401:". This textbook is the first known systematic treatment of this field and was most likely used in medical schools at the time. Throughout the book, Hunayn explains the eye and its anatomy in minute detail; its diseases, their symptoms, and their treatments. Hunayn repeatedly emphasizes that he believes the crystalline lens to be in the center of the eye, and may have been the originator of this idea, which was widely believed from his lifetime through the late 1500s. He discusses the nature of cysts and tumors, and the swelling they cause. He discusses how to treat various corneal ulcers through surgery, and the therapy involved in repairing cataracts. The book is evidence of the skills Hunayn ibn Ishaq had not just as a translator and a physician, but also as a surgeon.
413:, led the caliph to name Hunayn as his personal physician, ending the exclusive use of physicians from the Bukhtishu family. Despite their relationship, the caliph became distrustful; at the time, there were fears of death from poisoning, and physicians were well aware of its synthesis procedure. The caliph tested Hunayn's ethics as a physician by asking him to formulate a poison, to be used against a foe, in exchange for a large sum. Hunayn ibn Ishaq repeatedly rejected the Caliph's generous offers, saying he would need time to develop a poison. Disappointed, the caliph imprisoned his physician for a year. When asked why he would rather be killed than make the drug, Hunayn explained the
471:. Instead, he would try to summarize the topics of the original texts and then in a new manuscript paraphrase it in Syriac or Arabic. He also edited and redacted the available texts of technical works by comparing the information included therein with other works on similar subjects. Thus, his renditions may be seen as interpretations of medical, astronomical, and philosophical texts after researching the topics over which they range. Some scholars argue Hunayn's approach differed from previous translators through his commentaries on the subject and was influenced by Galen's ideas along the way.
51:
497:. It is part of the Alexandrian compendium of Galen's work. This manuscript from the 10th century is in two volumes that include details regarding various types of fevers (Humyat) and different inflammatory conditions of the body. More importantly, it includes details of more than 150 single and compound formulations of both herbal and animal origin. The book also provides an insight into understanding the traditions and methods of treatment in the Greek (Unani) and Roman eras.
379:
353:, the Bayt al Hikmah. The House of Wisdom was an institution where Greek works were translated and made available to scholars. (At least one scholar has argued that there is no evidence of Hunayn being placed in charge of the Bayt al Hikmah.) The caliph also gave Hunayn the opportunity to travel to Byzantium in search of additional manuscripts, such as those of Aristotle and other prominent authors.
451:, such as Galen's "On Sects" and "On the Anatomy of the Veins and Arteries". His translations are some of the only remaining documents of Greek manuscripts, and he helped influence the art of medicine, and through his book al-'Ashar Maqalat fi'l-Ayn (The Ten Treatises on the Eye) he helped to expand the science of ophthalmology through theory and practice.
290:. Hunayn Ibn Ishaq was a translator at the House of Wisdom, Bayt al-Hikma, where he received his education. In the West, another name he is known by his Latin name, Joannitius. It was the translations that came from administrative and legal materials gathered that lead to understanding of how to build up Arabic as the new official language.
338:; however, Hunayn's countless questions irritated Yuhanna, causing him to scold Hunayn and forcing him to leave. Hunayn promised himself to return to Baghdad when he became a physician. He went abroad to master the Greek language. On his return to Baghdad, Hunayn displayed his newly acquired skills by reciting the works of Homer and
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which are based on "Summaria
Alexandrinorum". For instance, Hunayn explains what the four elements and the four humors are and that medicine divides into therapy and practice and also defines health, disease, neutrality, and as well as the natural and the contranatural, and the six necessary conditions of living healthily.
439:. Nonetheless, none of his extant translations credit the House of Wisdom, which questions the legitimacy of whether this place actually was the origin of the Translation Movement. He laid down the basis of accurate translating techniques, which was extremely important for the accurate transmission of knowledge.
