sometimes still arranged by parents within their specific caste or Indian ethnic community. Since it may be difficult to find someone of the same Indian ethnic background with the desired characteristics, some Indo-Canadians now opt to use 10094: 7931:: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Anglo-Indian" (3,340), "Bengali" (26,675), "Goan" (9,700), "Gujarati" (36,970), "Indian" (1,347,715), "Jatt" (22,785), "Kashmiri" (6,165), "Maharashtrian" (4,125), "Malayali" (12,490), "Punjabi" (279,950), "Tamil" (102,170), and "Telugu" (6,670). 8040:

the race,” said Barrett. Barrett said Grewall overcame many racial insults along the way. “Every kid in the North Fraser, who thinks he or she is being discriminated against, should read the Grewall story and the challenges he faced.” Grewall was later found dead in a Seattle motel room with a gunshot wound to the head in July of 1957. He was 47 years of age.

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in the aftermath of running for MLA in 1956, Grewall received personal threats, while the six mills he owned along with his house were all set ablaze by arsonists. One year later, on July 17, 1957, while on a business trip, he was suspiciously found dead in a Seattle motel, having been shot in the head. Grewall Street in Mission was named in his honour.

9028: 10358: 10332: 9133: 9063: 10387: 9962: 8993: 9098: 1436:. However, although invalidated for a couple months, the 'continuous journey' and $ 200 requirement provisions returned to force by January 1914, after the Canadian government quickly rewrote its regulations to meet the objections it encountered in court. The ship had not sailed directly from India; rather, it came to Canada via 8050:

ruled it a suicide, Grewall's family believes he was a victim of foul play. Grewall was survived by his wife and three children, who left Mission City shortly after his death. Despite the suspicious circumstances of his death, Grewall's story is more notable for his legacy of community involvement than for his untimely demise.

794:, argued that the 'South Asian' term "is meaningful as a defining boundary only in interactions between South Asians and mainstream Canadians." Henderson added that, because of the conflation of 'South Asian' and 'Indian', "t is very difficult to isolate the history of Asian Indians in Canada from that of other South Asians." 1704:

20th century. In 1994, approximately 80% of South-Asian Canadians were immigrants. The settlement pattern in the most recent two decades is still mainly focused around Vancouver and Toronto, but other cities such as Calgary, Edmonton, and Montreal have also become desirable due to growing economic prospects in these cities.

1460:. The colonial authorities in Calcutta responded by dispatching a mixed force of policemen and soldiers, and a subsequent violent encounter between the two parties resulted in the deaths of several protestors. These events would give further evidence to South Asians of their second-class status within the Empire. 10359:"2011 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations Detailed Mother Tongue (192), Single and Multiple Language Responses (3), Age Groups (7) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 Census" 9810:

Naranjan Grewall was a polarizing figure. He was a wealthy man who gave freely and generously to worthy causes yet fought against many of the practices that were responsible for the wealth of many of the businessmen whom he rubbed shoulders with every day. He was well respected in the community of

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In 1950, Naranjan Grewall became the first Hindu (as it was phrased at that time) in Canada to be elected to public office, after the voting franchise was extended to visible minority groups in 1947. In 1954, he was appointed to the position of mayor of Mission City by the board and later ran for the

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Known as "Giani" to his friends, Naranjan Grewall is believed to be the first Indian ever elected to political office in North America. Grewall was born in East Punjab. He came to B.C. in 1925 and in 1941 moved to Mission City, a small mill town in the Fraser Valley. Grewall worked as a millwright at

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NRI Naranjan Singh Grewall was the first (Indo Canadian) Mayor of Mission, B.C., Canada and the first Indo Canadian mayor within any city in Canada, in 1954.He was elected Canada's first Sikh city councilor, to a public office in Mission, not only in Canada, but all of North America in 1950. In 1941,

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The Khalsa Diwan Society New Westminster is inviting community members to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Gurdwara Sahib Sukh Sagar in Queensborough. Since opening in 1919, the temple has become an integral part of the Queensborough and New Westminster communities, and has provided a place for

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The original temple in Golden sat on a corner of a lot, in the south western area of town at the end of the street looking toward where Rona is now. The largest influx of men came from South Asia around 1905, which would be the time period that the temple in Golden would have began services. In 1926,

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due to both economic and family reasons. Indians move for economic prospects to Canada's economy and job market and have been performing well against many European and some American states. Lastly, individuals have decided to settle in Canada in order to reunite their families who may have settled in

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By 1914, it is estimated that the number of South Asians in British Columbia fell to less than 2,000. Canada would eventually allow the wives and dependent children of South Asian Canadian residents to immigrate in 1919. Though a small flow of wives and children would be established by the mid-1920s,

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immigration policies at the time. These quotas only allowed fewer than 100 people from India a year until 1957, when it was marginally increased (to 300 people a year). In comparison to the quotas established for Indians, Christians from Europe immigrated freely without quotas in large numbers during

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When Grewall was nominated as a candidate for the CCF party in the Dewdney riding in 1956, this drew excitement. But, according to Barrett, Grewall faced open discrimination on the campaign trail. “The former mayor knew the risk he was taking and many people were surprised he took this risk to enter

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population has led to several significant confrontations politically. Notably, since the two coups d'état of 1987 many Indo-Fijians are moving from Fiji to US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand due to political instability and ethnic conflict. A majority of the Indo-Fijian immigrants have settled in

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from their country of origin. As there were no such system between India and Canada—which the Canadian government knew—the continuous-journey provision therefore prevented the endurance of South Asian immigration. Separating Indian men from their families, this ban would further stifle the growth of

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The first Sikhs came to Golden about 1902, arriving to work in the sawmill of the Columbia River Lumber Company. When the Sikhs arrived in Golden the community was in its infancy and the sawmill had recently opened. The Columbia River Lumber Company recognized the value of these tall strong men and

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In 2012, Mandeep Kaur wrote a PhD thesis titled "Canadian-Punjabi Philanthropy and its Impact on Punjab: A Sociological Study", which found that, compared to other ethnic groups, Indo-Canadians engage in more arranged marriages within ethnic communities and castes and engage in less dating; this is

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Indo-Canadian culture is closely linked to each specific Indian group's religious, regional, linguistic and ethnic backgrounds. For instance, Northern Indian cultural practices and languages differ from those of Southern Indians, and the Hindu community's cultural practices differ from those of the

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The Indo-Caribbean Canadian community has developed a unique cultural blend of both Indian and Caribbean culture due to a long period of isolation from India, amongst other reasons. Some Indo-Caribbean Canadians associate themselves with the Indo-Canadian community. However, most associate with the

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In the contemporary era, Canadians with Indian ancestry are from very diverse religious backgrounds compared to many other ethnic groups, which is due in part to India's multi-religious population. Amongst the Indo-Canadian population however, the religious views are more evenly divided than India,

