558:, to account for any oddities in speech, but he still had to master intricate Islamic ritual, and the minutiae of Eastern manners and etiquette. Burton's trek to Mecca was quite dangerous and his caravan was attacked by bandits (a common experience at the time). As he put it, although "...neither Koran or Sultan enjoin the death of Jew or Christian intruding within the columns that note the sanctuary limits, nothing could save a European detected by the populace, or one who after pilgrimage declared himself an unbeliever." The pilgrimage entitled him to the title of
42:
538:
that he undertook in 1853 (he was not a Muslim and non-Muslims are forbidden to enter these holy cities). Seven years in
Pakistan had given Burton a familiarity with the customs and behaviour of Muslims. This journey made Burton famous. He had planned it whilst travelling disguised among the Muslims
566:
581:
started out as an archaeologist in what is now Syria and
Lebanon where he studied Arabic and immersed himself in Arab culture. After joining the British Army with the outbreak of World War I, he became known for his role in the
850:
819:(1970), at 13). However, it is also reported that among the less enlightened, efforts to understand the Arabic language or culture could be suspect, and on occasion Arabic books were burned. This was at a time when
823:
might land on the coast of Spain seeking captives for ransom or to sell into slavery. Meanwhile, Spanish and
Ottoman fleets might be at sea, in a long struggle for control of the Mediterranean.
657:, was an English writer, traveller, political officer, administrator, archaeologist and spy. She played a major role in establishing and helping administer the modern state of Iraq.
591:
523:
in autumn 1840, after his family had travelled extensively in Europe (he spoke
English, French and Italian). His studies at Oxford included falconry and Arabic.
799:
476:. Many other European countries have also produced scholars who have made notable contributions to the study of the Arabs and Arabic cultures, including
346:
749:
365:
394:, this was also the case in Spain for like reasons, and due in particular to Mediterranean politics and to the repressive atmosphere created by the
402:
hesitated to show their knowledge of their mother tongue. In the mid-18th century a new phase of
Arabism arose in Spain. Later, in the era of the
815:(Granada, 1965). Yet Alonso de Castillo (1520s-c.1610) himself and his work were esteemed, his being presented to the King, Philip II. (Monroe,
924:
787:
102:. At various times, either a Christian or a Muslim kingdom might be the most hospitable toward scholars. Translation of Arabic texts into
468:
have enjoyed a long and fruitful involvement in the study of the Arabic language and Arab cultures, as well of Islam, with scholars like
183:. The philosophical translations were accompanied by the Islamic commentaries, e.g., on Al-Ghazali, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), and Ibn Rushd (
406:
Spanish
Arabism began to produce widely recognized studies, and thus regained its prominence, particularly regarding such Arabists as
899:
372:
produced his Arabic primers for
Spanish speakers, and several histories were written about the previous century's reconquest of the
554:
in 1503), his pilgrimage is the most famous and the best documented of the time. He adopted various disguises, including that of a
609:
Lawrence's heroic reputation was built from his own lively writing skills, sensational reporting by
American journalist
929:
298:
well under way, Arabist efforts in Spain were sometimes closely tied to the goal of the possibility of proselytizing
443:
305:
Spain was so dynamic a center of medieval
Arabism as to draw scholars from throughout Christian Europe, notably
259:
430:
translated many books from Arabic into Latin during the 12th
Century, including works from scholars such as
252:
The works of Alfonso X in history and astronomy drew on numerous elements of Muslim knowledge. Also, the
919:
539:
of Sindh, and had laboriously prepared for the ordeal by study and practice (including having himself
338:
696:
617:
431:
893:
635:
411:
17:
684:
728:
520:
407:
27:
Academic or researcher who specialises in the study of the Arabic language and Arabic literature
759:
732:
632:
516:
391:
337:
produced another translation of the Qur'an in the 13th century under a mandate from archbishop
254:
119:
889:
840:), at Chapter VII, pages 174-195, for Asín; at Chapter VIII, pages 202-219, for García Gómez.
