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first man and woman, which they called
Cipactonal and Oxomoco respectively. Their many children were called macehuales, and were to be the farmers of the land. From there they created time, and then the underworld known as There are many stories of how the age of the fifth and final sun came to be. One story tells of how Tezcatlipoca took flint and used it to make fires to light the world again, before discussing with his brothers what should be done. They decided to make a new sun that feeds on the hearts and blood of humans. To feed it, they made four hundred men and five women. This is where the story goes into different directions. Some say that both Quetzalcoatl and Tlaloc wanted their sons to become the new sun, so they each threw their sons into one of the fires created by Tezcatlipoca. Tlaloc waited for the fire to burn out before throwing his son into the embers, so his son became the moon. Quetzalcoatl elected to throw his son directly into the fiery blaze, so he became the fifth and final sun that we see in the sky today. Another story tells of the gathering of the gods at the ancient city of
445: – This mythology and philosophy expresses the spiritual beliefs of the maritime Maipurean island settlers from the Amazon and/or Arawakan group of peoples. Their lineage and mythologies include having a creator deity as well as endless cyclical spontaneous birth. Immigrating from North East South America, their stories include gods and deity veneration as well as a view beyond that. Some of the philosophies include a concept of reality as illusion; and also that this world is a dream. Some petroglyphs on the islands include references interpreted to suggest galactic or alien life. Today's members of the community have established several views of mythology; some indicating ancestor veneration while others focus on deity and spirit veneration. The belief sets indicate the lineage rather than pointing to one absolute truth. A commonality between lineages includes honoring ancestors through cemi/zemi stones; spiritual homes of the lineage, as well as respecting sun and moon spirits. Weather spirits and spirits of the honored dead are also respectfully acknowledged.
259:
377:, the belief that all objects, places, and creatures have a soul. Most death, disease, or misfortune would be associated with the failure to put the soul of a slain animal to rest. When this happens, the animal could get vengeance through their "species chief". Large amounts of rare materials found with this regions dead suggest strong evidence that they believed in a sort of afterlife. It is thought that when a member of a tribe died, their soul would hover over their communities, trying to get their friends and relatives to join them, so their funeral ceremonies were not just to commemorate the dead, but to protect the living.
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795:, a very wealthy god, stepped forward and said he would do it, but was not able to find the courage to jump into the flames. Nanahuatzin, with little hesitation, then threw himself into the fire. Seeing his bravery, Tecuciztecatl decided to jump in too. They were both transformed into suns, but the light was now too bright to see anything, so one of the other gods threw a rabbit at Tecuciztecatl, dimming his light and turning him into the moon. Nanahuatzin, now the new sun, was essentially reborn as
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others were able to stay awake, so he gave them the gift of keeping their leaves year-round. Great Spirit then decided he wanted to have people live on this island, so he created one man and one woman. The pair did not yet know how to make children, so the man took a fish and pressed it against the woman's stomach, after which she gave birth. They did this for seven days until Great Spirit felt there was enough humans for the time being, and made it so a woman could only give birth once a year.
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924:
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807:, god of coldness, frost, and obsidian. Realizing that they could not refuse, the other gods offered their bare chests to him, and Quetzalcoatl cut out their hearts with a sacrificial knife. With the blood of the gods, Tonatiuh began to move across the sky in the same pattern that we see to this day. Quetzalcoatl took the clothing and ornaments of the sacrificed gods and wrapped them in bundles, which the people then worshipped.
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723:, who predominantly inhabited modern-day central Mexico, had a complex system of beliefs based on deities who directly affected the lives of humans, including those who controlled rain, the rising Sun, and fertility. Voluntary human sacrifice was a central piece to the order of the universe and human survival.
