1517:(1963), his Dutch student J. J. Waardenburg gave the following synthesis of Massignon's precepts: "1°- God is free to reveal Himself when and how He wants. 2°- The action of God is exercised in the world of grace that may also be outside Christianity; it can be found in Islam, in the mystical vocations. 3°- The religious discovery has an existential character, the religious object has a significance for the seeker. 4°- Religious science is a religious study in the proper sense of the word: it is a discovery of grace (i.e., the work of the Saint-Esprit, Rûh Allah, Holy Ghost)."
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faith, adoration and love that an imperfect knowledge of the Gospel does not permit them to give". He thus wants to integrate them into salvation given by Christ without them having to become
Christians themselves; an external conversion does not seem necessary to him, he rather envisages an "internal conversion" of Muslims within Islam.
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This concept also forms the basis for his strong belief in peaceful coexistence among different ethnicities, which made him speak out against the displacement of the Arabs from
Palestine, as well as (at least initially) the decolonization of Algeria that implied the emigration of the French Algerians
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Sacred hospitality, a concept that was inspired by the
Islamic commandment of hospitality, demands, in Massignon's eyes to accept anyone and even serve him without wanting to change him or wishing him to be different. It is also rooted in the life of Jesus Christ, "who asked for hospitality and died
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He also sees some potential for further development of revelation within Islam: Islam saw it as its original mission, according to
Massignon, to spread the message of the oneness of God even by means of violence so as to force all idol-worshippers to acknowledge it. Yet, there is also a tendency of
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Following this idea, Massignon wanted to dedicate his whole life as a substitute for the
Muslims, not necessarily so that they would be converted (not putting up with their difference for religion would have been against his idea of sacred hospitality) but that God's will would be fulfilled through
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on al-Hallaj, finished in 1914, was published in 1922. He continued to work on the life of the mystic for the rest of his life and showed the importance of al-Hallaj as figure in Muslim spirituality as reflected also in intellectual discussions, art, poetry and legends. It was criticized by many as
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Given their common origin in
Abraham, Christians should always approach Muslims as brothers in Abraham "united by the same spirit of faith and sacrifice", and offer up their lives for the salvation of the Muslims in mystical substitution, "giving to Jesus Christ, in the name of their brothers, the
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and third, Christ and his revelation of Divine Love. Islam is, in his eyes, a return to the natural religion of the patriarchs, "where God's essence cannot be known" and where man only has to accept what has been revealed to him about God's qualities and follow His laws, without seeking union with
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or its acceptance of war. It would therefore be absurd to criticize
Muhammad for his polygamy, his warfare; there was just nothing bad about it for him. Furthermore, polygamy was well accepted and routinely practiced by Judaism before Islam, as per many wives of King David, King Solomon, and even
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Scholar: At the age of 29 (1912–1913) he delivered a series of 40 lectures in Arabic on the history of philosophy at the
Egyptian University of Cairo; from 1922 till 1954 he was entitled the Chair of Muslim Sociology created in 1902 by Alfred Le Chatelier at the Collège de France with support of
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himself, he tried to understand Islam from within and thus had a great influence on the way Islam was seen in the West; among other things, he paved the way for a greater openness to dialogue inside the
Catholic Church towards Islam. Some scholars maintain that his research, esteem for Islam and
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and fatigue), and finally experienced the presence of God as a "visitation of a
Stranger", who overwhelmed him, leaving him passive and helpless, feeling judged for having judged others harshly, and almost making him lose his very sense of identity. Yet he also experienced this visitation as a
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Massignon often talks of Islam as a naive and primitive religion but far from looking at Muslim faith with disdain, he sees in its existence of Islam a protest of those excluded by the Alliances of God with the Jews and Christian, and a criticism of the infidelity of the Elected, the Jews and
659:, also brought about his conversion to Christianity: In mortal danger, which filled him with extreme, physical anguish, he first felt remorse for his past life, made an abortive and tentative suicide attempt, fell into a delirium and a state of great agitation (later diagnosed as either
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in August 1917 in Cairo and apparently there had been plans to attach Massignon to the Arab Legion, an Arab force who had rallied to Sharif Husain's revolt and were trained by the British and French. He had several friendly interviews with Lawrence, among others on the
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in Paris. In January 1926, Massignon was finally given the chair in January 1926, when the creator of the chair and incumbent, Alfred le Chatelier retired. He conducted research on various subjects related to Islam, such as the lives of al-Hallaj, Muhammad's companion
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he was the guest of the great Muslim family of the Alusi, who introduced him to the brand of Arab hospitality he was to honour throughout his life. It was the Alusi who saved him from a very dangerous situation in the desert when in 1908—during the ferment of the
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1505:, a non-Muslim Arab-American scholar, wrote Massignon used Hallaj "to embody, to incarnate, values essentially outlawed by the mainstream doctrinal system of Islam, a system that Massignon himself described mainly in order to circumvent it with al-Hallaj".
