Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service

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Imperial Japanese Navy adhered to no unified doctrine as to how carriers would be utilized in a fleet action and had no clear vision as to the role of air power in naval warfare. But with the continued increase in the range and power of aircraft, carriers became acknowledged for their ability to strike at targets beyond the range of surface guns and torpedoes. Including gunnery staffs as well as naval aviators, the IJN became convinced that carrier aircraft should be used for a preemptive strike against the enemy's carriers to achieve air superiority in the proximity of the surface battle. Around 1932–33, the IJN began to shift its aerial focus from targeting the enemy's battleships to their aircraft carriers; and by the mid-30s, with the improved performance of bombing aircraft and particularly dive-bombers, the destruction of the enemy's carrier force became the primary focus of Japan's carrier forces. The emerging concept of a mass aerial attack also shifted the emphasis away from the protection of the main battle fleet to attacks on targets over the horizon. Essential to the implementation of such a tactic was the locating of the enemy before the enemy found the Japanese carriers. As a consequence, it was important to the Japanese that naval aircraft be able to

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the second was the strategic aerial bombardment of Chinese cities. This was unique in naval history, as it was the first time that any naval air service had ever carried out such an effort. The campaign initially began in 1937, taking place largely in the Yangtze River basin with attacks on military installations along the Chinese coast by Japanese carrier aircraft. Naval involvement reached its peak in 1938–39 with the ferocious bombardment of cities deep in the Chinese interior by land-based medium bombers and concluded during 1941 with an attempt by tactical aircraft, both carrier and land-based, to cut communication and transportation routes in southern China. Although, the 1937–41 air offensives failed in its political and psychological aims, it did reduce the flow of strategic materiel to China and for a time, improved the Japanese military situation in the central and southern parts of the country. The China War was of great importance and value to the Japanese naval aviation in demonstrating how aircraft could contribute to the projection of naval power ashore.

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this regard, Japan was unique among the three major naval powers during the interwar period and the immediate prewar years with only the two air wings of the US Marine Corps being analogous to Japan's land based naval air units. The creation of these air units had begun at the end of World War I, when plans had been drawn up for 17 of them, however these plans were not fully implemented until 1931. They were to be located at six air stations around the Japanese home islands: Yokosuka, Sasebo, Kasumigaura, Omura, Tateyama, and Kure. These units were composed of various types of aircraft which were mostly seaplanes. In absolute numbers, land-based aircraft provided the largest growth in Japaneses naval air power in the years before the Pacific War. The

1138: 1432: 599: 563:; as the mission also brought to Kasumigaura well over a hundred aircraft comprising twenty different models, five of which were then currently in service with the Royal Air Force, including the Sparrowhawk. These planes eventually provided the inspiration for the design of a number of Japanese naval aircraft. Technicians became familiar with the newest aerial weapons and equipment - torpedoes, bombs, machine guns, cameras, and communications gear. Naval aviators were trained in various techniques such as torpedo bombing, flight control and carrier landing and take-offs; skills that would later be employed in the shallow waters of 1405: 79: 1061: 807:) located at six bases around Japan. Furthermore, the Circle naval expansion programs featured an additional 12 air groups. They also included the development of specific aviation technologies and the acceleration of air crew training. The Circle One plan concentrated on developing new aircraft types, including large flying boats and land-based attack aircraft, as well as the building of seaborne units, both floatplanes and carrier aircraft. The Circle Two plan continued the buildup in naval aircraft and authorized the construction of two aircraft carriers. 1475: 97: 53: 2728: 939: 1206:, the Japanese lost many veteran pilots. Because the Japanese pilot training program was unable to increase its production rate, those veterans could not be replaced. Meanwhile, the American pilot training program went from strength to strength. The American aircraft industry rapidly increased production rates of new designs that rendered their Japanese opponents obsolescent. Examination of crashed or captured Japanese aircraft revealed that they achieved their superior range and maneuverability by doing without cockpit armor and 148: 1076: 191: 391: 962: 321:) under the authority of the Technical Department. The commission was charged with the promotion of aviation technology and training for the navy. Initially was focus was in non-rigid airships but it quickly moved on to the development of winged and powered aircraft. That year, the commission decided to purchase foreign winged aircraft and to send junior officers abroad to learn how to fly and maintain them. The navy purchased two 514: 680: 764: 792:

Department, were now merged into a single Naval Aviation Department. In 1932, an independent Naval Air Arsenal was also established to streamline the testing and development of aircraft and weaponry. During their early years, these organizations were under the command of able air enthusiasts, who played a major role in the rapid expansion of Japanese naval aviation during the following decade. The

582:. By the time the last members of the mission had returned to Britain, the Japanese had acquired a reasonable grasp of the latest aviation technology and the Sempill mission of 1921–22 marked the true beginning of an effective Japanese naval air force. Japanese naval aviation also, both in technology and in doctrine, continued to be dependent on the British model for most of the 1920s. 305: 1126: 924:, five years later. Although perceived as insignificant skirmishes, the resulting aerial campaign led to several conclusions: though the A1N2 fighter proved to be inferior in performance to the Boeing 218, the campaign had demonstrated the above average flying skills of the IJN's pilots and the relative precision of its bombing techniques during clear weather. 494:, northeast of Tokyo. The following year, a naval air station for both land and sea aircraft was established, and subsequently, naval air training was transferred to Kasumigaura, from Yokosuka. After the establishment of a naval air training unit at Kasumigaura, the air station became the principal flight training center for the navy. 751:, initiated by the United States, the Japanese increased the momentum in building up their land-based air forces. The deadline for completion date of the aviation of the Circle One expansion moved up to 1937 and an all-out effort was also made to complete the aircraft production of the Circle Two program by the end of the same year. 704:. They viewed carrier aircraft to be employed as support for the main battle fleet and not as offensive weapons. Aircraft were to act as scouts and spotters, layers of smoke screens for naval gunfire, fleet air defense, and later (with the increase in aircraft performance) as a means to attack battleships and other surface targets. 1288:) whose size (from a handful to 80 or 90 aircraft) was dependent on both the mission and type of aircraft carrier that they were on. Fleet carriers had three types of aircraft: fighters, level/torpedo planes, and dive bombers. Smaller carriers tended to have only two types, fighters and level/torpedo planes. The carrier-based 276:

IJN to rapidly provide qualified replacements in sufficient numbers. Moreover, Japan, unlike the U.S. or Britain, never altered its program to speed up the training process of its recruits. The resultant decrease in quantity and quality, among other factors, resulted in increasing casualties toward the end of the war.