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A few of the most distinctive ceremonies of this region were their funeral customs and their commemoration of the dead. When a death occurred, the house in which it happened would be burnt down, and there would sometimes be bans on speaking the name of the dead. Widows would be smeared with pitch and
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to see if he could find them a new place to live. He obliged and dove down into the water, all the way to the bottom of the sea, where he picked up a bit of mud and brought it to the surface. Once above the water, the mud spread out in all directions and became an island. The Great Spirit secured the
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and Spider Woman. It was the goddesses who created living creatures and human beings. Other themes include the origin of tobacco and corn, and horses; and a battle between summer and winter. Some stories describe parallel worlds in the sky and underwater. These peoples went on to kill each other due
230:
A characteristic of many of the myths is the close relationship between human beings and animals (including birds and reptiles). They often feature shape-shifting between animal and the human form. Marriage between people and different species (particularly bears) is a common theme. In some stories,
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The four children decided they wanted to create a world with people to live in it. Quetzalcoatl and
Huitzilopochtli made the first attempt, starting by making fire. This fire became the sun, but only half a sun, because it was not big or bright enough to light their entire world. They then made the
726:
The Aztecs viewed people as servants and warriors of the gods, whom were not merciful or generous, but all-powerful beings that needed to be fed and appeased in order to avoid disaster and punishment. Thus, the concept of human sacrifice emerged. This practice was not new and had been used in other
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In this region, the dominant sacred trickster is Raven, who brought daylight to the world and appears in many other stories. Myths explore the people's relationship with the coast and the rivers along which they traditionally built their towns. There are stories of visits to parallel worlds beneath
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One of the most dominant trickster stories of the Plains is Old Man, about whom numerous humorous stories are told. The Old Man, known as Waziya, lived beneath the earth with his wife, and they had a daughter. Their daughter married the wind and had four sons: North, East, South, and West. The sun,
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Though the land was now stable, the ground was too soft for any of the animals to stand on, so they sent down
Buzzard to scope it out. He flew around for some time until he could find a dry enough spot to land, and when he did the flapping of his wings caused the mud to shift. It went down in some
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The Great Spirit then created plants for this new land, after which he told the animals to stay awake for seven days. Only Owl was able to do so, and as a reward, the Great Spirit gave him the gift of sight in the dark. The plants tried as well, but only the pines, firs, holly, and a select few
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Most of the myths from this region were first transcribed by ethnologists during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These sources were collected from Native
American elders who still had strong connections to the traditions of their ancestors. They may be considered the most authentic
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their hair would be cut until the annual mourning releases them. This mourning came to be known as the "burning", the "cry", or the "dance of the dead". During these ceremonies, multiple properties are burned while the tribe dances, chants, and wails, in order to appease the ghosts.
384:, also known as Busk, was an annual celebration of a successful corn crop. Their fires were put out and rekindled, grudges are forgiven, and materials are thrown out or broken to then be replaced. It was essentially a renewing of life and community for these tribes.
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Multi-sensory experiences also are prominent in
Ancestral Pueblo ceremonial rituals; for example, to evoke a paradisiacal realm, Chacoan people would perform sensorial ceremonies by use of exotic artifacts such as turquoise, shell, cacao, copper bells, and macaws.
626:
The myths of this region are strongly set in the landscape of tundra, snow, and ice. Memorable stories feature the winds, the moon, and the giants. Some accounts say that Anguta is the supreme being, who created the Earth, sea and heavenly bodies. His daughter,
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places and up in others, creating the peaks, valleys, hills, and mountains of the earth. The rest of the creatures were now able to come down, but they soon realized it was very dark, so they invited the sun to come with them. Everyone was happy except
1182:
Thwaites, Reuben Gold (ed.): The Jesuit
Relations and Allied Documents, Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France 1610 - 1791. Hurons, Vol. X, 1636 and Vol. XII, Quebec1637 (Cleveland: The Burrows Brothers Company,
791:, god of disease, offered to throw himself into the fire and become the new sun. Being a weak and sickly god, the others thought he should not be the one to do it, and that a stronger and more powerful god should be the sun.
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Although most Native North
American myths are profound and serious, some use light-hearted humor – often in the form of tricksters – to entertain, as they subtly convey important spiritual and moral messages. The use of
223:, a connection to the Earth and its landscapes, a belief in a parallel world in the sky (sometimes also underground and/or below the water), diverse creation narratives, visits to the 'land of the dead', and collective
258:
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when her first period starts but is followed by a celebratory dance when it ends. Boys will undergo an official initiation into the tribe by participating in ceremonies that recount the tribes' mysteries and myths.
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express the people's intense spiritual feeling for their landscapes and emphasize the importance of treating with respect the animals that they depend upon for food. Sacred tricksters here include Coyote and Fox.
