507:
the Early
Nationalists misunderstood the British government and believed the fundamentally diametric interests of both the colonial administration and the nationalist movement could be resolved in favor of the latter. The Early Nationalists failed to draw the masses into the mainstream of the national movement such that their area of influence remained limited to urban educated Indians. In particular, their leadership comprised only members of professional groups such as lawyers, doctors, journalists and teachers.
691:
304:
questions. Following these discussions, resolutions were adopted. They also drafted petitions and memorandums before submitting them to the government. The Early
Nationalists wanted to convey their feelings to the government, so as to gradually bring the authorities around to their viewpoint. To influence the British government and to enlighten the British public and its political leaders, the Early Nationalists sent deputations of leading Indian leaders to England. In 1889, a British Committee of the
281:
605:
268:
for constitutional and other reforms within the framework of
British rule, they had full faith in that nation's sense of justice and fair play. They further believed that continuation of the British connection with India was in the interests of both countries. At an early stage, the nationalists considered their association with England an advantage by considering British rule had done much good by removing various anomalies. Influenced by
631:
260:
701:, popularly known as the "Grand Old Man of India", took an active part in the foundation of the Indian National Congress and was elected its President thrice, in 1886, 1893 and after the Moderate phase in 1906. He spent a major part of his life in Britain.He founded the London Indian Society which he used to create the awareness among the British people about the plight of the Indians. His book
321:
344:. In doing so, they weakened the foundations of British rule in India. Their political and economic programmes established the idea that India must be ruled in the interest of the Indians. The efforts of the Early Nationalists also led to the implementation of various social reforms such as the appointment of a Public Service Commission. A resolution of the
646:
the
Servants of India Society. Through the Society as well as the Congress and other legislative bodies he served in, Gokhale campaigned for Indian self-rule and also social reform. He was the leader of the moderate faction of the Congress party that advocated reforms by working with existing government institutions.
668:, saw the need for an organisation that would draw the government's attention to current administrative drawbacks and suggest the means to rectify them. In 1884 Hume, in consultation with the Indian leaders, laid the foundations of Indian National Union but it was postponed due to an outbreak of plague in
645:
as he was the one who guided
Mahatma Gandhi to travel around India in order to fight against the British, was one of the social and political leaders during the Indian Independence Movement against the British Empire in India. Gokhale was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and founder of
545:
However, rather than emerging as a useful tool in the hands of the colonial administration, the Early
Nationalists gradually became the focus of Indian nationalism. In 1887, Dufferin attacked the Early Nationalists in a speech and ridiculed it as representing only a microscopic minority of the Indian
303:
means to realise their aims. To educate the people, to arouse political consciousness, and to create powerful public opinion in favour of their demands they organised annual sessions. Processions and meetings were held, speeches delivered and discussions held on various economic, social and political
267:
Focusing on demands for reform, the Early
Nationalists adopted a constitutional and peaceful approach to achieve their objectives. They remained friendly towards the British Empire but believed that Indians should have a proper and legitimate role in the government of the country. Although they asked
339:
In spite of such criticism, the Early
Nationalists did achieve some of their goals. They created a national awakening among the people that made Indians conscious of the bonds of common political, economic, and cultural interests that united them. They also trained people in politics by popularising
1207:
education and the reaction of
Indians to British Raj. The political awareness generated by these trends gave birth to various political associations. This trend culminated in the establishment of the Early Nationalists in 1885, which was the starting point of the organised national movement in India
562:
Some of the younger elements within the Indian
National Congress were dissatisfied with the achievements of the Early Nationalists and vociferous critics of the methods of peaceful constitutional agitation that they promulgated. Young members advocated the adoption of European revolutionary methods
506:
The methods used by the Early Nationalists of passing resolutions and sending petitions were seen as inadequate by critics who argued that they depended on the generosity of the British instead of relying on their own strength and directly challenging colonial rule. Some historians have argued that
1206:
One of the most distinguishing features of the second half of the 19th century was the birth of national awakening in India. It originated from the concepts of nationalism and right of self-determination initiated by the French Revolution, the socio-religious reform movement, the spread of western
228:
in India active between 1885 and 1907. Their emergence marked the beginning of the organised national movement in India. Some of the important moderate leaders were Pherozeshah Mehta and Dadabhai Naoroji. With members of the group drawn from educated middle-class professionals including lawyers,
525:
In the beginning, the British colonial administration looked upon the actions of the Early Nationalists favourably, and expressed no animosity towards them. Furthermore, a few government officials attended the first session of the Early Nationalists and took part in its deliberations. The
554:, which was then used by the Early Nationalists to counter the claim that British rule had been beneficial to the poorest members of Indian society. Finally, in 1890 government employees were forbidden to participate in deliberations with the Early Nationalists or attend their meetings.