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While by the 1950s, Indo-Canadians had gained respect in business in British Columbia primarily for their work in owning sawmills and aiding the development of the provincial forestry industry, racism still existed especially in the upper echelons of society. As such, during the campaign period and

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A significant event in Indo-Canadian history occurred in 1950 when 25 years after settling in Canada and nine years after moving to British Columbia from Toronto, Naranjan "Giani" Singh Grewall became the first individual of Indian ancestry in Canada and North America to be elected to public office

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Wherever there are five or more Sikh's there will be Sikh Temple even just a spare room in some ones house. Therefore it was only that once the natural that once the mill and bunkhouses were erected the next building should be a Temple. The first official Temple in Paldi was built in 1919. On the

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The Gurdwara Sahib Sukh Sagar is one of the oldest Sikh temples in the country and its members are celebrating the milestone anniversary by reflecting on its historic significance to the local Sikh community. The temple was actually founded more than 100 years ago when a pioneering Sikh named Bhai

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The majority of Canadians of East Indian origin are either Sikh or Hindu. In 2001, 34% said they were Sikh, while 27% said they were Hindu. Another 17% were Muslim, 9% were Catholic and 7% belonged to a mainline Protestant denomination or other Christian grouping. On the other hand, relatively few

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After losing his MLA bid in 1956 to SoCred Labor Minister Lyle Wicks, Grewal began receiving threats. Fires were set at his mills and his house was set ablaze. On July 17, 1957, while on a business trip, Grewall was found dead in a Seattle motel. He had been shot in the head. Although local police

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being an emanant concern, the federal continuous-journey regulation was removed in 1947. Most of British Columbia's anti-South Asian legislation would also be withdrawn in 1947, and the Indo-Canadian community would be returned the right to vote. At that time, thousands of people were moved across

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He was later nominated as a provincial candidate for the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in 1956, making him also the first visible minority to run as a candidate in Canada. He was narrowly defeated by Socred Labour Minister Lyle Wicks. And one of those legacies he left behind was the

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increasing from 30,915 in 2012 to 85,585 in 2019, representing 25% of total immigration to Canada. Additionally, India also became the top source country for international students in Canada, rising from 48,765 in 2015 to 219,855 in 2019. Mirroring historical Indo-Canadian migration patterns, the

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had the highest proportion of Indo-Canadians of any municipality in Canada during the 1990s. Prior to the large urban concentrations that exist in the present day, statistically significant populations existed across rural British Columbia; a legacy of previous waves of immigration earlier in the

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Every Sunday in 1919, the Sikhs of Queensborough on the Fraser River would stroll over to the house of Bhai Bishan Singh for worship. Singh, like many Punjabi immigrants, settled in the New Westminster neighbourhood because he worked upriver at a sawmill. A devout Sikh, he had the holy scripture

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The original temple sat on the corner of a lot, which is now owned by Gurmit Manhas, at the end of the street past the School Board Office looking towards the Rona. Plans are being put together to erect a kiosk there that would share information about the original building, the first South Asian

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Indo-Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area have an average household income of $ 86,425, which is higher than the Canadian average of $ 79,102 but lower than the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area's average of $ 95,326. Indo-Canadian students are also well-represented in Toronto-area universities;

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Policies changed rapidly during the second half of the 20th century. Until the late 1950s, essentially all South Asians lived in British Columbia. However, when professional immigrants came to Canada in larger numbers, they began to settle across the country. South Asian politics until 1967 were

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Already a popular and well-respected man, he topped the polls, beating out seven candidates in a historic victory, especially given that Indo-Canadians had only been given the right to vote three years before. While Indo-Canadians had gained respect in business, racism still existed, especially

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Alternatively, Indo-Canadian culture has developed its own identity compared to other non-resident Indians and from people in India. It is not uncommon to find youth uninterested with traditional Indian cultural elements and events, instead of identifying with mainstream North American cultural

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as well, most of whom are Hindus, with a significant portion of Muslims. Other religions that are practised are Christianity and Sikhism. The Indo-Fijian population in Canada is not as diverse religiously as the general Indo-Canadian community. Indo-Fijians have established cultural centres and

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and union official, and known as a sportsman and humanitarian philanthropist as well as a lumberman, Grewall eventually established himself as one of the largest employers and most influential business leaders in the northern Fraser Valley, owned six sawmills and was active in community affairs

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stated that the same population has been "referred to as South Asians, Indo-Canadians or East Indians," and that people referred to as 'South Asian' view the term in the way that those from European countries might view the label 'European.'" According to Nayar, "Many Canadian-born South Asians

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alone. Early in history when Hindus first arrived, the temples were more liberal and catered to all Hindus from different communities. In the past few decades, with the number of Hindu Canadians increasing, Hindu temples have now been established to cater to specific communities of different

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In 1967, all immigration quotas in Canada based on specific ethnic groups were scrapped. The social view in Canada towards people of other ethnic backgrounds was more open, and Canada was facing declining immigration from European countries, since these European countries had booming postwar

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The cultures and languages of various Indian communities have been able to thrive in part due to the freedom of these communities to establish structures and institutions for religious worship, social interaction, and cultural practices. In particular, Punjabi culture and language have been

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5 (2) June 2006. PDF p. 2/14. "The term South Asian refers to the Statistics Canada classification, which includes young adults who identify as Sikh, Hindu, or Muslim religious background (Statistics Canada, 2001). In this article, the term Indo-Canadian refers to children of South Asian

9402:"We acknowledge the Gurdwara in Golden as the first in B.C., and quite likely the first in North America," said Pyara Lotay, on behalf of the local Sikh community. "We thank the B.C. government for recognizing Golden's Sikh pioneers and their place of worship with this Stop of Interest." 10306: 10333:"Data tables, 2016 Census Mother Tongue (263), Single and Multiple Mother Tongue Responses (3), Age (7) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census – 100% Data" 9099:"Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey" 10441: 1561:

serving on the boards or as chairman of a variety of organizations, and was instrumental in helping create Mission's municipal tree farm. With strong pro-labour beliefs despite his role as a mill-owner, after a scandal embroiled the provincial Ministry of Forestry under the-then

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Bishan Singh bought a house next door to where the building is now. Singh paid $ 250 for the house, which served as a place of worship until the congregation grew too large. In 1919, Singh bought the neighbouring lot at 347 Wood Street and the Gurdwara Sahib Sukh Sagar was born.