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with food, clothing, housing and utensils. In some myths they are benign, in others fearsome and malevolent. The Sun is an important deity; other supernatural characters include
Morning Star and the Thunderbirds.
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There was a time when there was no earth, and all creatures lived in a place above the sky called Galvlo’i. Everything below was only water, but when Galvlo’i got too crowded, the creatures decided to send down
958: – the subset of Brazilian folklore with cultural elements of diverse origin found in Brazil, comprising folk tales, traditions, characters and beliefs regarding places, peoples, and entities.
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and are rich with the symbolism of seasons, weather, plants, animals, earth, water, fire, sky, and the heavenly bodies. Common elements are the principle of an all-embracing, universal and omniscient
52:
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Here some myths reflect the extreme climate and the people's dependence on salmon as a major food resource. In imagination, the landscape is populated by both benign and malevolent giants.
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peoples tell how the first human beings emerged from an underworld to the Earth. According to the Hopi Pueblo people, the first beings were the Sun, two goddesses known as Hard Being Woman
17:
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Myths from this region feature female deities, such as the creator, Big Turtle; and First Mother, from whose body grew the first corn and tobacco. The two great divine culture heroes are
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154:, many of which share certain themes across cultural boundaries. In North American mythologies, common themes include a close relation to nature and animals as well as belief in a
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799:. The problem they now had was that he would not move from his position in the sky unless the other gods sacrificed their blood for him. So a god by the name of
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803:, lord of dawn, threw a dart at Tonatiuh, but missed. Tonatiuh then threw one back at Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, hitting him in the head and turning him into
180:
85:
1804:
Teit, James: Traditions of the
Thompson River Indians of British Columbia (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. / London: David Nutt 1898)
1601:
Merriam, C. Hart: The Dawn of the World: Myths and Weird Tales Told by the Mewan (Miwok) Indians of
California (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clarke Co., 1910)
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763:, which translates to "smoking mirror", is associated with the color black. He is the god of the earth and the most powerful of the four children.
406:, who said his shell turned a bright red because the sun was too close, so they raised the sun seven different times until Crawfish was satisfied.
1790:
Sapir, Edward & Curtin, Jeremiah: Wishram Texts, Together with Wasco Tales and Myths (Publications of the American Ethnological Society, 1909)
67:
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Native North American Spirituality of the Eastern Woodlands: sacred myths, dreams, visions, speeches, healing formulas, rituals, and ceremonials
1267:
Leland, Charles Godfrey & Prince, John Dyneley: Kulóskap the Master, and other Algonkin Poems (New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1902)
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Other stories explore the complex relationships between animals and human beings. Some myths were originally recited as verse narratives.
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Lloyd, J. William: Aw-aw-tam Indian Nights, Being the Myths and Legends of the Pimas of Arizona (Westfield, N.J: The Lloyd Group, 1911)
338:
A common theme is the making of a journey, often to a supernatural place across the landscape or up to the parallel world in the sky.
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2697:
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731:, but the Aztecs made this their main event, so to speak, in their ceremonies. These sacrifices were mainly to appease the sun god.
92:
1378:
Dorsey, James Owen: The Cehiga Language (Washington: Contributions to North American Ethnology, Government Printing Office, 1890)
1196:
Barbeau, C M (1915). "Huron and Wyandot mythology, with appendix containing earlier published records": The Origin of the World.
1295:
Skinner, Alanson & Satterlee, John V.: Folklore of the Menomini Indians (New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1915)
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751:, whom the Aztecs believed were the lord and lady of their sustenance. Tonacatecuhtli and Tonacacihuatl had four children:
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2604:
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Young, Frank W. "A Fifth Analysis of the Star Husband Tale." In: Ethnology 9, no. 4 (1970): 389–413. doi:10.2307/3773045.
1692:
Goddard, Pliny Earle: Myths and Tales from the White Mountain Apache (New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1919
1392:
Eastman, Charles A. & Eastman, Elaine Goodale: Wigwam Evenings – Sioux Folk Tales Retold (Boston: Little Brown,1909)
1333:
Wissler, Clark & Duvall, D.: Mythology of the Blackfoot Indians (New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1908)
284:- The Anishinaabeg peoples (Algonquin/Nipissing, Ojibwa/Chippewa/Saulteaux/Mississaugas, Odawa, Potawatomi and Oji-Cree)
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Grinnell, George Bird: Blackfoot Lodge Tales – The Story of a Prairie People (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1892)
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Important myths of this region deal with the origin of hunting and farming, and the origin of sickness and medicine.
