507:) made several recommendations: ICS officers should receive increased and more comprehensive levels of compensation, future batches of ICS officers should be composed of 40% Europeans and 40% Indians with the remaining 20% of appointments to be filled by direct promotion of Indians from the Provincial Civil Services (PCS), and the examinations in Delhi and London were to produce an equal number of ICS probationers. In addition, under-representation of candidates from Indian minority groups (Muslims, Burmese and so on) would be corrected by direct appointments of qualified candidates from those groups, while British candidates would continue to have priority over Indians for ICS appointments. While initially successful, the expansion of the Indian independence movement from the late 1920s resulted in a hardening of Indian attitudes against European officers, and furthered distrust of Indian ICS appointments amongst Indians. This resulted in a declining recruitment base in terms of quality and quantity.
276:
711:
258:
267:
3203:
544:
following year, the final London-nominated ICS candidates, both of whom were Indian, entered the service. Examinations continued to be held in Delhi for Indian candidates until 1943, when the last seven ICS officers (seven examinees, two nominated) joined. By this time, the
British government felt it could no longer rely unambiguously on the complete loyalty of its Indian officers. During the period of the
576:" (CSP). In 1947, there were 980 ICS officers. 468 were Europeans, 352 Hindus, 101 Muslims, two depressed classes/Scheduled Castes, five domiciled Europeans and Anglo-Indians, 25 Indian Christians, 13 Parsis, 10 Sikhs and four other communities. Many Hindus and Muslims went to India and Pakistan respectively. This sudden loss of officer cadre caused major challenges in administering the nascent states.
362:, pay scales were drawn up. Assistant Commissioners started out in their early twenties on around £300 a year. The governorship of a British province was the highest post an ICS officer could aspire to. The governors at the top of the pyramid got £6,000 a year plus allowances. All ICS officers retired on the same pension of £1,000. This sum was paid as an
607:(ICS 1932), a district and sessions judge at the time of independence in 1947, remained in Indian government service as a judge. Having married an Indian, Swarup Kumari Gaur, in 1937, with whom he raised a family, he eventually renounced his British citizenship in 1958 and became an Indian citizen with the personal intervention of Prime Minister
349:
The civil services were divided into two categories – covenanted and uncovenanted. The covenanted civil service consisted of
British civil servants occupying the higher posts in the government. The uncovenanted civil service was introduced to facilitate the entry of Indians at the lower rung of
319:
The only civilians allowed a dress uniform by regulations were those who had distinct duties of a political kind to perform, and who are thereby brought into frequent and direct personal contact with native princes. This uniform included a blue coat with gold embroidery, a black velvet lining, collar
694:
often ridiculed the ICS for its support of
British policies. He noted that someone had once defined the Indian Civil Service, "with which we are unfortunately still afflicted in this country, as neither Indian, nor civil, nor a service". As Prime Minister, Nehru retained the organisation and its top
682:
Dewey has commented that "in their heyday they were mostly run by
Englishmen with a few notable sons of Hindus and even a fewer Muslims were the most powerful officials in the Empire, if not the world. A tiny cadre, a little over a thousand strong, ruled more than 300 million Indians. Each Civilian
243:
By 1920, there were five methods of entry into the higher civil service: firstly, the open competitive examinations in London; secondly, separate competitive examinations in India; thirdly, nomination in India to satisfy provincial and communal representation; fourthly, promotion from the
Provincial
174:
An appointment to the civil service of the
Company will not be a matter of favour but a matter of right. He who obtains such an appointment will owe it solely to his own abilities and industry. It is undoubtedly desirable that the civil servants of the Company should have received the best, the most
531:
The finances of India under
British rule depended largely on land taxes, and these became problematic in the 1930s. Epstein argues that after 1919 it became harder and harder to collect the land revenue. The suppression of civil disobedience by the British after 1934 temporarily increased the power
579:
Despite offers from the new Indian and
Pakistani governments, virtually all of the European former ICS officers left following partition, with the majority of those who did not opt for retirement continuing their careers either in the British Home Civil Service or in another British colonial civil
543:
The outbreak of war in 1939 had immediate consequences for recruitment to the ICS. The examinations in London were suspended after that year's batch (12 British and eight Indian examinees) had qualified. In 1940 and 1941, 12 and four
British candidates, respectively, were nominated to the ICS; the
495:
Before the First World War, 95% of ICS officers were
Europeans; after the war, the British government faced growing difficulties in recruiting British candidates to the service. With fewer young British men interested in joining, mainly due to the decreased levels of compensation compared to other
369:
In the first decades of the twentieth century, the imbalance in salaries and emoluments was so great that 8,000 British officers together earned a total of £13,930,554, while 130,000 Indians in government service (not just those in the Indian Civil Service proper) were collectively paid a total of
460:
If a responsible government is to be established in India, there will be a far greater need than is even dreamt of at present for persons to take part in public affairs in the legislative assemblies and elsewhere and for this reason the more Indians we can employ in the public service the better.
662:
If you take that steel frame out of the fabric, it would collapse. There is one institution we will not cripple, there is one institution we will not deprive of its functions or of its privileges; and that is the institution which built up the British Raj – the British Civil Service of
380:
and also were given fifty percent of the judgeships in the state high court (the rest were generally elevated from the high court bar). The tenure of ICS officers serving as judges of the high court and Supreme Court was determined by the retirement age fixed for judges.
496:
careers, and confronted with numerous vacancies, the government resorted to direct appointments; between 1915 and 1924, 80% of new British ICS appointees entered the service in this way. During the same period, 44% of new appointments to the ICS were filled by Indians.