463:
In his efforts to translate Greek material, Hunayn ibn Ishaq was accompanied by his son Ishaq ibn Hunayn and his nephew
Hubaysh. Hunayn would translate Greek into Syriac, and then he would have his nephew finish by translating the text from Syriac to Arabic, after which he then would seek to correct
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Hunayn wrote on a variety of subjects that included philosophy, religion and medicine. In "How to Grasp
Religion", Hunayn explains the truths of religion that include miracles not possibly made by humans and humans' incapacity to explain facts about some phenomena, and false notions of religion that
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Some of Hunayn's most notable translations were his rendering of "De
Materia Medica", a pharmaceutical handbook, and his most popular selection, "Questions on Medicine", a guide for novice physicians. Information was presented in the form of questions taken from Galen's "Art of Physic" and answers,
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Porter, Roy (2001). The
Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine. Cambridge University Press. p. 67."The major ninth-century medical figure in Baghdad was a Christian Arab, Hunain ibn Ishaq, an amazingly accurate and productive scholar, who traveled to the Greek Byzantine empire in search of rare
255:
In the
Abbasid era, a new interest in extending the study of Greek science had arisen. At that time, there was a vast amount of untranslated ancient Greek literature pertaining to philosophy, mathematics, natural science, and medicine. This valuable information was only accessible to a very small
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Galen's works were translated before me by a certain Bin Sahda ... When I was young I translated them from a faulty Greek manuscript. Later when I was forty, my pupil
Hubaish asked me to correct the translation. Meanwhile a number of manuscripts had accumulated in my possession. I collated these
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wanted to have a place to gather world knowledge from Muslim and non-Muslim educators. Hunayn ibn Ishaq was one of the most well-known translators at the institution and was called the sheikh of the translators, as he mastered the four principal languages of the time: Greek, Persian, Arabic, and
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Yarshater, E. (1983). The
Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 598."The population of Hira comprised its townspeople, the 'Ibad "devotees", who were Nestorian Christians using Syriac as their liturgical and cultural language, though Arabic was probably the language of daily
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Angelelli, Claudia V. (2014). The
Sociological Turn in Translation and Interpreting Studies. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 45."Hunayn was most likely trilingual from his youth; Arabic was the vernacular of his native town, Persian a frequently-used tongue in his region, and Syriac the
1005:
Grmek, Mirko D.; Fantini, Bernardino (1998). Western
Medical Thought from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Harvard University Press. p. 145.:"Hunayn ibn Ishaq was able to satisfy their needs. Of Christian Arab descent, he had spent many years of his life in Byzantine territory, in pursuit of his
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required him to help, and not harm, his patients. He completed many different medical works that pushed the idea of treating medicine with the practice and art of physic treatments. Some of his medical works were pulled from Greek sources such as, Fi Awja al-Ma'idah (On Stomach Ailments) and
279:, and his nephew Hubaysh, worked together with him at times to help translate. Hunayn ibn Ishaq is known for his translations, his method of translation, and his contributions to medicine. He has also been suggested by François Viré to be the true identity of the Arabic
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Corbin, Henry (2014). History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge. p. 16.:"The latter was succeeded by one of his students, the famous and prolific Hunayn ibn Ishaq (194/ 809—260/ 873), who was born at al-Hirah into a family belonging to the Christian Arab tribe of the
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Milani, Milad (2014). Sufism in the Secret History of Persia. Routledge. p. 150."Hira was also home to the 'Ibad ("devotees"), who were Nestorian Christians using Syriac as their liturgical and cultural language, but Arabic for common daily
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Ohlig, Karl-Heinz; Puin, Gerd-R. (2010). The hidden origins of Islam: new research into its early history. Prometheus Books. p. 32. :"The 'Ibad are tribes made up of different Arabian families that became connected with Christianity in
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Selin, Helaine (2013). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 399.:"The family nickname, al-'Ibadi, is derived from "al-'Ibad," a Christian Arab
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Many R. Duval's published works on chemistry represent translations of Hunayn's work. Also in Chemistry a book titled meaning "About the Names", did not reach researchers but was used in "Dictionary of Ibn Bahlool" of the 10th century.
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and Arabic languages. Although al-Hira was known for commerce and banking, and his father was a pharmacist, Hunayn went to Baghdad in order to study medicine. In Baghdad, Hunayn had the privilege to study under renowned physician
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1861:
Johna, Samir. "Marginalisation of ethnic and religious minorities in Middle East history of medicine: the forgotten contributions to Arabian and Islamic medicine and science." Acta Medico-Historica Adriatica 8.2 (2010):
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include depression and an inclination for glory. He also worked on Arabic grammar and lexicography, writing a unique grammar of the Arabic language titled "The Rules of Inflexion According to the System of the Greeks."
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Watt, John W. (2014). "Why Did Ḥunayn, the Master Translator into Arabic, Make Translations into Syriac? On the Purpose of the Syriac Translations of Ḥunayn and his Circle". In Scheiner, Jens J.; Janos, Damien (eds.).
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Hunayn translated writings on agriculture, stones, and religion and also some of Plato's and Aristotle's works, in addition to commentaries. He also translated many medicinal texts and summaries, mainly those of
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Esposito, John L. (2000). The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 160.:"The most famous of these translators was a Nestorian (Christian) Arab by the name of Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi (808–73)."
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El Khamloussy, Ahmed. "Commented Translation of an Excerpt from Hunayn Ibn Ishaq's Epistle to His Patron 'Ali Ibn Yahya on the Translations of Galen." Order No. MM07845 University of Ottawa (Canada), 1995
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Sarton, George (1927). Introduction to the History of Science. Carnegie Institution of Washington. p. 611:"The nisba is derived from 'Ibad, the name of a Christian tribe of Arabs, established near Hira"
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1932:
Rashed, Roshdi. "Problems of the transmission of Greek scientific thought into Arabic: Examples from mathematics and optics." History of science 27.2 (1989): 199–209.
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manuscripts and produced a single correct copy. Next I collated the Syriac text with it and corrected it. I am in the habit of doing this with everything I translate.
201:
1273:"Dimitri Gutas: Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco‐Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early Ábbasid Society (Second–Fourth/Eighth–Tenth Centuries)"
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1770:Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq's Galen Translations and Greco-Arabic Philology: Some Observations from the Crises (De crisibus) and the Critical Days (De diebus decretoriis)
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Opth: Azmi, Khurshid. "Hunain bin Ishaq on Ophthalmic Surgery. "Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine 26 (1996): 69–74. Web. 29 October 2009
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Sefer Musré ha-Filosofim (Book of the Morals of the Philosophers), Hebrew translation of the Judeo-Andalusian poet, Juda ben Shlomo Al-Jarisi (1170–1235).