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war, in increasing numbers, were beginning to turn out engines and fuselages based on foreign designs. A major expansion in Japanese naval air strength was part of the 1918 naval expansion program which made possible a new air group and a naval air station at Sasebo. In 1918, the IJN secured land around

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Words cannot express the feelings of profound horror with which the news of these raids had been received by the whole civilized world. They are often directed against places far from the actual area of hostilities. The military objective, where it exists, seems to take a completely second place. The

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From the onset of hostilities in 1937 until forces were diverted to combat for the Pacific war in 1941, naval aircraft played a key role in military operations on the Chinese mainland. The IJN had two primary responsibilities: the first was to support of amphibious operations on the Chinese coast and

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experienced in the design and testing of Royal Navy aircraft during the First World War. The mission consisted of 27 members, who were largely personnel with experience in naval aviation and included pilots and engineers from several British aircraft manufacturing firms. The British technical mission

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conducted reconnaissance and aerial bombardments on German positions and ships. The aircraft had crude bombsights and carried six to ten bombs that had been converted from shells, and were released through metal tubes on each side of the cockpit. On 5 September, during the first successful operation,

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By the end of 1937, the navy possessed 563 land-based aircraft, in addition to the 332 aircraft aboard its carrier fleet. The navy air service had a total of 895 aircraft and 2,711 aircrew, including pilots and navigators, in thirty-nine air groups. Although, this total 895 aircraft was considerably

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had been modeled on the Royal Navy and whom they admired, themselves proposed their own Naval Air Service. The Japanese Navy had also observed technical developments in other countries and saw that the airplane had potential. Within a year, the Imperial Japanese navy had begun the operational use of

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reconnaissance seaplane, which was much more useful at sea and much safer than the Maurice Farman aircraft that the navy had been using up to that point. The aircraft was eventually mass-produced and became the mainstay of the navy's air arm until the mid-1920s. Japanese factories by the end of the

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Naval aviators however, had a different perspective. Believing that a major aerial engagement to clear the space over the opposing fleets would precede the final surface battle, they increasingly considered the enemy's carriers as the main targets of naval air power. Hence, in the early 1930s, the

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was very selective and rigorous, producing a high-quality and long-serving pilot corps, who were very successful in the air during the early part of World War II in the Pacific. However, the long duration of the training program, combined with a shortage of gasoline for training, did not allow the

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At the beginning of the Pacific war the Imperial Japanese Navy possessed the most powerful carrier force in the world, through combination of excellent ships, well-designed aircraft, and unsurpassed aviators. The Navy Air Service consisted of five naval air fleets. The Japanese had a total of ten

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for short. This was in keeping with the strategy of providing a rapid defense of the home islands against the possible westward advance of an American naval offensive across the Pacific. Land-based aircraft actually provided the bulk of Japanese naval aviation up to the eve of the Pacific War. In

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The Japanese navy had closely monitored the progress of aviation of the three Allied naval powers during World War I and concluded that Britain had made the greatest advances in naval aviation. They had also learned a good deal about naval aviation through their contacts within the Royal Navy. In

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The military in Japan were also aided in their quest to build up their naval forces by Sempill himself, who had become a Japanese spy. Over the next 20 years, the British Peer provided the Japanese with secret information on the latest British aviation technology. His espionage work helped Japan

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seaplanes from France. To establish a cadre of naval aviators and technicians, the navy also dispatched three officers to Hammondsport and two to France for training and instruction. After their return to Japan at the end of 1912, two of the newly trained naval aviators made the first flights at

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By 1927 Japanese naval aviation had grown sufficiently in size and complexity that it was necessary to consolidate the administrative organization of the air service. The various air operations and activities during peacetime, which were divided between the Navy Ministry and the Navy Technical

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The actions of the Japanese aviators over Shanghai represented the first significant air operations over East Asia and for the IJN it also marked the first combat operations from its aircraft carriers. The attack on Zhabei was also the most destructive aerial attack on an urban area until the

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In the 1920s, the larger percentage of aircraft that were initially acquired and inducted into service were land based seaplanes whose main tasks were reconnaissance and anti-submarine patrols. The Japanese had drawn up plans for the formation of 17 squadrons of these aircraft, but budgetary

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Each naval air fleet contained one or more naval air flotillas (commanded by Rear Admirals) each with two or more naval air groups. Each naval air group consisted of a base unit and 12 to 36 aircraft, plus four to 12 aircraft in reserve. Each naval air group consisted of several

1210:. Flight tests showed that they lost maneuverability at high speeds. American pilots were trained to take advantage of these weaknesses. The outdated Japanese aircraft and poorly trained pilots suffered great losses in any air combat for the rest of the war, particularly in the 1388:

to have four aircraft. There were over 90 naval air groups at the start of the Pacific War, each assigned either a name or a number. The named naval air groups were usually linked to a particular navy air command or a navy base. They were usually numbered when they left Japan.

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Despite the fierce rivalry between the military branches, in the fall of 1937 General Matsui Iwane, the Army general in command of the theater, admitted the superiority of the Naval Air Services. His combat troops relied on the Navy for air support. Naval bombers such as the

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naval expansion program which had been formulated in 1927 and put into effect in 1931 called for the creation of 28 new air groups. Although only 14 groups were actually established by 1934, which was a response to American naval expansion under the first Vinson plan, the

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participated in the IJN's first aerial combat on 5 February, when three fighters escorting two bombers were engaged by nine Chinese fighters over Zhenru; one Chinese fighter was damaged. On 22 February, while escorting three B1M3 torpedo bombers, three fighters from

831:, on artillery positions outside the city and on an armored train at a railway station in the northern part of the city. There were heavy civilian casualties and property losses, partly as a result of crude bombing techniques and mechanisms at the time. The 2911: 694:

was completed, little thought was given to naval aircraft in an offensive role and moreover with only one carrier there was insufficient consideration given to carrier doctrine within the Japanese naval establishment. However, in 1928 the

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less than total American naval air strength for the same period, Japan's land based aviation force was substantially larger. The substantial land-based air power worked to Japan's advantage when the nation went to war in 1937 with China.

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a few months later, the First Air Fleet was used only as a decoy force to draw the main American fleet away from Leyte. The remnants of Japanese naval aviation were then limited to land-based operations, increasingly characterized by

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attacked Pearl Harbor, crippling the U.S Pacific Fleet by destroying over 188 aircraft at the cost of 29 aircraft. On 10 December, Japanese naval land based bombers operating from bases in Indochina, were also responsible for the

532:. In 1921, the Japanese government formally requested that the British dispatch a naval air mission, in order to develop and to provide a professional edge to Japanese naval aviation. There were reservations on the part of the 699:

was formed with three carriers and the study of the role of aircraft carriers in a naval engagement was initiated. Because of the short range of carrier aircraft at the time, many in the naval hierarchy were still very much

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operated with the fleet only once a year when it was transported briefly to whatever training area the IJN was then using for maneuvers. Japanese naval aviation, though, continued to make progress. In 1917, officers at the

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on a bombing raid on an airfield at Hangzhou, engaged five Chinese aircraft and shot down three of them. The Japanese carriers returned to home waters after a cease-fire had been declared on 3 March. Aircrews of

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in the air, just as Japanese surface forces could do by naval gunnery and torpedo attacks. Subsequently, throughout the 1930s, Japanese naval aviation emphasized range in its specifications for new aircraft.