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Massignon was sometimes criticized by Muslims for giving too much importance to Muslim figures that are considered somewhat marginal by Islamic mainstream, such as al-Hallaj and for paying too much attention to Sufism, and too little to Islamic legalism.
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Massignon's political action was guided by a belief in peaceful coexistence of different peoples and religions (which ultimately derived from his religious concept of sacred hospitality), and by the Gandhian principles of non-violent actions
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Christians. Christians should therefore see themselves challenged by the presence of Islam to live a life of a simple sainthood, which it is hard, yet not impossible, to attain from a Muslim background, and whose truth they can understand.
1423:. Massignon believes that the self-offering of Muslim saints in substitution for their brothers can make Islam go ahead on the way of revelation. He even showed great admiration for some of Islam's saints, especially for al-Hallaj.
702:(1858–1916), who had also experienced God in a Muslim context. Thus, his conversion provided a firm basis for his lifelong association with the latter. He made Massignon the executor of his spiritual legacy: the
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This model of different stages explains, according to Massignon, the differences in moral questions between Islam on the one hand and Judaism and Christianity on the other hand, such as Islam's permission of
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While firmly rooted in Catholic faith, Massignon was inspired by Islamic theology and practice as well, which made him a very independent thinker in religious matters, while he avoided any kind of
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association.) He made it clear that he did not hope for success in all his areas of action, but that, first and foremost, he wanted to bear witness to Truth and Justice, just as
540:. Whereas his father was a sceptic, his mother, Marie Hovyn Massignon, had a deep prayer life and was his earliest and foremost religious influence. Huysmans' own conversion to
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mission (1917) as a temporary captain acting on his experience as an Arabist and an Islamist, after a spell of his own volition as an infantry second lieutenant at the
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liberation from his (outer) captivity, and a promise that he was going to return to Paris. He himself interpreted the state of delirium as a "reaction of brain to the
1005:, while still remaining active as a scholar, his focus of attention shifted to political action to help Muslims and Arab Christians. In this he followed the model of
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1457:, Massignon's views were seen critically by many Catholics who considered him a syncretist, a "Catholic Muslim", although this was also used as a compliment by Pope
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Massignon strongly felt that he was assisted in his encounter with God and in his conversion by the intercession of living and deceased friends, among them
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approach also talks of respectful dialogue with other religions. He died shortly after the opening of Vatican II, but his contacts with popes
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was one of the first major inspirations of the young Louis in a friendly tutorial relationship that lasted from 1901 till Huysmans' death in 1907.
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Mémorial Louis Massignon, Sous la direction de Youakim Moubarac et des textes arabes de Ibrahim Madkour, Abd al-Rahman Badawi, Taha Hussein, etc.
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although he was married (yet it was not for this reason that he had had himself transferred to Greek Catholicism). He was ordained by Bishop
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interest in the subsequent contributions to Arabism by Massignon since, it will be remembered he had started his own career as a keen
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in 1904, he vowed to dedicate himself to the study of Arabic after a dangerous confrontation in the desert. In 1906, he received his
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805:. Massignon does not figure among the friends in Lawrence's published letters, which does not mean that Lawrence did not take an
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and a pioneer of Catholic-Muslim mutual understanding. He was an influential figure in the twentieth century with regard to the
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Borrmans, Maurice (1996). "Aspects Théologiques de la Pensée de Louis Massignon sur l'Islam". In Daniel Massignon (ed.).
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Muslim thinker in Iran. Shariati had immense respect for Massignon and adored him as a teacher and a master in his book
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In Massignon's view, Islam is a religion based on Muhammad's genuine inspiration, which made him see the oneness (
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Massignon's appreciation of Islam was seminal for the change in Catholic view of Islam as it is reflected in the
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on February 5, 1949, which meant he still remained in the Catholic Church, but was no longer affiliated with the
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is celebrated in Arabic. This indirectly allowed Massignon to be closer to Arab Christians and Muslims alike.
