293:
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967:
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1601:
1120:
1281:
2033:
313:
268:
1842:
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22:
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894:
1325:
922:
337:
1975:
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2057:
617:(his comrade from the war of 1948) was planning to have him killed. Zaim summoned Hinnawi and directly asked, "Sami, my brothers-in-law are telling me you want to kill me?" Hinnawi replied, "Impossible. How can I kill my leader and friend?" After the president was arrested on 14 August, Nouran and her sister were kept under house arrest for an entire week. "No food was brought into the house," said Niveen. A Senegalese guard tried helping them by passing his own food through the window.
2295:
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been sitting on was riddled with bullets. Sarraj knew in advance that an attack was coming and told them to go upstairs to keep them from harm's way." Less than a week before the coup—which led to the execution by firing squad of Za'im and his Prime
Minister Muhsen al-Barazi—Nouran's cousins came to him, saying that they had confirmed intelligence information. They added that
604:
Husni al-Za’im's wife Nouran, was the first lady of Syria from April to August 1949. The marriage took place in 1947, two years before Husni al-Zaim became
President of the Republic. In order to please his young wife, Zaim asked her 11-year-old sister Kariman to live with them in Damascus. He treated
612:
During the incidence of al-Za'im's arrest, and when the guards came to arrest him, Zaim got dressed and said goodbye to his pregnant wife. "Relax" he asked her, "I will be back soon to receive our first baby together!" Niveen (his daughter) said, "My mother and aunt told me that the couch they had
591:
Al-Za'im worked hard to abolish wearing the fez, claiming that it was outdated headwear taken from the days of the
Ottoman Empire. He is credited for giving support to women's the right to vote and run for public office in Syria. The law had been debated at the Syrian Parliament since 1920 and no
595:
During the 137 days of his rule in Syria al-Za'im did not execute anyone. He did have inventive punishments for those who disobeyed him, however. When the quality of bread dropped to unacceptable levels, Zaim ordered all bakers to walk on the gravel, barefoot, until blood flowed from their feet.
104:
532:
Al-Za'im's takeover, the first military coup in the history of Syria, would have lasting effects, as it shattered the country's fragile and flawed democratic rule, and set off a series of increasingly violent military revolts. Two more would follow in August and
December 1949.
517:, whom he accused of conspiring to overthrow the republic. The coup was carried out with discreet backing of the American embassy, concerned about the increasing presence of far left anti-democratic elements in the government, and possibly assisted by the
1798:
576:
Lacking popular support, al-Za'im was overthrown after just four and a half months by his colleagues, al-Shishakli and al-Hinnawi. As al-Hinnawi took power as leader of a military junta, Husni al-Za'im was swiftly spirited away to
495:(CIA) engineered the coup. Most of the evidence currently available suggests that the decision to initiate a coup was Za'im's alone, but Za'im benefited from some degree of American assistance in planning the operation.
475:, allowing him to seize power in 1949. However, his reign as head of state was brief, he was tried and executed in August 1949 by his former coup co-conspirators. Al-Za'im infamously executed Lebanese intellectual
605:
her as a sister as well, and sent her to the Lycee Laique (one of the finest preparatory high schools in town). Another sister Orfan, would visit them often, and took up the habit of playing with a guard,
1828:
573:. Settling the refugees was made conditional on sufficient outside assistance for the Syrian economy. The overture was answered very slowly by Tel Aviv and not treated seriously.
569:. He made a peace overture to Israel offering to settle 300,000 Palestinian refugees in Syria, in exchange for border modifications along the cease fire line and half of Israel's
609:(the chief of security at the president's office who went on to become head of the intelligence bureau and minister of interior during the union years with Egypt 1958–1961).
2087:
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2200:
1884:
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529:, who staged another coup four months later on 13 August 1949 and had al-Za'im tried and executed by a firing squad the following day on 14 August 1949.