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left for Japan in September with the objective of helping the Imperial Japanese Navy develop and improve the proficiency of its naval air arm. The British government also hoped it would lead to a lucrative

1002:, gained tactical air superiority; control of the skies over China belonged to the Japanese. Unlike other naval airforces, the IJNAS was responsible for strategic bombing and operated long ranged bombers. 426:

two Farman seaplanes dropped several bombs on the Bismarck battery, the main German fortifications in Tsingtao. The bombs landed harmlessly in the mud, but the aircraft were able to confirm that the

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In 1931, the air service pushed for and established the remainder of the 17 air squadrons that had been projected in the 1923 expansion plans. These were eventually combined into six air groups (

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and later sent back to Japan for repairs. But the seaplanes, by transferring on to the shore, continued to be used against the German defenders until their surrender on 7 November 1914.

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In these battles, the Japanese veterans of the Chinese war did well against inexperienced Allied pilots flying obsolete aircraft. However, their advantage did not last. In the

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torpedo bombers. On 3 February, a number of the aircraft from the two carriers were deployed to Kunda Airfield, where they flew missions in support of Japanese ground forces.

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In addition to developing carrier-based aviation, the IJN maintained many land-based air groups. In the early 1930s, the Japanese created a new category of aircraft termed

4329: 4097: 4042: 3851: 3745: 4269: 3846: 3775: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4483: 4334: 4279: 4274: 4249: 4128: 4067: 3926: 3921: 3896: 3795: 3760: 3724: 472:. The first unit was established at Yokosuka in April 1916, however, the lack of a specific naval air policy in these early years was made apparent by the fact that the 4408: 4383: 4378: 4368: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4123: 4057: 4002: 3967: 3881: 3856: 3790: 2717: 1638: 4498: 4418: 4082: 4027: 3886: 3876: 3831: 4438: 4344: 4324: 4264: 4244: 4239: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4168: 4062: 4017: 4012: 3987: 3982: 3962: 3936: 3891: 3770: 3765: 3750: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2939: 4493: 4448: 4398: 4393: 4373: 4163: 4158: 4072: 4047: 3871: 268:

into aircraft carriers. The IJN Air Service had the mission of national air defence, deep strike, naval warfare, and so forth. It retained this mission to the end.

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numbered over 1,500 pilots and just as many aircraft at the beginning of the Pacific War. The IJN also maintained a shore-based system of naval air fleets called

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In 1916, the Commission on Naval Aeronautical Research was disbanded and the funds supporting it were reallocated for the establishment of three naval air units (

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conducted the world's first naval-launched aerial raids in history and was in effect the first aircraft carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy. By the end of the

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were operational entities. The two carriers in a division fought together, often exchanging aircraft squadrons and commanders on strikes. The commander of the

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could wield the aircraft of its three divisions as a single entity bringing masses of aircraft crewed by highly trained aviators onto a single target.

1032:, which began on 22 and 23 September 1937, called forth widespread protests culminating in a resolution by the Far Eastern Advisory Committee of the 4358: 3667: 3147: 3117: 3107: 3102: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3062: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3004: 2740: 1628: 1037: 1876: 2710: 1558: 739:

called for eight additional air groups to be created by the end of 1937. They were to operate out of six new air stations at Ōminato, Saeki,

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During the first six months of the war Japanese naval air power achieved spectacular success and spearheaded offensive operations against

287:, which achieved its feats by sacrificing armor and self-sealing fuel tanks. Aircraft with armor and self-sealing fuel tanks, such as the 4988: 1633: 1101: 676:

completed a year later. With these two carriers much of Imperial Japanese Navy's doctrines and operating procedures were established.

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The beginnings of Japanese naval aviation were established in 1912, with the creation of a Commission on Naval Aeronautical Research (

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with great interest. They initially procured European aircraft but quickly built their own and launched themselves onto an ambitious

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containing mostly twin-engine bombers and seaplanes. The senior command was the Eleventh Naval Air Fleet, commanded by Vice Admiral

2680:(over Japanese Navy and Army armaments, vehicles, Aircraft, electronic warfare and somes local special Japanese weapon technology ) 1577: 1114:. Unlike in the United States Navy where carrier divisions served only in an administrative capacity, the carrier divisions of the 736: 731: 1110:(Mobile Unit/Force) was the First Air Fleet's operational component. At the start of the war, three carrier divisions made up the 859:

had 16 fighters and 32 torpedo bombers. Altogether, the Japanese had eighty aircraft that could be deployed over Shanghai, mostly

2773: 1521: 1097: 556:. The mission arrived at Kasumigaura Naval Air Station the following month, in November 1921, and stayed in Japan for 18 months. 5013: 2748: 1608: 1463: 1184: 1161: 1055: 2573: 2469: 2412: 2393: 2331: 1516: 1506: 797: 604: 576: 478: 255: 1084: 5003: 1570: 1542: 1537: 326: 5018: 1603: 1511: 1348: 359: 310: 280: 2551: 2543: 2521: 2513: 2488: 2450: 2431: 2371: 2312: 2293: 1137: 4993: 1448: 2677: 1355:

was commanded by a Lieutenant (j.g.), Warrant Officer, or experienced Chief Petty Officer, while most pilots were

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between 23 and 26 February, destroying a number of aircraft on the ground. On 26 February, six A1N2 fighters from

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in December 1941. The mission also brought the plans of the most recent British aircraft carriers, such as HMS

283:, preferred maneuverable aircraft, leading to lightly built but extraordinarily agile types, most famously the 1226:

From 16 December 1941 to 20 March 1945 IJN aviation casualties killed were 14,242 aircrew and 1,579 officers.

1040:, the British Under-Secretary of State For Foreign Affairs, expressed his indignation in his own declaration. 634:

to be designed from the keel up as an aircraft carrier and the first one to be completed as from the keel up.

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The Japanese military acquired their first aircraft in 1910 and followed the development of air combat during

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the aircraft had conducted 50 sorties and dropped 200 bombs, although damage to German defenses was light.

1684:"Nevertheless, the Wakamiya has the distinction of being the first aircraft carrier of the Imperial Navy". 1329:

of nine, 12 or 16 aircraft; this was the main IJN Air Service combat unit and was equivalent to a squadron

421:. During the siege, starting from September, four Farman seaplanes (two active and two reserve) on board 2341:

Huggins, Mark (January–February 2004). "Hunters over Tokyo: The JNAF's Air Defence of Japan 1944–1945".

409:. The Japanese, together with a token British force, blockaded then laid siege to the German colony of 598: 1773: 649: 3800: 1356: 933: 612:

Japanese interest in the potential of carrier operations demonstrated by the observations on board

473: 126: 1304:. Land based aircraft provided the bulk of Japan's naval aviation up to the eve of World War II. 1195: 639: 402: 350: 22: 526:

1920, a representative had also been sent to Britain to observe air operations off the decks of

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would not enter service until late 1944–1945, which was too late to have a meaningful impact.