516:
401:
Increase in the membership of Indians by including some members elected by local bodies like chambers of commerce, universities, etc. in these councils and by giving greater powers to them. They demanded Indian control over the public purse and raised the slogan "No taxation without
567:, with their desire to regain self-government lacking conviction. The Early Nationalists failed to attain their objectives, giving rise to another group of leaders known as Assertive or Extremist Nationalists. The most prominent leaders of the Assertive Nationalists were
380:, the Early Nationalists wanted a larger share in the governing of India. They did not seek immediate attainment of their goal as they feared that the government would suppress their activities. Instead they aimed at winning freedom through a gradual process.
335:
In spite of their role as the most progressive force of the time, the Early Nationalists received widespread criticism over their lack of success. They were treated with contempt by the colonial administration and their demands were not fulfilled.
423:
Reformation and expansion of the legislative councils created by the act of 1861. They demanded an increase in the membership of these councils and all legislative and financial matters including the Budget should be submitted to these
340:
the ideas of democracy, civil liberties, secularism and nationalism . The Early Nationalists did pioneering work by exposing the true nature of British rule in India. They made the people realise the economic content and character of
497:
and restoration of individual liberties and right to assemble and to form associations. They also wanted the Removal of the restrictions imposed by the British Government on the freedom of speech, and the freedom of the press.
616:. Banerjee merged the Indian National Conference with the Indian National Congress in 1886 as both organisations had similar objectives. He presided over two sessions of the Congress in 1895 and 1902.
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519:
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people. Colonial officials in India criticised the Nationalists and characterised its leaders as "disloyal babus" and "violent villains". The next year Lord Dufferin published the
236:
and peaceful means to achieve their aims. The Early Nationalists had full faith in the British sense of justice, fair play, honesty, and integrity while they believed that
494:
538:
in 1886 and another hosted by the Governor of Chennai in 1887. Official attitudes soon changed; Lord Dufferin tried to divert the National Movement by suggesting to
489:
whenever the British government tried to curtail them. Their struggle for freedom became an integral part of the national movement from the very beginning. In 1897,
82:
453:
Complete separation of the executive and the judiciary. They made this demand to protect Indians from arbitrary acts by the police and the bureaucracy.
272:, culture, education, literature and history, the demands of the early nationalists were not considered extreme but of a relatively moderate nature.
1888:
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1802:
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and many other leaders were arrested and tried for making provocative speeches. The Early Nationalists demanded the Abolition of the
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1935:
1600:. Government of Kerala • Department of Education, State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT). p. 72
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The Early Nationalists believed in patience and conciliation rather than confrontation, adopting orderly progress and
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The achievements by the early Congress leaders urged the development and basic foundation of the extremist leaders.
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The Early Nationalists wanted certain political and economic reforms with the view to unify the people of India.
17:
1706:
1410:
156:
1856:
1756:
1558:
1317:
Seth, Sanjay (1999). "Rewriting Histories of Nationalism; The politics of "Moderate Nationalism" in India".
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Avoiding confrontations, the early Congress leaders were patient, moderate and conciliatory in their demands
690:
612:
To create an all-India political organisation, Banerjee convened the Indian National Conference in 1883 at
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240:
was a boon for India. The Early Nationalists were staunch believers in open-minded and moderate politics.
1770:
360:. These achievements served as the basis for nationalist movements in later years by extremist leaders.
1591:
Ashalatha, A.; Koropath, Pradeep; Nambarathil, Saritha (2009). "Chapter 6 – Indian National Movement".
243:
Their successors, the "Assertives", existed from 1905 to 1919 and were followed by nationalists of the
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While the Early Nationalists moved towards the formation of an all-India political body, Englishman
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45:
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They are known as "Early Nationalists" because they believed in demanding reforms while adopting
1159:
Encyclopedia of Political Parties – India – Pakistan – Bangladesh – National – Regional – Local
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Complete self government modelled on self governing British colonies like Australia and Canada.
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that the Early Nationalists should devote themselves to social rather than political affairs.