1247:
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2401:
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policies and proposals for the emancipation of women through granting them the vote and suggesting they should give up the
Islamic practice of
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1964:
862:
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513:, was briefly imprisoned, but then released into exile in Egypt. Al-Za'im also imprisoned many political leaders, such as
2616:
521:, although al-Za'im himself is not known to have been a member. Among the officers that assisted al-Za'im's takeover was
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2015:
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Four days after the coup that overthrew democratic rule the Syrian government ratified the controversial
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military officer and who was head of state of Syria in 1949. He had been an officer in the
8:
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2140:
1959:
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America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret
Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East
661:
America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret
Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East
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2511:
2150:
1732:
1702:
1183:
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116:
557:, a staunch opponent of military rule). Raising taxes also aggrieved businessmen, and
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471:
forces in that war shook Syria and undermined confidence in the country's chaotic
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Arabs in the Mirror: Images and Self-Images from Pre-Islamic to Modern Times
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578:
460:
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318:
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with Israel, as well as his deals with US oil companies for building the
468:
444:
433:
330:
2506:
2170:
1874:
1752:
1546:
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1289:
1079:
941:
562:
542:
1934:
749:
Cooperating Rivals: The
Riparian Politics of the Jordan River Basin
235:
361:
1837:
Chiefs of
General Staff of the Army and the Armed Forces of Syria
103:
215:
553:
was only achieved during the third civilian administration of
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1624:
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491:. There are "highly controversial" allegations that the U.S.
440:
546:
487:
On 30 March 1949, al-Za'im seized power in a bloodless
443:
after the First World War, he became an officer in the
1255:
78:Syrian military officer and politician (1897–1949)
772:
770:
549:, created a stir among Muslim religious leaders (
2573:
2409:
2014:
870:
767:
2395:
2000:
1814:
1241:
856:
561:were still smouldering over his signing of a
796:Newspaper clippings about Husni al-Za'im
762:Peace for Palestine: First Lost Opportunity,
93:
764:University Press of Florida, 1993 p.264 n.7
2647:Syrian people of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
2402:
2388:
2007:
1993:
1821:
1807:
1248:
1234:
863:
849:
638:, University of Texas Press, p. 152,
102:
592:leader dared to support it, except Zaim.
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
2632:People executed by Syria by firing squad
29:This article includes a list of general
779:The story of Nouran and Husni al-Za'im,
688:
657:
129:11 April 1949 – 14 August 1949
2574:
633:
424:; 11 May 1897 – 14 August 1949) was a
2383:
1988:
1802:
1229:
844:
727:. Simon & Schuster. p. 102.
581:in Damascus, and executed along with
172:17 April 1949 – 26 June 1949
719:
15:
418:
94:
13:
2612:Chiefs of staff of the Syrian Army
2293:
2246:
2218:
2120:
2077:
2031:
1632:
1599:
1511:
1367:
1323:
1279:
1146:
1118:
1058:
965:
920:
892:
35:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2678:
789:
451:independence in 1946 he was made
2560:
2055:
1973:
1840:
1830:
360:
335:
323:
311:
291:
279:
266:
20:
2667:20th-century presidents in Asia
2597:20th-century Syrian politicians
781:Forward Magazine, November 2008
519:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
482:
2662:Leaders who took power by coup
754:
741:
713:
682:
651:
627:
455:, and was ordered to lead the
432:. After France instituted its
1:
620:
2411:Syrian Ministers of Interior
2288:post 1963 Syrian coup d'état
7:
2657:Syrian ministers of defense
2016:Syrian Ministers of Defense
800:20th Century Press Archives
493:Central Intelligence Agency
10:
2683:
2617:Syrian Kurdish politicians
2552:Mohammad Khaled al-Rahmoun
826:1949(4 months and 3 days)
2558:
2417:
2280:
2237:
2209:
2111:
2064:
2053:
2022:
1971:
1850:
1787:
1623:
1590:
1502:
1358:
1314:
1270:
1214:
1137:
1109:
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956:
911:
883:
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811:
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188:
176:
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145:
133:
122:
114:
110:
101:
92:
85:
2642:Executed prime ministers
2622:Leaders ousted by a coup
2607:Prime ministers of Syria
1900:Abd al-Karim Zahr al-Din
1257:Prime ministers of Syria
695:. Basic Books. pp.