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Hunayn was extremely motivated in his work to master Greek studies, which enabled him to translate Greek texts into Syriac and Arabic. The Abbasid Caliph
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489:"Kitab ila Aglooqan fi Shifa al Amraz" – This Arabic translation, related to Galen's Commentary, by Hunayn ibn Ishaq, is extant in the Library of
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Hunayn ibn Ishaq enriched the field of ophthalmology. His developments in the study of the human eye can be traced through his innovative book, "
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al-Masail fi'l-Tibb li'l-Muta'allimin (Questions on Medicine for Students) and having these sources to drawn on keeps the original text clear.
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Watt, John W. (2014). "The Syriac Translations of Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq and their Precursors". In Tamcke, Martin; Grebenstein, Sven (eds.).
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Geschichte, Theologie und Kultur des syrischen Christentums: Beiträge zum 7. Deutschen Syrologie-Symposium in Göttingen, Dezember 2011
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Syriac. He was able to translate compositions on philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and even in subjects such as magic and
1823:"The Process of Origin and Growth of the Islamic Medicine: The Role of the Translators. A Glimpse on the Figure of Hunayn bin Ishaq"
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In Hunayn ibn Ishaq's lifetime, he devoted himself to working on a multitude of writings; both translations and original works.
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minority of Middle Eastern scholars who knew the Greek language; the need for an organized translation movement was urgent.
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Osman, Ghada. "The sheikh of the translators." The Sociological Turn in Translation and Interpreting Studies 66 (2014): 41.
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275:, into Syriac and Arabic. Ibn Ishaq also produced 36 of his own books, 21 of which covered the field of medicine. His son
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215:Ḥunayn ibn Isḥaq was the most productive translator of Greek medical and scientific treatises in his day. He studied
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Healy, J. "The Syriac-Speaking Christians and the Translation of Greek Science into Arabic." Muslim Heritage (2006).
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1982:. Frankfurt am Main: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University.
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2034:. Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam. Vol. 26. Princeton, New Jersey: Darwin Press. pp. 363–388.
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S. Gougenheim: Aristote au Mont-Saint-Michel, 136–137 Nemira Publishing House, Bucharest 2011, (Romanian edition)
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1896:"Ethno-ophthalmology in the Egyptian delta: An historical systems approach to ethnomedicine in the middle east"
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Changing Fashions in Syriac Translation Technique: The Background to Syriac Translations under the Abbasids
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Die Wunder der Schöpfung: Handschriften der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek aus dem islamischen Kulturkreis
785:. Translated by Bayard Dodge. New York & London: Columbia University Press. pp. 440, 589, 1071.
314:"al-Ibadi. The ʿIbad was an Arab community composed of different Arab tribes that had once converted to
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In time, Hunayn ibn Ishaq became arguably the chief translator of the era, and laid the foundations of
2024:. Göttinger Orientforschungen, I. Reihe: Syriaca 46. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 423–445.
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Faiq, Said. "Medieval Arabic translation: A cultural consideration." Mediaevalia 26.2 (2005): 99–110.
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Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq". Encyclopedia Britannica, Invalid Date,
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1140:"A Book on Arabic Inflexion According to the System of the Greeks: A Lost Work by Ḥunayn b. Isḥāq"
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Hunayn ibn Ishaq's reputation as a scholar and translator, and his close relationship with Caliph
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Unlike many translators in the Abbasid period, he largely did not try to follow the text's exact
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1050::"Ḥira became renowned for its literate population of Arab Christians, or ʿEbād "devotees ". "
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Schrier, Omert J. (1995). "Hunayn Ibn Isḥaq on Tragedy and Comedy: A New Fragment of Galen".
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Samir, Samir Khalil (1997). "Maqālat Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq fī 'Kayfīyat idrāk ḥaqīqat al-diyāna".
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Hunayn ibn Ishaq was an Arab Nestorian Christian, born in 808, during the Abbasid period, in
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Pragmatic Markers from Greek into Arabic: A Case Study on Translations by Isḥāq ibn Ḥunayn
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1590:"'On how to discern the truth of religion', by Ḥunayn b. Isḥāq: The impersonal recension"
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Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
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2060:"Hunayn Ibn Ishaq Al-'Ibadi, Abu Zaydonar Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography"
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Eastwood, Bruce."The Elements of Vision: The Micro-Cosmology of Galenic Visual Theory"
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1983:
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Sa'di, Lutfi M. (1934). "A Bio-Bibliographical Study of Hunayn Ibn is-Haq Al-Ibadi".
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Lindberg, David C. The Beginnings of Western Science: Islamic Science. Chicago: The
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235:. Hunayn's method was widely followed by later translators. He was originally from
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805:""The sheikh of the translators": The translation methodology of Hunayn ibn Ishaq"
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1104:"Hunayn Ibn Ishaq". The Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. XV. 1978. Print.
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2005:] (in German). Beirut Würzburg: Orient-Institut Ergon Verlag in Kommission.
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Seven books of Galen's anatomy, lost in the original Greek, preserved in Arabic.
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322:. They were known for their high-literacy and multilingualism being fluent in
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translator, scholar, physician, and scientist. During the apex of the Islamic
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Kitab Adab al-Falasifa, original Arabic lost, known in medieval translation.
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Christians and Muslims in dialogue in the Islamic Orient of the Middle Ages
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Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine
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Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine
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Sezgin, Fuat; Amawi, Mazin; Ehrig-Eggert, Carl; Neubauer, E. (1999).