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1435:
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76:
68:
58:
1908:
1705:
1649:"Story of the Congress – Three pivotal moments that shaped early nationalism in India"
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Increase in the powers of the municipal bodies and reduction of official control over them.
447:
88:
630:
8:
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1161:. Vol. 23. Moderate phrase in India. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. pp. 29–36.
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to counter British colonial rule while mainstream Early Nationalists remained loyal to
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The members of the legislative councils to be directly elected by the people of India.
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A complete separation of the executive and judicial branches of administration.
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341:
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244:
233:
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The phase from 1885 to 1905 is known as the period of the Early Nationalists.
388:
672:. Later on, at the suggestion of Dadabhai Naoroji, the name was changed to "
550:(known as the Dufferin Report), which highlighted the plight of the poor in
470:
Wider employment of Indians in the higher grades of administrative services.
1896:
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486:
237:
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teachers and government officials, many of them were educated in England.
40:
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Improvement of the police system to make it honest, efficient and popular.
1093:
997:
889:
705:
explored how India was economically exploited by the British government.
581:
280:
1338:
539:
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The Moderates made the following demands in the administrative sphere:
324:
285:
1875:
Moderates and Extremists in the Indian Nationalist Movement, 1883–1920
1485:
1264:. Vol. I. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 254–255.
1010:
788:
564:
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Report on the Conditions of the Lower Classes of Population in Bengal
92:
1330:
676:" and the foundation of the organisation laid on 28 December 1885.
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Adequate representation of Indians in the executive council of the
1060:
962:
932:
770:
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613:
535:
417:
588:
515:
1461:
India after Gandhi:The History of the World's largest Democracy
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840:
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similar to the self-governing colonies in Canada and Australia.
406:
376:
Believing that India should eventually move towards democratic
259:
1524:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 122 –123 and 55, 136.
902:
1719:. Vol. 24.2. Madras: Pillar & Co. pp. 460–461.
1590:
1177:
Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century
510:
263:
The first session of the Early Nationalists of India in 1885
254:
1133:"Theosophy and the Origins of the Indian National Congress"
669:
320:
1488:: Sterling Publishers. pp. 122–123, 125–129, 157–158.
1303:. Goyal Brothers Prakashan. pp. 91, 93, 98–106, 111.
526:
Nationalists were invited to a garden party held by the
405:
By the beginning of the 20th century, they demanded for
1312:
1310:
1194:. USA: Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 325–332.
1110:
1175:
Porter, Robin J. (2001). "Imperial India, 1858–1914".
348:(1893) allowing for simultaneous examination for the
1307:
1236:. Morning Star Publishers. pp. 27, 35–41, 45.
356:on Indian Expenditure (1895). They also passed The
1900:
1573:
1500:"Lawyers are drawn for the formation of Moderates"
1427:
1294:
1292:
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1927:
1672:. London: Swan Sonnenshein & Co. p. 48.
1555:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
1379:
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1371:
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1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
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1215:
1517:
1384:. Dayal publishers. pp. 55, 60–61, 88, 92.
1232:Sequeira, Dolly Ellen; Raj, S. Irudaya (2009).
1757:"Ananda Charlu the seventh congress president"
1626:. Delhi: Anmol Publications. pp. 12, 45.
1513:
1511:
1509:
1401:. Vol. I. St. Martin's Griffin. pp.
1281:
1192:The British Raj in India: An Historical Review
1687:"Past Presidents of Indian National Congress"
1681:
1679:
1398:Raj: The Making and unmaking of British India
1366:
1212:
589:Prominent leaders who fought for independence
473:Spread of primary education among the masses.
308:was founded and followed by a journal called
1621:
1479:
1775:Past presidents of Indian National Congress
1538:
1506:
1231:
1189:
167:
1887:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1689:. Indian National Congress. Archived from
1676:
1521:The history of British India: a chronology
480:
1651:. Calcutta: The Telegraph. Archived from
1640:
1380:Bhattacharya, D. C.; Ghai, K. K. (2009).
1353:
1351:
511:Response from the colonial administration
437:
394:Expansion of the legislative council and
371:
1731:"Presidents of Indian National Congress"
1665:
1430:The Making of India: A Historical Survey
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514:
352:in London and India. Appointment of the
319:
279:
258:
1646:
1617:
1615:
1099:History of the Indian National Congress
1928:
1895:
1771:"Alfred Webb President – Madras, 1894"
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1473:
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1360:India and South Asia: a Short history
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1612:
1594:Social Science: Standard VIII Part 1
1571:
1316:
1190:Burke, S. M.; Al-Din, Salim (1997).
