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and an egg cooked before him. The fat once more gave off a nauseating smell: the
President tasted it and pronounced it of inferior quality. Samples were sent for testing and revealed that the fat was made from bone waste". Afterwards, Quwatli ordered the arrest of colonel for profiteering. Following this incident, officers became enraged when the common folk held their noses at them, a reference to the smell of the cooking fat. On 14 August 1949, Zaim was overthrown by his colleague
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piecemeal unconditional recognition by other powers, culminating in formal admission to the United
Nations. Article 78 of the Charter ended the status of tutelage for any member state: 'The trusteeship system shall not apply to territories which have become Members of the United Nations, relationship among which shall be based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality.'" So when the UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, after ratification of the
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Act. Indeed, this situation could be changed only with the agreement of the
Council of the League of Nations, with the consent of the Government of the United States, a signatory of the Franco-American Convention of 4 April 1924, and only after the conclusion between the French Government and the Syrian and Lebanese Governments of treaties duly ratified in accordance with the laws of the French Republic.
1412:
1639:), and Alexandretta to be incorporated into the Syrian republic within the following two years. Greater Lebanon (now the Lebanese Republic) was the only state that did not join the Syrian Republic. Hashim al-Atassi, who was Prime Minister during King Faisal's brief reign (1918–1920), was the first president to be elected under a new constitution adopted after the independence treaty.
1632:, had agreed to recognize the National Bloc as the sole legitimate representatives of the Syrian people and invited al-Atassi to independence negotiations. The resulting treaty called for immediate recognition of Syrian independence as a sovereign republic, with full emancipation granted gradually over a 25-year period.
1658:, with which France signed a similar treaty in November. The treaty also promised curtailment of French intervention in Syrian domestic affairs as well as a reduction of French troops, personnel and military bases in Syria. In return, Syria pledged to support France in times of war, including the use of its
1721:
In the 1940s, Britain secretly advocated the creation of a
Greater Syrian state that would secure Britain preferential status in military, economic and cultural matters, in return for putting a complete halt to Jewish ambition in Palestine. France and the United States opposed British hegemony in the
2291:
See
Foreign relations of the United States diplomatic papers, 1941. The British Commonwealth; the Near East and Africa Volume III (1941), pages 809–810; and Statement of General de Gaulle of 29 November 1941, concerning the Mandate for Syria and Lebanon, Marjorie M. Whiteman, Digest of International
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Syrian independence was attained on 24 October 1945, with recognition of the international community. Continuing pressure from Syrian nationalist groups and
British pressure forced the French to evacuate their last troops on 17 April 1946. Although rapid economic development followed the declaration
1733:
Duncan Hall said "Thus, the Syrian mandate may be said to have been terminated without any formal action on the part of the League or its successor. The mandate was terminated by the declaration of the mandatory power, and of the new states themselves, of their independence, followed by a process of
1822:
and his new Prime
Minister set off on a tour of front-line positions and supply points. The story has it that the two politicians noticed a pungent smell coming from a field kitchen. On making inquiries they were told that it came from burning cooking fat. Quwatli demanded that a new tin be opened
1562:
During
December 1931 and January 1932, the first elections under the new constitution were held, under an electoral law providing for "the representation of religious minorities" as imposed by article 37 of the constitution. The National Bloc was in the minority in the new Chamber of deputies with
1725:
On 27 September 1941, France proclaimed, by virtue of, and within the framework of the
Mandate, the independence and sovereignty of the Syrian State. The proclamation said "the independence and sovereignty of Syria and Lebanon will not affect the juridical situation as it results from the Mandate
189:
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Art. 4 – Le drapeau syrien est disposé de la façon suivante: Sa longueur est le double de sa hauteur. Il comprend trois bandes de mêmes dimensions. La bande supérieure est verte, la médiane blanche, l’inférieure noire. La partie blanche comprend trois étoiles rouges alignées à cinq branches
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The Syrian flag shall be composed as follows, the length shall be double the height. It shall contain three bands of equal dimensions, the upper band being green, the middle band white, and the lower band black. The white portion shall bear three red stars in line, having five points
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Benqt Broms said that it was important to note that there were several founding members of the United
Nations whose statehood was doubtful at the time of the San Francisco Conference and that the Government of France still considered Syria and Lebanon to be mandates.
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accused Turkey of massing its troops at the Syrian border. During this standoff, Communists gained more control over the Syrian government and military. Only heated debates in the United Nations (of which Syria was an original member) lessened the threat of war.