837:
638:, to whom she acted as hostess, took up a life of travel. She spent most of her life in the
877:
American Arabists in the Cold War Middle East, 1946–75: From Orientalism to Professionalism
672:
of Saudi Arabia's chief adviser in dealing with the British Empire and Western oil powers.
628:
590:. He worked closely with the Hashemite dynasty that established independent Arab states in
551:
439:
403:
202:
191:
8:
395:
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326:
310:
144:
35:
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264:
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219:
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447:
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361:
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210:
73:
716:
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318:
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115:
700:
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357:
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65:
46:
820:
665:
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This cultural borrowing from the Arab culture enjoyed the strong patronage of
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from this period both show an interpenetration and symbiosis of Oriental and
135:
30:
This article is about Western scholars. For the Arab political movement, see
564:
and to wear a green turban. Burton's own account of his journey is given in
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95:
69:
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639:
583:
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295:
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180:
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99:
31:
695:, edited by J. Milton Cowan. As part of this dictionary, Wehr created a
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had previously been relatively unknown and largely ignored in European
152:
91:
85:
61:
41:
680:
614:
350:
322:
214:
188:
172:
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111:
438:. The Adams Professorship in the Arabic language was established at
321:. In 1143, Robert of Ketton made the first Latin translation of the
489:
399:
205:(1221–1284), who commissioned translations of major works into the
164:
148:
546:
Although Burton was not the first non-Muslim European to make the
643:
501:
497:
493:
461:
423:
360:'s trilingual Qur'an (Arabic, Spanish, and Latin), now lost, and
114:) began as early as the 10th century, major works dates from the
711:
Some notable Arabists from the Middle East worth mentioning are
603:
535:
505:
485:
477:
457:
213:
of the time. This led to the first Spanish translation of the
744:
560:
531:
527:
453:
206:
176:
147:
of that time and place. Early translations included works by
103:
50:
691:(1952), which was later published in an English edition as
567:
Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Meccah
547:
379:
668:
was a British colonial office intelligence officer and
34:. For American political connotations of the term, see
530:
prepared him well for the transgressive pilgrimage to
796:
History of the Rebellion and Punishment of the Moors
683:(1909–1981) was a German Arabist, professor at the
225:
Libro de los Engannos e Asayamientos de las Mugeres
750:Islamic studies by author (non-Muslim or academic)
60:is someone, often but not always from outside the
792:Historia de la rebelión y castigo de los moriscos
613:, and later the dramatization of his life in the
345:("history of the Arabs"), drawing on the work of
906:
838:Reprint Cambridge: ILEX Editions/Harvard UP 2021
543:to further lower the risk of being discovered).
417:
356:This trend continued in the 15th century, with
283:
187:), to the point of there being an identifiable
706:
390:As Arabism was declining in Europe after the
349:for the knowledge of al-Andalus prior to the
526:Burton's time in the Pakistani province of
834:Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship
817:Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship
511:
376:with its aftermath of Moorish uprisings.
843:
813:El morisco granadino Alonso del Castillo
94:, which lay on the frontier between the
40:
623:
380:Eclipse and renewal of Spanish Arabists
14:
907:
64:, who specialises in the study of the
693:A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
586:against Ottoman rule gaining fame as
414:(1905–1995), as well as many others.
229:Book of the Deceits and Lies of Women
925:Non-Islamic Islam studies literature
687:from 1957–1974. Wehr published the
217:, and of such influential works as
24:
118:, which began during the reign of
25:
941:
883:
660:
642:and was accepted as Queen of the
879:. NY-London: Anthem Press, 2016.
649:
573:
341:, who later edited the landmark
890:Alfonso X 1252–1277, translator
869:
821:raiders from the Barbary states
778:Two of these histories are the
550:(that distinction belonging to
444:Laudian Professorship in Arabic
167:; and the works of some of the
826:
805:
772:
13:
1:
765:
442:in England in July 1632. The
853:. Independent. 13 March 2014
675:
418:Arabists elsewhere in Europe
284:Arabists and the Reconquista
159:, etc.; books on astronomy,
125:Translations were made into
7:
738:
707:Arabists in the Middle East
606:after ending Ottoman rule.