522:
as early as 1924. From 1924 to 1934, Administration in India consisted of "ten" All India Services and five central departments, all under the control of Secretary of State for India, and three central departments under joint Provincial and Imperial Control.
596:(ICS 1939), the last former ICS officer holding British nationality and the last to serve in an executive capacity under the Indian government, ended his Indian service in 1968 as Second Member of the Board of Revenue, but continued to serve in the British
580:
service. A few British ex-ICS officers stayed on over the ensuing quarter-century, notably those who had selected the "judicial side" of the ICS. The last British former ICS officer from the "judicial side" still serving in the subcontinent, Justice
197:. Candidates had to be aged between 18 and 23 to take the exam. The total marks possible in the examination were 1,900 and one could get up to three opportunities to enter. Successful candidates underwent one or two years of probation in the
625:(ICS 1943), a member of the final batch recruited to the ICS, who retired as Cabinet Secretary in April 1980, was the last Indian administrative officer who had originally joined as an ICS. The last former ICS officer to retire,
1167:
1487:
1132:
2540:
2498:
2339:
988:
611:, himself a former barrister who regarded Broome as a distinguished jurist and as "much as Indian as anybody can be who is not born in India". Upon his retirement on 18 March 1972 from the
683:
had an average 300,000 subjects, and each Civilian penetrated every corner of his subjects' lives, because the Indian Civil Service directed all the activities of the Anglo-Indian state."
2344:
236:
The Early Nationalists, also known as the Moderates, worked for implementation of various social reforms such as the appointment of a Public Service Commission and a resolution of the
366:
each year after retirement. Widows of deceased officers were entitled to £300 a year, leading to a popular saying that an ICS marriage was worth "three hundred a year alive or dead".
3191:
1177:
2570:
2492:
2210:
57:
and were ultimately responsible for overseeing all government activity in the 250 districts that comprised British India. They were appointed under Section XXXII(32) of the
1531:
2109:
1993:
1940:
1479:
233:, which together gave knowledge of the revenue system, as well as reading Indian history and learning the language of the province to which they had been assigned.
3069:
1456:
1136:
532:
of the revenue agents, but after 1937 they were forced by the new Congress-controlled provincial governments to hand back confiscated land. The outbreak of the
1897:
724:
155:
Up to 1853, the Directors of the East India Company made appointments of covenanted civil servants by nominations. This nomination system was abolished by the
2094:
2058:
1902:
1844:
826:
3482:
3184:
2043:
3169:
1122:
Meghna Sabharwal, Evan M. Berman "Public Administration in South Asia: India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan (Public Administration and Public Policy)" (2013)
3507:
2642:
2432:
1023:
735:
1232:
3497:
2203:
3624:
3555:
695:
people, albeit with a change of title to the "Indian Administrative Service". It continued its main roles. Nehru appointed long-time ICS officials
980:
653:
after independence, retiring in 1977 as Ambassador to Spain. At his death in 2021, he was the last surviving former Indian Civil Service officer.
641:(ICS 1937), the last living ICS officer to have joined the service in a regular pre-war intake, died in 2018. He was a retired Chief Secretary of
3177:
540:
the revenue collectors had to rely on military force, and by 1946–47 direct British control was rapidly disappearing in much of the countryside.
103:
are all descended from the old Indian Civil Service. Historians often rate the ICS, together with the railway system, the legal system, and the
72:
At first almost all the top thousand members of the ICS, known as "Civilians", were British, and had been educated in the best British schools.
2600:
2594:
870:
707:
appreciated their role in keeping India united after partition, and noted in Parliament that without them, the country would have collapsed.
3158:
2196:
3619:
3132:
2299:
2258:
548:(1946–1947), a few British candidates were given emergency appointments in the ICS, though ultimately none of them ever served in India.
198:
54:
3649:
3644:
3604:
2606:
2293:
2145:
1713:
Gould, William. "The Dual State: The Unruly 'Subordinate', Caste, Community and Civil Service Recruitment in North India, 1930–1955,"
3609:
2794:
2771:
2379:
1889:
1837:
503:(which eventually led to the foundation of the Federal Public Service Commission and Provincial Public Service Commission under the
3049:
2730:
2702:
2359:
2324:
2253:
800:
686:
The ICS had responsibility for maintaining law and order, and often were at loggerheads with the independence activists during the
556:
At the time of the partition of India and departure of the British, in 1947, the Indian Civil Service was divided between the new
3629:
3084:
2909:
2829:
2800:
2777:
2389:
2177:
2161:
500:
461:
Moreover, it would lessen the burden of Imperial responsibilities if a body of capable Indian administrators could be produced..
3429:
2736:
2425:
2273:
2048:
1920:
396:
237:
1523:
373:
ICS officers normally served for a minimum of twenty-five years, and there was a maximum service period of thirty-five years.
3665:
3477:
2399:
2394:
2329:
2089:
2084:
1930:
1884:
1581:
1378:
1340:
1288:
1263:
1107:
902:
780:
573:
92:
499:
In 1922, Indian candidates were permitted to sit for the ICS examinations in Delhi; in 1924, the Lee Commission, chaired by
3716:
3226:
2724:
2374:
1830:
1355:
Simon Epstein, 'District Officers in Decline: The Erosion of British Authority in the Bombay Countryside, 1919 to 1947' in
940:
673:
3199:
3111:
2648:
2588:
2364:
2314:
2309:
2219:
2053:
740:
244:
Civil Service and lastly, appointments from the bar (one-fourth of the posts in the ICS were to be filled from the bar).