118:
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Another common ceremony is one that takes place when adolescents hit puberty. Girls go through a series of grueling
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426: – A North American tribe from the area of modern-day Alabama, Florida, Mississippi and Louisiana.
281:
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created all living things – animals and plants. Sedna is also regarded as the protecting divinity of the Inuit.
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2740:
2581:
1840:
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Quetzalcoatl (The Plumed Serpent), the god of the air. And Tezcatlipoca (Smoking Mirror), the god of the earth.
420: – A North American tribe that migrated from the great lakes area to the southeastern woodlands.
56:
242:
Some myths are connected to traditional religious rituals involving dance, music, songs, and trance (e.g. the
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2818:
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874: – an ancient Central American people of south-central Mexico, in the present-day states of
771:, which translates to "hummingbird of the south", is associated with the color blue. He is the god of war.
767:, which translates to "plumed serpent", is associated with the color white. He is the god of air. Finally,
204:
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2808:
2557:
2501:
2374:
1023:
1776:
Boas, Franz (Ed): Folk-Tales of Salishan and Sahaptin Tribes (New York: American Folklore Society, 1917)
759:, is associated with the color red. He is the god of the seasons and all things that grow on the earth.
2833:
1857:
Bell, Robert: Legends of the Slavey Indians of the Mackenzie River (Journal of American Folklore, 1901)
552:
548:
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239:
is common, exploring issues ranging from love and friendship to domestic violence and mental illness.
2422:
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Lowie, Robert H.: Myths and Traditions of the Crow Indians (American Museum of Natural History, 1918)
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192:
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Leland, Charles G.: The Algonquin Legends of New England (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1884)
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Which genes and myths did the different waves of the peopling of Americas bring to the New World?.
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Kroeber, A. L.: Gros Ventre Myths and Tales (New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1907)
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Dorsey, George A.: Wichita Tales, 1, 2 and 3 (Journal of American Folklore, 1902, 1903 and 1904)
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1944:
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Curtis, Natalie: The Indians' Book (New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1907)
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854: – a Central American people of southwest Honduras and eastern El Salvador in
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surviving records of the ancient stories, and thus form the basis of the descriptions below.
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Dixon, Roland B.: Achomawi and Atsugewi Tales (Journal of American Folklore, 1908 and 1909)
895:
184:
8:
2104:. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, Mi: Macmillan Reference USA – via
1587:
Barrett, S. A.: A Composite Myth of the Pomo Indians (Journal of American Folklore, 1906)
955:
699:
432: – A North American tribe from the area of modern-day Georgia and Alabama.
381:
485: – a religion in Northern California practiced by members within several
345:
An important supernatural hero is the Blood Clot Boy, transformed from a clot of blood.
166:
in whole are comparable to the Christian Bible and scriptures of other major religions.
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Native American Mythology: Captivating Myths of Indigenous Peoples from North America
1026:) – a South American empire based in the central Andes mountain range.
997:
993:
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864: – an ancient Central American people of southern Mexico and northern
792:
665:
628:
558:
423:
1977:
Aztec Mythology: Captivating Aztec Myths of Gods, Goddesses, and Legendary Creatures
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702: – an indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast living on the
458:. Other significant characters include the Sun People, the Star Women and Darkness.
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Voth, H. R.: The Traditions of the Hopi (Field Columbian Museum Publication, 190
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2527:
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2138:
1738:"A Sensory Approach to Exotica, Ritual Practice, and Cosmology at Chaco Canyon"
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565:) – a North American nation from the Southwestern United States.