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and took the name of "Ibrahim" (due to the hospitality of Abraham to the angels). On February 9, 1934, he and
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where his family had relations, and ties with high colonial officers: Henry de Vialar, Henry de Castries, and
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Massignon believes revelation to occur in three stages, the first being that of the patriarchs, to whom
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Anawati, Georges (1996). "Louis Massignon et le dialogue islamo-chrétien". In Daniel Massignon (ed.).
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642:—he was captured as a "spy" and almost killed. (The Alusi also helped him gather the sources for his
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deSouza, Wendy (2013). "Hostility and Hospitality: Muhammad Qazvini's Critique of Louis Massignon".
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Waardenburg, Jacques (1996). "L'approche dialogique de Louis Massignon". In Daniel Massignon (ed.).
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them. He also saw his becoming a priest later in life as a way of offering up his life for others.
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Le Maroc dans les prémieres années du 16ième siecle - Tableau géographique d'après Leon l'Africain
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Mystic: He truly lived the deep spirituality of his faith in the inter-religious dialogue between
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giving prominence to a relatively marginal figure in Islam: especially sharp criticism appears in
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1619:"Christianity, Islam and Hinduism in Louis Massignon's Appropriation of Gandhi as a modern saint"
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describes him in his homage at the 1983 commemoration of the 100th birthday of Louis Massignon.
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Catholic: He played a key role in the acceptance by religious authority of the Rule for the
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in 1948; he believed in peaceful coexistence of Jews, Muslims, and Christians in Palestine
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He recovered rapidly from his illness, had a second spiritual experience and travelled to
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2173:(1987). "In Commemoration of Louis Massignon: Catholic, Scholar, Islamicist and Mystic".
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for the Arabs living in Palestine who were displaced by the foundation of the state of
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However, Massignon did not follow Foucauld's invitation to join him in his life as a
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Islam towards non-violence, to be recognized most clearly in the self-offering on
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Although always remaining faithful to Catholicism and avoiding any suspicion of
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O'Mahony, Anthony (18 November 2021). Bartholomew, Craig; Hughes, Fred (eds.).
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largely prepared the way for the positive vision of Islam articulated in the
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In commemoration of Louis Massignon: Catholic, Scholar, Islamist and Mystic
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and embarking on the first of his many Arab subjects: the corporations of
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The concept of mystical substitution was first suggested to Massignon by
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On June 15, 1919, Massignon was provisionally appointed to the Chair of
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Massignon's faith can be characterized by the basic concepts of sacred
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on a cross", thereby accepting even the violence of his executioners.
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2419:. Classiques du XXième Siècle, Editions Universitaires, Paris, 1964.
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Essay sur les origines du lexique technique de la mystique musulmane
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Massignon died on October 31, 1962, and was buried on November 6 in
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Bibliographie de Louis Massignon. Réunie et classée par Y. Moubarac
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465:(25 July 1883 – 31 October 1962) was a French Catholic scholar of
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invited the participants to his palace and awarded Massignon the
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to Père Anastase, thus confirming his conversion to Catholicism.
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He committed himself to the following (in chronological order):
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in 1953, promoted by two self-styled Muslim religious leaders,
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due to the shared veneration of the saints by both religions.
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played a great role in his life: In 1931, Massignon became a
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Official website about Louis Massignon launched in July 2021
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in the 15th century. Exploring the sources of his study in
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Louth, Andrew, ed. (17 February 2022). "Massignon, Louis".
2326:. Department of Religion, Boston University. Archived from
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Comité pour l'amnistie aux condamnés politiques d'outre-mer
1009:, whose work he studied later in his life and considered a
2377:. Notre Dame, Ind. : University of Notre Dame Press.
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1959:
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This situation of captivity, and the experience of Muslim
2301:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–48.
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Encouraged by Mary Kahil and with the permission of Pope
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Academic staff of the École pratique des hautes études
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Website by Jean Moncelon dedicated to Louis Massignon
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A "Catholic, scholar, Islamicist, and mystic" is how
2133:(25th Anniversary ed.). New York City: Vintage.
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1699:"Serving the Guest: A Sufi Cookbook and Art Gallery"
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For a peaceful solution of the colonial tensions in
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1181:Among his students were many scholarly luminaries:
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735:, Marcelle Dansaert-Testelin. His daughter was the
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3265:Members of Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo
2465:Présence de Louis Massignon-Hommages et témoinages
2346:Explorations in a Christian Theology of Pilgrimage
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1385:was revealed, second the revelation of the Law to
1130:who would later become extremely influential as a
1122:was very important for him; he also talked to the
556:in Paris (1896) where he befriended his classmate
2250:Louis Massignon: A Pioneer of Interfaith Dialogue
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3260:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
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1138:. In August 1957, Massignon participated in the
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1819:The authorised biography of E. T. Lawrence
1047:Against the French government's removal of the
788:Within this mission, he became acquainted with
2463:. University of Boston, November 18, 1983 in:
2445:, Editions du Cénacle Libanais, Beirut, 1972.