3614:
3550:
2349:
1633:
3545:
3256:
3142:
2576:
2564:
2510:
2418:
2384:
2334:
2288:
2283:
2013:
1448:
1208:
3639:
3530:
3449:
3439:
3434:
3094:
2742:
2712:
2660:
2624:
2369:
2354:
2319:
2140:
2079:
1950:
1925:
431:
391:
62:
3690:
3137:
2666:
2618:
2528:
2268:
2263:
2235:
2038:
1869:
822:
515:
1554:
1412:
McDonald, Douglas (2015). "Becoming Indian: William Broome and Colonial Continuity in Post-Independence India".
3424:
3276:
3104:
3099:
2835:
2823:
2695:
2630:
2534:
2167:
2135:
2018:
1935:
597:
468:
190:
1708:
954:: Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances, Government of India. 8 June 2011. Archived from
3711:
3444:
3399:
2718:
2612:
2516:
2455:
2278:
1945:
1682:
Burra, Arudra. "The Indian Civil Service and the Nationalist Movement: Neutrality, Politics and Continuity,"
585:
569:
1015:
3634:
3535:
3487:
3054:
2853:
2841:
2689:
2522:
1998:
1955:
1629:
1224:
687:
630:
504:
481:
477:
116:
66:
58:
3207:
2902:
2504:
545:
377:
201:, according to whether they had taken the London or the Indian examination. This period was spent at the
170:
in the month of August of each year. All candidate were required to pass a compulsory horse-riding test.
3336:
3301:
3291:
2847:
2806:
2654:
2558:
2245:
2125:
2074:
218:
175:
finished education that the native country affords (the Report insisted that the civil servants of the
3540:
3525:
3502:
3331:
3236:
3079:
3064:
2997:
2859:
2754:
1879:
1727:
Krishna, Anirudh. "Continuity and change: the Indian administrative service 30 years ago and today,"
100:
1645:
As per published records and book named "The India List and India Office List 1905" as published by
3670:
3344:
3326:
3316:
3306:
3286:
3281:
3012:
3002:
2748:
2582:
2104:
2099:
1965:
1762:
Potter, David C. "Manpower Shortage and the End of Colonialism: The Case of Indian Civil Service,"
1314:
David C. Potter, "Manpower Shortage and the End of Colonialism: The Case of Indian Civil Service,"
359:
134:
96:
3492:
3359:
3349:
3311:
3251:
3241:
3089:
3044:
3022:
3007:
2876:
2546:
2130:
700:
210:
88:
20:
3588:
3565:
3472:
3404:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3354:
3296:
3116:
3074:
3059:
3017:
2895:
2636:
2552:
2486:
2478:
1988:
1781:
A Young Man's Country: Letters of a Subdivisional Officer of the Indian Civil Service 1936-1937
1228:
1047:
Encyclopedia of Political Parties – India – Pakistan – Bangladesh – National – Regional – Local
981:"Historical Perspective of The Indian Civil Services & The Union Public Service Commission"
650:
626:
489:
410:
240:(1893) allowing for simultaneous examination for the Indian Civil Service in London and India.
222:
159:
in 1853 and it was decided that appointments would be through competitive examinations of all
3394:
3389:
3321:
3246:
3231:
2971:
2467:
2461:
2028:
1874:
589:
189:
The competitive examination for entry to the civil service was combined for the Diplomatic,
133:
took on its administrative responsibilities. The change in governance came about due to the
3583:
3029:
2672:
1960:
1787:
1650:
926:
622:
612:
604:
565:
344:
214:
202:
146:
84:
275:
8:
3560:
3384:
3039:
2227:
1049:. Vol. 23. Moderate phrase in India. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. pp. 29–36.
537:
104:
316:
decided that prescribing a dress uniform would be an undue expense for their officials.
3467:
2447:
2172:
1817:
1429:
796:
696:
669:
511:
485:
443:
176:
156:
150:
126:
2188:
1792:
710:
2937:
1577:
1433:
1374:
1336:
1284:
1259:
1204:
1103:
1016:"The Colonial Service Training Courses : Professionalizing the Colonial Service"
898:
776:
561:
551:
80:
3684:
3517:
1421:
691:
608:
313:
309:
206:
194:
160:
1736:
Women of the Raj: The Mothers, Wives, and Daughters of the British Empire in India
1571:
1172:
892:
634:
332:
292:
230:
955:
179:
should have taken the first degree in arts at Oxford or Cambridge Universities).
2981:
649:(ICS 1942) transferred to the Indian Political Service in 1946 and then to the
642:
593:
581:
301:
288:
257:
43:
1822:
1722:
A Young Victorian in India: Letters of H. M. Kisch of the Indian Civil Service
619:, Broome was the last former ICS officer of European origin serving in India.
3705:
3266:
3221:
2976:
2961:
2932:
2918:
1625:
1621:
1425:
1051:
The phase from 1885 to 1905 is known as the period of the Early Nationalists.
305:
130:
39:
2957:
2410:
1646:
922:
704:
629:(also a member of the final ICS batch of 1943), retired as Chairman of the
616:
533:
284:
226:
645:
and was the oldest former ICS officer on record at the time of his death.
266:
3575:
3459:
2952:
2942:
894:
In quest of Indian folktales: Pandit Ram Gharib Chaube and William Crooke
646:
225:, where a candidate studied the law and institutions of India, including
120:
47:
2947:
1628:. However Pakistan was split into two. West Pakistan is now renamed to
714:
Commemoration of the Indian Civil Services at Westminster Abbey, London
584:(ICS 1928), retired as Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court (now the
324:
321:
304:
had suggested that the civil servants in India should have an official
1767:
1326:
1324:
951:
638:
320:
and cuffs, blue cloth trousers with gold and lace two inches wide, a
166:
The examination for admission to the service was first held only in
79:
in 1947, the outgoing Government of India's ICS was divided between
2966:
2033:
557:
1791:
1620:
ICS members in Pakistan was originally administering equally both
1321:
552:
Partition of India, dissolution and subsequent service of officers
3034:
2023:
2008:
363:
328:
107:, as among the most important legacies of British rule in India.