664:. Basic Books. pp.
233:14 August 1949 (aged 52)
2082:French Mandate of Syria
2066:French Mandate of Syria
751:, SUNY Press, 2007 p.32
634:Rejwan, Nissim (2008),
473:parliamentary democracy
286:French Mandate of Syria
160:Prime Minister of Syria
50:more precise citations.
2627:Executed Syrian people
2299:
2252:
2239:Second Syrian Republic
2224:
2126:
2113:Second Syrian Republic
2083:
2037:
1638:
1605:
1517:
1504:Second Syrian Republic
1373:
1329:
1285:
1152:
1124:
1064:
1051:Second Syrian Republic
971:
926:
898:
689:Wilford, Hugh (2013).
658:Wilford, Hugh (2013).
567:Trans-Arabian Pipeline
500:Trans-Arabian Pipeline
384:Middle Eastern theatre
2542:Said Mohammad Sammour
2472:Abdel Hamid al-Sarraj
2297:
2250:
2222:
2124:
2081:
2072:post established 1932
2035:
1636:
1603:
1516:First Syrian Republic
1515:
1372:First Syrian Republic
1371:
1360:First Syrian Republic
1327:
1284:Arab Kingdom of Syria
1283:
1272:Arab Kingdom of Syria
1150:
1122:
1063:First Syrian Republic
1062:
970:First Syrian Republic
969:
958:First Syrian Republic
924:
896:
465:1948 Arab-Israeli War
396:1948 Arab–Israeli War
349:Years of service
298:First Syrian Republic
2437:Taj al-Din al-Hasani
2298:Syrian Arab Republic
2282:Syrian Arab Republic
2251:Syrian Arab Republic
2223:United Arab Republic
2211:United Arab Republic
2125:Syrian Arab Republic
1955:Fahd Jassem al-Freij
1637:Syrian Arab Republic
1625:Syrian Arab Republic
1604:United Arab Republic
1592:United Arab Republic
1413:post vacant, 1939–41
1151:Syrian Arab Republic
1139:Syrian Arab Republic
1123:United Arab Republic
1111:United Arab Republic
467:. The defeat of the
2637:Executed presidents
2602:Presidents of Syria
2537:Bassam Abdel Majeed
2442:Saadallah al-Jabiri
1960:Ali Abdullah Ayyoub
1885:Tawfiq Nizam al-Din
872:Presidents of Syria
725:Lords of the Desert
391:Great Syrian Revolt
2592:People from Aleppo
2522:Nureddin al-Atassi
2512:Abdel Hamid Sarraj
2300:
2253:
2225:
2127:
2084:
2038:
1639:
1606:
1518:
1374:
1330:
1286:
1153:
1125:
1065:
972:
927:
899:
822:President of Syria
607:Abdel Hamid Sarraj
459:into war with the
249:Statesman, soldier
117:President of Syria
2569:
2568:
2547:Mohammad Al Shaar
2447:Nasuhi al-Bukhari
2422:Ata Bey al-Ayyubi
2377:
2376:
1982:
1981:
1930:Hikmat al-Shihabi
1796:
1795:
1223:
1222:
897:Syrian Federation
885:Syrian Federation
839:
838:
829:Succeeded by
815:Shukri al-Kuwatli
747:Jeffrey Sosland,
559:Arab nationalists
523:Adib al-Shishakli
511:Shukri al-Kuwatli
502:(Tapline) deal.