739:' (Sri Lankan) were made into separate ethnic categories, while prior to that year people with those origins were counted as being 'East Indian'. As of 2001 about half of foreign-born persons claiming an 'East Indian' ancestry originated from India, while others originated from 9134:"Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data" 10410: 10277: 8457:. See: "9 The term 'Indo-Canadians' came into use in the 1980s as a result of the Canadian government's policy and ideology of multiculturalism. It refers to Canadian-born people whose origins are on the Indian subcontinent." and "9 The term 'Indo-Canadians' came into use" 10262: 8025:: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Bengali" (22,900), "Goan" (6,070), "Gujarati" (8,350), "East Indian" (1,374,715), "Kashmiri" (3,115), "Punjabi" (118,395), and "Tamil" (48,670). 10466: 8008:: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Bengali" (17,960), "Goan" (5,125), "Gujarati" (5,890), "East Indian" (1,165,145), "Kashmiri" (2,125), "Punjabi" (76,150), and "Tamil" (48,965). 7991:: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Bengali" (12,130), "Goan" (4,815), "Gujarati" (2,975), "East Indian" (962,670), "Kashmiri" (1,685), "Punjabi" (53,515), and "Tamil" (34,590). 1119:

Upon retiring from the army, some soldiers found their pensions to be inadequate, and some also found their land and estates back in India were being utilized by money lenders. Deciding to try their fortunes in the countries they had visited, these men joined an

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Government quotas were also established to cap the number of Indians allowed to immigrate to Canada in the early 20th century. This was part of a policy adopted by Canada to ensure that the country retained its primarily European demographic, and was similar to

7974:: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Bengali" (7,020), "Goan" (3,865), "Gujarati" (2,805), "East Indian" (713,330), "Kashmiri" (480), "Punjabi" (47,155), and "Tamil" (39,075). 1375:

the Indo-Canadian community. Another federal law required new Indian immigrants to carry $ 200 in cash upon arrival in Canada, whereas European immigrants required only $ 25 (this fee did not apply to Chinese and Japanese, who were kept out by other measures).

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In recent years, there has been an establishment of Indian television networks from India on Canadian television. Shan Chandrasehkhar, an established Indo-Canadian who pioneered one of the first Indo-Canadian television shows in Canada, made a deal with the

8555:. "Notes 1 Indians are variously designated as East Indians, South Asians and Indo- Canadians. The terms are used interchangeably throughout this book except that 'Indo-Canadian' has been used for only those Indians who have acquired Canadian citizenship.". 2587:

Hindu temple which caters to the need of all different types of Hindus. Its devotees come from North and South India, as well as Pakistan, Nepal, and the West Indies. The centre is also focused on preserving Hindu culture by teaching a variety of different

732:, who do not use 'Indo-Canadian' as an official category for people. Originating as a part of the Canadian government's multicultural policies and ideologies in the 1980s, 'Indo-Canadian' is a term used in mainstream circles of people in Canada as of 2004. 9321: 8250: 1397:. They were ordered deported because they had not come by continuous journey from India nor did they carry the requisite amount of money. The judge found fault with the two regulations, ruling both of their wording to be inconsistent with that of the 7559:

to name a few. Goan communities are connected by a number of city-based websites that inform the community of local activities such as dances, religious services, and village feasts, that serve to connect the community to its rural origins in Goa.

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1996 census: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Bengali" (3,790), "Goan" (4,415), "Gujarati" (2,155), "East Indian" (548,080), "Punjabi" (49,840), and "Tamil"

760: 7523:, presents a nonstop marathon of Indo-Canadian shows on Saturdays. These television shows often highlight Indo-Canadian events in Canada, and also show events from India involving Indians who reside there. In addition, other networks such as 7495:

services, including online services, in order to find a marriage partner. Marriage practices amongst Indo-Canadians are not as liberal as those of their Indian counterparts, with caste sometimes considered, but dowries almost non-existent.

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CCF in the Dewdney riding in 1956 The two most legendary personalities from the Sikh community who graced Mission, and both employed hundreds of people, owning several large mills in the area, were Herman Braich Sr. and Naranjan Grewall.

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mores. However such individuals exist in a minority and there are many youth that maintain a balance between western and eastern cultural values, and occasionally fusing the two to produce a new product, such as the new generation of

6781:. He received the Pride of India award from the Indo-American Friends Group of Washington DC and Indo-American Business Chamber in a dinner ceremony held on Capitol Hill for his effort in strengthening ties between Canada and India. 6450:

Vancouver is home to the second largest Indo-Canadian population in Canada, with just over 20% of the entire Indo-Canadian community residing in the Lower Mainland. The highest density concentrations of Indo-Canadians are found in

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incorporating hip-hop based rhythm. For instance, Sikh youth often mix in traditional Bhangra, which uses Punjabi instruments with hip hop beats as well as including rap with Black music entertainers. Notable entertainers include

1544:"Thank you all citizens of Mission City It is a credit to this community to elect the first East Indian to public office in the history of our great dominion. It shows your broad-mindedness, tolerance and consideration." 9064:"Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data" 8526:. Retrieved on November 10, 2014. "That year, roughly half of all foreign-born Canadians of East Indian origin were from India, while smaller numbers were from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, as well as East Africa" 10168: 7438:, Sikh, Muslim, Christian and Jewish communities due to differences in ethnicity, regional affiliation, religion and/or language. Such cultural aspects have been preserved fairly well due to Canada's open policy of 9317: 8994:"Data tables, 1996 Census Population by Ethnic Origin (188) and Sex (3), Showing Single and Multiple Responses (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)" 10781: 1698:

Significant urbanization of the Indo-Canadian community began during the 1980s and early 1990s, when tens of thousands of immigrants moved from India into Canada each year. Forming nearly 20% of the population,

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Muslims from the African Great Lakes who subsequently migrated to Canada speak Gujarati. Zoroastrians from the western part of India form a small percentage of the population in Canada and also speak Gujarati.

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in Alberta at the time, Bhullar attended the local Black church. The two communities formed close ties due to the marginalization of both communities by wider society. Bhullar's daughter is famed Jazz musician

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1991 census: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Bengali" (1,520), "East Indian" (379,280), "Punjabi" (27,300), and "Tamil"

9828:"It's murder!" Those words of Helen Grewall were echoed by many friends of her late husband – former Mission Mayor Naranjan Singh Grewall – after his suspicious death in a Seattle hotel in the summer of 1957. 8092:

Canadians of East Indian origin have no religious affiliation. That year, just 4% of people who reported East Indian origin said they had no religious affiliation, compared with 17% of the overall population.

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The 1970s also saw the beginning of the migration from Fiji, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Mauritius. During this decade, thousands of immigrants came yearly and mainly settled in Vancouver and Toronto.

9029:"Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data" 1712:

During the late 20th and into the early 21st century, India was the third highest source country of immigration to Canada, with roughly 25,000–30,000 Indians immigrating to Canada each year according to

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Community, specially negotiated his followers' safe departure from Uganda in exchange for all their belongings. He also negotiated their guaranteed asylum in Canada with Prime Minister and close friend

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Attracted by high Canadian wages, early migrants temporarily left their families in search of employment in Canada. In 1906 and 1907, a spike in migration from the Indian subcontinent took place in

10848: 1163:'. Though initially reluctant to go to these countries due to the treatment of Asians by the white population, many young men chose to go upon the assurance that they would not meet the same fate. 780:, Widyarini Sumartojo, in a PhD thesis, wrote that, while "'South Asian'...refers to a broader group of people, it is often used somewhat interchangeably with 'East Indian' and 'Indo-Canadian.'" 2580:

is another very large temple and perhaps the second biggest temple at 25,000 sq ft (2,300 m) serving the Hindu community of Brampton and Mississauga. The temple is a very liberal

7178:. A key priority for these immigrants is educational opportunities for their children post-schooling. Many of these students have stayed back after graduation and started their families there. 1475:

this did not offset the effect of migration by South Asian Canadians to India and the U.S., which saw the reduction of the South Asian population in Canada to about 1,300 by the mid-1920s.