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resulted in installation of the National Council of the Revolutionary Command (NCRC), a group of military and civilian officials who assumed control of all executive and legislative authority. The takeover was engineered by members of the Ba'ath Party led by
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if France relinquished its colonies in the Middle East. That, coupled with lingering imperialist inclinations in some levels of the French government, led France to reconsider its promises and refuse to ratify the treaty. Also, France ceded the
1680:. The State of Hatay joined Turkey in the following year by an election which is made by the people in Hatay. In June 1939. Syria did not recognize the incorporation of Hatay into Turkey and the issue is still disputed until the present time.
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In 1933, France attempted to impose a treaty of independence heavily prejudiced in favor of France. It promised gradual independence but kept the Syrian Mountains under French control. The Syrian head of state at the time was a French puppet,
203:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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to seize power on 28 September 1961. Two days later, Syria re-established itself as the Syrian Arab Republic. Frequent coups, military revolts, civil disorders and bloody riots characterized the 1960s. The
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had won a majority and insisted on the insertion of several articles "that did not preserve the prerogatives of the mandatary power", the Assembly was dissolved on 9 August 1928. On 14 May 1930, the
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In 1936, the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence was signed, a treaty that would not be ratified by the French legislature. However, the treaty allowed Jabal Druze, the Alawite region (now called
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influence within the government in exchange for planes, tanks, and other military equipment being sent to Syria. This increase in the strength of Syrian military technology worried
1835:
and leave the country. The national government was restored, but again to face instability, this time coming from abroad. After the overthrow of President Shishakli in the February
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and managed to keep their old borders and occupy some additional territory. In July 1949, Syria was the last Arab country to sign an armistice agreement with Israel.
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The early years of independence were marked by political instability. From 1946 to 1956, Syria had 20 different cabinets and drafted four separate constitutions.
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the country in July 1941. Syria proclaimed its independence again in 1941 but it wasn't until 1 January 1944, that it was recognized as an independent republic.
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The green, white, black and red flag is the first flag of the Syrian Arab Republic and with the shortest usage, that being from 1961 to 1963. It is also the
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Syria's political instability during the years after the 1954 coup, the parallelism of Syrian and Egyptian policies, and the appeal of Egyptian President
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1831:. The latter undermined civilian rule and led to Shishakli's complete seizure of power in 1951. Shishakli continued to rule the country until 1954, when
1742:, as both Syria and Lebanon were founding member states, the French mandate for both was legally terminated on that date and full independence attained.
1839:, continued political maneuvering supported by competing factions in the military eventually brought Arab nationalist and socialist elements to power.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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Le mouvement kurde de Turquie en exil: continuités et discontinuités du nationalisme kurde sous le mandat français en Syrie et au Liban (1925–1946)
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to prevent a possible Israeli invasion. The November 1956 attacks on Iraqi pipelines were in retaliation for Iraq's acceptance into the
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only 16 deputies out of 70, due to intensive vote-rigging by the French authorities. Among the deputies were also three members of the
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1902:'s leadership in the wake of the Suez crisis created support in Syria for union with Egypt. On 1 February 1958, Syrian president
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1910:, and all Syrian political parties, as well as the Communists therein, ceased overt activities. The merger was approved in a
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The project of a new constitution was discussed by a Constituent Assembly elected in April 1928, but as the pro-independence
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Arabic Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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La France en Cilicie et en Haute-Mésopotamie: aux confins de la Turquie, de la Syrie et de l'Irak, 1919–1933
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See International law: achievements and prospects, by Mohammed Bedjaoui, UNESCO, Martinus Nijhoff; 1991,
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1814:. An example of this shame can be seen in what we will call the Samneh Scandal of 1948. According to
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was promulgated by the French High Commissioner, in the same time as the Lebanese Constitution, the
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Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship, by H. Duncan Hall, Carnegie Endowment, 1948, pages 265–266
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of independence, Syrian politics from independence through the late 1960s was marked by upheaval.
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in 1958. The Second Republic resumed when Syria withdrew from the union in 1961. In 1963, the
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1940:. The new cabinet was dominated by Ba'ath members; the moderate al-Bitar became premier.