2429:, Institut Français de Damas, Damascus, 1956.
1551:Islamicist: He pioneered the studies of early
1188:, whom he directed towards his major study of
1066:; he was supported in this by two committees,
591:In 1902, he continued his studies, graduating
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2474:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
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1490:helped pave the way for this re-orientation.
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3175:The Gnostic Cultus of Fatima in Shiite Islam
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2277:Louis Massignon – The Crucible of Compassion
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1914:
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1555:in the west in two major contributions; 1°-
1325:, and the end of a multi-religious Algeria.
1207:, the Egyptian scholar of Islamic philosophy
1096:. The committee finally reached this amnesty
966:on January 28, 1950, with the permission of
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2230:Louis Massignon et le dialogue des cultures
2156:Translated by his student Herbert Mason as
2089:Louis Massignon et le dialogue des cultures
2086:
2064:Louis Massignon et le dialogue des cultures
1859:
773:, in which capacity he was affected to the
552:Louis Massignon started his studies at the
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3220:20th-century French Roman Catholic priests
3146:
3132:
2187:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2163:
1443:
1171:La passion de Hussayn Ibn Mansûr an-Hallâj
1088:For the amnesty of political prisoners in
989:People fasting against torture during the
451:La passion de Hussayn Ibn Mansûr an-Hallâj
312:
2508:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
2403:Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale
2253:. Blue Dome Press. p. Footnote 210.
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1578:as manifesting "al-barakat al-isawiyyah".
1378:'s prayer for Ismael and the Arab race".
908:, where Francis of Assisi had met Sultan
797:, which served as an example for his own
358:Chair of Muslim Sociology and Sociography
288:Learn how and when to remove this message
270:Learn how and when to remove this message
254:so that sources are clearly identifiable.
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
3255:French military personnel of World War I
2441:Pentalogie Islamo-chrétienne, Volume 1:
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2013:
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175:This article includes a list of general
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2091:(in French). Paris: Cerf. p. 186.
2066:(in French). Paris: Cerf. p. 266.
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1247:Herbert Mason (Boston University, n.d.)
981:Political commitment after World War II
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1594:Lycée Louis-Massignon (disambiguation)
1239:The Philosophy of Plato and Aristotle,
1074:, the latter having among its members
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2197:Louis Massignon: The Vow and the Oath
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1817:Wilson, Jeremy. "Lawrence of Arabia"
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1655:
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759:he was a translating officer for the
580:, the founder of the Chair of Muslim
536:, was an intimate friend of novelist
489:, and cultivation of key students in
2467:Maisonneuve et Larose ed. Paris 1987
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1787:from the original on 11 January 2023
1758:The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism
1739:
1727:
1709:from the original on 17 October 2000
1515:L'Islam dans le Miroir de l'Occident
1275:
708:—the Rule for the foundation of the
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88:adding citations to reliable sources
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2374:Memoir of a friend, Louis Massignon
2160:, Princeton University Press, 1982.
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1259:, Franciscan convert to Catholicism
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1198:, convert to Islam and scholar of
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572:(1901) he went on a first trip to
181:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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3276:
2535:
1348:He also believed in the power of
1300:and), and mystical substitution (
1025:). (He was also president of the
954:As a Greek Catholic, he could be
785:and awarded a medal for bravery.
685:Père Anastase-Marie de Saint Elie
34:This article has multiple issues.
3115:
2401:, Dar el-Salam, Imprimerie de l'
2247:Buck, Dorothy C. (1 June 2017).
1559:(Guenther ed., Paris 1922). 2°-
1359:
817:Scholarly work after World War I
252:add missing citation information
228:
166:
64:
23:
2349:. Routledge. pp. 126–149.
2150:
2137:
1872:from the original on 1 May 2022
1862:"Revue du monde musulman (RMM)"
1853:
1616:Krokus, Christian (Fall 2012).
1494:Criticisms of Massignon's focus
997:, Louis Massignon, and others).
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
2596:
2285:University of Notre Dame Press
1152:Grand Cordon du Ouissam Alaoui
617:on the strength of his study.