87:. Although these are now organised differently, the contemporary
2887:
1745:(1990), interviews with retired ICS officers about pre-1947 days
1598:
Glimpses of world history: being further letters to his daughter
1774:
Indianization of the Civil Services in British India, 1858–1935
1272:
167:
2571:
Indian Post and Telecommunication Accounts and Finance Service
1371:
The Chaos of Empire: the British Raj and the Conquest of India
3202:
2024:
Jammu and Kashmir Board of Professional Entrance Examinations
1696:
Ewing, Ann. "Administering India: The Indian Civil Service,"
76:
1805:
The All India Services: A Study of their Origin & Growth
1691:
Anglo-Indian Attitudes: The Mind of the Indian Civil Service
1573:
Anglo-Indian attitudes: the mind of the Indian Civil Service
1100:
Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India
1065:
Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century
1010:
1008:
1006:
137:, which came close to toppling British rule in the country.
16:
Civil service of India during British rule from 1858 to 1947
2003:
572:(IAS), while the part that went to Pakistan was named the "
53:
Its members ruled over more than 300 million people in the
2110:
The National Council for Human Resource in Health in India
1994:
Engineering Agricultural and Pharmacy Common Entrance Test
1281:
Public Personnel Administration : Theory and Practice
1755:
Potter, David C. "The Last of the Indian Civil Service,"
1003:
526:
773:
Anglo-Indian Attitudes: Mind of the Indian Civil Service
467:
Regarding the importance of Indianising Civil Services,
2218:
1576:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 3.
1941:
University Grants Commission–National Eligibility Test
1546:
1063:
Porter, Robin J. (2001). "Imperial India, 1858–1914".
725:
Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
2095:
Indian Police Service Limited Competitive Examination
2059:
Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board
1799:(1 ed.). Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, & Co., Ltd.
1705:
The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj
1080:
Indian public administration: Institutions and Issues
875:
Indian public administration: institutions and issues
588:) in May 1966, receiving a knighthood in the British
2044:
Tamil Nadu Professional Courses Entrance Examination
2643:Indian Revenue Service (Custom and Indirect Taxes)
1407:
1405:
1247:
1135:. The British Library. 8 June 2011. Archived from
736:List of Indian members of the Indian Civil Service
3498:Military College of Telecommunication Engineering
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1125:
633:in 1994. The last living British ex-ICS officer,
376:ICS officers served as political officers in the
3703:
3556:Tactics and Air Combat Development Establishment
1333:Problems and Issues in Administrative Federalism
941:"History of civil services in India and Reforms"
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
536:strengthened them again, but in the face of the
48:British rule in the period between 1858 and 1947
1852:
1477:
1402:
823:"Administering India: The Indian Civil Service"
2601:Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers
2595:Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers
1512:. Harrison & Sons, Ltd. 1947. p. 241.
1151:
3185:
2903:
2426:
2204:
1838:
1480:"JPL Gwynn: Smitten by the land and language"
1373:. New York: PublicAffairs. pp. 492–494.
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
815:
753:
568:. The part which went to India was named the
3483:Counter-Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School
3265:
3159:Civil service reform in developing countries
2440:
1752:(1987) 289pp; the standard scholarly history
1700:, June 1982, 32#6 pp 43–48, covers 1858–1947
1510:The India Office and Burma Office List: 1947
1217:
1093:
1091:
1089:
2300:Jammu and Kashmir Public Service Commission
2259:Arunachal Pradesh Public Service Commission
1446:
741:List of Public service commissions in India
295:in the uniform of the Indian Civil Service.
55:presidencies and provinces of British India
3192:
3178:
2910:
2896:
2607:Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers
2433:
2419:
2294:Himachal Pradesh Public Service Commission
2211:
2197:
2146:All India Engineering Entrance Examination
1845:
1831:
1757:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies
1750:India's Political Administrators,1919–1983
1717:Mar-June 2007, Vol. 20 Issue 1/2, pp 13–43
1330:
1297:
1256:A Comprehensive History of India, Volume 3
1078:Arora, Ramesh Kumar; Goyal, Rajni (1995).
1077:
789:
411:Assistant Secretary to Government of India
2795:Provincial Police Service (Uttar Pradesh)
2772:Provincial Forest Service (Uttar Pradesh)
2380:Telangana State Public Service Commission
1720:Kisch, H. M.; Ethel A. Waley-Cohen (ed.)
1086:
3508:Military College of Materials Management
2731:Provincial Civil Service (Uttar Pradesh)
2703:Jammu and Kashmir Administrative Service
2325:Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission
2254:Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission
1794:The Indian Civil Service as a Profession
1729:Commonwealth & Comparative Politics,
1684:Commonwealth & Comparative Politics,
1411:
890:
879:The making of India: a historical survey
709:
656:
2830:Provincial Finance and Accounts Service
2801:Provincial Police Service (Uttarakhand)
2778:Provincial Forest Service (Uttarakhand)
2583:Indian Railway Protection Force Service
2390:Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
2178:Medical Council of India Screening Test
2162:Common Engineering Entrance Examination
1894:National Eligibility cum Entrance Test
897:. Indiana University Press. p. 6.