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A formation of Japanese bombers taking anti-aircraft fire, seen from the Australian cruiser,

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aircraft carriers: six fleet carriers, three smaller carriers, and one training carrier. The

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main object seems to be to inspire terror by the indiscriminate slaughter of civilians...»

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operating from Kunda Airfield scored the IJN's first aerial victory when they shot down a

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in the home islands and Chinhae on the southern coast of Korea. Under the pressure of the

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was created, concentrating the Navy's carriers into a single powerful striking unit. The

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drove the Royal Navy from South East Asia. There were also air raids carried out on the

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two incomplete capital ships were allowed to be rebuilt as carriers, for the Japanese;

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to view naval aviation as a way to make up for the shortcomings in the surface fleet.

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received a special commendation from the commander of the Third Fleet, Vice Admiral

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Kaigun: strategy, tactics, and technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941

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fighter aircraft and other aircraft preparing for takeoff on the aircraft carrier

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building program. They launched the world's first purpose-built aircraft carrier,

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https://web.archive.org/web/20091027182301/http://uk.geocities.com/sadakichi09/

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arrived off the entrance of the Yangtze River on 1 February, and was joined by

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is "credited with conducting the first successful carrier air raid in history"

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of 1930 had imposed new limitations on warship construction, which caused the

260:, in 1922. Afterwards they embarked on a conversion program of several excess 4982: 3447: 3202: 3037: 3027: 3022: 3017: 2350: 917: 860: 832: 824: 553: 427: 406: 373: 288: 261: 2557:

Tagaya, Osamu: "The Imperial Japanese Air Forces", In: Higham & Harris.

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constraints limited the units to eleven until 1931. Under the terms of the

330: 170: 130: 2659: 468:) which would fall under the authority of the Naval Affairs Bureau of the 190: 2094: 1258: 1180: 1068: 880: 815:

In January 1932, clashes between Chinese and Japanese forces occurred in

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Tagaya, Osamu (2006). "Chapter Six: The Imperial Japanese Air Forces".

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were used to bomb Chinese cities. Japanese fighter planes, notably the

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rapidly develop its military aircraft and its technologies before the

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The Japanese were trained on several British aircraft such as the

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was not at Tsingtao; this was intelligence of major importance to

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capable of carrying two assembled and two disassembled seaplanes.

1025: 827:, carried out low-level attacks on Chinese military positions in 513: 414: 2326:. Vol. Stackpole Military History Series. Stackpole Books. 2047: 2045: 892: 828: 679: 342:

Bay, one in a Curtiss seaplane, the other in a Maurice Farman.

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were sunk by aerial attack while underway. In April 1942, the

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aircraft. In 1913, the following year, a Navy transport ship,

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History and summary of the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service

2610:

Combined Fleet #5, "Middle part of the Third step Operations"

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Combined Fleet #6, "Latter part of the Third step Operations"

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Japanese Naval Air Force Camouflage and Markings World War II

1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1384:

with three or four aircraft; by mid-1944 it was common for a

1071:

preparing to bomb American naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

1021:, with around 5,000 raids from February 1938 to August 1943. 1014: 776: 768: 2596:

Combined Fleet #4, "First part of the Third step Operations"

2042: 1234:

The IJNAS had over 3,089 aircraft in 1941 and 370 trainers.

835:

consisting of the First Carrier Division with the carriers

2322:

Hata, Ikuhiko; Izawa, Yashuho; Shores, Christopher (2013).

2237: 2129: 2110: 2032: 2030: 2000: 1959: 1938: 1917: 1836: 1821: 1802: 1278:

The elite of the pilots were the carrier-based air groups (

819:. On 29 January, several aircraft from the seaplane tender 349:

had also informally established its own flying branch, the

304: 1726: 1709: 1697: 1639:

List of Aircraft engines in use of Japanese Navy Air Force

1125: 2725: 2386:

Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909-1941

2362:

Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway

21:

For the current Naval air force of Japan since 1961, see

16:

Air arm of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II

2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2027: 2017: 2015: 2191: 2189: 4954:

Organization of the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service

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Mitsubishi Type 1 "Rikko" 'Betty' Units of World War 2

2307:(2nd ed.). London, UK: Putnam & Company Ltd. 2225: 2213: 2201: 2141: 1754: 1752: 1274:

Organization of the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service

42: 2258: 2073: 2012: 1857: 1619:

List of Japanese Navy Air Force aces (Mitsubishi A6M)

2686:(somes captured aircraft or aircraft in evaluations) 2579:

Assignment of naval air group numbers (海軍航空隊番号附与標準,

2186: 2162: 1790: 1133:

of Kanoya Kōkūtai with the original shape tail cones

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was mostly done against Chinese big cities, such as

481:

designed and built the first Japanese seaplane, the

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Illustrated London News: Marching to War, 1933–1939

2174: 1988: 1778: 1749: 981:

in flight with an external fuel tank (1938 or 1939)