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and tried to arrest its democratically elected leaders. While French planes were bombing
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With the fall of France in 1940 during World War II, Syria came under the control of the
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Discontent with Egyptian dominance of the UAR led elements opposed to the union under
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was at the founding conference of the United Nations in San Francisco, presenting
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Law, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1963) 680–681
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Predecessor state to modern Syria from 1950 until the Ba'athist coup in 1963
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1885:, a formerly Syrian city now in Turkey. On the other hand, Syria and the
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Atassi returned to Syria in triumph on 27 September 1936 and was elected
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was declared in Syria. Later Syrian and Iraqi troops were brought into
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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by Israeli troops, and the intervention of British and French troops,
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and Nasser announced the merging of the two countries, creating the
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advised Egypt and Syria against a conceivable takeover of Jordan.
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On 29 March 1949, Syria's national government was overthrown by a
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The treaty guaranteed incorporation of previously autonomous
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The British and French Mandates in Comparative Perspectives
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region, which eventually led to the creation of Israel.
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went to Paris heading a senior Bloc delegation. The new
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La Syrie et la France: bilan d'une équivoque, 1939–1945
2041:. Vol. 2. Robert Speller & Sons. p. 286.
1485:'s strongmanship, and later when Syria joined with the
2185:(in French). Paris: Editions L'Harmattan. p. 22.
1628:-led French government, formed in June 1936 after the
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In September 1938, France again separated the Syrian
2219:(in French). Paris: Editions Karthala. p. 354.
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2154:The 1930 Constitution is integrally reproduced in:
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a machine-translated version of the Arabic article.
81:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2281:https://www.haaretz.co.il/hasen/spages/950373.html
2066:Envoy to the Middle World: Adventures in Diplomacy
2063:
2034:
3472:
2368:. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 15 March 2024.
2158:"Le costituzioni degli stati del vicino oriente"
2038:Revolutions and Military Rule in the Middle East
1571:(Khoyboun) party, Khalil bey Ibn Ibrahim Pacha (
1533:Constitution of the Syrian Republic, 14 May 1930
1869:In November 1956, Syria signed a pact with the
2100:Méouchy, Nadine; Sluglet, Peter, eds. (2004).
1833:growing public opposition forced him to resign
1599:in protest. Atassi's political coalition, the
1481:, which was suspended from 1953 to 1954 under
221:accompanying your translation by providing an
183:Click for important translation instructions.
170:expand this article with text translated from
3501:States and territories disestablished in 1963
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1774:Independent First Syrian Republic (1946–1950)
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3496:States and territories established in 1946
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2352:, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, May 2007
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1808:military coup d'état led by Hussni al-Zaim
1441:
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403:
233:{{Translated|ar|الجمهورية_السورية_الأولى}}
1620:, the French High Commissioner in Syria,
1545:was declared the Republic of Syria and a
1477:. The Second Republic was founded on the
141:Learn how and when to remove this message
2212:
2206:
2155:
1528:
774:189,880 km (73,310 sq mi)
3094:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
2145:
2000:al-Jumhūriyah al-ʿArabiyyah as-Sūriyyah
318:al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʿArabiyyah as-Sūriyyah
3473:
2366:"Syria: World War II and independence"
2358:
2253:(in French). Peter Lang. p. 352.
1687:induced a fear of being outflanked by
3102:Political status of the Golan Heights
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2337:
2172:
1525:Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946)
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1608:Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence
152:
79:adding citations to reliable sources
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2160:(in French). Istituto per l’Oriente
1994:
1972:
1846:of 1956, after the invasion of the
1781:In 1948, Syria was involved in the
1761:'s claim for independence from the
1551:Règlement du Sandjak d'Alexandrette
1473:independent in April 1946 from the
300:
266:
13:
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14:
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2350:United States Department of State
1616:After negotiations in March with
1465:from 1961 to 1963, succeeded the
1330:Independent First Syrian Republic
540:(1950–1951, 1954–1958, 1961–1963)
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2106:(in French). Brill. p. 91.
1894:Joining the United Arab Republic
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827:
809:
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3511:1963 disestablishments in Syria
2331:"History of the United Nations"
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2140:Constitution de l'Etat de Syrie
2096:Corpus juris du Mandat français
66:needs additional citations for
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2017:
1984:
1962:
1801:
1745:On 29 May 1945, France bombed
231:You may also add the template
1:
3486:Former countries in West Asia
2010:
1519:
1510:flag of the Syrian Opposition
3506:1946 establishments in Syria
3242:Energy and mineral resources
3042:Supreme Constitutional Court
2247:Tejel Gorgas, Jordi (2007).