1358:

In support of the vast white population who did not want Indians to immigrate to Canada, the BC government quickly limited the rights and privileges of South Asians. In 1907, provincial

9888: 1456:

for 2 months and was forced to return to Asia. Viewing this as evidence that Indians were not treated as equals in the Empire, they staged a peaceful protest upon returning to India in

8280:"2021 Census of Canada: Mother tongue by single and multiple mother tongue responses: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts" 1651:, whereby each applicant would be assessed on their trade skills and the need for these skills in Canada. This allowed many more Indians to immigrate in large numbers and a trickle of 7543:. Since 1997, Indo-Canadians can subscribe to channels from India via purchasing TV channel packages from their local satellite/cable companies. Indo-Canadians view such networks as 7599:

As of 2012, there are many Punjabi newspapers, most of which are published in Vancouver and Toronto. As of that year, 50 of them are weekly, two are daily, and others are monthly.

9976: 9720: 2225:). Relatively few people of Indian origin have no religious affiliation. In 2001, just 4% said they had no religious affiliation, compared with 17% of the Canadian population. 9470: 2732:

The majority of people of Goan origin in Canada are Roman Catholics who share the same parish churches as other Catholic Canadians, however, they often celebrate the feast of

8874:"1981 Census of Canada : volume 1 - national series : population = Recensement du Canada de 1981 : volume 1 - série nationale : population. Ethnic origin" 10704: 7717: 1614:

Moderate expansion of immigration increased the Canadian total to 6,774 by 1961, then grew it to 67,925 by 1971. By 2011 the South Asian population in Canada was 1,567,400.

2444:, in Mississauga, is the largest Gurudwara in Canada. The other notable Gurudwaras include Gurudwara Guru Nanak Darbar Montreal, Gurudwara Dashmesh Darbar Brampton and the 1569:, and cautioned that within a decade, three or four giant corporations would predominantly control the entire industry in the province, echoing similarities to the archaic 1184: 7536: 2410:, serving settlers who worked for the Columbia River Lumber Company, which would later be destroyed by fire in 1926. The second-oldest gurdwara was built in 1908 in the 8480: 9907: 2529:

According to the 2021 census, there are 828,195 Hindus in Canada, up from 297,200 in the 2001 census. and over 180 Hindu temples across Canada with almost 100 in the

1228:, most of whom feared that migrant workers would work for less pay and that an influx of immigrants would threaten their jobs. (The same threat was perceived for the 7539:(CRTC) to allow Indian television networks based in India to send a direct feed to Canada. In doing so, he branded these channels under his own company known as the 6798:. He emigrated in 1968 from Kenya and was a prolific writer and social reformer, working with First Nations, Inuit and Senior Citizens in the Greater Toronto Area. 783:

Despite the diversity in ethnic groups and places of origin among South Asians, previously the term 'South Asian' had been used to be synonymous with 'Indian'.

10492: 7285:, where they comprise approximately 40% of Fiji's population. Since Fiji's independence, increased hostility between the Melanesian Fijian population and the 2654:, located in Mississauga. The facility contains a mosque, high school, community centre, banquet hall and funeral service available for all Muslim Canadians. 8076: 2347: 245: 2495: 1285:(Sikh temple) in Canada and North America in 1905, which would later be destroyed by fire in 1926. The second Gurdwara to be built in Canada was in 1908 in 12022: 10563: 8517: 7327:

in Edmonton, built in 1984 by some of the first Indo-Fijian immigrants in Edmonton, it is officially a Hindu temple, but also hosts many community events.

6413:

despite Indo-Canadians making up 10% of the Toronto area's population, students of Indian origin (domestic and international combined) make up over 35% of

1213:

in 1903. These migrants had heard of Canada from Indian troops in Hong Kong, who had travelled through Canada the year prior on their way to celebrate the

10845: 10669: 1100:, which—because of its very sparse population at the time—the Canadian government wanted to settle in order to prevent a takeover of the territory by the 10720: 498: 9452: 7519:

A number of Canadian television networks broadcast programming that features Indo-Canadian culture. One prominent multicultural/multireligious channel,

8845:"1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I - partie 3. Ethnic Groups" 8816:"1961 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 2 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I - partie 2. Ethnic groups" 7592: 6858:, and were not permitted to return to India by the Indian government. Although on the brink of facing torture and imprisonment on a massive scale, the 2647:

There are also many Islamic societies and mosques throughout Canada, which have been established and supported by non-Indian and Indian Muslims alike.

1362:

hit the South Asians, who were thus denied the federal vote and access to political office, jury duty, professions, public-service jobs, and labour on

9511:

The town's cultural centres were the Japanese community hall and the Sikh Temple, which officially opened July 1, 1919, to coincide with Dominion Day.

12728: 8416: 7629: 8471: 10428: 8540: 7586: 10757: 10467:"Surrey, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia" 1077:

had proclaimed that, throughout the Empire, the people of India would enjoy "equal privileges with white people without discrimination of colour,

10846:

Statistics Canada Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Information. Detailed Tables of the ones included in the Demographics section of this article.

9844: 7779: 7580: 6534: 1539:

against six other candidates. Grewall was re-elected to the board of commissioners in 1952 and by 1954, was elected to became mayor of Mission.

8191:"Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts" 1598:“Every kid in the North Fraser, who thinks he or she is being discriminated against, should read the Grewall story and the challenges he faced.” 10600: 1641:. From 1977–85, a weaker Canadian economy significantly reduced South-Asian immigration to about 15,000 a year. In 1978, Canada introduced the 633: 8754:"Eighth census of Canada,1941 = Huitième recensement du Canada Vol. 4. Cross-classifications, interprovincial migration, blind and deaf-mutes" 8220:"Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts" 2887:

There is also a community of Goans from the African Great Lakes. However, only a few members of this community speak their original language

479: 9616: 8627: 8552: 8574: 8495: 2741: 2427: 506: 9528:

Paldi's Gurdwara was built in 1919 and soon became one of the most important fixtures of the community, even surviving several town fires.

9523: 7158:

Most Indian immigrants from the Middle East are Indian businessmen and professionals that worked in the Middle Eastern countries like the

12619: 10795:

Motivation Beliefs of Indo-Canadian and Anglo-Canadian Early Adolescents: A Cross-cultural Investigation of Self- and Collective Efficacy

9417: 13397: 13614: 13551: 13545: 12721: 9669: 9506: 1618:

primarily concerned with changing immigration laws, including the elimination of the legal restrictions enacted by the BC Legislature.