616:led to the inclusion of an aircraft carrier in the 459: 2359: 1624:List of radar models of the Imperial Japanese Navy 855:were ten fighters and nine torpedo bombers, while 2424:Imperial Japanese Navy Aircraft Carriers, 1921-45 517:Captain Sempill showing a Sparrowhawk to Admiral 4980: 2674:(about advanced Japanese Army and Navy aircraft) 1769: 1767: 1629:List of bombs used by the Imperial Japanese Navy 397:, the first domestic designed and built seaplane 2321: 2104: 2067: 2051: 1375: 1338: 1320: 214: 2538:. Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, Inc., 1977. 2464:. Botley, Oxfordshire, UK: Osprey Publishing. 2445:. Botley, Oxfordshire, UK: Osprey Publishing. 2426:. Botley, Oxfordshire, UK: Osprey Publishing. 2388:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 2288:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 1898:"British aviation pioneer was a spy for Japan" 1877:"The Highland peer who prepared Japan for war" 1369: 1332: 1314: 883:fighter, flown by an American volunteer pilot 208: 36: 2711: 2405:The Imperial Japanese Navy in the Pacific War 2357: 1764: 1578: 1559:Military History of Japan during World War II 945:conducts air operations in 1937. On deck are 372:also participated in the naval maneuvers off 2279: 2243: 2135: 2123: 2006: 1982: 1953: 1932: 1851: 1830: 1815: 1743: 1720: 1703: 1644:Japanese marine paratroopers of World War II 624:was laid down in December 1919 at Yokohama. 2662:(see the section of Japanese Navy Aircraft) 2508:. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1970. 2358:Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). 1634:List of weapons on Japanese combat aircraft 1359:. There were usually four sections in each 1257:(includes fighters and reconnaissance) and 810: 2718: 2704: 2631:Combined Fleet #1, "Until outbreak of war" 2559:Why Air Forces Fail: The Anatomy of Defeat 2481:Why Air Forces Fail: The Anatomy of Defeat 2302: 1895: 1585: 1571: 2638:Combined Fleet #7, "Last part of the War" 1229: 628:was the second warship after the British 2692:(general resources of Japanese aircraft) 2617:Combined Fleet #3, "Until February 1943" 1136: 1124: 1074: 1059: 960: 937: 927: 762: 758: 716: 678: 597: 512: 389: 303: 2660:http://www.combinedfleet.com/kaigun.htm 2443:Imperial Japanese Navy Aviator, 1937-45 2380: 2340: 2264: 2231: 2219: 2207: 2147: 2100: 2088: 2063: 2036: 2021: 1863: 1796: 1784: 1758: 497: 4981: 2478: 2459: 2440: 2421: 2402: 2195: 2180: 2168: 1994: 1609:Imperial Japanese Navy Aviation Bureau 1155:forces. On 7 December 1941, the IJN's 1056:Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II 401:On 23 August 1914, as a result of its 2699: 1238:1,830 first-line aircraft including: 1223:attacks on American invasion fleets. 2624:Combined Fleet #2, "Until June 1942" 2506:Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War 2324:Japanese Naval Fighter Aces: 1932-45 2305:Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War 1250:240 land-based, twin-engined bombers 899:, while escorting nine bombers from 379: 2684:http://www.j-aircraft.com/captured/ 2366:. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. 593: 353:. The Japanese admirals, whose own 279:Japanese navy aviators, like their 13: 4989:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service 2672:http://www.j-aircraft.org/xplanes/ 2498: 1604:List of military aircraft of Japan 1492:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service 1349:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service 502: 216:Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun Kōkū-tai 204:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service 44:Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun Koku Tai 31:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service 14: 5030: 2653: 1247:330 carrier-based strike aircraft 843:was also dispatched to the city. 779:on 15 October 1934. On deck are 4233:Preparatory flight training unit 2726: 2581:Kaigun Kōkūtai-bangō fuyo Hyōjun 2483:. University Press of Kentucky. 1473: 1449:Imperial Japanese Army Air Force 1430: 1403: 725:(land based attack aircraft) or 460:Further developments (1916–1918) 294: 189: 146: 95: 77: 51: 2273: 2249: 2153: 1889: 1869: 1267: 620:program of 1918. The 7,470-ton 440:naval command. On 30 September 413:and its administrative capital 273:Japanese pilot training program 2561:. University Press of Kentucky 1678: 1666: 1396:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces 1171:which was the first time that 1049: 545:Captain William Forbes-Sempill 1: 5014:Naval history of World War II 2255:Sweet creative, 2009. p. 199. 2105:Hata, Izawa & Shores 2013 2068:Hata, Izawa & Shores 2013 2052:Hata, Izawa & Shores 2013 1896:Day, Peter (3 January 2002). 1654: 1459:Railways and Shipping Section 1421:Imperial General Headquarters 2531:. New York: Doubleday, 1989. 1691: 1614:List of A6M Reisen operators 1497:Special Naval Landing Forces 1441:(Dai Nippon Teikoku Rikugun) 1241:660 fighters, including 350 1212:Battle of the Philippine Sea 1088:on 7 December 1941, for the 672:was completed in 1927 while 7: 2504:Francillon, Ph.D., René J. 2303:Francillon, René J (1979). 1597: 1484:(Dai Nippon Teikoku Kaigun) 1376: 1339: 1321: 1296:and area air fleets called 215: 43: 10: 5035: 5004:Japanese military aviation 2690:http://www.j-aircraft.com/ 2666:http://www.warbirdpix.com/ 1271: 1053: 931: 547:, a former officer in the 506: 383: 319:Kaigun Kokūjutsu Kenkyūkai 299: 20: 5019:Aviation history of Japan 4949: 4933: 4873: 4717: 4516: 4507: 4357: 4232: 4116: 3955: 3809: 3738: 3677: 3666: 3146: 3003: 2910: 2797: 2739: 2591:, Asagumo Simbun (Japan) 1774:Source:GlobalSecurity.org 1370: 1357:non-commissioned officers 1333: 1315: 851:two days later. On board 403:treaty with Great Britain 209: 185: 180: 160: 141: 136: 118: 108: 90: 72: 64: 50: 37: 35: 30: 2244:Evans & Peattie 1997 2136:Evans & Peattie 1997 2124:Evans & Peattie 1997 2007:Evans & Peattie 1997 1983:Evans & Peattie 1997 1954:Evans & Peattie 1997 1933:Evans & Peattie 1997 1852:Evans & Peattie 1997 1831:Evans & Peattie 1997 1816:Evans & Peattie 1997 1744:Evans & Peattie 1997 1721:Evans & Peattie 1997 1704:Evans & Peattie 1997 1659: 934:Second Sino-Japanese War 811:Shanghai incident (1932) 405:, Japan declared war on 127:Second Sino-Japanese War 4994:Japanese naval aviators 4874:Reconnaissance Squadron 3739:Patrol / Defensive unit 2568:. PHP kenkyusho, 2009. 