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Christianity in Iraq: Its Origons and Developments to the Present Day
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Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Developments to the Present Day
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family. Hunayn in classical sources is said to have belonged to the ʿ
263:. In his lifetime, ibn Ishaq translated 116 works, including Plato's
1868:"A foundation of western ophthalmology in medieval Islamic medicine"
1758:, Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies 4 (2004): 3–14.
378:
3158:
2778:
2596:
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1438:"Isḥāq ibn Ḥunayn: Abū Yaҁqūb Isḥāq ibn Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq al-ҁIbādī"
1288:
1179:"A medieval fallacy: the crystalline lens in the center of the eye"
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The Fihrist of al-Nadim; a Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture
468:
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55:
Iluminure from the Hunayn ibn-Ishaq al-'Ibadi manuscript of the
1977:
1838:
Haddad, Rachid (1974). "Hunayn ibn Ishaq apologiste chrétien".
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Bocados de Oro, taken directly from Adab al-Falasifa (Spanish).
283:
224:
220:
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The Place to Go: Contexts of Learning in Baghdād, 750–1000 C.E
1707:
with German translation, Leipzig (1925) (in German and Arabic)
1177:
Leffler CT, Hadi TM, Udupa A, Schwartz SG, Schwartz D (2016).
243:, but he spent his working life in Baghdad, the center of the
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any of his partners' mistakes or inaccuracies he might find.
448:
339:
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1719:"Ḥunain Ibn Isḥāq: An Arab Scholar Translating into Syriac"
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language of the liturgy and of higher Christian education."
307:
303:
734:, Hunayn ibn Ishaq's son, also a translator and physician
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Llibre de Saviesa of James of Aragon (Castilian Spanish).
349:
noticed Hunayn's talents and placed him in charge of the
200:, he worked with a group of translators, among whom were
27:
Arab Christian scholar, physician and scientist (809–873)
1763:
The Syriac Background to Hunayn's Translation Techniques
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857:
855:
1444:, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 1094–1095,
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Wright. Catalogue, pp. 1190–1191, MV Coll' orient, 1593
1236:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1081–1083,
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1112:
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hunayn-ibn-Ishaq
1938:
Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine
639:
Fragments from various books interpolated or adapted
180:
1604:
Pontifical Institute for Arabic and Islamic Studies
1335:
1333:
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623:
Libro de Los Buenos Proverbios (Castilian Spanish).
493:. It is a masterpiece of all the literary works of
491:Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences
2054:Aprim, Fred "Hunein Ibn Ishak – (809–873 or 877)"
1778:"The Purported Autobiography of Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq"
223:of the Translators". He mastered four languages:
3202:
1980:Ḥunain Ibn Isḥāq (d. 260/873): texts and studies
1330:
1999:Christlich-muslimische Gespräche im Mittelalter
1894:Millar, Marcia Inhorn; Lane, Sandra D. (1988).
657:La Floresta de Philosophos (Castilian Spanish).
382:The eye according to Hunain ibn Ishaq. From a "
364:
30:"al-Ibadi" redirects here. For other uses, see
247:. His fame went far beyond his own community.
3226:9th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
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1875:University of Western Ontario Medical Journal
1588:Cucarella, Diego R. Sarrió (1 January 2019).
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2315:Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari
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921:, avril-juin 1967, Parigi, 1967, pp. 172–176
775:Nadim (al-), Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq
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1791:. Harwood Academic: 235–249. Archived from
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919:Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres
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1821:Gorini, Rosanna; Shabat, Mohammed (2005).
1814:, Studia graeco-arabica 5 (2015): 321–344.
1716:
1701:My Syriac and Arabic translations of Galen
1083:
1006:studies, most probably in Constantinople."
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710:from the Greek Septuagint did not survive.
3099:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon
1935:
1775:
1619:"On how to discern the truth of religion"
1587:
1515:
1486:
1404:
1375:
1204:
1194:
713:"Kitab al-Ahjar" or the "Book of Stones".
667:
458:
1662:"Hunayn bin Ishaq: The Great Translator"
1575:"Testimonios Árabes de Adab Al-Falásifa"
1442:Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
1346:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 46.
1227:
483:
377:
3276:Opticians of the medieval Islamic world
2799:Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi
2048:On How to Discern the Truth of Religion
1956:
1659:
1116:
867:
841:Seleznyov, N. "Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq in the
14:
3203:
1996:
1837:
1546:
1435:
1339:
1309:
915:Sur l'identité de Moamin le fauconnier
907:
900:
898:
896:
654:The Pseudo Seneca (Castilian Spanish).
3286:Physicians from the Abbasid Caliphate
2086:
1691:How Greek science passed to the Arabs
1636:
1616:
1270:
1137:
802:
738:Galen § Influence on Islamic medicine
182:ʾAbū Zayd Ḥunayn ibn ʾIsḥāq al-ʿIbādī
3050:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
2112:
2028:
2019:
1144:Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik
809:Translation and Interpreting Studies
798:
796:
794:
792:
725:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
399:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
384:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
146:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
3271:Nestorians in the Abbasid Caliphate
2901:Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani
1865:
893:
176:
24:
1747:
1221:
939:
537:De venarum arteriumque dissectione
421:
356:
25:
3307:
2325:Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi
2040:
1489:"'In the translator's workshop,'"
1378:"'In the translator's workshop,'"
960:"Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq | Arab scholar"
845:of al-Muʾtaman ibn al-ʿAssāl" in
803:Osman, Ghada (31 December 2012).