2070:. Harper & Row. p.
2062:George Crews McGhee (1983).
1917:
1676:and transformed it into the
7:
3264:Water supply and sanitation
3164:Weapons of mass destruction
3067:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
2035:George Meri Haddad (1971).
1999:
1977:
1943:
1873:, providing a foothold for
1575:), Mustafa bey Ibn Shahin (
1479:Syrian Constitution of 1950
378:"Guardians of the Homeland"
317:
283:
10:
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3159:Chief of the General Staff
3087:National Progressive Front
2759:independent First Republic
2179:Mardam Bey, Salma (1994).
1796:
1605:
1589:Muhammad 'Ali Bay al-'Abid
1461:from 1950 to 1958 and the
750:Ba'athist seizure of power
195:Machine translation, like
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1995:الجمهورية العربية السورية
1978:al-Jumhūriyah as-Sūriyyah
1667:President of the Republic
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301:الجمهورية العربية السورية
284:al-Jumhūrīyah as-Sūriyyah
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172:the corresponding article
2345:"Background Note: Syria"
2024:www.nationalanthems.info
1955:
1056:Late Bronze Age collapse
90:"Second Syrian Republic"
3481:Modern history of Syria
2669:Principality of Antioch
2213:Tachjian, Vahé (2004).
1950:Modern history of Syria
1924:Abd al-Karim al-Nahlawi
1785:with the newly created
1683:The emerging threat of
1547:new Syrian constitution
1499:bloodless military coup
1220:Principality of Antioch
695:• Independence of
448:Official languages
242:For more guidance, see
3516:Military dictatorships
3210:International rankings
2856:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
2520:Middle Assyrian Empire
2134:
1740:five permanent members
1736:United Nations Charter
1711:until the British and
1694:Sanjak of Alexandretta
1674:Sanjak of Alexandretta
1612:Sanjak of Alexandretta
1534:
1495:Syrian Ba'athist Party
1455:Second Syrian Republic
1338:Second Syrian Republic
1016:Middle Assyrian Empire
3015:Government ministries
2565:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2156:Giannini, A. (1931).
1938:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
1532:
1467:First Syrian Republic
1283:Arab Kingdom of Syria
1089:Neo-Babylonian Empire
821:First Syrian Republic
697:First Syrian Republic
544:Military dictatorship
244:Knowledge:Translation
215:copyright attribution
3327:(2011–present)
3223:Securities Exchange
2974:Council of Ministers
2729:Haj Fadel Government
2138:", article 4 of the
1908:United Arab Republic
1716:invaded and occupied
1579:) and Hassan Aouni (
1505:to the present day.
1491:United Arab Republic
1463:Syrian Arab Republic
1346:United Arab Republic
856:United Arab Republic
839:United Arab Republic
418:United Arab Republic
295:Syrian Arab Republic
75:improve this article
3003:Golan Heights claim
2560:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2555:Syro-Hittite states
2445:Prehistorical Syria
1630:April–May elections
1595:, who called for a
1512:during the ongoing
1497:came to power in a
1084:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1079:Syro-Hittite states
486:all branches incl.
37:35.0000°N 38.0000°E
33: /
3254:Telecommunications
3247:Petroleum industry
2751:Mandatory Republic
2697:Early modern Syria
2452:Levantine corridor
1900:Gamal Abdal Nasser
1573:Al-Jazira province
1535:
1417:History portal
1341:(1950–58, 1961–63)
1317:Mandatory Republic
948:Levantine corridor
603:Military Strongman
223:interlanguage link
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2739:Syrian Federation
2674:County of Tripoli
2629:Ikhshidid dynasty
2482:Yarmukian culture
2333:. United Nations.
