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24:
226:, described as white, transparent, and luminous have a composition which lends itself to quickly receive colors. As opposed to Galen's more mathematical conception of flat-like lens, Hunayn opts for a more spherical shape which allows for a larger field of vision. Hunayn repeatedly emphasized that he believed the crystalline lens to be in the exact center of the eye. Hunayn may have been the originator of this idea. The idea of the central crystalline lens was widely believed from Hunayn's period through the late 1500s. He describes the system behind the eyes that connects it to the brain, starting with the
214:
287:
element: flame, red heat, and light, rationalizing the inclusion of light by describing the creation of flames after concentrating it via a magnetic glass. Hunayn connects all of these ideas by referencing the fact that the brain works directly to provide the eyes with the pneuma necessary to carry out its function, with light providing the illumination needed to discern the object being viewed.
315:. If one eye is closed and another is left open, the pneuma designated to the closed eye is instead redirected to the open one, causing the expansion of the pupil observed afterward. After collecting in the uvea, this pneuma then travels along the medium of air, causing a transformation that conforms to the shape around it, sending this signal back to the eye. An
1723:
323:
If a person is walking in the dark and holds a stick in his hand and stretches it out full length before him, and the stick encounters an object which prevents it from advancing further, he knows immediately by analogy that the object preventing the stick from advancing is a solid body which resists
328:
In other words, the air acts as the stick that allows the pneuma to identify the object, and transmit that back to the eye to produce sight as long as there is light. Both light and pneuma act together to eradicate barriers and direct the immediate transition of sensation to the eye, thus attaining
286:
as vital pneuma, it moves towards the brain where it is further refined into the specialized pneuma to be employed for vision. Hunayn also introduces the concept of a sense hierarchy, placing sight at the top of the list with the corresponding element of fire. He also describes three levels of this
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The structure of the eye is presented as a hierarchy, starting first with the part that is most directly responsible for sight, and working down towards the parts which exists only to facilitate this function. The
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1900:
1808:
354:
Eastwood, Bruce
Stanfield. "The Elements of Vision: The Micro-cosmology of Galenic Visual Theory According to Hunayn Ibn Ishaq." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 72 part 5(1982): 1–2.
1934:
187:– the existence of each of these individual components is dictated by their ultimate purpose, vision. Their secondary purpose, guided by their immediate nature, dictates how vision will be achieved.
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Hunayn relies on these principles to build up his conception of vision, which incorporates the anatomy of the eye in a way that makes discussion of one without the other unproductive.
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Once concentrated in the brain, the highly fluid psychic pneuma travels along the network of the eye until it penetrates the forward region. The pneuma mixes with a preexisting
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262:. While both the conjunctiva and cornea provide protection with minimizing hindrance to the lenses, the uvea has an extra function of concentrating the
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Structural order – the individual components of the eye each have their own nature, and are arranged so that they are in cosmological harmony.
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being described. Hunayn's triumph comes from the systematic presentation of the parts of eye and the subsequent additions he made to the
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to the lenses themselves. Hunayn then presents the system responsible for protecting the eye. From the outermost level, these are the
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of earth, fire, air and water corresponds to a single sense. The fifth sense is a combination of two of the four elements described.
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Lindberg, David C.(1996). Theories of vision from al-Kindi to Kepler . Chicago: University Of
Chicago Press. pp. 33–34
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also provided a means for medieval ophthalmologists in the West to come into contact with the work of Galen.
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There are four essential doctrines that shape Hunayn's dissertation on vision and the anatomy of the eye:
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Rashed, Roshdi (1996). Encyclopedia of the
History of Arabic Science. New York: Routledge. pp. 682–683
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Hunayn ibn Ishaq 9th century CE description of the eye diagram in a copy of his book,
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242:, follows next and provides nourishment to the overall structure. Finally, the
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282:, is also described as the source of psychic pneuma. Starting out from the
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depends largely on a component which is like the object of its sensation.
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exiting out of the eye to prevent it from being dissipated by light.
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311:, filling up the uvea and causing the stretches observed within the
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Applicability of components – the effectiveness of each of the five
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366:"A medieval fallacy: the crystalline lens in the center of the eye"
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from injury. The chorioid, a thin and soft structure filled with
153:
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anything that comes up against it...it is the same with vision.
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230:, a thick, hard membrane which protects the inner parts of the
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364:
Leffler CT, Hadi TM, Udupa A, Schwartz SG, Schwartz D (2016).
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32:("Ten Treatises on the Eye"), in a 12th century CE edition
132:
based upon the cosmological natures of pathways from the
363:
217:
Manuscript, dated circa 1200 CE. Cairo
National Library.
357:
1963:
The
Wonders of Creatures and the Marvels of Creation
319:to describe this phenomenon is offered by Hunayn:
2077:
290:
164:aspects of the work. Its early translation to
1581:
463:
680:Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari
2086:Medical works of the medieval Islamic world
299:Three treatises (maqalat) on ophtalmology,
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470:
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22:
2091:Scientific works of the Abbasid Caliphate
1464:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon
391:
381:
294:
212:
1164:Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi
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1896:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
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2022:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
1951:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
1569:
451:
208:
140:composition is heavily derived from
17:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
1769:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
1415:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
477:
269:
136:to the object being perceived. This
117:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
1266:Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani
146:De placitis Hippocratis at Platonis
13:
14:
2107:
690:Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi
303:, first half of the 19th century.
