1829:
1685:
1376:
1283:
2252:
2350:
1917:
1436:
1597:
2163:
905:
2209:
1210:
1641:
1238:
2692:
2187:
494:. Azm served repeatedly in parliament and in the cabinet from 1943 to 1947. He became a focus of opposition when he resigned from the cabinet in 1945 and lead the forces opposed to Kuwatli's drive to amend the constitution to allow himself a second term in office. Kuwatli prevailed, and Azm ran against him in 1947 and lost. However he accepted the position of envoy to France and served in that capacity for a year. He concluded successful arms purchases from France and later from the
2425:
2378:
1950:
1464:
40:
490:. He remained a longtime supporter of the former, but often quarreled with the latter, whom he accused of being too authoritarian. In 1941 the French appointed him Prime Minister and Acting President, having had no success in finding a viable candidate since the resignation of the nationalist Atassi in 1939. However he was replaced 5 months later with a French loyalist,
577:
was elected, and Azm returned to parliament as deputy for
Damascus. On 28 March 1962, yet another coup toppled the civilian administration, and Kudsi and Azm were both imprisoned. On 2 April a counter coup released them, and Azm became Prime Minister again under Kudsi. The two men allied with former
552:
as minister of defense. Azm played a key role in achieving an alliance with the USSR, and traveled there repeatedly to arrange loans, economic pacts and arm sales, angering the United States, where he was nicknamed the "Red
Millionaire". This name was even adopted by the Syria Press in the 1950s,
527:
goods in an attempt to prevent the crash of domestic Syrian industry due to rampant
Lebanese imports. He also clashed repeatedly with the military because he refused to appoint officers in any of his cabinets, and always reserved the defense portfolio for himself. He also clashed with
498:. In May 1948, Azm agreed to form a multi-party cabinet under Kuwatli which served until March 1949. He allied himself with France and the United States and attempted to obtain loans from them for domestic development. He traveled frequently to attend
477:
in 1923 with a degree in law, and joined the city government in 1925. At this time he also actively ran his family's estates throughout the country. In the 1930s, he became close associates with leading members of the anti-French
598:, where he lived in difficult financial circumstances, his vast Syrian holdings having been appropriated by the Baathists. There he died and was buried on 18 February 1965. His memoirs were published posthumously in 1973.
522:
that drafted a new constitution for Syria. He became Prime
Minister again under Hashim al-Atassi's second administration, in June 1950, heading three cabinets between then and 1951. Azm closed the border to
548:
After the deposition of
Shishakli, Azm again lost to Kuwatli in the presidential election of 1955. He retired briefly, then reemerged in November 1956 to enter the cabinet of Prime Minister
573:
When the union was dissolved he returned to Syria, helped draft the secessionist document himself, and tried to run for presidential office but his candidacy was thwarted by the military.
565:, arguing that Nasser would destroy Syria's democratic system and free market economy. Azm once again deserted political life during the Union years (1958–1961), and moved to Lebanon.
514:
on 29 March 1949 and imprisoned both Azm and president
Kuwatli. When Za'im was overthrown five months later, Azm returned to parliament as deputy for Damascus and became
2217:
2401:
536:. Socialists distrusted him because of his aristocratic and wealthy Ottoman background. Azm left the public arena from 1951 to 1954 in protest over the coup of
2756:
2330:
2315:
2275:
1563:
2531:
834:
583:
2443:
2448:
2453:
1178:
2736:
2136:
2786:
1828:
1684:
1375:
1282:
2349:
2251:
1916:
1596:
1435:
2796:
2791:
2726:
904:
2731:
2162:
1556:
2524:
827:
2781:
2776:
1021:
2746:
2741:
2761:
2771:
2751:
2195:
1549:
1171:
843:
553:
although he was not a socialist, and in fact opposed the pre-eminent advocate of state socialism in the Arab World,
2517:
1577:
820:
794:
767:
740:
713:
686:
659:
503:
450:
95:
1131:
2208:
2129:
1631:
1228:
857:
2242:
1015:
457:
from 4 April to 16 September 1941. He was a member of one of the most prominent political families in Syria,
2766:
2540:
1164:
2145:
1209:
1191:
454:
2681:
988:
983:
934:
607:
Sami
Moubayed "Steel & Silk: Men and Women Who Shaped Syria 1900–2000" (Cune Press, Seattle, 2005).