712:
579:, who are known collectively as the
1703:
1470:
703:Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India
679:
383:Their constitutional demands were:
13:
1866:
1714:The Indian Biographical Dictionary
1624:Dadabhai Naoroji:The Grand Old Man
1137:University of California, Berkeley
689:
629:
603:
450:examinations in England and India.
312:started by the Committee in 1890.
14:
1947:
638:Gopal Krishna Gokhale, known as "
284:The founder of Early Nationalism
1704:Rao, C. Hayavadana, ed. (1915).
1458:
1157:Ralhan, Om Prakash, ed. (1995).
1131:Bevir, Marks (9 February 2013).
485:The Early Nationalists defended
247:, which existed from 1919 until
1849:
1835:
1821:
1795:
1781:
1763:
1749:
1723:
1707:"Wedderburn, Sir William"
1697:
1659:
1584:
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1492:
1419:
1388:
315:
255:Origins of the name "Moderates"
18:Moderate Party (disambiguation)
1669:Dictionary of Indian Biography
1647:Kesayan, Mukul (29 May 2008).
1482:Indian Nationalism: An History
1319:The American Historical Review
1250:
1183:
1168:
1150:
1124:
398:, both Central and Provincial.
275:
1:
1559:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
1118:"Indian National Congress UK"
1104:
649:
363:
1859:. Bombay High Court, Bombay.
1829:"13th President of congress"
1301:History & Civics PART II
501:
25:Political party in India
7:
1777:. Indian National Congress.
1087:
708:
420:and those of the governors.
358:Indian Councils Act of 1892
10:
1952:
1936:Political history of India
1553:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).
683:
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15:
1580:(1st ed.). Palgrave.
694:Dadabhai Naoroji in 1892.
191:
177:
162:
152:
142:
127:
112:
102:
39:
30:
1666:Buckland, C. E. (1906).
1518:John F. Riddick (2006).
1434:. M. E. Sharpe. p.
1395:James, Lawrence (2000).
776:Justice Badruddin Tyabji
674:Indian National Congress
495:Preventive Detention Act
446:Demand for simultaneous
329:Indian National Congress
306:Indian National Congress
33:Indian National Congress
1903:Modern India: 1885–1947
1803:"President of congress"
1789:"As congress president"
1545:Islam, Sirajul (2012).
1344:(subscription required)
481:Defence of civil rights
409:(self-rule) within the
1733:. 2009. Archived from
1426:Vohra, Ranbir (2001).
1358:Ludden, David (2002).
1299:Kundra, D. N. (2012).
907:Surendranath Banerjee
812:Sir William Wedderburn
725:Name of the president
695:
640:The Political Guru of
635:
609:
522:
438:Administrative reforms
396:Legislative Assemblies
372:Constitutional reforms
332:
296:
290:Sir William Wedderburn
264:
168:
157:Assertive Nationalists
1655:on 19 September 2012.
1622:S. R. Bakshi (1991).
1480:Jim Masselos (1991).
1260:(21 September 2023).
1066:Gopal Krishna Gokhale
1016:Surendranath Banerjee
937:M. C. Shankaran Nair
875:Mr. Dadabhai Naoroji
828:Mr. Pherozeshah Mehta
693:
664:, a retiree from the
634:Gopal Krishna Gokhale
633:
626:Gopal Krishna Gokhale
620:Gopal Krishna Gokhale
608:Surendranath Banerjee
607:
600:Surendranath Banerjee
594:Surendranath Banerjee
518:
323:
283:
262:
77:Mahadev Govind Ranade
69:Gopal Krishna Gokhale
59:Surendranath Banerjee
1809:on 28 September 2011
1572:Robb, Peter (2002).
1234:History & Civics
1179:. pp. 345, 434.
983:N. G. Chandarverkar
666:Indian Civil Service
448:Indian Civil Service
350:Indian Civil Service
220:, also known as the
147:Landholders' Society
89:Madan Mohan Malaviya
16:For other uses, see
1843:"Ananda Mohan Bose"
1693:on 15 January 2002.
1557:(Second ed.).
1459:Guha, Ramachandra.
1362:. pp. 135–197.
968:Romesh Chunder Dutt
921:Rahmatullah Sayani
656:Allan Octavian Hume
569:Bal Gangadhar Tilak
342:British colonialism
249:Indian Independence
169:Dharma Marg Darshak
83:S. Subramanian Iyer
1873:Argov, D. (1967).