501:Arthur Lee, 1st Viscount Lee of Fareham
3704:
3430:National Academy of Defence Production
3208:Indian military academies and colleges
2737:Provincial Civil Service (Uttarakhand)
2274:Chhattisgarh Public Service Commission
2049:West Bengal Joint Entrance Examination
1921:Common Entrance Examination for Design
1759:(Apr 1979), Vol. 2 Issue 1/2, pp 19–29
1368:
1062:
1044:
527:After the Government of India Act 1935
480:, the Imperial Services headed by the
397:Joint Secretary to Government of India
110:
3666:Combined Defence Services Examination
3173:
2891:
2414:
2400:West Bengal Public Service Commission
2395:Uttarakhand Public Service Commission
2330:Maharashtra Public Service Commission
2192:
2090:Combined Medical Services Examination
2085:Combined Defence Services Examination
1931:Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering
1890:Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced
1826:
1786:
1662:As per Warrant or Precedence of 1905.
1569:
1524:"Ex-diplomat V.M.M. Nair passes away"
1394:"Last Briton Leaves Indian Service".
1253:
1198:
770:
454:
93:Central Superior Services of Pakistan
2725:Provincial Civil Service (Jharkhand)
2375:Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission
1677:The I.C.S.: The Indian Civil Service
1632:and East Pakistan is now renamed to
1600:(Lindsay Drummond Ltd., 1949), p. 94
1552:
1459:from the original on 9 February 2019
1283:. Deep and Deep Publications, 2008.
1278:
1097:
991:from the original on 4 December 2023
919:The India List and India Office List
829:from the original on 14 January 2019
674:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
600:until his final retirement in 1976.
247:
140:
2649:Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax)
2589:Indian Railway Service of Engineers
2541:Indian Defence Service of Engineers
2499:Central Engineering Service (Roads)
2365:Rajasthan Public Service Commission
2340:Meghalaya Public Service Commission
2315:Karnataka Public Service Commission
2310:Jharkhand Public Service Commission
2220:Public Service Commissions in India
2054:Assam Combined Entrance Examination
1534:from the original on 6 October 2021
933:
353:
308:, as did their counterparts in the
125:From 1858, after the demise of the
69:, a member of the British cabinet.
13:
3551:Indian Air Force Test Pilot School
3133:National civil service commissions
2350:Nagaland Public Service Commission
1669:
1556:One Who Forged India's Steel Frame
1168:"Archive: The men who ran the Raj"
803:from the original on 3 August 2019
338:
14:
3728:
3257:Rashtriya Indian Military College
2917:
2577:Indian Railway Management Service
2565:Indian Ordnance Factories Service
2511:Indian Audit and Accounts Service
2385:Tripura Public Service Commission
2345:Mizoram Public Service Commission
2335:Manipur Public Service Commission
2289:Haryana Public Service Commission
2284:Gujarat Public Service Commission
2014:Odisha Joint Entrance Examination
1885:Joint Entrance Examination – Main
1811:
1490:from the original on 6 March 2021
1199:Mason, Philip (4 December 1987).
1026:from the original on 9 March 2016
850:
3531:Air Force Administrative College
3450:Military Institute of Technology
3201:
2743:Rajasthan Administrative Service
2713:Karnataka Administrative Service
2661:Indian Telecommunication Service
2625:Indian Railway Personnel Service
2370:Sikkim Public Service Commission
2360:Punjab Public Service Commission
2355:Odisha Public Service Commission
2320:Kerala Public Service Commission
2141:Special Class Railway Apprentice
2080:Engineering Services Examination
1951:National Entrance Screening Test
1926:Common Management Admission Test
1715:Journal of Historical Sociology,
1478:K. S. S. Seshan (16 June 2016).
1447:P. M. Gwynn (17 November 1999).
1258:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
1235:from the original on 22 May 2017
1045:Ralhan, Om Prakash, ed. (1995).
987:. UPSC Pathshala. 11 June 2020.
432:Chief Secretary (British Empire)
392:Secretary to Government of India
274:
265:
256:
75:At the time of the partition of
3691:Military education and training
3478:College of Military Engineering
2667:Indian Radio Regulatory Service
2619:Indian Railway Accounts Service
2529:Indian Defence Accounts Service
2269:Bihar Public Service Commission
2264:Assam Public Service Commission
2236:Union Public Service Commission
2039:Tamil Nadu Common Entrance Test
1870:Common University Entrance Test
1656:
1639:
1634:People's Republic of Bangladesh
1590:
1563:
1516:
1502:
1471:
1440:
1387:
1362:
1349:
1192:
1116:
1071:
1056:
1038:
973:
163:, without distinction of race.
3425:Defence Services Staff College
2836:Provincial Secretariat Service
2824:Provincial Development Service
2696:Gujarat Administrative Service
2631:Indian Railway Traffic Service
2535:Indian Defence Estates Service
2168:National Board of Examinations
2136:Joint Management Entrance Test
2019:Rajasthan Pre-Engineering Test
1936:Joint Admission Test for M.Sc.
1614:
1102:. Princeton University Press.