2527:Gilbert, Martin (ed.). 1208:self-sealing fuel tanks 1196:Battle of the Coral Sea 743:, Maizuru, Kanoya, and 658:was damaged during the 640:Washington Naval Treaty 351:Royal Naval Air Service 23:Fleet Air Force (JMSDF) 4999:Imperial Japanese Navy 4117:Mechanic training unit 2732:Imperial Japanese Navy 2564:Sweet creative (ed.). 2546:(hardcover, paperback 2460:Tagaya, Osamu (2001). 2441:Tagaya, Osamu (2003). 1481:Imperial Japanese Navy 1438:Imperial Japanese Army 1230:Aircraft strength 1941 1148: 1134: 1092: 1090:attack on Pearl Harbor 1072: 1047: 982: 958: 788: 697:First Carrier Division 687: 668:became a replacement. 660:Great Kanto earthquake 609: 522: 479:Yokosuka Naval Arsenal 398: 395:Yokosuka Ro-go Ko-gata 314: 233:Imperial Japanese Navy 103:Imperial Japanese Navy 2422:Stille, Mark (2005). 2407:. Osprey Publishing. 2403:Stille, Mark (2014). 2159:Gilbert 1989, p. 135. 1140: 1128: 1078: 1063: 1042: 964: 941: 928:China War (1937–1941) 912:, for their actions. 766: 759:Expansion (1931–1937) 717:Land-based air groups 682: 602:The aircraft carrier 601: 516: 393: 364:was converted into a 327:Glenn Curtiss factory 307: 142:Ceremonial chief 5009:Disbanded air forces 1216:Battle of Leyte Gulf 1204:Guadalcanal Campaign 710:"outrange the enemy" 498:Interwar development 333:, New York, and two 3956:Basic training unit 2516:(2nd edition 1979, 1882:The Daily Telegraph 1202:, and again in the 1080:Mitsubishi A6M Zero 794:London Naval Treaty 561:Gloster Sparrowhawk 3678:Expeditionary unit 2912:Combined Air Group 2566:Zerosen no himitsu 2534:Thorpe, Donald W. 2066:, pp. 50–51; 1649:Air raids on Japan 1149: 1135: 1093: 1073: 983: 959: 910:Kichisaburō Nomura 823:, anchored in the 798:Navy General Staff 789: 749:second Vinson plan 737:Circle Two program 688: 610: 523: 492:Ibaraki Prefecture 474:Yokosuka Air Group 419:Shandong peninsula 399: 315: 4976: 4975: 4969:Second generation 4929: 4928: 4353: 4352: 2574:978-4-569-67184-0 2471:978-1-84176-082-7 2414:978-1-47280-146-3 2395:978-1-61251-436-9 2333:978-1-461-75119-9 2039:, pp. 50–51. 1885:. 6 January 2002. 1595: 1594: 1543:IJN rank insignia 1538:IJA rank insignia 1302:Nishizō Tsukahara 1177:Indian Ocean raid 1129:Early production 1034:League of Nations 1007:strategic bombing 618:eight-eight fleet 444:was damaged by a 386:Siege of Tsingtao 380:Siege of Tsingtao 308:Seaplane carrier 281:army counterparts 197: 196: 5026: 4963:First generation 4941:R-Area Air Force 4517:Fighter Squadron 4514: 4513: 3675: 3674: 2730: 2720: 2713: 2706: 2697: 2696: 2494: 2475: 2456: 2437: 2418: 2399: 2377: 2365: 2354: 2337: 2318: 2299: 2280:Evans, David C; 2268: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2108: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2071: 2061: 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Air Group 4349: 4228: 4112: 3951: 3805: 3734: 3669: 3668:Naval Air Group 3662: 3150:(Numbered name) 3149: 3148:Naval Air Group 3142: 2999: 2906: 2793: 2735: 2724: 2656: 2501: 2499:Further reading 2491: 2472: 2453: 2434: 2415: 2396: 2382:Peattie, Mark R 2374: 2334: 2315: 2296: 2282:Peattie, Mark R 2276: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2111: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2074: 2070:, pp. 2–3. 2062: 2058: 2050: 2043: 2035: 2028: 2020: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1960: 1952: 1939: 1931: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1903:Daily Telegraph 1894: 1890: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1837: 1829: 1822: 1814: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1779: 1772: 1765: 1757: 1750: 1742: 1727: 1719: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1600: 1591: 1483: 1474: 1472: 1440: 1431: 1429: 1402: 1380: 1367: 1343: 1330: 1325: 1312: 1284:, later called 1276: 1270: 1232: 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Air Fleet 1054:Main article: 1051: 1048: 1038:Lord Cranborne 996:Mitsubishi G4M 992:Mitsubishi G3M 967:Mitsubishi A5M 955:Mitsubishi B2M 932:Main article: 929: 926: 870:Aircraft from 812: 809: 781:Mitsubishi B1M 760: 757: 718: 715: 686:torpedo bomber 684:Mitsubishi B1M 595: 592: 507:Main article: 504: 501: 499: 496: 461: 458: 384:Main article: 381: 378: 335:Maurice Farman 301: 298: 296: 293: 262:battlecruisers 237:aerial warfare 198: 195: 194: 187: 183: 182: 178: 177: 175:Mitsuo Fuchida 167:Chuichi Nagumo 164: 158: 157: 143: 139: 138: 134: 133: 120: 116: 115: 113:Naval aviation 110: 106: 105: 92: 88: 87: 74: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 56: 48: 47: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5031: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4863: 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4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4356: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810:Practice unit 3808: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3796:Toyohashi (I) 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2552:0-8168-6587-6 2549: 2545: 2544:0-8168-6583-3 2541: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2522:0-370-30251-6 2519: 2515: 2514:0-370-00033-1 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2492: 2490:0-81312-374-7 2486: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2452:1-84176-385-3 2448: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2433:1-84176-853-7 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2373:1-57488-923-0 2369: 2364: 2363: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2314:0-370-30251-6 2310: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2295:0-87021-192-7 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2277: 2267:, p. 29. 