331:
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163:
1927:
Swanton, John R.: Tlingit Myths and Texts (Bureau of American Ethnology, 1909)
1899:
Swanton, John R.: Tlingit Myths and Texts (Bureau of American Ethnology, 1909)
1535:
1446:
McLaughlin, Marie L.: Myths and Legends of the Sioux (publisher unknown, 1916)
254:
Northeast (Southeastern Canada and Northeastern US, including the Great Lakes)
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Cushing, Frank Hamilton: Zuni Folk Tales (New York: G.P. Putman's Sons, 1901)
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According to the Aztecs, the creation of the earth started with a god called
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313:- A North American tribe located around the northern shore of Lake Ontario.
220:
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that is conceived of in various ways. As anthropologists note, their great
155:
1474:
Mooney, James: Myths of the Cherokees (Journal of American Folklore, 1888)
621:
1871:
Teit, James A.: Tahltan Tales 1 and 2 (Journal of American Folklore,1921)
1491:
Mooney, James: Myths of the Cherokee (Bureau of American Ethnology, 1902)
1157:
The sources quoted are available to read online through websites such as
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784:
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743:, otherwise known as the dual god, as they were made from the union of
658: – an Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast.
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island by attaching cords to it and tying it to the vault in the sky.
1913:
Boas, Franz: Tsimshian Mythology (Bureau of American Ethnology, 1916)
1005:
525:
243:
208:
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Michelson, Truman: Piegan Tales (Journal of American Folklore, 1911)
34:
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Curtin, Jeremiah: Myths of the Modocs (Boston: Little, Brown, 1912)
1201:
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Myths of this region are dominated by the sacred creator/trickster
403:
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1885:
Teit, James A.: Kaska Tales (Journal of American Folklore, 1917)
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507: – a North American tribe in Northern California.
501: – a North American tribe in Northern California.
495: – a North American tribe in Northern California.
207:
and other peoples, but numerous different canons of traditional
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562:
521:
517:
224:
2168:. Mythology and culture worldwide. Detroit, Mi: Lucent Books.
2137:
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609: – a North American tribe or band in Montana,
547: – a North American tribe located in both the
466:
296:- A confederacy of tribes located in the New York state area.
1945:"Human Sacrifice: Why the Aztecs Practiced This Gory Ritual"
888: – a Central American people centered around
678: – a group of indigenous peoples living on
290:- A North American tribe located in now eastern Wisconsin.
787:, to discuss how to make a new sun. A god by the name of
179:
Proportion of Indigenous Americans in each county of the
2004:
1016:
and Some regions in the southern part of South America.
622:
Arctic (coastal Alaska, northern Canada, and Greenland)
307:- A North American tribe located south of Lake Ontario.
215:, ethics and beliefs. Such stories are deeply based in
150:
comprise numerous different cultures. Each has its own
68:"Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas"
2344:
1158:
18:
Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas
1141:
1139:
1063:
2310:"Midwest-Amazonian" Folklore-Mythological Parallels
1509:Pauls, Elizabeth; Fogelson, Raymond (27 May 2019).
1108:
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
664: – a North American tribe from the
1185:. pp. What the Hurons Think of their Origin.
1136:
342:moon and winds then ruled the universe together.
2960:
2224:
2098:"North American Indian Religions: Mythic Themes"
1032: – an indigenous people in Chile.
964: – the folk tales and beliefs of
2053:
2026:Bastian, Dawn Elaine; Judy K. Mitchell (2004).
1038: – the indigenous people of the
968:about places, peoples and entities around them.
898: – combined mythologies of the
2330:
2203:
1508:
635:Subarctic (inland northern Canada and Alaska)
449:
2060:. Sterling Publishing Company Incorporated.
581: – a North American tribe in
571: – a North American tribe in
387:
2182:
2114:Native American Myths collected 1636 – 1919
1979:. Independently published. pp. 14–22.
2337:
2323:
755:, which translates to "the flayed god" in
1630:
1565:. Independently Published. pp. 6–7.
1209:
1074:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
373:An important practice of this region was
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
2247:Folk Tales of the North American Indians
2075:Gill, Sam D.; Irene F. Sullivan (1994).
1830:
1635:. Dover Publications. pp. 239–241.
773:
266:– from The Story of Hiawatha, 1910
257:
173:
142:appear in the stories of several tribes.