1640:
1237:
2122:
1009:
515:
2691:
2186:
1303:
1115:
1080:
410:
1251:
2078:
1572:
1141:
971:
578:
president
Kuwatli to rid the army of pro-Nasserist elements, and reverse the austere program of
2801:
2721:
2063:
2043:
2038:
2028:
1819:
1366:
951:
919:
889:
582:
instituted by Nasser when he was head of the UAR. Before this could be achieved, the socialist
474:
435:
2671:
2601:
2424:
2377:
2153:
2058:
2008:
1993:
1983:
1949:
1930:
1675:
1587:
1463:
1273:
804:
787:
479:
2716:
2711:
2566:
2488:
2340:
1907:
1703:
1693:
1665:
1654:
1426:
1324:
1291:
1262:
1090:
642:
562:
519:
491:
87:
8:
2666:
2571:
2493:
2320:
2270:
2084:
1968:
1857:
1763:
1753:
1515:
1100:
1065:
966:
946:
679:
163:
2651:
2641:
2280:
2048:
2018:
1499:
1489:
1444:
1187:
976:
956:
929:
872:
632:
558:
355:
52:
2676:
2616:
2576:
2551:
2498:
2386:
2285:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2176:
2073:
2033:
1958:
1925:
1784:
1723:
1708:
1649:
1616:
1472:
1416:
1405:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1246:
1218:
1200:
1136:
1070:
961:
924:
879:
867:
723:
652:
537:
507:
487:
220:
196:
151:
118:
511:
2621:
2611:
2606:
2478:
2433:
2358:
2295:
2260:
2053:
1794:
1789:
1774:
1713:
1610:
1411:
1384:
1356:
1308:
1095:
1085:
1060:
706:
696:
483:
286:
241:
208:
175:
1541:
1297:
2591:
2586:
2556:
1882:
1847:
1758:
1743:
1738:
1718:
1521:
1504:
1350:
1313:
894:
862:
777:
669:
624:
579:
549:
426:
310:
130:
75:
2626:
2596:
2509:
2473:
2463:
2458:
2438:
2396:
2325:
2310:
2305:
2290:
2171:
2094:
2023:
1973:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1852:
1837:
1809:
1799:
1748:
1621:
1510:
1484:
1400:
1389:
1329:
1055:
760:
750:
733:
574:
499:
462:
384:
343:
331:
298:
265:
253:
2114:
2705:
2646:
2483:
2468:
2391:
2013:
2003:
1998:
1988:
1963:
1494:
1478:
1156:
1110:
1045:
993:
941:
884:
586:
came to power in Syria in March 1963 and both Azm and Qudsi fled into exile.
380:
2661:
2631:
2561:
1698:
1105:
1050:
495:
812:
2656:
2089:
2636:
2300:
2068:
1862:
1660:
1605:
1395:
1257:
506:. Azm clashed with members of the military, especially Chief of Staff
529:
561:. He opposed in vain the union with Egypt in 1958 which created the
376:
524:
400:
39:
595:
458:
396:
2411:
2368:
1940:
1454:
554:
446:
533:
532:
elements in Syrian politics that advocated union with
461:(also known as Alazem or Al Azem), and the son of an
440:
1571:
540:which toppled Atassi's democratic administration.