789:
660:El Victorial (Castilian Spanish).
631:Kayfiyyat idrāk ḥaqīqat al-diyāna
544:De elementis secundum Hippocratem
404:
2663:Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat
1695:. London: Routledge and K. Paul.
1625:. Translated by Davis, Stephen J
940:G., Strohmaier (24 April 2012).
373:
49:
2937:Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani
2921:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
1610:
1581:
1567:
1540:
1480:
1429:
1369:
1360:
1303:
1271:Kalin, Ibrahim (1 March 2003).
1264:
1131:
1122:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1038:
1028:
1019:
1009:
999:
989:
979:
970:
952:
933:
2542:Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali
2078:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1717:Strohmaier, Gotthard (1993) .
1242:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9796
1046:"ḤIRA – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
924:
835:
767:
754:
13:
1:
2612:Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi
2234:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
2076:on Hunain ibn Ishaq from the
1903:Social Science & Medicine
1652:
1458:10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7_704
1156:10.13173/zeitarabling.72.0026
572:De locis affectis De pulsibus
426:With the construction of the
387:
293:
185:(808–873), known in Latin as
177:أبو زيد حنين بن إسحاق العبادي
2860:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi
2648:Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon
2552:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam
2547:Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar
2400:Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali
2305:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
1915:10.1016/0277-9536(88)90030-5
1496:Arab Science and Philosophys
1385:Arab Sciences and Philosophy
1228:Iskandar, Albert Z. (2008),
748:
365:As a writer of original work
288:De Scientia Venandi per Aves
239:, previously capital of the
7:
3037:Anatomy Charts of the Arabs
2622:Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili
1776:Cooperson, Michael (1997).
942:"Ḥunayn b. Isḥāḳ al-ʿIbādī"
717:
608:Hippocrates and Dioscorides
329:As a child, he learned the
250:
181:
10:
3312:
3291:Church of the East writers
3085:Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya
2870:Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb
2819:Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi
1765:, ARAM 3 (1991 ): 139–162.
1660:Tschanz, David W. (2003).
1617:Ishaq, Hunain ibn (2009).
565:De causis et symptomatibus
29:
3281:Syriac–Arabic translators
3167:
3141:
3115:
3006:
2985:
2965:
2929:
2883:
2832:
2794:Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli
2789:Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi
2746:
2713:Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta
2635:
2557:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
2534:
2423:
2395:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
2297:
2206:
2185:
2129:
2120:
1772:, Oriens 44 (2016): 1–43.
1729:: 163–170. Archived from
1553:. Gracewing. p. 84.
1508:10.1017/S0957423911000038
1397:10.1017/S0957423911000038
1316:. Gracewing. p. 84.
558:De facultibus naturalibus
523:De musculorum dissectione
219:and became known as the "
171:(also Hunain or Hunein) (
169:Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi
162:
152:
140:
114:
104:
99:
95:
77:
63:
48:
41:
3256:Greek–Arabic translators
3251:Greek–Syriac translators
3231:9th-century philosophers
3154:Ancient Iranian medicine
2942:Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri
2814:Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni
2678:Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi
2643:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
2466:Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
2365:Al-Tamimi, the physician
2152:Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi
1436:Cooper, Glen M. (2014),
614:
3241:9th-century translators
3221:9th-century Arab people
3106:Lives of the Physicians
3071:Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi
3017:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah
2973:Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi
2855:Muhammad Ali Astarabadi
2718:Najib ad-Din Samarqandi
2441:Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani
2370:Eutychius of Alexandria
2345:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
1997:Tamcke, Martin (2007).
1852:10.1163/157005874x00445
964:Encyclopedia Britannica
764:. Accessed 13 May 2023.
530:De nervorum dissectione
202:Abū 'Uthmān al-Dimashqi
3236:9th-century physicians
3149:Ancient Greek medicine
2809:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
2723:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
2567:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
2461:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi
2431:Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu
2335:Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari
1340:Rebhan, Helga (2010).
1183:Clinical Ophthalmology
946:Encyclopaedia of Islam
706:Arabic version of the
668:Other translated works
630:
607:
600:
593:
586:
579:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
481:
459:Translation techniques
394:
316:Nestorian Christianity
32:Ibadi (disambiguation)
3133:Nur al-Din Bimaristan
3024:The Canon of Medicine
2845:Burhan-ud-din Kermani
2451:Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal
2436:Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani
2340:Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i
2284:Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu
2074:Bibliography of works
2050:– English translation
1761:Brock, Sebastian P.,
1754:Brock, Sebastian P.,
1547:Rassam, Suha (2005).
1487:Vagelpohl, U (2011).
1376:Vagelpohl, U (2011).
1310:Rassam, Suha (2005).
1138:Vidro, Nadia (2020).
888:University of Chicago
821:10.1075/tis.7.2.04osm
594:De diebus decretoriis
516:De ossibus ad tirones
484:Selected translations
476:
430:, the Abbasid Caliph
381:
206:Ibn Mūsā al-Nawbakhti
189:, was an influential
2916:Sultan Ali Khorasani
2617:Serapion the Younger
2259:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
2142:Al-Harith ibn Kalada
1196:10.2147/OPTH.S100708
917:. Communication à l'
648:(Castilian Spanish).