1028:Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat
1302:Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani
1286:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
274:The brain, being the source of
907:Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali
435:
426:
417:
408:
348:
339:
124:: كتاب العشر مقالات في للعين,
1:
1872:Risālat al-Ṣūfī fī al-kawākib
977:Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi
599:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
332:
128:) is a 9th-century theory of
126:Kitab al-Ashr Maqalat fil-Ayn
30:Kitab al-Ashr Maqalat fil-Ayn
1225:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi
1013:Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon
917:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam
912:Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar
765:Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali
670:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
291:Function of pneuma and sight
7:
1640:Earliest known illuminated
1402:Anatomy Charts of the Arabs
987:Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili
190:The elements – each of the
171:
10:
2112:
1701:The Speech of Wild Animals
1450:Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya
1235:Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb
1184:Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi
278:, voluntary movement, and
52:كتاب العشر مقالات في للعين
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1159:Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli
1154:Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi
1111:
1078:Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta
1000:
922:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
899:
788:
760:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
662:
571:
550:
494:
485:
101:
91:
83:
75:
65:
57:
47:
37:
21:
1519:Ancient Iranian medicine
1307:Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri
1179:Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni
1043:Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi
1008:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
831:Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
730:Al-Tamimi, the physician
517:Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi
1757:The Book of Fixed Stars
1682:The Book of Fixed Stars
1471:Lives of the Physicians
1436:Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi
1382:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah
1338:Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi
1220:Muhammad Ali Astarabadi
1083:Najib ad-Din Samarqandi
806:Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani
735:Eutychius of Alexandria
710:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
152:, both in terms of the
1514:Ancient Greek medicine
1174:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
1088:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
932:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
826:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi
796:Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu
700:Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari
370:Clinical Ophthalmology
326:
304:
218:
1879:Hadith Bayad wa Riyad
1832:Kitāb naʿt al-ḥayawān
1498:Nur al-Din Bimaristan
1389:The Canon of Medicine
1210:Burhan-ud-din Kermani
816:Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal
801:Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani
705:Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i
649:Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu
321:
298:
216:
1908:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
1694:Timbuktu Manuscripts
1281:Sultan Ali Khorasani
982:Serapion the Younger
624:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
507:Al-Harith ibn Kalada
383:10.2147/OPTH.S100708
1626:Letters by Muhammad
1550:Medical Renaissance
1408:The Book of Healing
1312:Qurayshi al-Shirazi
1103:Zakariya al-Qazwini
992:Zayn al-Din Gorgani
634:Salmawaih ibn Bunan
48:Original title
18:
2048:Arabic calligraphy
2004:Galland Manuscript
1997:Bijapur Collection
1597:Arabic manuscripts
1488:Al-'Adudi Hospital
1396:Tacuinum Sanitatis
1322:Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi
841:Badi' al-Asturlabi
740:Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath
715:Abu ul-Ala Shirazi
695:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
644:Yahya ibn Sarafyun
537:Rufaida Al-Aslamia
532:Nafi ibn al-Harith
432:Eastwood pp. 29–37
423:Eastwood pp. 17–20
305:
219:
209:Anatomy of the eye
79:Medical literature
16:
2073:
2072:
2036:
2035:
1970:Jami' al-tawarikh
1926:Maqamat al-Hariri
1839:De materia medica
1792:Maqamat al-Hariri
1775:MS Huntington 264
1743:De materia medica
1719:Maqamat al-Hariri
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1562:
1555:Medieval medicine
1346:
1345:
1205:Abu Sa'id al-Afif
1038:Da'ud Abu al-Fadl
927:Ahmad ibn Farrokh
542:Zaynab al-Awadiya
414:Eastwood pp. 3–12
270:Uses of the brain
109:
108:
96:Abbasid Caliphate
92:Publication place
2103:
2053:Arabic miniature
1901:Esad Efendi 3636
1846:Kitāb al-bayṭara
1809:Esad Efendi 2961
1610:
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1590:
1583:
1576:
1567:
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1545:Learned medicine
1540:Ibn Sina Academy
1240:Şerafeddin Kadir
1215:Husayni Isfahani
1149:Mansur ibn Ilyas
1093:Rashidun al-Suri
972:Moshe ben Maimon
755:Ibrahim ibn Baks
685:Abu Bakr al-Razi
619:Jabir ibn Hayyan
614:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
609:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
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479:Islamic medicine
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42:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
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2009:
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1860:Kalīla wa-Dimna
1853:Kitab al-Aghani
1825:Kitāb al-Diryāq
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1731:Kitāb al-Diryāq
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1271:Dawud al-Antaki
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1048:Ibn Abi Usaibia
996:
895:
886:Jonah ibn Janah
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675:Aayon Ibn Aayon
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639:Shapur ibn Sahl
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502:Abu Hafsa Yazid
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376:(10): 649–662.