2703:
2539:
445:; 11 June 1903 – 18 November 1965) was a
2144:
1186:
2525:
2130:
1557:
1172:
828:
143:16 December 1946 – 29 December 1946
842:
2532:
2518:
2137:
2123:
1564:
1550:
1179:
1165:
835:
821:
38:
2757:Members of the People's Assembly of Syria
323:17 September 1962 – 9 March 1963
188:16 December 1948 – 30 March 1949
108:4 April 1941 – 21 September 1941
65:4 April 1941 – 16 September 1941
568:
543:
233:27 December 1949 – 4 June 1950
2704:
278:27 March 1951 – 9 August 1951
2513:
2118:
1545:
1160:
816:
1022:Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence
2737:Ambassadors of Syria to Switzerland
430:
13:
2423:
2376:
2348:
2250:
2207:
2161:
1948:
1915:
1827:
1683:
1639:
1595:
1462:
1434:
1374:
1281:
1236:
1208:
94:13th, 22nd, 27th, 29th & 46th
14:
2813:
799:17 September 1962 – 9 March 1963
718:17 December 1948 – 30 March 1949
449:politician and five-time interim
2787:Syrian people of Turkish descent
2690:
2185:
903:
687:Prime Minister of Syria (acting)
2797:20th-century presidents in Asia
2792:20th-century Syrian politicians
2727:Ambassadors of Syria to Belgium
745:27 December 1949 – 4 June 1950
518:. He was also elected into the
465:minister of religious affairs.
2732:Ambassadors of Syria to France
1:
601:
594:Azm relocated permanently to
16:Syrian politician (1903–1965)
2541:Syrian Ministers of Interior
2418:post 1963 Syrian coup d'état
664:4 April – 21 September 1941
637:4 April – 16 September 1941
7:
2782:Syrian ministers of finance
2777:Syrian ministers of defense
2146:Syrian Ministers of Defense
441:
10:
2818:
2747:Foreign ministers of Syria
2742:Damascus University alumni
2682:Mohammad Khaled al-Rahmoun
482:such as future presidents
394:18 February 1965 (aged 62)
2762:Politicians from Damascus
2688:
2547:
2410:
2367:
2339:
2241:
2194:
2183:
2152:
2103:
1939:
1906:
1818:
1674:
1630:
1586:
1530:
1453:
1425:
1365:
1272:
1227:
1199:
1124:
1038:
1031:
1016:Paulet–Newcombe Agreement
1002:
912:
901:
850:
801:
792:
784:
774:
772:27 March – 9 August 1951
765:
757:
747:
738:
730:
720:
711:
703:
693:
684:
676:
666:
657:
649:
639:
629:
621:
468:
416:
406:
390:
370:
365:
361:
349:
337:
327:
316:
304:
292:
282:
271:
259:
247:
237:
226:
214:
202:
192:
181:
169:
157:
147:
136:
124:
112:
101:
93:
81:
69:
58:
50:
46:
37:
30:
23:
2772:Prime ministers of Syria
2752:Leaders ousted by a coup
1573:Prime ministers of Syria
1132:French High Commissioner
1116:Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar
589:
510:. The latter launched a
31:
2212:French Mandate of Syria
2196:French Mandate of Syria
972:Battle of al-Musayfirah
844:French Mandate of Syria
795:Prime Minister of Syria
768:Prime Minister of Syria
741:Prime Minister of Syria
714:Prime Minister of Syria
660:Prime Minister of Syria
480:National Bloc coalition
96:Prime Minister of Syria
2429:
2382:
2369:Second Syrian Republic
2354:
2256:
2243:Second Syrian Republic
2213:
2167:
1954:
1921:
1833:
1820:Second Syrian Republic
1689:
1645:
1601:
1468:
1440:
1380:
1367:Second Syrian Republic
1287:
1242:
1214:
989:Syria–Lebanon campaign
952:Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa
947:1925–1927 revolt
890:Sanjak of Alexandretta
475:University of Damascus
473:He graduated from the
2672:Said Mohammad Sammour
2602:Abdel Hamid al-Sarraj
2427:
2380:
2352:
2254:
2211:
2202:post established 1932
2165:
1952:
1919:
1832:First Syrian Republic
1831:
1688:First Syrian Republic
1687:
1676:First Syrian Republic
1643:
1600:Arab Kingdom of Syria
1599:
1588:Arab Kingdom of Syria
1466:
1438:
1379:First Syrian Republic
1378:
1286:First Syrian Republic
1285:
1274:First Syrian Republic
1240:
1212:
1081:Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah
1010:Sykes–Picot Agreement
805:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
788:Ahmad Bashir al-Azmah
691:December 16—29, 1946
2567:Taj al-Din al-Hasani
2428:Syrian Arab Republic
2412:Syrian Arab Republic
2381:Syrian Arab Republic
2353:United Arab Republic
2341:United Arab Republic
2255:Syrian Arab Republic
1953:Syrian Arab Republic
1941:Syrian Arab Republic
1920:United Arab Republic
1908:United Arab Republic
1729:post vacant, 1939–41
1467:Syrian Arab Republic
1455:Syrian Arab Republic
1439:United Arab Republic
1427:United Arab Republic
1091:Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi
643:Taj al-Din al-Hasani
569:Military instability
563:United Arab Republic
544:Opposition to Nasser
520:Constituent Assembly
492:Taj al-Din al-Hasani
453:, as well as Acting
88:Taj al-Din al-Hasani
2767:Presidents of Syria
2667:Bassam Abdel Majeed
2572:Saadallah al-Jabiri
1188:Presidents of Syria
1101:Saadallah al-Jabiri
1066:Mustafa Bey Barmada
984:1936 general strike
967:Battle of al-Mazraa
935:Capture of Damascus
680:Saadallah al-Jabiri
516:Minister of Finance
504:Palestinian problem
164:Saadallah al-Jabiri
2652:Nureddin al-Atassi
2642:Abdel Hamid Sarraj
2430:
2383:
2355:
2257:
2214:
2168:
1955:
1922:
1834:
1690:
1646:
1602:
1469:
1441:
1381:
1288:
1243:
1215:
977:1925 Hama uprising
957:Capture of Salkhad
930:Battle of Maysalun
873:Al-Jazira Province
633:President of Syria
559:Gamal Abdel Nasser
502:assemblies on the
356:Salah al-Din Bitar
53:President of Syria
2699:
2698:
2677:Mohammad Al Shaar
2577:Nasuhi al-Bukhari
2552:Ata Bey al-Ayyubi
2507:
2506:
2112:
2111:
1539:
1538:
1213:Syrian Federation
1201:Syrian Federation
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1137:Charles de Gaulle
1071:Shukri al-Quwatli
962:Battle of al-Kafr
925:Franco-Syrian War
880:Jabal Druze State
868:State of Damascus
811:
810:
802:Succeeded by
775:Succeeded by
748:Succeeded by
721:Succeeded by
694:Succeeded by
667:Succeeded by
653:Nasuhi al-Bukhari
640:Succeeded by
538:Adib al-Shishakli
488:Shukri al-Kuwatli
439:
420:
419:
197:Shukri al-Quwatli
152:Shukri al-Quwatli
119:Nasuhi al-Bukhari
2809:
2694:
2622:Rushdi al-Kikhya
2612:Muhsin al-Barazi
2607:Jamil Mardam Bey
2534:
2527:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2189:
2166:Kingdom of Syria
2154:Kingdom of Syria
2139:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2107:
1581:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1096:Sultan al-Atrash
1086:Jamil Mardam Bey
1061:Hashim al-Atassi
1036:
1035:
907:
837:
830:
823:
814:
813:
785:Preceded by
758:Preceded by
731:Preceded by
707:Jamil Mardam Bey
704:Preceded by
697:Jamil Mardam Bey
677:Preceded by
650:Preceded by
622:Preceded by
619:
618:
484:Hashim al-Atassi
444:
434:
432:
366:Personal details
352:
340:
321:
307:
295:
287:Hashim al-Atassi
276:
262:
250:
242:Hashim al-Atassi
231:
217:
209:Jamil Mardam Bey