130:
2102:Encyclopedia of Religion: 15-volume Set
2078:Dictionary of Native American mythology
1974:
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1004:and parts of the surrounding areas of
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2300:Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts
2029:Handbook of Native American Mythology
1938:
1936:
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1658:Handbook of the Indians of California
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688: – a nation living in
201:Native Americans in the United States
2046:Erdoes, Richard and Ortiz, Alfonso:
1942:
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814:
199:There is no single mythology of the
57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
1963:
1621:
1497:
1419:Gunther, Erna (14 September 2016).
998:indigenous people of the Gran Chaco
914:
906:peoples of the Talamanca region in
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2346:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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148:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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2228:Native American myths and legends
2144:Native American Myths and Beliefs
2048:American Indian Myths and Legends
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1239:
2393:
2050:(New York: Pantheon Books, 1984)
2005:Alexander, Hartley Burr (2012).
1080:
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487:Indigenous peoples of California
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2249:(Indiana University Press 1929)
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282:Anishinaabe traditional beliefs
231:animals foster human children.
44:needs additional citations for
2189:. The Rosen Publishing Group.
2147:. The Rosen Publishing Group.
1943:Roos, Dave (11 October 2018).
1189:
1174:
1163:
1151:
13:
1:
2262:. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press.
1951:. A&E Television Networks
1754:10.1080/00231940.2016.1147681
1101:
227:of ancient sacred ancestors.
1421:"Native American literature"
986:, off the coast of southern
642:
511:
205:Indigenous peoples in Canada
7:
2081:. Oxford University Press.
1631:Alexander, Hartley (2012).
1059:
1024:Religion in the Inca Empire
648:the sea and up in the sky.
10:
2985:
2100:. In Lindsay Jones (ed.).
2096:Kelley, Dennis F. (2005).
1736:Weiner, Robert S. (2015).
589:
553:Southwestern United States
450:California and Great Basin
2969:Mythology of the Americas
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2225:Taylor, Colin F. (1994).
2186:Native American Mythology
2165:Native American Mythology
2141:; Piers Vitebsky (2011).
2126:Korotayev, Andrey et al.
2008:Native American Mythology
1633:Native American Mythology
1536:"The Green Corn Ceremony"
1096:Native American religions
714:
388:Cherokee Myth of Creation
193:2020 United States Census
2231:. Smithmark Publishers.
2112:Kerven, Rosalind (2018)
2054:Ferguson, Diana (2001).
1540:Native American Netroots
1040:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
676:Nuu-chah-nulth mythology
262:From the full moon fell
2130:History and Mathematics
1515:Encyclopædia Britannica
1425:Encyclopedia Britannica
1211:2027/uc1.32106000740347
656:Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology
2305:Jicarilla Apache Texts
2210:. Dover Publications.
2204:Spence, Lewis (2012).
2162:Pearce, Q. L. (2012).
2011:. Dover Publications.
1975:Clayton, Matt (2018).
1561:Clayton, Matt (2019).
1227:Cite journal requires
779:
704:British Columbia Coast
322:Stories unique to the
267:
196:
143:
2667:European colonization
2207:Native American Myths
2057:Native American myths
1660:. G.P.O. p. 609.
1170:The Story of Hiawatha
996: – an
801:Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli
777:
727:cultures such as the
330:, which provided the
261:
177:
134:
2385:Solutrean hypothesis
2183:Ramen, Fred (2008).
1656:Kroeber, A. (1925).
896:Talamancan mythology
682:in British Columbia.
185:District of Columbia
53:improve this article
2766:Trinidad and Tobago
956:Brazilian mythology
700:Tsimshian mythology
382:Green Corn ceremony
2926:In popular culture
2677:Columbian exchange
2672:Population history
2403:Mythology/Religion
1833:The Central Eskimo
1511:"Southeast Indian"
1054:Selk'nam mythology
984:Chiloé Archipelago
982:, who live on the
934:. You can help by
886:Purépecha religion
830:. You can help by
780:
418:Cherokee mythology
350:Ho-Chunk mythology
294:Iroquois mythology
288:Ho-Chunk mythology
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2365:Pre-Columbian era
2254:Tooker, Elisabeth
2245:Thompson, Stith:
2238:978-0-8317-6290-2
2217:978-0-486-11235-0
2196:978-1-4042-0738-7
2175:978-1-4205-0716-4
2154:978-1-4488-5992-4
2116:. Talking Stone.