2260:978-3-03911-209-8
2226:978-2-84586-441-2
2113:978-90-04-13313-6
1973:الجمهورية السورية
1929:8 March 1963 coup
1904:Shukri al-Kuwatli
1862:. In early 1957,
1829:Adib al-Shishakli
1820:Shukri al-Quwatli
1753:, Prime Minister
1487:Republic of Egypt
1457:, officially the
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1301:Syrian Federation
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1176:Ikhshidid dynasty
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978:Yarmukian culture
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742:28 September 1961
737:Republic restored
724:Merger with Egypt
662:• 1962–1963
617:• 1948–1954
584:• 1961–1963
569:• 1950–1951
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267:الجمهورية السورية
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1812:Arab-Israeli War
1783:Arab-Israeli War
1709:Vichy Government
1622:Hashim al-Atassi
1618:Damien de Martel
1597:sixty-day strike
1593:Hashim al-Atassi
1514:Syrian civil war
1469:that had become
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1215:County of Edessa
1191:Mirdasid dynasty
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716:5 September 1950
710:New constitution
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2624:Tulunid dynasty
2617:(Bilad al-Sham)
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2608:Muslim conquest
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1825:Sami al-Hinnawi
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1763:French Mandate
1678:State of Hatay
1565:Syrian Kurdish
1560:
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1543:State of Syria
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1483:Adib Shishakli
1475:French Mandate
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1356:Ba'thist Syria
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2704:Ottoman Syria
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2649:Fatimid Syria
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2492:Ancient Syria
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2462:Halaf culture
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1818:, "President
1817:
1816:Patrick Seale
1813:
1809:
1794:
1792:
1791:Golan Heights
1788:
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1669:in November.
1668:
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1653:
1652:Greater Syria
1650:regions into
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1626:Popular Front
1623:
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1601:National Bloc
1598:
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1539:National Bloc
1531:
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1262:Ottoman Syria
1260:
1259:
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1235:Ayyubid Syria
1233:
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1213:
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1196:Fatimid Syria
1194:
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1189:
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1177:
1174:
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1160:Abbasid Syria
1158:
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1155:Umayyad Syria
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1074:Aram-Damascus
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958:Halaf culture
956:
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702:17 April 1946
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667:Khalid al-Azm
665:
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533:parliamentary
531:
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168:You can help
164:
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92: –
91:
87:
86:Find sources:
80:
76:
70:
69:
64:This article
62:
58:
53:
52:
49:
46:
3373:Coat of arms
3295:Demographics
3195:Central Bank
3076: /
3037:High council
3020:Human rights
2947:Constitution
2825:Governorates
2764:
2723:Arab kingdom
2715:Modern Syria
2687:Mamluk Syria
2615:
2360:
2348:
2339:
2325:
2316:
2297:
2287:
2276:
2264:. Retrieved
2249:
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2215:
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2181:
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2139:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2102:
2090:
2065:
2057:
2037:
2030:
2019:
1997:
1986:
1975:
1964:
1934:Michel Aflaq
1921:
1897:
1871:Soviet Union
1868:
1860:Baghdad Pact
1841:
1805:
1780:
1777:
1767:
1744:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1706:
1702:World War II
1689:Nazi Germany
1685:Adolf Hitler
1682:
1671:
1664:
1641:
1634:
1615:
1585:
1567:nationalist
1561:
1550:
1536:
1507:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1397:
1388:
1337:
1254:Early modern
1243:Mamluk Syria
1148:
870:
852:
835:
817:
799:Succeeded by
798:
793:
783:Syrian pound
770:• Total
755:8 March 1963
647:• 1950
496:Christianity
487:
438:Largest city
367:
359:Coat of arms
314:
294:
280:
219:edit summary
210:
177:
169:
137:
128:
118:
111:
104:
97:
85:
73:Please help
68:verification
65:
18:
3190:Agriculture
3147:air defense
3107:Nationalism
2767:(1950–1963)
2706:(1516–1918)
2689:(1260–1516)
2683:(1174–1260)
2580:Roman Syria
2472:Abu Hureyra
2467:Uruk period
1852:martial law
1844:Suez Crisis
1842:During the
1802:Early years
1713:Free French
1265:(1516–1918)
1246:(1260–1516)
1238:(1174–1260)
1128:Middle Ages
1109:Roman Syria
968:Abu Hureyra
963:Uruk period
921:History of
794:Preceded by
548:(1951–1954)
325:(1961–1963)
291:(1950–1958)
40: /
3475:Categories
3408:television
3290:Censorship
3217:(currency)
3049:Parliament
3008:Iskandaron
2952:Corruption
2515:Canaanites
2309:, page 46
2011:References
1883:Iskenderon
1654:, but not
1520:Background
1011:Canaanites
987:Bronze Age
939:Prehistory
526:Government
515:Demonym(s)
376:(English:
179:(May 2021)
131:March 2011
101:newspapers
28:38°00′00″E
25:35°00′00″N
3350:Squatting
3325:refugees
3300:Education
3259:Transport
3200:Companies
3142:Air force
3119:Terrorism
3032:Judiciary
2993:Elections
2957:President
2861:Euphrates
2851:Al-Jazira
2835:Volcanoes
2820:Districts
2794:Geography
2771:Civil war
2761:(1946–50)
2753:(1930–46)
2747:(1925–30)
2741:(1922–25)
2133:"French:
1918:1961–1963
1875:Communist
1837:1954 coup
1660:air space
1581:Kurd Dagh
1577:Jarabulus
1379:Palmyrene
1349:(1958–61)
1333:(1946–50)
1320:(1930–46)
1312:(1925–30)
1304:(1922–25)
1065:Antiquity
555:President
478:Religion
422:(1958–61)
332:1950–1963
237:talk page
174:in Arabic
3460:Category
3420:Religion
3345:Scouting
3320:diaspora
3205:Industry
3129:Military
3074:national
3054:Speakers
2935:Politics
2844:Features
2510:Arameans
2500:Amorites
2431:Timeline
2411:articles
2164:31 March
2136:chacune.