1:
1599:
1329:Substitution and intercession
771:17th French Colonial Division
769:) at the headquarters of the
3205:People from Nogent-sur-Marne
2520:10.1080/13530194.2013.811630
1868:(in Turkish). Vol. 35.
1105:Algerian War of Independence
912:in 1219. They took a vow of
614:diplome d'études supèrieures
513:Louis Massignon was born in
7:
3245:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
3240:Christian scholars of Islam
2477:. Oxford University Press.
2175:Présence de Louis Massignon
1582:
1176:
914:
781:(1916), where he was twice
648:on the 10th-century mystic
625:In 1907, he was sent on an
10:
3281:
2443:L'œuvre de Louis Massignon
2275:Gude, Mary Louise (1996).
2232:(in French). Paris: Cerf.
2221:
1574:; in a state described by
1563:(Guenther ed., Paris 1922.
1449:Catholic view of Massignon
799:Annuaire du Monde Musulman
621:Conversion to Christianity
547:
447:Annuaire du Monde Musulman
366:Marcelle Dansaert-Testelin
2298:Islam in European thought
1697:Seidel, Kathleen (2000).
1686:. Alger: Adolphe Jourdan.
1680:Massignon, Louis (1906).
1257:Jean Mohamed Ben Abdejlil
1196:Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch
751:Activities in World War I
456:
442:
432:
424:
416:
411:
399:
389:
384:
380:
370:
362:
354:
342:
320:
311:
304:
16:Catholic scholar of Islam
3230:French scholars of Islam
2158:The Passion of al-Hallâj
1530:Little Brothers of Jesus
1390:Him through these laws.
1103:which culminated in the
1013:, and his principles of
877:eyes by many Catholics.
841:and the significance of
710:Little Brothers of Jesus
679:accompanied by an Iraqi
428:Arab and Islamic Studies
3235:Melkite Greek Catholics
2371:Mason, Herbert (1988).
2195:Laude, Patrick (2011).
1767:Oxford University Press
1532:as dictated by Blessed
1444:Appraisal and criticism
1321:and Algerian Jews, the
1221:Vincent-Mansour Monteil
1144:monastery of Toumliline
852:Revue du monde musulman
783:mentioned in dispatches
687:. In Beirut, he made a
508:
477:Faith among Catholics.
196:more precise citations.
3250:Our Lady of La Salette
2570:
1589:Our Lady of La Salette
1561:La Passion d'al Hallâj
1126:religious sociologist
1092:, as president of the
1070:and the newly founded
998:
761:
704:
672:conversion of soul".
613:
593:
566:
503:Second Vatican Council
2569:
1509:Views of his students
1337:' biography of Saint
1173:, published in 1975.
1140:International Meeting
988:
881:Religious commitments
640:Young Turk Revolution
2457:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein
1860:Ahmet Kavas (2008).
1829:, index s.v. France.
1753:Wessinger, Catherine
1703:www.superluminal.com
1419:, the pilgrimage to
665:stroke caused by sun
554:Lycée Louis-le-Grand
394:Lycée Louis-le-Grand
239:needs more complete
84:improve this article
2171:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
1866:Islam Ansiklopedisi
1624:Eucumenical Studies
1576:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
1534:Charles de Foucauld
1522:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
1339:Lydwine of Schiedam
1211:Abd al-Halim Mahmud
1205:Abdel Rahman Badawi
1076:François Mitterrand
847:Abrahamic religions
803:Balfour Declaration
795:Handbook for Arabia
790:T. E. Lawrence
767:French Intelligence
745:Geneviève Massignon
700:Charles de Foucauld
696:Joris-Karl Huysmans
595:licencié ès-lettres
578:Alfred Le Chatelier
560:, later a renowned
538:Joris-Karl Huysmans
385:Academic background
375:Geneviève Massignon
3170:A French biography
2575:Abdul Qadir Gilani
2571:
2199:. Matheson Trust.
1312:Sacred hospitality
1243:Commentary on Laws
1231:Eliezer Paul Kraus
1213:, Grand Shaykh of
1192:(Shaykh Al-Ishraq)
1015:non-violent action
999:
3156:
3155:
2598:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
2484:978-0-19-263815-1
2423:Moubarac, Youakim
2384:978-0-268-01365-3
2356:978-1-351-93766-5
2308:978-0-521-39213-6
2260:978-1-68206-512-9
1730:, pp. 39–46.
1670:, pp. 27–28.