336:Yuhanna ibn Masawayh
245:Translation movement
3185:Medical Renaissance
3043:The Book of Healing
2947:Qurayshi al-Shirazi
2738:Zakariya al-Qazwini
2627:Zayn al-Din Gorgani
2269:Salmawaih ibn Bunan
1866:Lin, Daren (2008).
1798:on 7 September 2017
1450:2014bea..book.1094C
986:Galenic treatises."
743:History of medicine
644:General History of
386:" manuscript dated
194:Nestorian Christian
3123:Al-'Adudi Hospital
3031:Tacuinum Sanitatis
2957:Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi
2476:Badi' al-Asturlabi
2375:Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath
2350:Abu ul-Ala Shirazi
2330:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
2279:Yahya ibn Sarafyun
2172:Rufaida Al-Aslamia
2167:Nafi ibn al-Harith
2046:Hunain ibn Ishaq,
1733:on 29 October 2020
1699:Hunain ibn Ishaq,
1230:"Ḥunayn Ibn Isḥāq"
847:VG 16 (2012) 38–45
580:De typis (febrium)
395:
109:Islamic Golden Age
3198:
3197:
3190:Medieval medicine
2981:
2980:
2840:Abu Sa'id al-Afif
2673:Da'ud Abu al-Fadl
2562:Ahmad ibn Farrokh
2177:Zaynab al-Awadiya
2012:978-3-89913-611-1
1810:Eksell, Kerstin,
1768:Cooper, Glen M.,
1467:978-1-4419-9916-0
1251:978-1-4020-4559-2
166:
165:
89:Abbasid Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
3303:
3261:Iraqi Christians
3180:Learned medicine
3175:Ibn Sina Academy
2875:Şerafeddin Kadir
2850:Husayni Isfahani
2784:Mansur ibn Ilyas
2728:Rashidun al-Suri
2607:Moshe ben Maimon
2390:Ibrahim ibn Baks
2320:Abu Bakr al-Razi
2254:Jabir ibn Hayyan
2249:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
2244:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
2127:
2126:
2114:Islamic medicine
2107:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2035:
2025:
2016:
1993:
1974:
1953:
1926:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1872:
1855:
1834:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1782:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1712:Books.Google.com
1696:
1685:O'Leary, De Lacy
1680:
1678:
1676:
1666:
1647:
1646:
1635:Translated from
1634:
1632:
1630:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1595:Islamochristiana
1585:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1519:
1493:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1408:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1105:
1102:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1003:
997:
993:
987:
983:
977:
974:
968:
967:
956:
950:
949:
937:
931:
928:
922:
911:
905:
902:
891:
884:
865:
859:
850:
839:
833:
832:
800:
787:
786:
781:, Bayard (ed.).
771:
765:
758:
732:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
694:(Tabi'iyat) and
646:Alfonso el Sabio
633:
610:
603:
601:Methodus medendi
596:
589:
582:
575:(four treatises)
574:
567:
560:
553:
551:De temperamentis
546:
539:
532:
525:
518:
511:
504:
415:physician's oath
392:
389:
261:Islamic medicine
210:Thābit ibn Qurra
184:
178:
157:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
53:
43:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
39:
38:
21:
18:Hunayn Ibn Ishaq
3311:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3246:Arab Christians
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3163:
3137:
3111:
3002:
2977:
2961:
2925:
2906:Dawud al-Antaki
2879:
2828:
2742:
2683:Ibn Abi Usaibia
2631:
2530:
2521:Jonah ibn Janah
2419:
2310:Aayon Ibn Aayon
2293:
2274:Shapur ibn Sahl
2202:
2181:
2137:Abu Hafsa Yazid
2116:
2111:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2043:
2038:
2013:
1990:
1898:
1884:
1882:
1870:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1780:
1750:
1748:Further reading
1745:
1736:
1734:
1705:G. Bergstrasser
1674:
1672:
1664:
1655:
1650:
1628:
1626:
1615:
1611:
1586:
1582:
1573:
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1561:
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1365:
1361:
1354:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1308:
1304:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1226:
1222:
1189:(10): 649–662.
1175:
1171:
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1127:
1123:
1115:
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1103:
1084:
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990:
984:
980:
975:
971:
958:
957:
953:
938:
934:
929:
925:
913:François Viré,
912:
908:
903:
894:
885:
868:
862:Strohmaier 1993
860:
853:
840:
836:
801:
790:
772:
768:
759:
755:
751:
720:
670:
641:
617:
486:
461:
428:House of Wisdom
424:
422:As a translator
407:
390:
376:
367:
359:
357:Accomplishments
351:House of Wisdom
302:, to an ethnic
296:
253:
241:Lakhmid kingdom
91:
82:
73:
68:
59:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3309:
3299:
3298:
3296:Syriac writers
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
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2931:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2911:Hakim-e-Gilani
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2891:Rostam Gorgani
2887:
2885:
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2744:
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2741:
2740:
2735:
2733:Sa'ad al-Dawla
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
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2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2602:Ibn al-Tilmīdh
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:Ibn al-Kattani
2508:
2506:Ibn al-Haytham
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2486:Ibn Al-Thahabi
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2456:Ali ibn Ridwan
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2415:Qusta ibn Luqa
2412:
2407:
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2392:
2387:
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2357:
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2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2289:Yusuf al-Khuri
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2198:Ja'ar al-Sadiq
2195:
2189:
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2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
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2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2071:
2056:
2051:
2042:
2041:External links
2039:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2017:
2011:
1994:
1988:
1975:
1965:(3): 344–348.