1944:See also
1751:Damascus
1747:Damascus
1471:de facto
1390:Timeline
1375:Monarchs
1006:Arameans
996:Amorites
912:a series
910:Part of
779:Currency
712:adopted
684:Cold War
536:republic
508:Yazidism
468:Armenian
432:Damascus
213:provide
3444:Outline
3425:Smoking
3378:Cuisine
3360:Culture
3278:Society
3178:Economy
2895:Related
2881:Orontes
2810:Borders
2419:History
2266:1 April
2232:1 April
2198:1 April
2119:1 April
2098:", in:
1797:History
1738:by the
1656:Lebanon
1648:Alawite
1637:Latakia
748:•
735:•
722:•
708:•
655:(first)
577:(first)
530:Unitary
504:Druzism
500:Judaism
489:Alawite
472:Kurdish
428:Capital
370: "
368:Anthem:
235:to the
217:in the
176:.
115:scholar
3368:Anthem
3315:People
3310:Hunger
3305:Health
3215:Pound
2917:Levant
2876:Hermon
2871:Hauran
2830:Rivers
2815:Cities
2725:(1920)
2545:Ugarit
2530:Yamhad
2409:
2305:
2257:
2223:
2189:
2110:
2078:
2045:
1991:Arabic
1969:Arabic
1879:Turkey
1856:Jordan
1698:Turkey
1569:Xoybûn
1286:(1920)
1274:Modern
1046:Ugarit
1031:Yamhad
914:on the
670:(last)
637:
607:
592:(last)
559:
520:Syrian
464:Syriac
452:Arabic
442:Aleppo
412:Status
308:Arabic
304:
274:Arabic
270:
117:
110:
103:
96:
88:
3451:Index
3415:Music
3403:State
3398:Media
3388:Films
3333:women
2610:(636)
2535:Qatna
2477:Aswad
2407:Syria
1956:Notes
1759:Syria
1644:Druze
1558:each.
1503:Syria
1139:(636)
1036:Qatna
1026:Nagar
973:Aswad
923:Syria
899:Syria
874:Syria
482:Islam
197:DeepL
122:JSTOR
108:books
3393:Flag
3382:wine
3154:Navy
3137:Army
3025:LGBT
2984:list
2962:list
2540:Mari
2525:Ebla
2303:ISBN
2268:2012
2255:ISBN
2234:2012
2221:ISBN
2200:2012
2187:ISBN
2166:2012
2121:2012
2108:ISBN
2076:ISBN
2043:ISBN
1936:and
1887:USSR
1864:Iraq
1646:and
1610:and
1453:The
1051:Emar
1041:Mari
1021:Ebla
871:1963
853:1958
836:1961
818:1950
764:Area
347:Flag
211:must
209:You
190:View
94:news
2072:386
199:or
77:by
3477::
2347:.
2147:^
2074:.
1993::
1971::
1914:.
1765:.
1704:.
1516:.
3384:)
3380:(
2399:e
2392:t
2385:v
2354:.
2270:.
2236:.
2202:.
2168:.
2123:.
2084:.
2051:.
1442:e
1435:t
1428:v
1381:)
1377:(
492:)
484:(
380:)
374:"
310:)
306:(
276:)
272:(
246:.
239:.
144:)
138:(
133:)
129:(
119:·
112:·
105:·
98:·
71:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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