205:
186:
176:Jamil Mardam Bey
172:
160:
141:
127:
115:
106:
84:
72:
63:
42:
21:
20:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2686:
2592:Fares al-Khoury
2587:Lutfi al-Haffar
2557:Husni al-Barazi
2543:
2538:
2508:
2503:
2416:
2414:
2406:
2371:
2363:
2343:
2335:
2245:
2237:
2200:
2198:
2190:
2181:
2156:
2148:
2143:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2099:
1943:
1935:
1910:
1902:
1822:
1814:
1678:
1670:
1634:
1626:
1590:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1457:
1449:
1429:
1421:
1369:
1361:
1276:
1268:
1231:
1223:
1203:
1195:
1185:
1155:
1146:
1120:
1027:
998:
908:
899:
895:Greater Lebanon
863:State of Aleppo
846:
841:
807:
798:
790:
780:
778:Hassan al-Hakim
771:
763:
753:
744:
736:
726:
717:
709:
699:
690:
682:
672:
670:Hassan al-Hakim
663:
655:
645:
636:
627:
625:Bahij al-Khatib
616:
604:
592:
580:nationalization
571:
550:Sabri al-Assali
546:
471:
442:Khālid al-ʿAẓim
407:Political party
395:
375:
374:6 November 1903
350:
338:
322:
317:
311:Hassan al-Hakim
305:
293:
277:
272:
260:
248:
232:
227:
215:
203:
187:
182:
170:
158:
142:
137:
131:Hassan al-Hakim
125:
113:
107:
102:
82:
76:Bahij al-Khatib
70:
64:
59:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2815:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2627:Rashad Barmada
2624:
2619:
2617:Husni al-Za'im
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:Sabri al-Asali
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2422:
2420:
2415:(1963–Present)
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2249:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2206:
2204:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2160:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1947:
1945:
1944:(1961–present)
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1682:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1644:State of Syria
1638:
1636:
1632:State of Syria
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1594:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1461:
1459:
1458:(1961–present)
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1280:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1241:State of Syria
1235:
1233:
1229:State of Syria
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1056:Ibrahim Hananu
1053:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
991:
986:
981:
980:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
944:
939:
938:
937:
932:
922:
916:
914:
910:
909:
902:
900:
898:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
876:
875:
870:
865:
858:State of Syria
854:
852:
848:
847:
840:
839:
832:
825:
817:
809:
808:
803:
800:
791:
786:
782:
781:
776:
773:
764:
761:Nazim al-Kudsi
759:
755:
754:
751:Nazim al-Kudsi
749:
746:
737:
734:Nazim al-Kudsi
732:
728:
727:
724:Husni al-Za'im
722:
719:
710:
705:
701:
700:
695:
692:
683:
678:
674:
673:
668:
665:
656:
651:
647:
646:
641:
638:
628:
623:
614:
613:
609:
608:
603:
600:
591:
588:
575:Nazim al-Kudsi
570:
567:
545:
542:
508:Husni al-Za'im
500:United Nations
470:
467:
451:Prime Minister
418:
417:
414:
413:
408:
404:
403:
392:
388:
387:
385:Ottoman Empire
372:
368:
367:
363:
362:
359:
358:
353:
347:
346:
344:Bashir al-Azma
341:
335:
334:
332:Nazim al-Kudsi
329:
325:
324:
314:
313:
308:
302:
301:
299:Nazim al-Kudsi
296:
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
269:
268:
266:Nazim al-Kudsi
263:
257:
256:
254:Nazim al-Kudsi
251:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
224:
223:
221:Husni al-Za'im
218:
212:
211:
206:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
179:
178:
173:
167:
166:
161:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
99:
98:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
56:
55:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2814:
2803:
2802:Syrian exiles
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:Al-Azm family
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2693:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Amin al-Hafiz
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:Khalid al-Azm
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1574:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1143:
1142:Henri Gouraud
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1111:Ayyash Al-Haj
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1076:Khalid al-Azm
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:Yusuf al-Azma
1044:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1001:
995:
994:Levant Crisis
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
945:
943:
942:Hananu Revolt
940:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
915:
911:
906:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
885:Alawite State
883:
881:
878:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
859:
856:
855:
853:
849:
845:
838:
833:
831:
826:
824:
819:
818:
815:
806:
797:
796:
789:
783:
779:
770:
769:
762:
756:
752:
743:
742:
735:
729:
725:
716:
715:
708:
702:
698:
689:
688:
681:
675:
671:
662:
661:
654:
648:
644:
635:
634:
626:
620:
617:
611:
610:
606:
605:
599:
597:
587:
585:
581:
576:
566:
564:
560:
556:
551:
541:
539:
535:
531:
526:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
437:
428:
424:
423:Khalid al-Azm
415:
412:
409:
405:
402:
398:
393:
389:
386:
382:
381:Syria Vilayet
378:
373:
369:
364:
360:
357:
354:
348:
345:
342:
336:
333:
330:
326:
320:
315:
312:
309:
303:
300:
297:
291:
288:
285:
281:
275:
270:
267:
264:
258:
255:
252:
246:
243:
240:
236:
230:
225:
222:
219:
213:
210:
207:
201:
198:
195:
191:
185:
180:
177:
174:
168:
165:
162:
156:
153:
150:
146:
140:
135:
132:
129:
123:
120:
117:
111:
105:
100:
97:
92:
89:
86:
80:
77:
74:
68:
62:
57:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
29:
25:Khalid al-Azm
22:
19:
2662:Ghazi Kanaan
2632:Ahmad Qanbar
2581:
2562:Haqqi al-Azm
2417:
2281:al-Sharabati
2265:
2201:
2034:M. al-Ayyubi
2019:N. al-Atassi
1978:
1842:
1804:
1795:H. al-Atassi
1790:M. al-Barazi
1779:
1768:
1744:H. al-Barazi
1733:
1728:
1709:A. al-Ayyubi
1611:H. al-Atassi
1500:N. al-Atassi
1490:L. al-Atassi
1412:H. al-Atassi
1385:H. al-Atassi
1357:H. al-Atassi
1318:
1309:H. al-Atassi
1252:Pierre-Alype
1106:Haqqi al-Azm
1075:
1051:Saleh al-Ali
793:
766:
739:
712:
685:
658:
630:
615:
593:
584:Ba'ath Party
572:
547:
496:Soviet Union
472:
422:
421:
351:Succeeded by
318:
306:Succeeded by
273:
261:Succeeded by
228:
216:Succeeded by
183:
171:Succeeded by
138:
126:Succeeded by
103:
83:Succeeded by
60:
18:
2717:1965 deaths
2712:1903 births
2657:Ali Hammoud
2372:(1961–1963)
2344:(1958–1961)