1276:Religious beliefs
1200:Jalâl ud Dîn Rûmî
910:al-Malik al-Kamil
887:Francis of Assisi
834:Collège de France
586:Collège de France
564:. Following his
542:Roman Catholicism
460:
459:
437:Collège de France
406:Collège de France
298:
297:
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222:
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159:
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99:"Louis Massignon"
57:
3272:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3122:Islam portal
3120:
3119:
3118:
3053:Topics in Sufism
2725:Sufi metaphysics
2601:
2600:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2540:
2539:
2531:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2415:Morillon, Jean.
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1763:Oxford Handbooks
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1621:
1613:
1383:natural religion
1307:
1299:
1291:
1237:'s commentaries
1080:François Mauriac
917:
858:His four-volume
779:Macedonian front
764:
733:married a cousin
707:
616:
598:
571:
515:Nogent-sur-Marne
420:Oriental Studies
349:
335:Nogent-sur-Marne
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192:this article by
183:inline citations
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3225:French Arabists
3185:
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3114:
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3018:
3017:
2988:Haqqani Anjuman
2828:
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2817:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2740:Sufi psychology
2730:Sufi philosophy
2586:
2578:
2577:, Baghdad, Iraq
2556:
2555:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2502:
2500:Further reading
2489:
2487:
2485:
2405:, Cairo, 1963.
2389:
2387:
2385:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2333:
2331:
2324:"Herbert Mason"
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2293:Hourani, Albert
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1466:Vatican II
1451:
1446:
1429:
1427:Political views
1399:Moses himself.
1362:
1331:
1314:
1292:), generosity (
1278:
1266:
1264:Religious views
1179:
995:Lanza del Vasto
993:, Paris, 1957 (
983:
883:
860:doctoral thesis
819:
753:
623:
599:on an essay on
550:
511:
491:Islamic studies
471:Catholic Church
463:Louis Massignon
449:
347:
346:31 October 1962
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3182:
3180:James Kritzeck
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3036:Notable modern
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2720:Sufi cosmology
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2536:External links
2534:
2533:
2532:
2514:(4): 378–391.
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2114:, p. 116.
2104:
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2079:
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2052:, p. 124.
2042:
2040:, p. 121.
2030:
2028:, p. 130.
2018:
2016:, p. 127.
2006:
2004:, p. 129.
1994:
1992:, p. 118.
1982:
1980:, p. 128.
1970:
1968:, p. 122.
1955:
1943:
1931:
1929:, p. 126.
1919:
1917:, p. 126.
1907:
1895:
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1808:, p. 116.
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1548:, and Morocco.
1537:
1513:In his thesis
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1226:George Makdisi
1223:
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1202:
1193:
1178:
1175:
1117:
1116:
1109:Seven Sleepers
1097:
1086:
1072:France-Maghreb
1045:
1027:Amis de Gandhi
1007:Mahatma Gandhi
982:
979:
946:Byzantine Rite
938:Greek Catholic
933:, he became a
885:In the 1930s,
882:
879:
845:for the three
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3032:
3031:Notable early
3029:
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3025:List of sufis
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2504:
2503:
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2480:
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2475:
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2466:
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2347:
2341:
2330:on 7 May 2010
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2241:
2239:9782204052702
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2210:9781908092069
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2100:
2098:9782204052702
2094:
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2073:9782204052702
2069:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2050:Borrmans 1996
2046:
2039:
2038:Borrmans 1996
2034:
2027:
2026:Borrmans 1996
2022:
2015:
2014:Borrmans 1996
2010:
2003:
2002:Borrmans 1996
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1991:
1990:Borrmans 1996
1986:
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1978:Borrmans 1996
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1966:Borrmans 1996
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1960:
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1951:Borrmans 1996
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1915:O'Mahony 2021
1911:
1905:, p. 47.
1904:
1899:
1893:, p. 46.
1892:
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1867:
1863:
1856:
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1828:
1827:0-7493-9133-2
1824:
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1786:
1782:
1780:9780199909902
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1742:, p. 46.
1741:
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1729:
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1708:
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1693:
1685:
1684:
1676:
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1658:, p. 27.