1210: 9724: 12716: 12371: 10902: 4629: 2618: 2197:

A census report detailing the religious proportion breakdown of the South Asian Canadian community was done between 2005 and 2007 by

1144:

by local firms. Others started small businesses of their own. Such work would provide wages that were very high by Indian standards.

13634: 12015: 9990: 9335: 1202:

have been of Indian origin. Following their brief passage through British Columbia in 1897, Canada had an estimated 100 persons of

360: 12349: 9782: 1316:

in 2002 and is the third-oldest Gurdwara in the country. Later, the fourth Gurdwara to be built Canada was established in 1912 in

13629: 12963: 6773:

was the first Indo-African Canadian to become a member of parliament in Canada as well as the first Hindu to be appointed to the

10232: 1452:. As expected, most of the passengers were not allowed to enter Canada. Immigration officials consequently isolated the ship in 12953: 10935: 1586: 1214: 474: 9693: 7487:

Marriage is an important cultural element amongst many Indo-Canadians, due to their Indian heritage and religious background.

2507: 1209:

origin by 1900, concentrated in the western province. Canada's first relatively major wave of South Asian immigration—all men

1107: 12958: 12741: 12614: 10716: 10184: 9297: 6429: 6406: 2785:, as India's most spoken language, is now the language primarily used by new Indian immigrants, especially ones with ties to 2601: 2570: 9301: 8570:

Methodological Dilemmas Experienced in Researching Indo-Canadian Young Adults’ Decision-Making Process to Study the Sciences

6365:

Toronto has the largest Indo-Canadian population in Canada. Almost 51% of the entire Indo-Canadian community resides in the

13108: 11251: 10858: 9584: 5913: 5905: 5897: 2702: 1574: 1562: 1367: 484: 1038:

The Indo-Canadian community began to form around the late 19th century, pioneered by men, the great majority of whom were

13118: 12402: 12008: 10872:

Simon Fraser University Library website with digitized material pertaining to Indian immigration and settlement in Canada

10546: 9805: 7084: 6774: 6730: 6445: 5920: 5205: 5197: 4655: 402: 9647: 9596: 9216: 6487:

neighbourhood of South Vancouver also has a particularly high concentration of Indian residents, shops and restaurants.

2573:. The entire Mandir is 32,000 sq ft (3,000 m) and hosts numerous events on the Hindu religious calendar. 13619: 10911: 10761: 7886: 7552: 2681:

Indian Christians tend to attend churches based on their state of origin and their particular traditions including the

1531:

for India (150 per year), Pakistan (100), and Ceylon (50). At that time, there were only 2,148 South Asians in Canada.

1257: 626: 590: 10806:

Indo-Canadian Young Women's Career Decision-making Process to Enter the Applied Social Sciences: A Case Study Approach

2752:

Indo-Canadians speak a variety of languages, reflecting the cultural and ethnic diversity of the Indian subcontinent.

12554: 11724: 10631: 7380: 7264: 7142: 7053: 6957: 6818: 6315: 6027: 1313: 446: 394: 9438: 8311:"Religion by ethnic or cultural origins: Canada, provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas with parts" 7246: 7124: 7035: 6939: 1504:

the nascent borders of the newly-established India and Pakistan. Research in Canada suggests that many of the early

12594: 10488: 6245: 2934: 2650:

Many Indian Muslims along with Muslims of other nationalities worship at one of the largest mosques in Canada, the

1141: 350: 10752: 10121: 7358: 7324: 7238: 7116: 7027: 6931: 6734: 6414: 1648: 1626: 1433: 562: 12442: 10875: 10559: 10513: 13624: 11984: 10826: 10665: 10538: 10021:

From 1904 to the 1940s, 95% of all South Asian immigrants to Canada were Sikhs from the Punjab region of India.

9757: 8606: 8548: 8450: 8386: 7531:, and local community access channels also present local Indo-Canadian content, and Indian content from India. 7362: 7242: 7120: 7031: 6935: 6755:

left the region for Canada and other Western countries. A majority of Indo-Canadians from Southeast Africa are

2686: 1467: 1441: 1329: 1321: 1298: 1025:

Note2: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus population is an undercount.

365: 311: 13274: 12364: 12333: 11601: 10895: 10549:. p. 3/7. Retrieved on October 21, 2014. "The vast majority of Vancouver Indians are of Sikh Punjabi origin." 10188: 9376: 4314: 2437:, located in Abbotsford, BC. Built in 1911, the gurdwara was designated as a National Historic Site in 2002. 1718: 1551:

Notice by Naranjan Singh Grewall in the local Mission newspaper following his election to public office, 1950

1371: 619: 516: 511: 459: 427: 380: 370: 355: 17: 10863: 12640: 10925: 8785:"Ninth census of Canada, 1951 = Neuvième recensement du Canada Vol. 1. Population: general characteristics" 7186: 6817:

and Nirmala Naidoo, television newscasters of Indian descent from South Africa, who currently work for the

6468: 6209: 6171: 6101: 3484: 2809: 2690: 2555: 1582: 1309: 1249: 666: 585: 412: 122: 114: 13558: 8408: 6739:

Due to political turmoil and prejudice, many Indians residing in the African Great Lakes nations, such as

2480: 12420: 10147:"Canada Hindu Temple, mandirs and places of worship in North America from GaramChai.com's Canada Section" 9858: 8467: 8442: 8378: 6065: 2772: 110: 10683: 10626:

Pp.265–267. Profiles of Eminent Goans: Past and Present. By J. Clement Vaz Ph.D. 1997 New Delhi, India.

9847:). Mission District Historical Society, Mission Community Archives website. Retrieved on March 16, 2015. 8723:"Eighth census of Canada,1941 = Huitième recensement du Canada Vol. 2. Population by local subdivisions" 8661:"Sixth census of Canada,1921. v. 1. Population: number, sex and distribution, racial origins, religions" 6840:

who immigrated from South Africa was the first MPP of Indian descent to sit in the Ontario legislature.

1393:

of 38 Punjabis, who had come to Canada via Japan on a regularly scheduled Japanese passenger liner, the

1277:

A notable moment in early Indo-Canadian history was in 1902 when Punjabi Sikh settlers first arrived in

681:

are one of the fastest growing communities in Canada and one of the largest non-European ethnic groups.

13572: 13269: 13254: 12858: 9823: 9382:

a fire burned the timber limits of the Columbia River Lumber Company, where the South Asian men worked.