911:
884:
863:
841:
129:'s rule in India, the British
1:
3445:College of Defence Management
2719:Kerala Administrative Service
2613:Indian Railway Stores Service
2517:Indian Civil Accounts Service
2456:Indian Administrative Service
2279:Goa Public Service Commission
1946:Joint Entrance Screening Test
1359:, (May 1982) 16#3, pp 493–518
1225:"The Un-Indian Civil Service"
746:
699:as his Finance Minister, and
676:on the Imperial Civil Service
586:Punjab and Haryana High Court
570:Indian Administrative Service
436:Secretary to State Government
3536:Air Force School, Coimbatore
3488:High Altitude Warfare School
3227:Armed Forces Medical College
2854:West Bengal Judicial Service
2842:Provincial Transport Service
2690:Bihar Administrative Service
2523:Indian Corporate Law Service
1999:Gujarat Common Entrance Test
1956:NIT MCA Common Entrance Test
1630:Islamic Republic of Pakistan
1331:Maheshwari, Shriram (1992).
877:(1995) p. 42; Ranbir Vohra,
688:Indian independence movement
631:Pakistan Board of Investment
592:upon his return to Britain.
505:Government of India Act 1935
482:Secretary of State for India
478:Government of India Act 1919
117:Civil Service in early India
67:Secretary of State for India
65:. The ICS was headed by the
59:Government of India Act 1858
7:
3717:Government of British India
2505:Central Secretariat Service
2493:Central Engineering Service
1853:Standardised tests in India
729:
546:Interim Government of India
404:Additional Deputy Secretary
378:Indian Political Department
34:), officially known as the
10:
3733:
2848:Rajasthan Accounts Service
2807:West Bengal Police Service
2655:Indian Statistical Service
2559:Indian Information Service
2126:All India Pre Medical Test
2075:Civil Services Examination
1766:, (Jan 1973) 7#1 pp 47–73
1449:"Obituary: J. P. L. Gwynn"
1203:. Pan Books. p. 146.
891:Naithani, Sadhana (2006).
797:"The Indian Civil Service"
771:Dewey, Clive (July 1993).
722:
718:
703:as his Foreign Secretary.
637:(ICS 1932), died in 2002.
469:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms
342:
219:School of Oriental Studies
144:
114:
18:
3679:
3658:
3597:
3574:
3546:Flying Instructors School
3541:Air Force School, Jodhpur
3516:
3503:Officers Training Academy
3458:
3417:
3237:Bangalore Military School
3214:
3151:
3125:
2990:
2925:
2869:
2860:West Bengal Legal Service
2816:
2787:
2764:
2755:West Bengal Civil Service
2682:
2477:
2446:
2244:
2226:
2154:
2118:
2067:
1981:
1913:
1880:Common Law Admission Test
1865:
1858:
1731:Nov 2010, 48#4 pp 433–444
1686:Nov 2010, 48#4 pp 404–432
1318:, (Jan 1973) 7#1 pp 47–73
1098:Cohn, Bernard S. (1996).
574:Civil Service of Pakistan
520:Central Superior Services
420:Judge of State High Court
184:Macaulay Committee Report
3671:Services Selection Board
3440:National Defence College
3435:National Defence Academy
3215:Education & training
3143:Civil service by country
2817:Non-State Civil Services
2749:Tamil Nadu Civil Service
2441:Public Services of India
2105:Teacher Eligibility Test
2100:Services Selection Board
1966:Management Aptitude Test
1818:The Indian Civil Service
1607:
1426:10.1177/0376983615597167
1414:Indian Historical Review
701:K. P. S. Menon
484:, were split into two –
476:With the passing of the
360:Indian Rebellion of 1857
135:Indian Rebellion of 1857
97:Bangladesh Civil Service
19:Not to be confused with
3493:Indian Military Academy
3252:Dholpur Military School
3242:Belgaum Military School
2877:Civil Services of India
2547:Indian Economic Service
2131:Common Proficiency Test
1743:Indian Tales of the Raj
1709:excerpt and text search
1201:The Men who Ruled India
869:Ramesh Kumar Arora and
775:. A&C Black, 1993.
439:Divisional Commissioner
285:Sir Henry Edward Stokes
211:University of Cambridge
89:Civil Services of India
21:Civil Services of India
3566:College of Air Warfare
3138:Government occupations
2637:Indian Revenue Service
2553:Indian Foreign Service
2487:Central Labour Service
2479:Central Civil Services
1989:Combined Aptitude Test
1779:Saumarez Smith, W. H.
1254:P. N., Chopra (2003).
715:
680:
651:Indian Foreign Service
627:Aftab Ghulam Nabi Kazi
474:
448:Assistant Commissioner
442:Deputy Commissioner /
223:Trinity College Dublin
193:, the Indian, and the
187:
36:Imperial Civil Service
3247:Chail Military School
3232:Ajmer Military School
2972:Public administration
2788:State Police Services
2765:State Forest Services
2468:Indian Police Service
2462:Indian Forest Service
2029:Joint Employment Test
1875:Common Admission Test
1788:Smith, Vincent Arthur
1734:MacMillan, Margaret.
1570:Dewey, Clive (1993).
1369:Wilson, John (2016).
1335:. Allied Publishers.
713:
660:
657:Support and criticism
590:1967 New Year Honours
458:
172:
101:Myanmar Civil Service
3712:Indian Civil Service
3584:Indian Naval Academy
2991:By country/territory
2683:State Civil Services
2673:Indian Trade Service
1961:Policy Aptitude Test
1764:Modern Asian Studies
1651:India Office Records
1357:Modern Asian Studies
1316:Modern Asian Studies
1139:on 25 September 2015
1067:. pp. 345, 434.
927:India Office Records
623:Nirmal Kumar Mukarji
613:Allahabad High Court
350:the administration.
345:Aitchison Commission
215:University of London
203:University of Oxford
147:Aitchison Commission
28:Indian Civil Service
3561:Air Defence College
1970:IISER Aptitude Test
1279:Goel, S.L. (2008).