408:
407:
366:Brigadier General
140:Shukri al-Quwatli
76:
75:
68:
2674:
2564:
2492:Rushdi al-Kikhya
2482:Muhsin al-Barazi
2477:Jamil Mardam Bey
2404:
2397:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2059:
2036:Kingdom of Syria
2024:Kingdom of Syria
2009:
2002:
1995:
1986:
1985:
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1945:Ali Habib Mahmud
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865:
858:
851:
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832:Hashim al-Atassi
812:Preceded by
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697:100–103, 107–108
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631:
586:Muhsin al-Barazi
555:Hashim al-Atassi
551:Women's suffrage
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343:Syrian Arab Army
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205:Personal details
195:Muhsin al-Barazi
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152:Hashim al-Atassi
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46:this article by
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2462:Fares al-Khoury
2457:Lutfi al-Haffar
2427:Husni al-Barazi
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2013:
1983:
1978:
1969:
1915:Ahmad Suwaydani
1895:Jamal al-Faisal
1880:Shawkat Shuqayr
1865:Sami al-Hinnawi
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515:Munir al-Ajlani
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379:First World War
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2497:Rashad Barmada
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2487:Husni al-Za'im
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2467:Sabri al-Asali
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2285:(1963–Present)
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1952:
1947:
1942:
1940:Hasan Turkmani
1937:
1932:
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1912:
1907:
1905:Ziad al-Hariri
1902:
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1860:Husni al-Za'im
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1855:Abdullah Atfeh
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18:
17:
2532:Ghazi Kanaan
2502:Ahmad Qanbar
2486:
2432:Haqqi al-Azm
2287:
2155:
2151:al-Sharabati
2071:
1870:Anwar Bannud
1859:
1718:M. al-Ayyubi
1703:N. al-Atassi
1479:H. al-Atassi
1474:M. al-Barazi
1468:
1428:H. al-Barazi
1412:
1393:A. al-Ayyubi
1295:H. al-Atassi
1184:N. al-Atassi
1174:L. al-Atassi
1096:H. al-Atassi
1069:H. al-Atassi
1041:H. al-Atassi
1029:
993:H. al-Atassi
936:Pierre-Alype
820:
778:
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748:
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629:
611:
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579:Mezze prison
575:
540:
531:
504:
497:
486:
483:Coup of 1949
461:Israeli Army
430:Ottoman Army
421:
410:
409:
372:Battles/wars
319:Ottoman Army
190:Succeeded by
167:
147:Succeeded by
124:
80:
62:
53:
34:
2587:1949 deaths
2582:1897 births
2527:Ali Hammoud
2242:(1961–1963)
2214:(1958–1961)
2191:al-Dawalibi
2116:(1946–1958)
2069:(1920–1946)
1965:Salim Harba
1910:Salah Jadid
1653:al-Dawalibi
1595:(1958–1961)
1542:al-Dawalibi
1507:(1950–1958)
1363:(1930–1950)