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1884:Vat. Arabo 368
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1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1762:TSMK, A. 3493
1759:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1443:Adab al-Tabib
1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:Ophthalmology
1356:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1261:ʽImad Shirazi
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1139:Ibn al-Khatib
1137:
1135:
1134:Ibn al-Akfani
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1073:Ibn al‐Raqqam
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:Ibn al-Baitar
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:Al-Shahrazuri
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1003:
999:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
902:
898:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
846:Ibn Abi Sadiq
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
791:
787:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
750:Ibn al-Jazzar
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
665:
661:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
574:
570:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
553:
549:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
497:
493:
490:
488:
484:
480:
473:
468:
466:
461:
459:
454:
453:
450:
438:
429:
420:
411:
403:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
360:
351:
342:
338:
330:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
309:aqueous humor
302:
297:
288:
285:
281:
277:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
215:
206:
200:
196:
193:
192:four elements
189:
186:
182:
179:
178:
177:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:
113:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
70:Ophthalmology
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
31:
25:
20:
2062:
2020:
2014:17th century
2002:
1995:
1989:15th century
1968:
1961:
1949:
1924:
1918:14th century
1906:
1894:
1877:
1870:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1790:
1784:13th century
1768:
1767:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1711:12th century
1699:
1692:
1680:
1673:
1667:11th century
1655:
1649:10th century
1624:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1331:18th century
1295:17th century
1249:16th century
1198:15th century
1189:Zayn-e-Attar
1112:14th century
1063:Ibn al-Nafis
1001:13th century
900:12th century
881:Ibn al-Wafid
789:11th century
663:10th century
594:Ali al-Ridha
437:
428:
419:
410:
373:
369:
359:
350:
341:
327:
322:
306:
273:
220:
204:
175:
162:cosmological
149:
145:
125:
116:
115:
110:
51:
29:
1636:9th century
1613:7th century
1605:Manuscripts
1422:De Gradibus
1068:Ibn al-Quff
572:9th century
551:8th century
527:Masarjawaih
495:7th century
252:conjunctiva
87:9th century
2080:Categories
2027:Arabe 1489
1865:Arabe 3465
1805:Arabe 5847
1801:Arabe 6094
1797:Arabe 3929
1736:Arabe 2964
1724:Arabe 3924
1533:Influenced
1507:Influences
1493:Bimarestan
1363:Psychology
1317:Tunakabuni
1230:Nurbakhshi
1129:Ibn Shuayb
1119:Al-Nagawri
1053:Ibn Tumlus
1033:As-Suwaydi
1018:Al-Dakhwar
957:Ibn Tufayl
952:Ibn Jumay‘
856:Ibn Butlan
745:Ibn Juljul
720:Al-Kaŝkarī
589:Albubather
487:Physicians
333:References
301:Qajar Iran
276:perception
246:transmits
158:physiology
138:ophthalmic
105:Manuscript
2096:Treatises
1956:Or Ms 161
1943:Marsh 458
1687:Marsh 144
1429:Al-Tasrif
1169:Nakhshabi
947:Ibn Habal
866:Ibn Jazla
861:Ibn Hindu
811:Al-Biruni
725:Al-Natili
629:Masawaiyh
604:Bukhtishu
584:Al-Ruhawi
558:Bukhtishu
522:Ibn Uthal
512:Bukhtishu
280:free will
248:nutrients
185:teleology
84:Published
2064:Sharbūsh
2041:Concepts
1975:Or Ms 20
1935:Or. 7293
1813:Or. 9718
1620:PERF 558
1524:Ayurveda
1351:Concepts
1144:Jaghmini
1124:Aqsara'i
962:Ibn Zuhr
942:Averroes
937:Avempace
891:Masawaih
836:Avicenna
770:Muvaffak
579:Al-Kindi
402:27114699
329:vision.
240:arteries
183:Medical
172:Overview
58:Language
1939:ÖNB AF9
1890:MS 5229
1642:Qur'ans
1481:Centers
1457:Al-Hawi
393:4833360
317:analogy
154:anatomy
66:Subject
1979:MSS 77
1675:Maqama
1657:Maqama
400:
390:
264:pneuma
258:, and
256:cornea
244:retina
232:nerves
228:sclera
199:senses
130:vision
122:Arabic
61:Arabic
38:Author
1373:Works
775:Qumri
313:pupil
284:heart
236:veins
166:Latin
142:Galen
134:brain
76:Genre
1817:S.23
398:PMID
374:2016
260:uvea
238:and
224:lens
156:and
148:and
388:PMC
378:doi
144:'s
114:'s
2082::
1977:,
1941:,
1937:,
1933:,
1815:,
1811:,
1807:,
1803:,
1799:,
396:.
386:.
372:.
368:.
254:,
2029:)
2025:(
1981:)
1973:(
1958:)
1954:(
1945:)
1929:(
1903:)
1899:(
1886:)
1882:(
1867:)
1863:(
1819:)
1795:(
1764:)
1760:(
1738:)
1734:(
1726:)
1722:(
1689:)
1685:(
1589:e
1582:t
1575:v
471:e
464:t
457:v
404:.
380::
120:(
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