1954:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1909:(6): 651–657.
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1846:(3): 292–302.
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1648:
1623:tertullian.org
1609:
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1566:
1559:
1539:
1502:(2): 249–288.
1479:
1466:
1428:
1391:(2): 249–288.
1368:
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1289:10.1086/376126
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890:, 2007. Print.
866:
851:
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815:(2): 161–175.
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604:
597:
590:
583:
576:
568:
561:
554:
547:
540:
533:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
485:
482:
460:
457:
423:
420:
406:
405:As a physician
403:
375:
372:
366:
363:
358:
355:
295:
292:
267:, Aristotle's
252:
249:
164:
163:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
142:
138:
137:
135:Arabic grammar
116:
115:Main interests
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
97:
96:
93:
92:
83:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
61:
60:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3308:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3078:Adab al-Tabib
3075:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Ophthalmology
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:ʽImad Shirazi
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Ibn al-Khatib
2772:
2770:
2769:Ibn al-Akfani
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Ibn al‐Raqqam
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:Ibn al-Baitar
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Al-Shahrazuri
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:Ibn Abi Sadiq
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:Ibn al-Jazzar
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2285:
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2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1989:3-8298-6018-8
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:(in French).
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1645:(2): 345–363.
1644:
1641:(in Arabic).
1640:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1570:
1562:
1560:9780852446331
1556:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1363:
1355:
1353:9783880080058
1349:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1325:
1323:9780852446331
1319:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1076:
1066:
1060:intercourse."
1056:
1047:
1041:
1031:
1022:
1012:
1002:
992:
982:
973:
965:
961:
955:
947:
943:
936:
927:
920:
916:
910:
901:
899:
897:
889:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
863:
858:
856:
848:
844:
838:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
797:
795:
793:
784:
780:
776:
770:
763:
757:
753:
744:
741:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
726:
722:
721:
712:
709:
708:Old Testament
705:
702:
699:
698:
697:Magna Moralia
693:
689:
685:
682:
679:
675:
672:
671:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
643:
642:
632:
628:
625:
622:
619:
618:
609:
605:
602:
598:
595:
591:
588:
584:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:
562:
559:
555:
552:
548:
545:
541:
538:
534:
531:
527:
524:
520:
517:
513:
510:
506:
503:
499:
496:
492:
488:
487:
480:
475:
474:Hunayn says:
472:
470:
465:
456:
452:
450:
444:
440:
438:
433:
429:
419:
416:
412:
411:al-Mutawakkil
402:
400:
385:
380:
374:Ophthalmology
371:
362:
354:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
332:
327:
325:
321:
318:and lived in
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
291:
289:
285:
282:
278:
274:
273:Old Testament
270:
266:
262:
257:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
188:
183:
174:
170:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
147:
143:
141:Notable works
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:Ophthalmology
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
100:Academic work
98:
94:
90:
86:
80:
76:
72:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3029:
3022:
3015:
2966:18th century
2930:17th century
2884:16th century
2833:15th century
2824:Zayn-e-Attar
2747:14th century
2698:Ibn al-Nafis
2636:13th century
2535:12th century
2516:Ibn al-Wafid
2424:11th century
2298:10th century
2243:
2229:Ali al-Ridha
2063:. Retrieved
2031:
2021:
2002:
1998:
1979:
1962:
1958:
1941:
1937:
1906:
1902:
1883:. Retrieved
1878:
1874:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1811:
1800:. Retrieved
1793:the original
1788:
1784:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:the original
1726:
1722:
1692:
1689:
1673:. Retrieved
1668:
1642:
1638:
1627:. Retrieved
1622:
1612:
1599:
1593:
1583:
1569:
1549:
1542:
1499:
1495:
1482:
1471:, retrieved
1441:
1431:
1388:
1384:
1371:
1362:
1342:
1312:
1305:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1255:, retrieved
1233:
1223:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1150:(2): 26–58.
1147:
1143:
1133:
1124:
1117:Tschanz 2003
1075:
1065:
1055:
1040:
1030:
1021:
1011:
1001:
991:
981:
972:
963:
954:
945:
935:
926:
914:
909:
842:
837:
812:
808:
782:
769:
756:
723:
700:(Khulqiyat).
695:
691:
687:
677:
477:
473:
466:
462:
453:
445:
441:
425:
408:
396:
368:
360:
344:
328:
297:
287:
286:, author of
258:
254:
231:, Greek and
214:
186:
168:
167:
144:
36:
3057:De Gradibus
2703:Ibn al-Quff
2207:9th century
2186:8th century
2162:Masarjawaih
2130:7th century
1944:: 409–446.