2266: 2261: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2233: 2228: 2221: 2216: 2209: 2204: 2198:, p. 16. 2197: 2192: 2190: 2182: 2177: 2171:, p. 52. 2170: 2165: 2156: 2149: 2144: 2137: 2132: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2107:, pp. 3. 2106: 2102: 2097: 2091:, p. 51. 2090: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2024:, p. 50. 2023: 2018: 2016: 2008: 2003: 1996: 1991: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1892: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1872: 1866:, p. 19. 1865: 1860: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1799:, p. 17. 1798: 1793: 1786: 1781: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1681: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1530:Rank insignia 1529: 1528: 1523: 1522:Main admirals 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1512:List of ships 1510: 1508: 1507:Major battles 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1378: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1341: 1323: 1311: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1275: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1173:capital ships 1170: 1169: 1165: 1158: 1154: 1147: 1146: 1139: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1070: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1005:The Japanese 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 987: 980: 979: 974: 973: 968: 963: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 925: 923: 920:'s attack on 919: 918:Condor Legion 913: 911: 907: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 868: 866: 863:fighters and 862: 861:Nakajima A1N2 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 825:Yangtze river 822: 818: 808: 806: 801: 799: 795: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 756: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 733: 728: 724: 714: 711: 705: 703: 698: 693: 685: 681: 677: 675: 671: 667: 666: 661: 657: 653: 652: 647: 646: 641: 635: 633: 632: 627: 623: 619: 615: 607: 606: 600: 591: 589: 583: 581: 580: 574: 570: 566: 562: 557: 555: 550: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 530: 520: 515: 510: 495: 493: 489: 484: 483:Ro-Go Ko-gata 480: 475: 471: 470:Navy Ministry 467: 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 434: 429: 428:light cruiser 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 396: 392: 387: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 362: 361:Wakamiya Maru 356: 352: 348: 345:In 1912, the 343: 341: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 313: 312: 306: 295:Early history 292: 290: 286: 282: 277: 274: 269: 267: 263: 259: 258: 253: 249: 244: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 217: 205: 199:Military unit 192: 188: 184: 179: 176: 172: 168: 165: 159: 156: 155: 144: 140: 135: 132: 128: 124: 121: 117: 114: 111: 107: 104: 93: 89: 86: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 54: 49: 45: 34: 29: 24: 19: 4934:Special unit 4469:Nishikarorin 4245:Iwakuni (II) 4204:2nd Sagamino 4199:1st Sagamino 4154:1st Kōriyama 4038:2nd Kōriyama 3842:Komatsushima 3670:(Place name) 2799:Air Flotilla 2731: 2644: 2637: 2630: 2623: 2616: 2609: 2602: 2595: 2588:Senshi Sōsho 2586: 2580: 2565: 2558: 2535: 2528: 2505: 2480: 2461: 2442: 2423: 2404: 2385: 2361: 2342: 2323: 2304: 2285: 2274:Bibliography 2265:Peattie 2007 2260: 2251: 2239: 2232:Peattie 2007 2227: 2220:Peattie 2007 2215: 2208:Peattie 2007 2203: 2183:, p. 5. 2176: 2164: 2155: 2148:Peattie 2007 2143: 2131: 2101:Peattie 2007 2096: 2089:Peattie 2007 2064:Peattie 2007 2059: 2054:, p. 2. 2037:Peattie 2007 2022:Peattie 2007 2002: 1997:, p. 6. 1990: 1907:. Retrieved 1901: 1891: 1880: 1871: 1864:Peattie 2007 1859: 1797:Peattie 2007 1792: 1787:, p. 9. 1785:Peattie 2007 1780: 1761:, p. 8. 1759:Peattie 2007 1699: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1491: 1385: 1364: 1360: 1352: 1309: 1306: 1298:homen kantai 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1279: 1277: 1268:Organization 1259:flying boats 1233: 1225: 1193: 1187:in northern 1167: 1163: 1156: 1150: 1144: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1105: 1094: 1083: 1069:dive bombers 1043: 1023: 1004: 988: 984: 976: 970: 947:Nakajima A2N 942: 914: 905: 900: 896: 885:Robert Short 876: 871: 869: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 820: 814: 804: 802: 790: 772: 753: 726: 722: 720: 709: 706: 691: 689: 673: 669: 664: 662:in 1923 and 655: 650: 644: 636: 630: 625: 621: 613: 611: 603: 584: 578: 572: 568: 565:Pearl Harbor 558: 538: 528: 524: 465: 463: 449: 441: 432: 422: 400: 369: 360: 344: 331:Hammondsport 318: 316: 309: 278: 270: 256: 245: 224: 203: 201: 171:Minoru Genda 152: 131:World War II 18: 4459:Nanseishotō 4310:Nishinomiya 4300:Misawa (II) 4255:Kasumigaura 4189:2nd Okazaki 4184:1st Okazaki 4103:Tsuiki (II) 4063:3rd Okazaki 3988:Iwakuni (I) 3978:Hyakurihara 3912:Tainan (II) 3837:Kanoya (II) 3822:Genzan (II) 2196:Stille 2014 2181:Tagaya 2003 2169:Stille 2014 1995:Tagaya 2001 1294:Koku Kantai 1286:koku sentai 1181:Philippines 1050:Pacific war 833:Third Fleet 654:. However, 376:that year. 266:battleships 248:World War I 241:Pacific War 123:World War I 119:Engagements 4983:Categories 4454:Nanpōshotō 4330:Takarazuka 4214:2nd Tainan 4139:2nd Kanoya 3932:Tsuiki (I) 3917:Takao (II) 3852:Matsushima 3746:Chichijima 3720:Tainan (I) 3710:Misawa (I) 3695:Kanoya (I) 3690:Genzan (I) 1655:References 1157:Kido Butai 1143:HMAS 1120:Kido Butai 1116:Kido Butai 1112:Kido Butai 1107:Kido Butai 881:Boeing 218 732:Circle One 347:Royal Navy 338:Oppama on 227:) was the 210:大日本帝國海軍航空隊 163:commanders 137:Commanders 4335:Tsuchiura 4280:Matsuyama 4275:Kurashiki 4250:Kagoshima 4134:2nd Izumi 4129:Hitoyoshi 4088:2nd Takao 3998:1st Izumi 3922:Tokushima 3897:Shinchiku 3761:Kushimoto 3715:Takao (I) 3005:Air Group 2741:Air Fleet 2734:air units 2643:Vol. 95, 2636:Vol. 93, 2629:Vol. 91, 2622:Vol. 80, 2615:Vol. 77, 2608:Vol. 71, 2601:Vol. 45, 2594:Vol. 39, 2351:0143-5450 1692:Citations 1502:Tokkeitai 1454:Kempeitai 1310:Squadrons 1255:seaplanes 1214:. In the 1189:Australia 1066:Aichi D3A 1030:Guangzhou 1019:Chongqing 969:from the 957:aircraft. 