1657:
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1500:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1484:Pius XII
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1471:Nostra aetate
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1441:
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1408:
1404:
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1397:
1391:
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1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1360:View of Islam
1357:
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1233:, discovered
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1057:
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1052:Sidi Muhammad
1050:
1046:
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1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
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1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
987:
978:
976:
972:
969:
965:
964:Kamel Medawar
961:
957:
952:
950:
947:
943:
939:
936:
932:
931:Pius XII
927:
925:
924:Washington DC
921:
916:
911:
907:
903:
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895:
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888:
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628:
627:archeological
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601:Honoré d'Urfé
597:
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583:
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559:
558:Henri Maspero
555:
545:
543:
539:
535:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
506:
504:
500:
499:Nostra aetate
496:
495:Lumen gentium
492:
488:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
455:
452:
448:
445:
443:Notable works
441:
438:
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427:
423:
419:
415:
412:Academic work
410:
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246:
242:
237:This article
235:
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205:
202:November 2020
195:
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101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
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73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2968:Ni'matullāhī
2933:Sülaymaniyya
2918:Maizbhandari
2511:
2507:
2488:. Retrieved
2473:
2464:
2460:
2444:
2440:
2426:
2416:
2398:
2388:. Retrieved
2373:
2360:. Retrieved
2345:
2332:. Retrieved
2328:the original
2312:. Retrieved
2297:
2276:
2264:. Retrieved
2249:
2229:
2196:
2174:
2165:
2157:
2152:
2145:Sufi studies
2139:
2129:
2125:Said, Edward
2119:
2107:
2088:
2082:
2063:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1903:Hourani 1991
1898:
1891:Hourani 1991
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1865:
1855:
1818:
1813:
1806:Hourani 1991
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1757:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1702:
1692:
1682:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1627:
1623:
1568:Christianity
1560:
1556:
1536:(1858–1916).
1519:
1514:
1512:
1501:
1497:
1480:Pius XI
1469:
1468:declaration
1463:
1459:Pius XI
1452:
1430:
1413:Mount Arafat
1409:
1405:
1401:
1392:
1380:
1365:
1363:
1354:
1350:intercession
1347:
1343:Jesus Christ
1332:
1319:
1315:
1279:
1267:
1251:Ali Shariati
1242:
1238:
1186:Henry Corbin
1180:
1170:
1167:Louis Gardet
1156:
1139:
1136:Kavir (book)
1128:Ali Shariati
1118:
1113:Vieux-Marché
1084:André Julien
1068:France-Islam
1035:
1031:Jesus Christ
1003:World War II
1000:
953:
928:
884:
868:
857:
850:
820:
807:intellectual
798:
794:
787:
754:
741:ethnographer
718:
693:
674:
669:
657:spirituality
654:
643:
624:
590:
568:baccalauréat
551:
534:Pierre Roche
512:
479:
462:
461:
450:
446:
433:Institutions
348:(1962-10-31)
331:25 July 1883
299:
284:
266:
257:
250:Please help
245:verification
238:
208:
199:
180:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
3200:1962 deaths
3195:1883 births
3099:Persecution
2826:Sufi orders
2735:Sufi poetry
2130:Orientalism
1953:, pp. 119f.
1848:Oxford 2022
1713:18 December
1503:Edward Said
1415:during the
1323:Pieds noirs
1282:hospitality
991:Algeria War
870:Orientalism
865:Edward Said
830:Sociography
811:Francophile
775:Sykes-Picot
762:2ème Bureau
757:World War I
729:Tamanrasset
645:magnum opus
631:Mesopotamia
629:mission to
480:Although a
194:introducing
3189:Categories
3094:Sufi music
2863:Suhrawardi
2853:Naqshbandi
2490:31 January
2390:31 January
2362:31 January
2314:31 January
2281:Notre Dame
2266:31 January
1668:Mason 1988
1656:Mason 1988
1630:(4): 525.
1600:References
1488:John XXIII
1476:missionary
1455:syncretism
1434:satyagraha
1217:University
1190:Suhrawardi
1148:Mohammed V
1090:Madagascar
1064:El Kittani
1033:had done.
1023:satyagraha
971:Maximos IV
942:Roman Rite
898:Mary Kahil
891:Franciscan
839:Salman Pak
723:among the
714:imprimatur
705:Directoire
689:confession
588:in Paris.
562:sinologist
529:under the
417:Discipline
401:Alma mater
327:1883-07-25
260:March 2019
177:references
110:newspapers
39:improve it
2998:Issawiyya
2973:Qalandari
2938:Salihiyya
2833:Ba 'Alawi
2793:Muraqabah
2772:Practices
2528:159589182
2417:Massignon
2201:p. 193n96
2193:Cited in
2183:cite book
2143:Also see
2127:(2003) .
2112:Gude 1996
1941:, p. xii.