1180:on 4 September 2016
1020:britishempire.co.uk
858:The A to Z of India
615:as its most senior
538:Quit India movement
518:were designated as
388:Central Government
111:Origins and history
3468:Army Cadet College
2448:All India Services
1596:Jawaharlal Nehru,
1553:Bali, H.N (2013).
1530:. 6 October 2021.
1231:. 10 August 2016.
716:
697:Chintaman Deshmukh
670:David Lloyd George
598:Home Civil Service
486:All India Services
455:Changes after 1912
444:District Collector
289:Sir Gabriel Stokes
213:, colleges in the
157:British Parliament
151:Early Nationalists
127:East India Company
63:British Parliament
3699:
3698:
3589:Naval War College
3526:Air Force Academy
3413:
3412:
3167:
3166:
2938:Government agency
2885:
2884:
2408:
2407:
2306:
2186:
2185:
1977:
1976:
1748:Potter, David C.
1583:978-1-85285-097-5
1380:978-1-61039-293-8
1342:978-81-7023-342-8
1290:978-81-7629-395-2
1265:978-81-207-2506-5
1109:978-0-691-00043-5
985:upscpathshala.com
904:978-0-253-34544-8
860:(2010), pp 288–90
856:Surjit Mansingh,
782:978-0-8264-3254-4
428:State Government
248:Uniform and dress
195:Colonial Services
141:Entry and setting
61:, enacted by the
38:, was the higher
3724:
3685:Military academy
3650:Commandant MILIT
3518:Indian Air Force
3473:Army War College
3263:
3262:
3206:
3205:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3105:Northern Ireland
2912:
2905:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2708:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2304:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2189:
1863:
1862:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1800:
1798:
1741:Masani, Zareer.
1703:Gilmour, David.
1663:
1660:
1654:
1643:
1637:
1618:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1366:
1360:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1328:
1319:
1312:
1295:
1294:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1176:. Archived from
1164:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1095:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1012:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
977:
971:
970:
968:
966:
961:on 20 March 2012
960:
945:
937:
931:
930:
915:
909:
908:
888:
882:
867:
861:
854:
848:
845:
839:
838:
836:
834:
819:
813:
812:
810:
808:
793:
787:
786:
768:
692:Jawaharlal Nehru
678:
609:Jawaharlal Nehru
534:Second World War
516:Central Services
490:Central Services
472:
401:Deputy Secretary
354:Salary and ranks
333:ostrich feathers
327:with black silk
314:Council of India
310:Colonial Service
278:
269:
260:
238:House of Commons
207:Indian Institute
185:
161:British subjects
46:in India during
3732:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3675:
3654:
3625:Commandant DSSC
3593:
3570:
3512:
3454:
3409:
3277:Amaravathinagar
3268:
3261:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3168:
3163:
3147:
3121:
2986:
2921:
2916:
2886:
2881:
2865:
2812:
2783:
2760:
2706:
2678:
2473:
2442:
2439:
2409:
2404:
2303:
2240:
2222:
2217:
2187:
2182:
2150:
2114:
2063:
1973:
1909:
1898:(Undergraduate)
1854:
1851:
1814:
1772:Sharma, Malti.
1675:Blunt, Edward.
1672:
1670:Further reading
1667:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1644:
1640:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1568:
1564:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1453:The Independent
1445:
1441:
1410:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1298:
1291:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1173:Hindustan Times
1166:
1165:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1133:"Civil Service"
1131:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1096:
1087:
1076:
1072:
1061:
1057:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1014:
1013:
1004:
994:
992:
979:
978:
974:
964:
962:
958:
943:
939:
938:
934:
917:
916:
912:
905:
889:
885:
868:
864:
855:
851:
846:
842:
832:
830:
821:
820:
816:
806:
804:
795:
794:
790:
783:
769:
754:
749:
732:
727:
721:
679:
667:
659:
635:Ian Dixon Scott
554:
529:
473:
465:
457:
407:Under Secretary
356:
347:
341:
339:Nature and role
335:, and a sword.
312:. However, the
299:
298:
297:
296:
293:V. Narahari Rao
281:
280:
279:
271:
270:
262:
261:
250:
231:law of evidence
186:
183:
153:
145:Main articles:
143:
123:
115:Main articles:
113:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3730:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3645:Commandant NDC
3642:
3640:Commandant CAW
3637:
3635:Commandant NWC
3632:
3630:Commandant CDM
3627:
3622:
3620:Commandant AFA
3617:
3615:Commandant INA
3612:
3610:Commandant IMA
3607:
3605:Commandant NDA
3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3400:Sujanpur Tihra
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3197:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3117:European Union
3114:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3100:United Kingdom
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2982:Public service
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2759:
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2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2699:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1903:(Postgraduate)
1900:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1859:National level
1856:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1812:External links
1810:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1701:
1694:
1689:Dewey, Clive.
1687:
1680:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1655:
1638:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1603:
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594:J. P. L. Gwynn
582:Donald Falshaw
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1082:. p. 43.
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33:
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22:
3683:
3659:Examinations
3155:
2958:Merit system
2701:
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1804:
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1647:India Office
1641:
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1555:
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1527:
1518:
1509:
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1483:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1452:
1442:
1417:
1413:
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1389:
1370:
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1351:
1332:
1315:
1280:
1274:
1255:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1219:
1200:
1194:
1182:. Retrieved
1178:the original
1171:
1141:. Retrieved
1137:the original
1127:
1118:
1099:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1019:
993:. Retrieved
984:
975:
965:15 September
963:. Retrieved
956:the original
947:
935:
923:India Office
918:
913:
893:
886:
881:(2001) p 185
878:
874:
865:
857:
852:
843:
833:18 September
831:. Retrieved
817:
807:18 September
805:. Retrieved
791:
772:
705:Sardar Patel
685:
681:
668:
661:
621:
617:puisne judge
602:
578:
555:
542:
530:
519:
514:and class 1
509:
498:
494:
475:
466:
459:
383:
375:
372:
370:£3,284,163.