10:
946:
383:
287:
83:
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29:
930:Islam and other religions
836:(Leiden: E.J.Brill 1970,
432:Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan
238:The Ascension of Mohammed
171:philosophers, especially
894:University of Washington
788:Diego Hurtado de Mendoza
636:William Pitt the Younger
521:Trinity College, Oxford
368:. In the 16th century,
339:Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada
760:Middle Eastern studies
697:transliteration scheme
633:British Prime Minister
517:Richard Francis Burton
512:Richard Francis Burton
255:Tales of Count Lucanor
243:Los juegos del ajedrez
120:Alfonso VII of Castile
53:
689:Arabisches Wörterbuch
685:University of Münster
631:, after the death of
270:The Book of Good Love
265:El Libro de buen amor
122:, (1105–1157).
92:medieval Muslim Spain
44:
900:US Diplomat Arabists
875:Teresa Fava Thomas.
629:Lady Hester Stanhope
624:Lady Hester Stanhope
552:Ludovico di Barthema
440:Cambridge University
408:Miguel Asín Palacios
325:, at the request of
203:Alfonso X of Castile
192:school of philosophy
106:(mostly of works on
446:was established at
412:Emilio García Gómez
396:Spanish Inquisition
386:Spanish Inquisition
327:Peter the Venerable
311:Herman of Carinthia
302:in the Arab world.
145:vernacular language
72:(usually including
36:Arabist (political)
729:Mehmet Hakkı Suçin
618:Lawrence of Arabia
588:Lawrence of Arabia
374:Emirate of Granada
366:multilingual Bible
274:Arcipreste de Hita
247:The Games of Chess
220:Kalilah and Dimnah
90:Arabists began in
54:
920:Scholars of Islam
832:James T. Monroe,
780:Guerra de Granada
699:to represent the
448:Oxford University
428:Robert of Chester
410:(1871–1944), and
404:Generación del 98
362:Cardinal Cisneros
307:Gerard of Cremona
211:Castilian Spanish
74:Arabic literature
16:(Redirected from
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196:Christian Europe
143:, which was the
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133:, then Europe's
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870:Bibliography
857:December 31,
855:. Retrieved
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733:William Duff
723:in Lebanon,
715:in Morocco,
713:Haim Zafrani
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131:Church Latin
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96:Muslim world
89:
57:
55:
851:"Bill Duff"
811:Cabanelas,
755:Orientalism
727:in Israel,
725:Zvi Elpeleg
640:Middle East
584:Arab Revolt
541:circumcised
466:Netherlands
392:Reformation
296:Reconquista
290:Reconquista
260:Juan Manuel
181:Christendom
108:mathematics
100:Christendom
32:Pan-Arabism
909:Categories
766:References
719:in Egypt,
464:, and the
384:See also:
353:conquest.
288:See also:
153:Al-Ghazali
139:, or into
86:Al Andalus
84:See also:
62:Arab world
681:Hans Wehr
676:Hans Wehr
615:epic film
450:in 1636.
351:Almoravid
294:With the
189:Averroist
173:Aristotle
161:astrology
157:Avicebron
112:astronomy
915:Arabists
790:and the
739:See also
570:(1855).
519:entered
490:Scotland
400:Moriscos
209:and the
185:Averroës
165:medicine
149:Avicenna
18:Arabists
896:website
644:Bedouin
502:Belgium
498:Hungary
494:Romania
462:Germany
424:England
398:. Some
347:al-Razi
231:), the
80:Origins
70:culture
58:Arabist
604:Jordan
602:, and
556:Pathan
536:Medina
506:Russia
504:, and
486:Poland
478:Sweden
458:France
323:Qur'an
317:, and
241:) and
215:Qur'an
163:, and
798:) by
786:) by
745:Islam
600:Syria
592:Hejaz
561:Hajji
534:and
532:Mecca
528:Sindh
454:Italy
272:) by
258:, by
207:Latin
177:Plato
104:Latin
51:Cairo
859:2014
596:Iraq
548:Hajj
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68:and
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