1737:on 26 October 2009
1576:A History of India
1463:. pp. 98–99.
1262:A History of India
696:
636:
610:
523:
333:
297:
265:
224:, were a group of
218:Early Nationalists
97:William Wedderburn
1857:"Former Justices"
1845:. Britannica.com.
1271:978-0-19-565446-2
1085:
1084:
1081:Dadabhai Naoroji
577:Bipin Chandra Pal
387:Abolition of the
327:, the founder of
226:political leaders
214:
213:
201:Political parties
196:Politics of India
187:without violation
153:Succeeded by
73:Pherozeshah Mehta
50:Rash Behari Ghosh
1943:
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1805:. Archived from
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1048:Sir Henry Cotton
845:P Ananda Charlu
758:Dadabhai Naoroji
716:Year of session
713:
699:Dadabhai Naoroji
686:Dadabhai Naoroji
680:Dadabhai Naoroji
528:Viceroy of India
402:representation".
354:Welby Commission
346:House of Commons
294:Dadabhai Naoroji
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143:Preceded by
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65:Dadabhai Naoroji
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1823:
1811:. Retrieved
1807:the original
1797:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1751:
1739:. Retrieved
1735:the original
1725:
1713:
1699:
1691:the original
1668:
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1653:the original
1642:
1623:
1602:. Retrieved
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1140:. Retrieved
1126:
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580:
561:
547:
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524:
505:
487:civil rights
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334:
316:Achievements
309:
298:
292:(right) and
288:(left) with
266:
245:Gandhian era
242:
238:British rule
231:
221:
217:
215:
166:
80:P. R. Naidu
53:
22:
1094:Surat Split
998:D. E. Wacha
951:A. M. Bose
890:Alfred Webb
794:George Yule
582:Lal-Bal-Pal
465:License Act
331:(Moderates)
276:Methodology
62:R. C. Dutt
1907:. Madras:
1604:13 October
1412:0312263821
1105:References
856:Allahabad
662:A. O. Hume
650:A. O. Hume
540:Allan Hume
364:Objectives
325:A. O. Hume
286:A. O. Hume
173:(magazine)
55:Moderates
1909:Macmillan
1883:cite book
1877:. Bombay.
1486:Bangalore
1142:1 January
1011:Ahmedabad
789:Allahabad
565:the Crown
502:Criticism
424:councils.
251:in 1947.
222:Moderates
206:Elections
163:Newspaper
128:Dissolved
107:A.O. Hume
93:A.O. Hume
1930:Category
1899:(1983).
1813:23 April
1741:23 April
1088:See also
1078:Kolkata
1028:Chennai
994:Kolkata
948:Chennai
918:Kolkata
886:Chennai
824:Kolkata
719:Session
709:Sessions
536:Calcutta
461:Arms Act
179:Ideology
1403:323–324
1339:2650182
1061:Banaras
1044:Mumbai
980:Lahore
963:Lucknow
933:Amraoti
771:Chennai
753:Kolkata
642:Gandhi"
614:Kolkata
558:Failure
418:Viceroy
183:Regain
133: (
118: (
113:Founded
103:Founder
1915:
1716:
1630:
1528:
1442:
1409:
1337:
1268:
1240:
1198:
871:Lahore
841:Nagpur
807:Mumbai
737:Mumbai
722:Place
585:trio.
552:Bengal
407:Swaraj
41:Leader
1598:(PDF)
1549:. In
1335:JSTOR
1075:22nd
1072:1906
1057:21st
1054:1905
1041:20th
1038:1904
1025:19th
1022:1903
1007:18th
1004:1902
991:17th
988:1901
977:16th
974:1900
959:15th
956:1899
945:14th
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929:13th
926:1897
915:12th
912:1896
903:Poona
899:11th
896:1895
883:10th
880:1894
864:1893
850:1892
834:1891
818:1890
800:1889
782:1888
764:1887
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730:1885
491:Tilak
310:India
1913:ISBN
1889:link
1815:2014
1743:2014
1628:ISBN
1606:2011
1526:ISBN
1440:ISBN
1407:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1238:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1144:2003
867:9th
853:8th
837:7th
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785:4th
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733:1st
670:Pune
575:and
463:and
391:Act.
216:The
135:1907
131:1907
120:1885
116:1885
1327:doi
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