368:
357:
348:
318:
300:
242:
235:
227:criminal law
188:
173:
165:
154:
124:
74:
71:
52:
35:
31:
27:
25:
3598:Commandants
3576:Indian Navy
3460:Indian Army
3418:Tri Service
3337:Kazhakootam
3302:Chittorgarh
3292:Bhubaneswar
3070:New Zealand
2953:Technocracy
2943:Bureaucracy
2707:(1957–2019)
2305:(1957–2019)
1982:State level
1184:4 September
1030:25 February
871:Rajni Goyal
647:V.M.M. Nair
217:(including
121:British Raj
105:Indian Army
3706:Categories
3332:Kapurthala
3126:Categories
3003:Bangladesh
2948:Bureaucrat
2164:(proposal)
1494:8 February
1463:8 February
948:arc.gov.in
747:References
723:See also:
358:After the
325:cocked hat
3345:Korukonda
3327:Jhunjhunu
3317:Gopalganj
3307:Ghorakhal
3287:Balachadi
3282:Ambikapur
3156:See also:
3095:Sri Lanka
3090:Singapore
3023:Hong Kong
2998:Australia
2645:(IRS-CIT)
2173:Madhyamik
1559:. Boloji.
1538:6 October
1528:The Hindu
1484:The Hindu
1434:146608189
1396:The Times
1143:14 August
952:New Delhi
639:V. K. Rao
558:Dominions
512:All India
3360:Manasbal
3350:Kunjpura
3312:Goalpara
3080:Pakistan
3065:Malaysia
2967:Diplomat
2926:Concepts
2651:(IRS-IT)
2573:(IPTAFS)
2034:SEE-UPTU
1790:(1903).
1768:in JSTOR
1532:Archived
1488:Archived
1457:Archived
1233:Archived
1024:Archived
989:Archived
827:Archived
801:Archived
730:See also
666:—
603:Justice
566:Pakistan
464:—
384:Source:
229:and the
191:the Home
182:—
85:Pakistan
3405:Tilaiya
3380:Purulia
3375:Punglwa
3370:Nalanda
3365:Nagrota
3355:Lucknow
3297:Bijapur
3269:Schools
3075:Nigeria
3050:Ireland
3035:Germany
2803:(UKPPS)
2797:(UPPPS)
2780:(UKPFS)
2774:(UPPFS)
2739:(UKPCS)
2733:(UPPCS)
2705:(JKAS)
2609:(IRSSE)
2603:(IRSEE)
2597:(IRSME)
2585:(IRPFS)
2501:(CES-R)
2119:Defunct
2068:Service
2009:MHT-CET
1707:(2007)
995:23 July
929:. 1905.
719:Members
672:, then
417:Courts
364:annuity
329:cockade
209:), the
177:Company
42:of the
3395:Satara
3390:Rewari
3341:Kodagu
3322:Imphal
3267:Sainik
3085:Russia
3040:Greece
3030:France
3013:Canada
3008:Brazil
2870:Others
2862:(WBLS)
2856:(WBJS)
2850:(RAcS)
2832:(PFAS)
2809:(WBPS)
2757:(WBCS)
2751:(TNCS)
2727:(JPCS)
2675:(ITrS)
2669:(IRRS)
2633:(IRTS)
2627:(IRPS)
2621:(IRAS)
2615:(IRSS)
2591:(IRSE)
2579:(IRMS)
2567:(IOFS)
2543:(IDSE)
2537:(IDES)
2531:(IDAS)
2525:(ICLS)
2519:(ICAS)
2513:(IAAS)
1914:Others
1807:(1969)
1796:
1783:(1977)
1776:(2001)
1738:(2007)
1724:(1957)
1693:(1993)
1679:(1937)
1580:
1432:
1377:
1339:
1287:
1262:
1239:18 May
1207:
1106:
901:
779:
663:India.
322:beaver
168:London
91:, the
3060:Japan
3055:Italy
3045:India
3018:China
2844:(PTS)
2838:(PSS)
2826:(PDS)
2745:(RAS)
2721:(KAS)
2715:(KAS)
2698:(GAS)
2692:(BAS)
2663:(ITS)
2657:(ISS)
2639:(IRS)
2561:(IIS)
2555:(IFS)
2549:(IES)
2507:(CSS)
2495:(CES)
2489:(CLS)
2470:(IPS)
2464:(IFS)
2458:(IAS)
2246:State
2228:Union
2155:Misc.
1608:Notes
1430:S2CID
959:(PDF)
944:(PDF)
562:India
221:) or
81:India
77:India
3385:Rewa
2004:KEAM
1649:and
1624:and
1578:ISBN
1540:2021
1496:2019
1465:2019
1375:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1241:2017
1229:OPEN
1205:ISBN
1186:2016
1145:2015
1104:ISBN
1032:2016
997:2020
967:2011
899:ISBN
835:2014
809:2014
777:ISBN
564:and
510:The
488:and
331:and
291:and
149:and
119:and
99:and
83:and
26:The
1422:doi
560:of
32:ICS
3708::
2960:/
1526:.
1486:.
1482:.
1455:.
1451:.
1428:.
1418:42
1416:.
1404:^
1323:^
1299:^
1227:.
1170:.
1153:^
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