951:Aichi D1A 554:arms deal 534:Admiralty 431:SMS 325:from the 323:seaplanes 68:1912–1945 38:日本帝國海軍航空隊 4295:1st Miho 4209:Sunosaki 4194:Sagamino 4164:1st Kōwa 4149:Kōriyama 4124:Fujisawa 4058:Mineyama 4053:2nd Miho 4048:2nd Kōwa 4008:Kan'onji 4003:Jinmachi 3968:Fukuyama 3857:Miyazaki 3801:Yokosuka 3791:Tateyama 3730:Yokohama 3700:Kisarazu 2384:(2007). 2284:(1997). 1673:Wakamiya 1598:See also 1464:Uniforms 1221:kamikaze 1166:and HMS 1011:Shanghai 922:Guernica 889:Hangzhou 817:Shanghai 787:bombers. 771:view of 745:Kisarazu 741:Yokohama 577:carrier 571:and HMS 450:Wakamiya 442:Wakamiya 423:Wakamiya 411:Jiaozhou 370:Wakamiya 340:Yokosuka 311:Wakamiya 285:A6M Zero 181:Insignia 4439:Mariana 4404:Hokutai 4345:Uwajima 4325:Shimizu 4270:Kōyasan 4265:Komatsu 4240:Fukuoka 4179:Okazaki 4169:Kushira 4018:Kitaura 4013:Kashima 3983:Isahaya 3963:Amakusa 3937:Tsukuba 3892:Shanhai 3847:Kōnoike 3776:Ōminato 3771:Okinawa 3766:Maizuru 3751:Chinkai 3685:Chitose 1551:History 1365:section 1363:, each 1361:hikotai 1353:hikotai 1351:. Each 1347:in the 1322:Hikōtai 1290:Kōkūtai 1281:Kōkūtai 1168:Repulse 1085:Shōkaku 1026:Nanjing 975:or the 805:kokutai 614:Furious 608:in 1922 543:led by 529:Furious 466:hikotai 417:on the 415:Qingdao 407:Germany 300:Origins 239:in the 231:of the 229:air arm 186:Roundel 161:Notable 73:Country 4489:Taiwan 4484:San'in 4479:Saikai 4464:Nantai 4444:Naikai 4429:Kyūshū 4409:Hokutō 4399:Hokuhi 4384:Gōhoku 4379:Chūshi 4369:Chōsen 4260:Kofuji 4219:Tarumi 4174:Oihama 4144:Katori 4108:Yamato 4093:Takuma 4033:Kokubu 3973:Himeji 3947:Yatabe 3907:Suzuka 3902:Sukumo 3862:Nagoya 3827:Hakata 3817:Atsugi 3786:Sasebo 3705:Mihoro 2647:, 1976 2640:, 1976 2633:, 1975 2626:, 1975 2619:, 1974 2612:, 1974 2605:, 1971 2598:, 1970 2572: 2550: 2542: 2520: 2512: 2487: 2468: 2449: 2430: 2411: 2392: 2370: 2349: 2330: 2311: 2292: 1909:21 May 1478: 1435: 1386:shotai 1377:shōtai 1340:Chutai 1198:, the 1185:Darwin 1153:Allied 1145:Hobart 953:, and 893:Suzhou 829:Zhabei 821:Notoro 631:Hermes 573:Hermes 521:, 1921 438:Allied 374:Sasebo 100: 91:Branch 82: 65:Active 4499:Tōkai 4449:Nanpi 4434:Marai 4424:Kinki 4419:Kantō 4414:Inshi 4374:Chūhi 4340:Urado 4320:Shiga 4224:Taura 4098:Tōkyō 4083:Saijō 4078:Pusan 4043:Kōshū 4028:Kōchi 3993:Izumi 3887:Seitō 3882:San'a 3877:Ōmura 3832:Kaikō 3781:Saeki 1660:Notes 1131:G4M1s 1015:Wuhan 972:Akagi 897:Hōshō 872:Hōshō 853:Hōshō 849:Hōshō 841:Hōshō 839:and 777:Osaka 773:Akagi 769:stern 727:Rikko 692:Hōshō 690:When 670:Akagi 656:Amagi 651:Amagi 645:Akagi 626:Hōshō 622:Hōshō 605:Hōshō 579:Hōshō 569:Argus 454:siege 433:Emden 257:Hōshō 225:IJNAS 4966:(II) 4494:Tōin 4394:Hitō 4315:Seto 4305:Nara 4290:Miho 4159:Kōwa 4073:Ōtsu 4068:Ōryū 4023:Kobi 3872:Ōita 3756:Kure 3725:Tōkō 3658:1081 3653:1023 3648:1022 3643:1021 3638:1001 2570:ISBN 2548:ISBN 2540:ISBN 2518:ISBN 2510:ISBN 2485:ISBN 2466:ISBN 2447:ISBN 2428:ISBN 2409:ISBN 2390:ISBN 2368:ISBN 2347:ISSN 2328:ISBN 2309:ISBN 2290:ISBN 1911:2012 1253:520 1183:and 1028:and 1017:and 994:and 978:Kaga 943:Kaga 906:Kaga 901:Kaga 891:and 877:Kaga 857:Kaga 845:Kaga 837:Kaga 783:and 775:off 674:Kaga 665:Kaga 648:and 539:The 446:mine 355:Navy 271:The 264:and 202:The 109:Type 4960:(I) 4921:302 4916:301 4911:102 4906:101 4865:711 4860:709 4855:708 4850:707 4845:706 4840:705 4835:704 4830:703 4825:702 4820:701 4815:501 4810:406 4805:405 4800:401 4795:263 4790:262 4785:256 4780:254 4775:253 4770:252 4765:251 4760:161 4755:107 4750:105 4745:103 4740:102 4709:902 4704:901 4699:851 4694:812 4689:804 4684:701 4679:603 4674:602 4669:601 4664:407 4659:403 4654:402 4649:401 4644:351 4639:318 4634:317 4629:316 4624:315 4619:313 4614:312 4609:311 4604:310 4599:309 4594:308 4589:307 4584:306 4579:305 4574:304 4569:303 4564:302 4559:301 4554:167 4549:166 4544:165 4539:164 4534:163 4529:162 4524:161 4285:Mie 3942:Usa 3633:958 3628:956 3623:955 3618:954 3613:953 3608:952 3603:951 3598:938 3593:936 3588:934 3583:933 3578:932 3573:931 3568:903 3563:902 3558:901 3553:851 3548:802 3543:801 3538:765 3533:763 3528:762 3523:761 3518:755 3513:753 3508:752 3503:751 3498:732 3493:725 3488:724 3483:723 3478:722 3473:721 3468:707 3463:706 3458:705 3453:703 3448:702 3443:701 3438:653 3433:652 3428:634 3423:631 3418:601 3413:582 3408:553 3403:552 3398:551 3393:541 3388:531 3383:524 3378:523 3373:522 3368:521 3363:503 3358:502 3353:501 3348:453 3343:452 3338:381 3333:361 3328:352 3323:345 3318:343 3313:341 3308:332 3303:331 3298:322 3293:321 3288:312 3283:302 3278:301 3273:281 3268:265 3263:263 3258:261 3253:256 3248:254 3243:253 3238:252 3233:251 3228:221 3223:210 3218:205 3213:204 3208:203 3203:202 3198:201 3193:171 3188:153 3183:151 3178:141 3173:133 3168:132 3163:131 3158:121 2902:101 1316:飛行隊 785:B2M 490:in 329:in 4985:: 4901:61 4896:12 4891:11 4474:Ōu 3867:Ōi 3138:40 3133:36 3128:35 3123:33 3118:32 3113:31 3108:23 3103:22 3098:21 3093:19 3088:18 3083:17 3078:16 3073:15 3068:14 3063:13 3058:12 3053:11 2995:24 2990:23 2985:22 2980:21 2975:20 2970:19 2965:18 2960:15 2955:14 2950:13 2945:12 2940:11 2897:72 2892:71 2887:62 2882:61 2877:53 2872:51 2867:32 2862:29 2857:28 2852:27 2847:26 2842:25 2837:24 2832:23 2827:22 2822:21 2817:13 2812:12 2807:11 2789:14 2784:13 2779:12 2774:11 2769:10 2554:). 2524:). 2188:^ 2112:^ 2075:^ 2044:^ 2029:^ 2014:^ 1961:^ 1940:^ 1919:^ 1900:. 1879:. 1838:^ 1823:^ 1804:^ 1766:^ 1751:^ 1728:^ 1711:^ 1374:, 1371:小隊 1337:, 1334:中隊 1319:, 1191:. 1036:. 1013:, 965:A 949:, 767:A 590:. 243:. 213:, 4886:4 4881:3 4735:5 4730:3 4725:1 3048:8 3043:7 3038:6 3033:5 3028:4 3023:3 3018:2 3013:1 2935:4 2930:3 2925:2 2920:1 2764:5 2759:3 2754:2 2749:1 2719:e 2712:t 2705:v 2576:. 2493:. 2474:. 2455:. 2436:. 2417:. 2398:. 2376:. 2353:. 2336:. 2317:. 2298:. 1913:. 1586:e 1579:t 1572:v 1381:) 1368:( 1344:) 1331:( 1326:) 1313:( 1261:. 223:( 220:) 207:( 25:.

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