1939:Gude 1996
1927:Buck 2017
1740:Gude 1996
1728:Gude 1996
1636:0022-0558
1235:Al-Farabi
1132:modernist
1060:El Glaoui
968:Patriarch
875:skeptical
826:Sociology
681:Carmelite
650:al-Hallaj
582:Sociology
531:pseudonym
475:Abrahamic
390:Education
241:citations
45:talk page
2958:Shattari
2923:Malamati
2873:Khalwati
2858:Shadhili
2838:Bektashi
2808:Whirling
2778:Anasheed
2705:Qalandar
2573:Tomb of
2547:a series
2545:Part of
2435:61507397
2411:20425710
2295:(1991).
2177:. Paris.
1870:Archived
1785:Archived
1755:(2011).
1707:Archived
1583:See also
1396:polygamy
1335:Huysmans
1306:badaliya
1241:and the
1215:Al-Azhar
1177:Teaching
1163:Brittany
1120:Dialogue
975:Holy See
956:ordained
915:Badaliya
902:Damietta
894:tertiary
737:linguist
683:priest,
527:sculptor
497:and the
482:Catholic
371:Children
337:, France
140:May 2012
3104:Ziyarat
3089:History
3079:Ma'rifa
3041:Singers
3003:Jerrahi
2993:Inayati
2953:Mevlevi
2948:Kubrawi
2943:Azeemia
2928:Mouridi
2913:Jelveti
2908:Bayrami
2898:Darqawi
2878:Rahmani
2848:Chishti
2813:Ziyarat
2798:Qawwali
2750:Tazkiah
2715:Silsila
2690:Murshid
2675:Ma'rifa
2655:Karamat
2610:Dervish
2451:1054570
2334:11 June
2222:Sources
1641:3 March
1546:Tunisia
1542:Algeria
1376:Abraham
1142:of the
1124:Iranian
1101:Algeria
1056:Morocco
949:liturgy
935:Melkite
843:Abraham
832:at the
755:During
663:, or a
661:malaria
635:Baghdad
609:Morocco
584:at the
574:Algeria
548:Studies
523:painter
501:at the
487:Muslims
190:improve
124:scholar
3074:Haqiqa
3069:Tariqa
3064:Sharia
3059:Tawhid
3013:Zahedi
3008:Madari
2983:Galibi
2978:Akbari
2963:Uwaisi
2903:Senusi
2893:Tijani
2888:Desuqi
2883:Badawi
2868:Rifa`i
2843:Qadiri
2760:Yaqeen
2670:Manzil
2665:Lataif
2635:Haqiqa
2558:Sufism
2526:
2481:
2449:
2433:
2409:
2381:
2353:
2305:
2257:
2236:
2207:
2095:
2070:
1825:
1777:
1771:p. 557
1634:
1553:Sufism
1486:, and
1438:ahimsa
1372:Ismael
1367:tawhid
1302:Arabic
1294:Arabic
1290:diyafa
1286:Arabic
1270:heresy
1159:Pordic
1049:Sultan
1042:Israel
1019:ahimsa
1001:After
960:priest
920:Boston
823:Muslim
725:Tuareg
721:hermit
677:Beirut
670:forced
525:and a
363:Spouse
179:, but
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
2788:Haḍra
2783:Dhikr
2745:Salik
2685:Murid
2680:Maqam
2660:Kashf
2645:Irfan
2640:Ihsan
2620:Fakir
2615:Dhawq
2605:Baqaa
2591:Abdal
2585:Ideas
2551:Islam
2524:S2CID
1876:1 May
1821:1989
1791:4 May
1572:Islam
1421:Mecca
1387:Moses
1298:karam
1011:saint
958:as a
906:Egypt
765:(the
633:. In
519:Paris
517:near
467:Islam
355:Title
131:JSTOR
117:books
2803:Sama
2755:Wali
2710:Qutb
2695:Nafs
2650:Ishq
2625:Fana
2492:2024
2479:ISBN
2447:OCLC
2439:––.
2431:OCLC
2407:OCLC
2392:2024
2379:ISBN
2364:2024
2351:ISBN
2336:2010
2316:2024
2303:ISBN
2283:IN:
2268:2024
2255:ISBN
2234:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2189:link
2093:ISBN
2068:ISBN
1878:2022
1823:ISBN
1793:2021
1775:ISBN
1715:2005
1643:2019
1632:ISSN
1570:and
1436:and
1417:hajj
1062:and
1021:and
922:and
828:and
739:and
698:and
509:Life
343:Died
321:Born
243:for
103:news
3084:Art
2700:Nūr
2630:Hal
2549:on
2516:doi
1440:).
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