8598: 8347: 7896: 6464: 2964: 2698: 1317: 118: 9840: 6843:

The most notable story of Indo-African immigration to Canada is set in the 1970s, when in 1972 50,000

790:

dislike the term because it differentiates them from other Canadians." Martha L. Henderson, author of

13035: 12767: 11478: 10771:

Dhruvarajan, Vanaja. 2003. "Second Generation Indo-Canadians: Change, Resistance and Adaptation". In

8636: 6533:, many Indo-Canadians who arrive in Canada come from other parts of the world, as part of the global 6484: 6460: 6360: 5646: 4986: 2726: 2722: 1536: 1527:

In 1951, in place of the continuous-journey provision, the Canadian government would enact an annual

785: 736: 713: 407: 9540: 1816: 1779: 13522: 12752: 12650: 12379: 12357: 11109: 10888: 10069: 10004: 8310: 8279: 8219: 8190: 7540: 7304: 7227: 7105: 7016: 6920: 6480: 6456: 6436:, are both located in the Greater Toronto Area. Both have been built by Canada's Indian community. 2682: 2661:, British Columbia. This high-profile building is the second in the world, with other locations in 2463: 2407: 1680: 1278: 1148: 547: 464: 130: 9355: 9265: 7512:, hosted by Darshan and Arvinder Sahota (also longtime television hosts of Indo-Canadian program, 4599:

These languages are also spoken in Canada by immigrants from other South Asian countries such as:

1293:), aimed at serving a growing number of Punjabi Sikh settlers who worked at nearby sawmills along 13527: 12828: 12816: 11957: 11463: 11130: 10930: 10798: 9195: 8623: 8439:

The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism

8374:

The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism

7351: 7231: 7109: 7020: 6924: 6472: 2718: 2706: 2218: 1337: 1152: 761:

The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism

8962: 8931: 8902: 8873: 8844: 8815: 8784: 8753: 8722: 8691: 8660: 1520:(formerly Calcutta). Another group of people that arrived in Canada during this period were the 13405: 13373: 13259: 12975: 12811: 12696: 12000: 11908: 11434: 11246: 10809: 9928: 8565: 7834: 7693: 7508:

There are numerous radio programs that represent Indo-Canadian culture. One notable program is

6868: 2694: 2360: 2121: 1684: 1679:

became the first Indo-Canadian to be elected to provincial parliament. Sihota, who was born in

1422: 1382: 1378: 1085: 570: 9557: 8454: 8390: 13455: 13363: 13353: 13081: 12823: 12536: 12505: 12437: 12415: 12313: 12274: 12194: 12186: 12166: 11989: 11945: 11812: 11591: 11559: 11511: 11424: 11416: 10969: 10708: 10263:"Census Profile, 2016 Census: Canada [Country] and Canada [Country] Language" 9977:"642,000 international students: Canada now ranks 3rd globally in foreign student attraction" 8610: 7881: 7795: 7755: 7645: 7190: 6975: 6899: 6810: 6794:

The writer Ladis Da Silva (1920–1994) was a Zanzibar-born Canadian of Goan descent who wrote

6433: 6422: 5691: 5052: 2948: 2776: 2714: 2710: 2624: 2577: 2441: 2222: 1643: 1500: 1399: 1241: 1199: 670: 469: 454: 345: 337: 284: 126: 35: 10835:

Singh, Sunder (1917). "The Hindu in Canada". The Journal of Race Development 7 (3): 361–382.

9665: 8569: 1717:

data. India became the highest source country of immigration to Canada by 2017, with yearly

1565:

government, he referred to holders of forest management licenses across British Columbia as

13505: 13465: 13378: 13321: 12933: 12843: 12675: 12635: 12509: 12239: 12219: 12176: 12151: 12087: 12040: 11979: 11853: 11807: 11766: 11698: 11531: 11521: 11496: 11468: 11366: 11307: 11297: 11287: 11135: 11008: 10744: 10575: 9488: 8251:"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country] Language" 8022: 8005: 7988: 7971: 7928: 7739: 7661: 7603: 7564: 7299: 7159: 6979: 6822: 6378: 6366: 5991: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5736: 5019: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4410: 4264: 3515: 3510: 3505: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2530: 2202: 1578: 1093: 521: 432: 319: 102: 31: 10779:

Ghuman, P. A. S. (1980). "Canadian or Indo-Canadian: A Study of South Asian Adolescents".

6813:

for similar reasons. Examples of successful Indo-Canadians from this migratory stream are

2845:. However, individuals of Indian descent from Africa and the Caribbean may also speak it. 2569:, the largest Hindu temple in Canada is located on Claireville Drive, which is called the 2422:

at the time. The temple eventually closed in 1970 as the Sikh population relocated to the

8: 13484: 13326: 13209: 13009: 12992: 12923: 12886: 12853: 12838: 12578: 12544: 12515: 12490: 12464: 12318: 12260: 12209: 12161: 12141: 12120: 12115: 12100: 11792: 11744: 11739: 11708: 11662: 11549: 11506: 11486: 11451: 11401: 11396: 11379: 11302: 11282: 11272: 11267: 11226: 11216: 11038: 7669: 6530: 4374: 4013: 3582: 3451: 3034: 2391: 1656: 1058: 769: 375: 166: 12078: 10411:"2011 National Household Survey Profile – Census metropolitan area/Census agglomeration" 9949:

Pg. 107. The Americanization of Goans. By Ladis DaSilva. 1976. Toronto. Ontario. Canada.

9471:"New Westminster Sikh temple welcomes community to celebrate its centennial anniversary" 2651: 13336: 13316: 13242: 13166: 13093: 13066: 13014: 12938: 12891: 12863: 12757: 12564: 12308: 12303: 12267: 12204: 12146: 12105: 11971: 11913: 11827: 11817: 11797: 11782: 11756: 11647: 11632: 11586: 11581: 11554: 11491: 11446: 11386: 11292: 11241: 11231: 11195: 11156: 11151: 11114: 11091: 11079: 11074: 11064: 11033: 10986: 10954: 10687: 10176: 9912: 9871: 7608: 4634:

Canadian provinces and territories by their ethnic Indo-Canadian population as per the

3490: 2972: 2952: 2524: 2214: 2106: 1638: 1263: 1229: 1225: 1140:. The vanguard was able to find work within the police force and some were employed as 183: 10947: 10678: 9397: 13460: 13415: 13410: 13348: 13331: 13279: 13230: 13187: 13171: 13150: 13145: 13113: 13088: 13076: 13050: 12948: 12913: 12906: 12881: 12762: 12747: 12701: 12670: 12660: 12599: 12589: 12474: 12469: 12457: 12425: 12338: 12328: 12323: 12214: 12156: 12125: 12095: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11886: 11881: 11858: 11848: 11843: 11822: 11787: 11761: 11749: 11734: 11703: 11677: 11618: 11613: 11606: 11596: 11501: 11456: 11406: 11374: 11277: 11236: 11200: 10981: 10976: 10880: 10712: 10627: 10422: 10237: 10204: 10180: 10122:"Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – Canada [Country]" 9580: 8602: 8544: 8523: 8511: 8446: 8382: 7763: 7725: 7488: 7435: 6978:

community or the wider Caribbean community or with both. Most mainly live within the

6814: 6476: 6281: 4529: 4239: 4189: 4138: 4113: 3938: 3887: 3635: 3416: 3365: 3113: 2922: 2815: 2733: 2459: 2423: 2397: 2206: 2198: 2091: 1714: 1528: 1389:

In November 1913, a Canadian judge overruled an immigration department order for the

1233: 1014: 729: 580: 422: 174: 134: 106: 8160:

Northwest Territories includes Nunavut, as the territory was not created until 1999.