2321:al-Dawalibi
2246:(1946–1958)
2199:(1920–1946)
1969:al-Dawalibi
1911:(1958–1961)
1858:al-Dawalibi
1823:(1950–1958)
1679:(1930–1950)
1635:(1925–1930)
1522:B. al-Assad
1511:H. al-Assad
1430:(1958–1961)
1370:(1950–1958)
1277:(1930–1950)
1232:(1925–1930)
1204:(1922–1924)
920:1919 revolt
512:coup d'état
411:Independent
339:Preceded by
294:Preceded by
249:Preceded by
204:Preceded by
159:Preceded by
114:Preceded by
71:Preceded by
2706:Categories
2637:Fawzi Selu
2402:Zahreddine
2387:al-Kuzbari
2296:al-Hawrani
2261:Mardam Bey
2233:al-Bukhari
2223:al-Quwatli
2079:Ghalawanji
1959:al-Kuzbari
1724:al-Bukhari
1473:al-Kuzbari
1417:al-Quwatli
1406:al-Kuzbari
1351:al-Hinnawi
1341:al-Quwatli
602:References
557:president
431:خالد العظم
32:خالد العظم
2439:al-Hariri
2326:al-Ghazzi
2311:al-Khatib
2271:al-Jabiri
2228:al-Ayyubi
2218:al-Atrash
2044:al-Halabi
2039:Khleifawi
2029:Khleifawi
1979:K. al-Azm
1893:al-Ghazzi
1883:al-Khoury
1878:al-Ghazzi
1868:Shishakli
1853:al-Khatib
1843:K. al-Azm
1805:K. al-Azm
1780:K. al-Azm
1769:K. al-Azm
1764:al-Jabiri
1759:al-Khoury
1754:al-Jabiri
1734:K. al-Azm
1719:al-Haffar
1704:al-Hasani
1699:H. al-Azm
1694:al-Hasani
1666:al-Hasani
1655:al-Hasani
1617:Al-Droubi
1606:al-Rikabi
1505:al-Khatib
1401:Shishakli
1390:Shishakli
1336:al-Ayyubi
1325:al-Hasani
1314:al-Khatib
1292:al-Hasani
1263:al-Hasani
913:Conflicts
530:Hashemite
455:President
436:romanized
328:President
319:In office
283:President
274:In office
238:President
229:In office
193:President
184:In office
148:President
139:In office
104:In office
61:In office
2489:al-Freij
2474:Turkmani
2464:al-Assad
2286:al-Za'im
2276:al-'Azma
2177:al-'Azma
2172:al-Ulshi
2106:* acting
2085:al-Halqi
2064:al-Otari
2054:Al-Zoubi
2024:al-Assad
2009:al-Bitar
1999:al-Hafiz
1994:al-Bitar
1989:al-Hafiz
1984:al-Bitar
1898:al-Asali
1888:al-Asali
1873:al-Asali
1848:al-Hakim
1838:al-Qudsi
1810:al-Qudsi
1800:al-Qudsi
1785:al-Za'im
1749:al-Ulshi
1739:al-Hakim
1622:al-Ulshi
1533:* acting
1495:al-Hafiz
1485:al-Qudsi
1346:al-Za'im
1330:al-Ulshi
1298:Solomiac
1003:Treaties
631:Interim
612:Specific
555:Egyptian
525:Lebanese
377:Damascus
51:Interim
2434:al-Sufi
2397:Barmada
2392:al-Nuss
2316:Khankan
2306:Barmada
2049:al-Kasm
2014:Zuayyin
2004:Zuayyin
1974:al-Azma
1964:al-Nuss
1650:Barakat
1516:Khaddam
1479:al-Nuss
1304:al-Abid
1247:Barakat
1219:Barakat
463:Ottoman
438::
401:Lebanon
2494:Ayyoub
2484:Rajiha
2479:Mahmud
2331:Raslan
2266:al-Azm
2157:(1920)
2095:Arnous
2090:Khamis
1931:Sarraj
1926:Kahala
1775:Mardam
1714:Mardam
1591:(1920)
1445:Nasser
1319:al-Azm
1125:French
1039:Syrian
1032:People
1024:(1936)
1018:(1920)
1012:(1916)
851:States
596:Beirut
469:Career
459:al-Azm
447:Syrian
427:Arabic
397:Beirut
2499:Abbas
2469:Tlass
2459:Umran
2454:Ubayd
2449:Jaber
2444:Ziade
2291:Atfeh
2074:Hijab
2069:Safar
590:Death
2359:Amer
2301:Selu
2059:Mero
1863:Selu
1661:Nami
1578:List
1396:Selu
1258:Nami
1192:List
534:Iraq
528:pro-
486:and
391:Died
371:Born
2708::
433:,
429::
399:,
383:,
379:,
2533:e
2526:t
2519:v
2138:e
2131:t
2124:v
2081:*
1771:*
1657:*
1613:*
1580:)
1576:(
1565:e
1558:t
1551:v
1518:*
1507:*
1481:*
1475:*
1408:*
1392:*
1353:*
1332:*
1321:*
1300:*
1294:*
1265:*
1254:*
1194:)
1190:(
1180:e
1173:t
1166:v
836:e
829:t
822:v
425:(
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