1319:(1925–1930)
1206:B. al-Assad
1195:H. al-Assad
1114:(1958–1961)
1054:(1950–1958)
961:(1930–1950)
916:(1925–1930)
888:(1922–1924)
721:Barr, James
489:coup d'état
469:Arab league
457:Syrian Army
445:French Army
419:حسني الزعيم
331:French Army
213:11 May 1897
178:Preceded by
135:Preceded by
95:حسني الزعيم
48:introducing
2576:Categories
2507:Fawzi Selu
2272:Zahreddine
2257:al-Kuzbari
2166:al-Hawrani
2131:Mardam Bey
2103:al-Bukhari
2093:al-Quwatli
1875:Fawzi Selu
1763:Ghalawanji
1643:al-Kuzbari
1408:al-Bukhari
1157:al-Kuzbari
1101:al-Quwatli
1090:al-Kuzbari
1035:al-Hinnawi
1025:al-Quwatli
621:References
563:cease-fire
259:Allegiance
246:Profession
31:references
2309:al-Hariri
2196:al-Ghazzi
2181:al-Khatib
2141:al-Jabiri
2098:al-Ayyubi
2088:al-Atrash
1935:Ali Aslan
1728:al-Halabi
1723:Khleifawi
1713:Khleifawi
1663:K. al-Azm
1577:al-Ghazzi
1567:al-Khoury
1562:al-Ghazzi
1552:Shishakli
1537:al-Khatib
1527:K. al-Azm
1489:K. al-Azm
1464:K. al-Azm
1453:K. al-Azm
1448:al-Jabiri
1443:al-Khoury
1438:al-Jabiri
1418:K. al-Azm
1403:al-Haffar
1388:al-Hasani
1383:H. al-Azm
1378:al-Hasani
1350:al-Hasani
1339:al-Hasani
1301:Al-Droubi
1290:al-Rikabi
1189:al-Khatib
1085:Shishakli
1074:Shishakli
1020:al-Ayyubi
1009:al-Hasani
998:al-Khatib
976:al-Hasani
947:al-Hasani
507:President
352:1917–1949
168:In office
125:In office
56:June 2023
2359:al-Freij
2344:Turkmani
2334:al-Assad
2156:al-Za'im
2146:al-'Azma
2047:al-'Azma
2042:al-Ulshi
1790:* acting
1769:al-Halqi
1748:al-Otari
1738:Al-Zoubi
1708:al-Assad
1693:al-Bitar
1683:al-Hafiz
1678:al-Bitar
1673:al-Hafiz
1668:al-Bitar
1582:al-Asali
1572:al-Asali
1557:al-Asali
1532:al-Hakim
1522:al-Qudsi
1494:al-Qudsi
1484:al-Qudsi
1469:al-Za'im
1433:al-Ulshi
1423:al-Hakim
1306:al-Ulshi
1217:* acting
1179:al-Hafiz
1169:al-Qudsi
1030:al-Za'im
1014:al-Ulshi
982:Solomiac
723:(2018).
505:Syria's
447:. After
434:colonial
236:Damascus
2304:al-Sufi
2267:Barmada
2262:al-Nuss
2186:Khankan
2176:Barmada
1733:al-Kasm
1698:Zuayyin
1688:Zuayyin
1658:al-Azma
1648:al-Nuss
1334:Barakat
1200:Khaddam
1163:al-Nuss
988:al-Abid
931:Barakat
903:Barakat
802:of the
798:in the
666:94, 101
547:veiling
543:secular
463:in the
449:Syria's
437:mandate
44:improve
2364:Ayyoub
2354:Rajiha
2349:Mahmud
2201:Raslan
2136:al-Azm
2027:(1920)
1779:Arnous
1774:Khamis
1615:Sarraj
1610:Kahala
1459:Mardam
1398:Mardam
1275:(1920)
1129:Nasser
1003:al-Azm
731:
703:
672:
642:
600:Family
537:Regime
415:Arabic
340:
328:
316:
271:
216:Aleppo
33:, but
2369:Abbas
2339:Tlass
2329:Umran
2324:Ubayd
2319:Jaber
2314:Ziade
2161:Atfeh
1758:Hijab
1753:Safar
441:Syria
439:over
240:Syria
158:23rd
2229:Amer
2171:Selu
1743:Mero
1547:Selu
1345:Nami
1262:List
1080:Selu
942:Nami
876:List
729:ISBN
701:ISBN
670:ISBN
640:ISBN
541:His
525:and
357:Rank
230:Died
210:Born
115:9th
804:ZBW
2578::
769:^
699:.
668:.
588:.
509:,
417::
238:,
222:,
218:,
2403:e
2396:t
2389:v
2008:e
2001:t
1994:v
1822:e
1815:t
1808:v
1765:*
1455:*
1341:*
1297:*
1264:)
1260:(
1249:e
1242:t
1235:v
1202:*
1191:*
1165:*
1159:*
1092:*
1076:*
1037:*
1016:*
1005:*
984:*
978:*
949:*
938:*
878:)
874:(
864:e
857:t
850:v
737:.
709:.
678:.
413:(
69:)
63:(
58:)
54:(
40:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