6787:, an award-winning novelist who writes on the plight of Indians in the region, is a 6497:

origin. However, there are also populations with other ethnic backgrounds including

13435: 13420: 13284: 13235: 13214: 13192: 13103: 13045: 13040: 13030: 13002: 12943: 12901: 12782: 12772: 12735: 12706: 12645: 12495: 12452: 12430: 12410: 12295: 12288: 12229: 12110: 12053: 12048: 11940: 11930: 11863: 11729: 11672: 11667: 11657: 11574: 11569: 11391: 11341: 11336: 11166: 11086: 11069: 11059: 11043: 10959: 9933: 9863: 8409:'My kind of Brown': Indo-Canadian youth identity and belonging in Greater Vancouver 7891: 7500:

because these Indo-Canadian communities wish to preserve their cultural practices.

7439: 7423: 7291: 6995: 6374: 6135: 6032: 5296: 4763: 4573: 4438: 3988: 3837: 3736: 3660: 3556: 3289: 3214: 3138: 3061: 2940: 2894: 2888: 2858: 2768: 2756: 2566: 2451: 1409: 1359: 1348: 1341: 1281:

to work at the Columbia River Lumber Company. These early settlers built the first

1097: 1084:

In 1897, a contingent of Sikh soldiers participated in the parade to celebrate the

693: 417: 288: 178: 162: 150: 13368: 10601:"Deepak Obhrai awarded Pride of India Award for fostering Indo-Canadian relations" 7185:

was born in Kuwait to Indian Bengali parents but grew up in Canada. He represents

7155:

Many Indians have been moving from countries in the Middle East to North America.

2907:

is spoken by 15,655 people in Canada who primarily hail from the Indian states of

1812: 1775: 13477: 13450: 13289: 13264: 13197: 13098: 13071: 12987: 12970: 12848: 12777: 12711: 12665: 12655: 12609: 12604: 12559: 12500: 12387: 12281: 12253: 12224: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12031: 11925: 11918: 11802: 11682: 11652: 11564: 11544: 11439: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11321: 11221: 11018: 11003: 10991: 10852: 10821: 10673: 10567: 10542: 10496: 9326: 8631: 8475: 8420: 7876: 7747: 7701: 7685: 7524: 7459: 7405: 7286: 7206: 6991: 6576: 6502: 6418: 5996: 4289: 4163: 4088: 4063: 4038: 3811: 3761: 3711: 3314: 3264: 3189: 2960: 2944: 2918: 2904: 2897:

is spoken by 12,578 people in Canada who have their roots in the Indian state of

2642: 2559: 2539: 2486: 2467: 2434: 2210: 2187: 2136: 1630: 1414: 1333: 1305: 1253: 1245: 1237: 1121: 1070: 1050: 685: 674: 296: 292: 280: 156: 61: 10617:

The Americanization of Goans. By Ladis Da Silva. 1976. Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

9331: 2182:

Until the 1950s, Sikhs formed up to 95% of the entire Indo-Canadian population.

1297:

at the time. The Gurdwara would later close and be demolished in 1970, with the

1159:

sent home letters to their fellow countrymen, recommending them to come to the '

1023:

Note1: 1951-1971 census counts include all individuals with South Asian origins.

327: 13472: 13204: 12980: 12928: 12833: 12584: 12549: 12247: 12171: 11952: 11539: 11516: 11161: 10998: 9524:"Sikh temple celebrates 100 years of acceptance in Vancouver Island ghost town" 8068: 7637: 7067: 6863: 6788: 6683: 6615: 6514: 6491: 6394: 4506: 4214: 3963: 3609: 3494: 3087: 2912: 2838: 2805: 2797: 2786: 2547: 2535: 1747: 1700: 1660: 1074: 1062: 1046: 777: 541: 250: 170: 10146: 9579:

Pg. 79. White Canada Forever. By W. Peter Ward. 2002. McGill, Quebec, Canada.

6483:

has nearly 170,000 South Asians, comprising 32% of the city's population. The

1687:

two years after being involved in municipal politics, as he was elected as an

1417:)—took place the following year in April. On 23 May 1914, upon the eve of the 13608: 13586: 13445: 13439: 13430: 13425: 13294: 13247: 12574: 12569: 10646: 9224: 7854: 7811: 7771: 7614: 7548: 7447: 7071: 6784: 6770: 6580: 6566: 6506: 6390: 5601: 4953: 3913: 3862: 3391: 3340: 2956: 2866: 2790: 2760: 2551: 2445: 2191: 2059:

As of 2021, the Indo-Canadian population numbers approximately 1.86 million.

1723: 1634: 1521: 1453: 1352: 1168: 1101: 721: 688:. The highest concentrations of Indo-Canadians are found in the provinces of 678: 609: 30:"Indian Canadians" redirects here. For the Indigenous peoples of Canada, see 10679:

Canadian-Punjabi Philanthropy and its Impact on Punjab: A Sociological Study

6825:

is another Canadian broadcaster who is of Indian descent from South Africa.

1147:

They were guaranteed jobs by agents of large Canadian companies such as the

72: 13598: 13517: 13343: 10723: 10191: 10033: 9342: 9338: 7868: 7709: 7182: 7175: 6875: 6837: 6764: 6672: 6657: 6654: 6510: 6498: 5513: 4889: 2737: 2282: 1622:

economies, and thus more people decided to remain in their home countries.

1606: 1535:

after successfully running for a position on the board of commissioners in

1363: 1301:

relocating to the newly built Gurdwara on Ross Street, in South Vancouver.

220: 10775:, Sushma J. Varma & Radhika Seshan (eds.). Jaipur: Rawat Publications. 1827:

Canadians of Indian descent percentage of the total population (1901–2021)

10765: 9892: 7787: 7492: 7443: 6859: 6829: 6661: 6386: 5556: 4920: 4339: 2898: 2862: 2628: 2543: 2419: 1735: 1418: 1390: 1294: 1133: 1066: 744: 10572:

Report of Meetings with Representatives of the Indian Canadian Community

9926:

Wood, John R. 1978. "East Indians and Canada's New Immigration Policy."

9889:"Hopes soar among Ugandan Asians as Idi Amin's dictatorial regime falls" 9617:"Judi Singh: A Black & South Asian musician from 1950s-70s Edmonton" 8124:

as they form mutually intelligible registers of the Hindustani language.