2088:978-0-19-508602-7
2067:978-1-85585-824-4
2039:978-1-85109-533-9
2018:978-0-486-12279-3
1831:Boas, F. (2013).
994:Guarani mythology
972:Chilote mythology
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666:Pacific Northwest
613:, Washington and
424:Choctaw mythology
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615:British Columbia
607:Salish mythology
499:Ohlone mythology
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360:Pawnee mythology
355:Lakota mythology
311:Wyandot religion
305:Seneca mythology
300:Lenape mythology
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2660:colonization
2464:The red road
2454:Medicine man
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966:Chaná people
943:January 2023
940:
936:adding to it
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765:Quetzalcoatl
761:Tezcatlipoca
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559:Diné Bahaneʼ
549:Northwestern
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413:See also:
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324:Great Plains
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156:Great Spirit
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51:Please help
46:verification
43:
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2869:Ethnobotany
2726:El Salvador
2628:Visual arts
2497:Cosmovision
2483:Mesoamerica
2444:Fifth World
2410:Mythologies
2375:Archaeology
2353:Pre-history
1949:History.com
1159:archive.org
1146:Kelley 2005
1129:, pp.
1127:Pearce 2012
1115:Tooker 1979
789:Nanahuatzin
785:Teotihuacan
690:Haida Gwaii
189:Puerto Rico
162:and sacred
152:mythologies
2911:Philosophy
2716:Costa Rica
2690:by country
2521:Variations
2512:World tree
2469:Totem pole
2439:Arborglyph
1842:1473310792
1102:References
908:Costa Rica
753:Xipe Totec
651:See also:
602:See also:
583:New Mexico
540:See also:
473:See also:
209:narratives
191:as of the
79:newspapers
2906:Movements
2901:Languages
2849:Venezuela
2794:Argentina
2756:Nicaragua
2736:Guatemala
2731:Greenland
2423:Religions
1762:133336351
1048:Colombian
1006:Argentina
980:Huilliche
643:Northwest
512:Southwest
244:Sun Dance
2963:Category
2940:Category
2896:Identity
2879:Iroquois
2874:Cherokee
2839:Suriname
2829:Paraguay
2814:Colombia
2741:Honduras
2721:Dominica
2658:European
2633:Painting
2595:Colombia
2507:Religion
2502:Creation
2380:Genetics
1955:5 August
1546:5 August
1520:5 August
1430:2 August
1060:See also
1002:Paraguay
876:Veracruz
741:Ometeotl
692:and the
617:, Canada
404:Crawfish
326:feature
272:Glooskap
237:allegory
225:memories
213:religion
2916:Studies
2844:Uruguay
2819:Ecuador
2799:Bolivia
2746:Jamaica
2645:Writers
2640:Artists
2600:Ecuador
2582:Culture
2563:Mapuche
1046:of the
1014:Bolivia
904:Cabécar
880:Tabasco
757:Nahuatl
590:Plateau
573:Arizona
375:animism
328:buffalo
264:Nokomis
140:Opossum
93:scholar
2947:Portal
2884:Navajo
2824:Guyana
2804:Brazil
2761:Panama
2751:Mexico
2711:Canada
2706:Belize
2568:Muisca
2490:Common
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1050:Andes.
1012:, and
1010:Brazil
900:Bribri
729:Mayans
721:Aztecs
715:Aztecs
563:Navajo
526:Pueblo
524:, and
522:Apache
518:Navajo
456:Coyote
217:Nature
203:, the
187:, and
183:, the
136:Coyote
95:
88:
81:
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2921:Trade
2809:Chile
2623:Music
2590:Andes
2538:Olmec
2528:Aztec
1758:S2CID
1183:1898)
988:Chile
976:Chono
672:area.
662:Lummi
629:Sedna
611:Idaho
483:Kuksu
467:tabus
100:JSTOR
86:books
2889:Zuni
2834:Peru
2785:list
2605:Peru
2558:Inca
2533:Maya
2264:ISBN
2233:ISBN
2212:ISBN
2191:ISBN
2170:ISBN
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2034:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1957:2020
1837:ISBN
1742:KIVA
1637:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1548:2020
1522:2020
1432:2020
1233:help
978:and
902:and
878:and
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551:and
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