1885:7 September
1802:7 September
1737:7 September
1675:7 September
690:(Maqulas),
587:De crisibus
437:oneiromancy
391: 1200
310:, thus his
269:Metaphysics
198:Abbasid era
187:Johannitius
119:Translation
3216:873 deaths
3211:809 births
3205:Categories
3168:Influenced
3142:Influences
3128:Bimarestan
2998:Psychology
2952:Tunakabuni
2865:Nurbakhshi
2764:Ibn Shuayb
2754:Al-Nagawri
2688:Ibn Tumlus
2668:As-Suwaydi
2653:Al-Dakhwar
2592:Ibn Tufayl
2587:Ibn Jumay‘
2491:Ibn Butlan
2380:Ibn Juljul
2355:Al-Kaŝkarī
2224:Albubather
2122:Physicians
2065:10 October
1950:1296241043
1881:(1): 41–45
1653:References
1639:al-Mashriq
1606:: 155–163.
1473:4 December
1257:4 December
688:Categories
680:(Siyasah).
294:Early life
271:, and the
153:Influenced
127:Philosophy
3064:Al-Tasrif
2804:Nakhshabi
2582:Ibn Habal
2501:Ibn Jazla
2496:Ibn Hindu
2446:Al-Biruni
2360:Al-Natili
2264:Masawaiyh
2239:Bukhtishu
2219:Al-Ruhawi
2193:Bukhtishu
2157:Ibn Uthal
2147:Bukhtishu
1959:Mnemosyne
1833:(8): 1–7.
1629:12 August
1297:0021-1753
1283:(1): 59.
1164:234954510
1035:al-Hira."
829:1932-2798
749:Citations
684:Aristotle
509:De sectis
502:De medica
432:al-Ma'mun
3159:Ayurveda
2986:Concepts
2779:Jaghmini
2759:Aqsara'i
2597:Ibn Zuhr
2577:Averroes
2572:Avempace
2526:Masawaih
2471:Avicenna
2405:Muvaffak
2214:Al-Kindi
1946:ProQuest
1862:203–210.
1785:Edebiyât
1687:(1949).
1534:25275686
1526:24077025
1423:25275686
1415:24077025
1215:27114699
777:(1970).
718:See also
678:Republic
347:al-Mamun
300:al-Hirah
281:falconer
251:Overview
237:al-Hirah
131:Religion
71:Al-Hirah
3116:Centers
3092:Al-Hawi
1971:4432506
1923:3283948
1840:Arabica
1671:: 39–40
1517:3783994
1446:Bibcode
1406:3783994
1206:4833360
1016:tribe."
996:'Ibad."
692:Physics
469:lexicon
320:al-Hira
265:Timaeus
233:Persian
85:Baghdad
57:Isagoge
2009:
1986:
1969:
1948:
1921:
1703:, ed.
1557:
1532:
1524:
1514:
1464:
1421:
1413:
1403:
1350:
1320:
1295:
1248:
1213:
1203:
1162:
827:
728:(book)
331:Syriac
324:Syriac
284:Moamyn
229:Syriac
225:Arabic
221:Sheikh
208:, and
173:Arabic
81:873 AD
67:808 AD
3008:Works
2410:Qumri
2001:[
1967:JSTOR
1899:(PDF)
1871:(PDF)
1796:(PDF)
1781:(PDF)
1665:(PDF)
1530:S2CID
1492:(PDF)
1419:S2CID
1381:(PDF)
1160:S2CID
1070:use."
843:Summa
779:Dodge
674:Plato
615:Works
495:Galen
449:Galen
340:Galen
312:nisba
277:Ishaq
217:Greek
2067:2014
2007:ISBN
1984:ISBN
1919:PMID
1887:2017
1804:2017
1739:2017
1723:ARAM
1677:2017
1631:2024
1555:ISBN
1522:PMID
1475:2020
1462:ISBN
1411:PMID
1348:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1293:ISSN
1277:Isis
1259:2020
1246:ISBN
1211:PMID
1187:2016
825:ISSN
308:Ibad
304:Arab
191:Arab
78:Died
64:Born
1911:doi
1848:doi
1512:PMC
1504:doi
1454:doi
1401:PMC
1393:doi
1285:doi
1238:doi
1201:PMC
1191:doi
1152:doi
817:doi
686:'s
676:'s
105:Era
3207::
1963:48
1961:.
1940:.
1917:.
1907:26
1905:.
1901:.
1879:78
1877:.
1873:.
1844:21
1829:.
1825:.
1787:.
1783:.
1725:.
1721:.
1667:.
1643:71
1621:.
1602:.
1600:45
1598:.
1592:.
1528:.
1520:.
1510:.
1500:21
1498:.
1494:.
1460:,
1452:,
1440:,
1417:.
1409:.
1399:.
1389:21
1387:.
1383:.
1332:^
1291:.
1281:94
1279:.
1275:.
1244:,
1232:,
1209:.
1199:.
1185:.
1181:.
1158:.
1148:72
1146:.
1142:.
1109:^
1085:^
962:.
944:.
895:^
869:^
854:^
823:.
811:.
807:.
791:^
388:c.
227:,
204:,
179:;
175::
133:,
129:,
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121:,
87:,
2106:e
2099:t
2092:v
2069:.
2015:.
1992:.
1973:.
1952:.
1942:2
1925:.
1913::
1889:.
1854:.
1850::
1831:4
1806:.
1789:7
1741:.
1727:3
1679:.
1633:.
1577:.
1563:.
1536:.
1506::
1456::
1448::
1425:.
1395::
1356:.
1326:.
1299:.
1287::
1240::
1217:.
1193::
1166:.
1154::
1119:.
1048:.
966:.
948:.
864:.
849:.
831:.
819::
813:7
634:.
393:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