7416: 6801:

Indians have also moved to Canada from Southern African nations such as

2418:

and similarly served early settlers who worked at nearby sawmills along

1463: 12896: 10816: 9875: 9856:

Patel, Hasu H. 1972. "General Amin and the Indian Exodus from Uganda."

7483:

A group of Punjabi Indo-Canadians attending a Punjabi wedding reception

7365: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6879: 6833: 6694: 6402: 5947: 5232: 4688: 4604: 4383: 4370: 3522: 3460: 3447: 3000: 2870: 2801: 2764: 2308: 2242: 2151: 1676: 1557: 1488: 740: 717: 230: 10817:

South Asian Studies in Canada, and the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute

10220:

Manipuri language, Manipuri Meiteilon, also called Meitei (Meetei) ...

6890:. The community of Goans is also mainly from the African Great Lakes. 1811:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

1774:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

13489: 8104:

The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses.

7653: 7572: 7520: 6590: 6452: 6398: 6382: 4608: 4551: 4391: 3686: 3468: 3164: 2908: 2877: 2852: 2736:, who is the Patron Saint of the Indies, and whose body lies in Goa. 2605: 2415: 2411: 1743: 1692: 1437: 1429: 1328:) settlement in 1913, followed a few years later by the sixth at the 1325: 1290: 1286: 1172: 1160: 1112: 765: 752: 654: 575: 10534: 10233:"5th biennial Manipuri Association of Canada convention held online" 9937: 9867: 7340: 7216: 7094: 7005: 6909: 6475:. Recently, more Indians have been moving to other areas outside of 2657:

The Ismailis have the first Ismaili Jamatkhana and Centre set up in

11935: 10964: 8064: 7819: 7312: 6855: 6778: 6756: 6748: 6370: 6214: 5470: 4858: 4600: 4379: 3456: 2842: 2581: 2471: 2403: 2321: 2269: 1688: 1655:(who were English-speaking and Catholic) began to arrive after the 1570: 1449: 1445: 1282: 1203: 1156: 1129: 1039: 748: 235: 209: 27:

Community of Canadians of Indian descent or with Indian citizenship

9433: 9431: 8412: 6541:

Number of Indians immigrating from different regions of the world

12446: 10701:

Migration, Technology, and Transculturation: A Global Perspective

10454:

Census Profile, 2016 Census: Greater Vancouver, Regional district

8595:

Geographical Identities of Ethnic America: Race, Space, and Place

8072: 8060: 7803: 7568: 7556: 7468: 7398: 7320: 7316: 7308: 7295: 7278: 6847: 6704: 6594: 6070: 5427: 5341: 5116: 4796: 4732: 3786: 3239: 2848: 2823: 2819: 2658: 2609: 2584: 2455: 2334: 2256: 1739: 1727: 1517: 1509: 1479: 1457: 1304:

As a result, the oldest existing Gurdwara in Canada today is the

1054: 792:

Geographical Identities of Ethnic America: Race, Space, and Place

697: 689: 258: 240: 204: 12030: 10869: 9648:"Naranjan Singh Grewall: first NRI Mayor of Mission, BC, Canada" 9398:"Golden's Sikh heritage recognized on new Stop of Interest sign" 9318:

Three Readings of the Turban: Sikh Identity in Greater Vancouver

7479: 6970:

Indo-Caribbean people are Caribbean people with roots in India.

2740:

Catholics have established a diocese for themselves, called the

1176:

that time to Canada, numbering in the tens of thousands yearly.

12997: 12918: 10167:. Edited by Sergio Lira, Rogerio Amoeda and Cristina Pinheiro. 10163:

Lira, Sergio, Rogerio Amoeda, and Cristina Pinheiro (editors).

9783:"Grewall first Indo-Canadian to hold office of mayor in Canada" 9428: 9418:"Golden Gurdwara is recognized for its historical significance" 7544: 7528: 7464: 7167: 6883: 6874:

A notable descendant of Ugandan Indian settlement in Canada is

6851: 6806: 6802: 6760: 6752: 6740: 6633: 6604: 6140: 5384: 4827: 4367:

These languages are also spoken by Canadians with ancestry from

3444:

These languages are also spoken by Canadians with ancestry from

2881: 2834: 2775:

in Pakistan. In Canada, Punjabi is a language mainly spoken by

2666: 2662: 1513: 1221: 1089: 701: 10276:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (September 11, 2013).

6791:

Canadian of Indian descent who migrated from the Great Lakes.

1092:, England. On their subsequent journey home, they visited the 34:. For Canadians with ancestry to the Indian Subcontinent, see 12382: 10942: 10503:(News 1130). February 4, 2013. Retrieved on October 19, 2014. 10442:

Census Profile, 2016 Census: Fraser Valley, Regional district

9453:"New Westminster Sikh temple celebrates 100-year anniversary" 9312: 9310: 9027:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (December 23, 2013).

8692:"Seventh census of Canada, 1931. Vol. 2. Population by areas" 8117: 7171: 6887: 6844: 6744: 5781: 5085: 4461: 4387: 3464: 2782: 2670: 2295: 2205:. This report found that among the Indo-Canadian population, 1731: 1675:

In 1986, following the British Columbia provincial election,

1652: 1505: 1137: 1125: 1078: 725: 658: 225: 10305:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 24, 2012).

10120:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 9, 2022).

9908:"Gujaratis survived Idi Amin, fuelled East Africa's economy" 9097:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (January 23, 2019).

8189:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022).

1722:

majority of new immigrants from India continue to hail from

1633:) descent. Canada accepted 7,000 of them (many of whom were 1508:

to emigrate to Canada were those who were born and lived in

1407:, whose passengers were allowed to land, the sailing of the 13510: 10753:

Lived Experience of Wife Abuse for Indo-Canadian Sikh Women

10500: 8278:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 17, 2022).

8249:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 17, 2022).

8218:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 17, 2022).

8121: 7537:

Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission

7323:. The biggest Indo-Fijian cultural centre in Canada is the 7282: 7194: 7163: 6643: 6518: 6494: 6490:

A large majority of Indo-Canadians within Vancouver are of

4483: 2830: 1440:, where it had picked up passengers of Indian descent from 1370:

that specified that migrants must travel to Canada through

1206: 1042: 10357:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 18, 2020).

10087: 9307: 7618:, and other mainstream Canadian newspapers had increased. 7422:

An Indo-Canadian girl performing a Gujarati folk dance in

2744:

which serves all the Syro-Malabar faithful across Canada.

1573:

system in South Asia. He later ran unsuccessfully for the

1366:. The next year, the federal government put into force an 1198:

Throughout history up to the present day, the majority of

10331:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (June 17, 2019).

10278:"NHS Profile, Canada, 2011 Non-official languages spoken" 9721:"SHAPING OUR COMMUNITY: PROMINENT INDO-CANADIAN PIONEERS" 9132:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (June 17, 2019).

8961: