Desert - Knowledge

2879: 1541: 2775:. The soil is deep and fertile, being part of the river's flood plains, and what would otherwise have been desert has been transformed into one of the most productive farming regions in California. Other water from the river is piped to urban communities but all this has been at the expense of the river, which below the extraction sites no longer has any above-ground flow during most of the year. Another problem of growing crops in this way is the build-up of salinity in the soil caused by the evaporation of river water. The greening of the desert remains an aspiration and was at one time viewed as a future means for increasing food production for the world's growing population. This prospect has proved false as it disregarded the environmental damage caused elsewhere by the diversion of water for desert project irrigation. 903: 691: 1921: 1732:

by the trade winds for distances of up to 6,000 km (3,700 mi). Denser clouds of dust can be formed in stronger winds, moving across the land with a billowing leading edge. The sunlight can be obliterated and it may become as dark as night at ground level. In a study of a dust storm in China in 2001, it was estimated that 6.5 million tons of dust were involved, covering an area of 134,000,000 km (52,000,000 sq mi). The mean particle size was 1.44 μm. A much smaller scale, short-lived phenomenon can occur in calm conditions when hot air near the ground rises quickly through a small pocket of cooler, low-pressure air above forming a whirling column of particles, a

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which are a single grain thick. These larger particles anchor the other particles in place and may also be packed together on the surface so as to form a miniature desert pavement. Small ripples form on the sand sheet when the wind exceeds 24 km/h (15 mph). They form perpendicular to the wind direction and gradually move across the surface as the wind continues to blow. The distance between their crests corresponds to the average length of jumps made by particles during saltation. The ripples are ephemeral and a change in wind direction causes them to reorganise.

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soon fall back to earth, ejecting other particles in the process. Their weight prevents them from being airborne for long and most only travel a distance of a few meters (yards). The sand streams along above the surface of the ground like a fluid, often rising to heights of about 30 cm (12 in). In a really severe steady blow, 2 m (6 ft 7 in) is about as high as the sand stream can rise as the largest sand grains do not become airborne at all. They are transported by creep, being rolled along the desert floor or performing short jumps.

1708: 1807:, temperature extremes and desiccating winds. Deserts have strong temporal variability in the availability of resources due to the total amount of annual rainfall and the size of individual rainfall events. Resources are often ephemeral or episodic, and this triggers sporadic animal movements and 'pulse and reserve' or 'boom-bust' ecosystem dynamics. Erosion and sedimentation are high due to the sparse vegetation cover and the activities of large mammals and people. Plants and animals in deserts are mostly adapted to extreme and prolonged 2979: 1740: 2784: 2044: 2412: 1414: 3182: 71: 991: 2273: 1824: 2475: 1520:

dune and individual grains of sand move uphill. When they reach the crest, they cascade down the far side. The upwind slope typically has a gradient of 10° to 20° while the lee slope is around 32°, the angle at which loose dry sand will slip. As this wind-induced movement of sand grains takes place, the dune moves slowly across the surface of the ground. Dunes are sometimes solitary, but they are more often grouped together in dune fields. When these are extensive, they are known as sand seas or

1767:, which range in size up to 80 kV/m, can produce sparks and cause interference with telecommunications equipment. They are also unpleasant for humans and can cause headaches and nausea. The electric fields are caused by the collision between airborne particles and by the impacts of saltating sand grains landing on the ground. The mechanism is little understood but the particles usually have a negative charge when their diameter is under 250 μm and a positive one when they are over 500 μm. 1024:

500 mm (8 and 20 in). However, such factors as the temperature, humidity, rate of evaporation and evapotranspiration, and the moisture storage capacity of the ground have a marked effect on the degree of aridity and the plant and animal life that can be sustained. Rain falling in the cold season may be more effective at promoting plant growth, and defining the boundaries of deserts and the semiarid regions that surround them on the grounds of precipitation alone is problematic.

3115: 2172: 1230: 751: 1508: 226: 136:, which consequently break in pieces. Although rain seldom occurs in deserts, there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods. Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter, and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor are further eroded by the wind. This picks up particles of sand and dust, which can remain airborne for extended periods – sometimes causing the formation of sand storms or 1028: 1335: 1946:, such plants grow with great rapidity and may flower and set seed within weeks, aiming to complete their development before the last vestige of water dries up. For perennial plants, reproduction is more likely to be successful if the seed germinates in a shaded position, but not so close to the parent plant as to be in competition with it. Some seed will not germinate until it has been blown about on the desert floor to 180: 2579: 388: 987:

occurrence of precipitation, its intensity and distribution; and low humidity. Winter temperatures vary considerably between different deserts and are often related to the location of the desert on the continental landmass and the latitude. Daily variations in temperature can be as great as 22 °C (40 °F) or more, with heat loss by radiation at night being increased by the clear skies.

2736:, the use of organic residues or animal manures as fertilisers and other traditional agricultural management practices. Once fertility has been built up, further crop production preserves the soil from destruction by wind and other forms of erosion. It has been found that plant growth-promoting bacteria play a role in increasing the resistance of plants to stress conditions and these 3168: 2443:. They developed skills in the manufacture and use of weapons, animal tracking, finding water, foraging for edible plants and using the things they found in their natural environment to supply their everyday needs. Their self-sufficient skills and knowledge were passed down through the generations by word of mouth. Other cultures developed a 2841:. European interest in the Sahara Desert stems from its two aspects: the almost continual daytime sunshine and plenty of unused land. The Sahara receives more sunshine per acre than any part of Europe. The Sahara Desert also has the empty space totalling hundreds of square miles required to house fields of mirrors for solar plants. 3136:

on Earth. The Martian deserts principally consist of dunes in the form of half-moons in flat areas near the permanent polar ice caps in the north of the planet. The smaller dune fields occupy the bottom of many of the craters situated in the Martian polar regions. Examination of the surface of rocks by

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suspensions could be inoculated into the soil in the vicinity of the plants. A study of these microbes found that desert farming hampers desertification by establishing islands of fertility allowing farmers to achieve increased yields despite the adverse environmental conditions. A field trial in the

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Many people think of deserts as consisting of extensive areas of billowing sand dunes because that is the way they are often depicted on TV and in films, but deserts do not always look like this. Across the world, around 20% of desert is sand, varying from only 2% in North America to 30% in Australia

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Such large temperature variations have a destructive effect on the exposed rocky surfaces. The repeated fluctuations put a strain on exposed rock and the flanks of mountains crack and shatter. Fragmented strata slide down into the valleys where they continue to break into pieces due to the relentless

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of Antarctica, which lack water (whether rain, ice, or snow) much like a non-polar desert and even have such desert features as hypersaline lakes and intermittent streams that resemble (except for being frozen at their surfaces) hot or cold deserts for extreme aridity and lack of precipitation of any

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at 30° to 35° North and South. These belts are associated with the subtropical anticyclone and the large-scale descent of dry air. The Sahara Desert is of this type. Mid-latitude deserts occur between 30° and 50° North and South. They are mostly in areas remote from the sea where most of the moisture

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besides Earth on which deserts have been identified. Despite its low surface atmospheric pressure (only 1/100 of that of Earth), the patterns of atmospheric circulation on Mars have formed a sea of circumpolar sand more than 5 million km (1.9 million sq mi) in the area, larger than most deserts

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are unable to live in cold deserts but are well-suited to hot ones. In the heat of the day in the Sahara, the temperature can rise to 50 °C (122 °F). Reptiles cannot survive at this temperature and lizards will be prostrated by heat at 45 °C (113 °F). They have few adaptations to

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Sand and dust storms are natural events that occur in arid regions where the land is not protected by a covering of vegetation. Dust storms usually start in desert margins rather than the deserts themselves where the finer materials have already been blown away. As a steady wind begins to blow, fine

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Coastal deserts are mostly found on the western edges of continental land masses in regions where cold currents approach the land or cold water upwellings rise from the ocean depths. The cool winds crossing this water pick up little moisture and the coastal regions have low temperatures and very low

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and in southern Australia. Polar deserts are a particular class of cold desert. The air is very cold and carries little moisture so little precipitation occurs and what does fall, usually snow, is carried along in the often strong wind and may form blizzards, drifts and dunes similar to those caused

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Cold deserts, sometimes known as temperate deserts, occur at higher latitudes than hot deserts, and the aridity is caused by the dryness of the air. Some cold deserts are far from the ocean and others are separated by mountain ranges from the sea, and in both cases, there is insufficient moisture in

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receives about 300 mm (12 in) of rain per year, however about 2,500 mm (98 in) of water could evaporate over the course of a year. In other words, about eight times more water could evaporate from the region than actually falls as rain. Rates of evapotranspiration in cold regions

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The Judean Desert was farmed in the 7th century BC during the Iron Age to supply food for desert forts. Native Americans in the south western United States became agriculturalists around 600 AD when seeds and technologies became available from Mexico. They used terracing techniques and grew gardens

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Deserts present a very challenging environment for animals. Not only do they require food and water but they also need to keep their body temperature at a tolerable level. In many ways, birds are the ablest to do this of the higher animals. They can move to areas of greater food availability as the

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or creep. Suspension is only possible for particles less than 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) in diameter. In a dust storm, these fine particles are lifted up and wafted aloft to heights of up to 6 km (3.7 mi). They reduce visibility and can remain in the atmosphere for days on end, conveyed

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Deserts are sometimes classified as "hot" or "cold", "semiarid" or "coastal". The characteristics of hot deserts include high temperatures in summer; greater evaporation than precipitation, usually exacerbated by high temperatures, strong winds and lack of cloud cover; considerable variation in the

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Sandstorms occur with much less frequency than dust storms. They are often preceded by severe dust storms and occur when the wind velocity increases to a point where it can lift heavier particles. These grains of sand, up to about 0.5 mm (0.020 in) in diameter are jerked into the air but

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Sand dunes are accumulations of windblown sand piled up in mounds or ridges. They form downwind of copious sources of dry, loose sand and occur when topographic and climatic conditions cause airborne particles to settle. As the wind blows, saltation and creep take place on the windward side of the

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and are less extreme than regular deserts. Like arid deserts, temperatures can vary greatly in semi deserts. They share some characteristics of a true desert and are usually located at the edge of deserts and continental dry areas. They usually receive precipitation from 250 to 500 mm (9.8 to

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is just 1 mm (0.039 in) per year. Some weather stations in the Atacama have never received rain. Evidence suggests that the Atacama may not have had any significant rainfall from 1570 to 1971. It is so arid that mountains that reach as high as 6,885 m (22,589 ft) are completely

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Water and carbon dioxide are metabolic end products of oxidation of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Oxidising a gram of carbohydrate produces 0.60 grams of water; a gram of protein produces 0.41 grams of water; and a gram of fat produces 1.07 grams of water, making it possible for xerocoles to

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dunes may form. These also occur parallel to a strong wind that blows in one general direction. Transverse dunes run at a right angle to the prevailing wind direction. Star dunes are formed by variable winds, and have several ridges and slip faces radiating from a central point. They tend to grow

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is a near-level, firm expanse of partially consolidated particles in a layer that varies from a few centimeters to a few meters thick. The structure of the sheet consists of thin horizontal layers of coarse silt and very fine to medium grain sand, separated by layers of coarse sand and pea-gravel

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mosaic. Different theories exist as to how exactly the pavement is formed. It may be that after the sand and dust is blown away by the wind the stones jiggle themselves into place; alternatively, stones previously below ground may in some way work themselves to the surface. Very little further

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deserts receive less than 25 mm (1 in) of rainfall a year; they have no annual seasonal cycle of precipitation and experience twelve-month periods with no rainfall at all. Arid deserts receive between 25 and 200 mm (1 and 8 in) in a year and semiarid deserts between 200 and

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in Egypt is 150 km (93 mi) long and is the largest oasis in the Libyan Desert. A lake occupied this depression in ancient times and thick deposits of sandy-clay resulted. Wells are dug to extract water from the porous sandstone that lies underneath. Seepages may occur in the walls of

1572:. The crystals left behind by this process are eroded by the wind and deposited as vast white dune fields that resemble snow-covered landscapes. These types of dune are rare, and only form in closed arid basins that retain the highly soluble gypsum that would otherwise be washed into the sea. 2890:

The Arabs were probably the first organized force to conduct successful battles in the desert. By knowing back routes and the locations of oases and by utilizing camels, Muslim Arab forces were able to successfully overcome both Roman and Persian forces in the period 600 to 700 AD during the

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might seem unlikely desert-dwellers, because of their need to keep their skins moist and their dependence on water for reproductive purposes. In fact, the few species that are found in this habitat have made some remarkable adaptations. Most of them are fossorial, spending the hot dry months

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has a metabolic rate that is two or three times as high as would be expected for an animal of its size. Birds have avoided the problem of losing heat through their feet by not attempting to maintain them at the same temperature as the rest of their bodies, a form of adaptive insulation. The

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and contractions which induces fracturing parallel to the original surface. Chemical weathering processes probably play a more important role in deserts than was previously thought. The necessary moisture may be present in the form of dew or mist. Ground water may be drawn to the surface by

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divided desert regions on Earth into three categories according to the amount of precipitation they received. In this now widely accepted system, extremely arid lands have at least twelve consecutive months without precipitation, arid lands have less than 250 mm (9.8 in) of annual

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desert blooms after local rainfall and can fly to faraway waterholes. In hot deserts, gliding birds can remove themselves from the over-heated desert floor by using thermals to soar in the cooler air at great heights. In order to conserve energy, other desert birds run rather than fly. The

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Oil and gas form on the bottom of shallow seas when micro-organisms decompose under anoxic conditions and later become covered with sediment. Many deserts were at one time the sites of shallow seas and others have had underlying hydrocarbon deposits transported to them by the movement of

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and other high-altitude areas in other parts of the world. Polar deserts cover much of the ice-free areas of the Arctic and Antarctic. A non-technical definition is that deserts are those parts of Earth's surface that have insufficient vegetation cover to support a human population.

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displaced into the trunks, the cellular structure of which has been modified to allow them to store water. When rain falls, the water is rapidly absorbed by the shallow roots and retained to allow them to survive until the next downpour, which may be months or years away. The giant

1654:. Other landforms include plains largely covered by gravels and angular boulders, from which the finer particles have been stripped by the wind. These are called "reg" in the western Sahara, "serir" in the eastern Sahara, "gibber plains" in Australia and "saï" in central Asia. The 1962:

provides an excellent start to life well away from the parent tree. The stems and leaves of some plants lower the surface velocity of sand-carrying winds and protect the ground from erosion. Even small fungi and microscopic plant organisms found on the soil surface (so-called

773:, becoming raging torrents with surprising rapidity after a storm that may be many kilometers away. Most deserts are in basins with no drainage to the sea but some are crossed by exotic rivers sourced in mountain ranges or other high rainfall areas beyond their borders. The 3013:–1324), who travelled through Central Asia to China, crossing a number of deserts in his twenty four year trek. Some accounts give vivid descriptions of desert conditions, though often accounts of journeys across deserts are interwoven with reflection, as is the case in 1191:. Monsoon deserts are similar. They occur in regions where large temperature differences occur between sea and land. Moist warm air rises over the land, deposits its water content and circulates back to sea. Further inland, areas receive very little precipitation. The 2471:. They travelled over large areas with their herds, moving to new pastures as seasonal and erratic rainfall encouraged new plant growth. They took with them their tents made of cloth or skins draped over poles and their diet included milk, blood and sometimes meat. 2151:, kangaroo rats and other small rodents emerge from their burrows at night and so do the foxes, coyotes, jackals and snakes that prey on them. Kangaroos keep cool by increasing their respiration rate, panting, sweating and moistening the skin of their forelegs with 1410:'s radiation reaches the ground, but as soon as the sun sets, the desert cools quickly by radiating heat into space. In hot deserts, the temperature during daytime can exceed 45 °C (113 °F) in summer and plunge below freezing point at night during winter. 1873:

Many desert plants have reduced the size of their leaves or abandoned them altogether. Cacti are present in both North and South America with a post-Gondwana origin. The genus is desert specialist, and in most species, the leaves have been dispensed with and the

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As the desert mountains decay, large areas of shattered rock and rubble occur. The process continues and the end products are either dust or sand. Dust is formed from solidified clay or volcanic deposits whereas sand results from the fragmentation of harder

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have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available, and oases have provided opportunities for a more settled way of life. The cultivation of semi-arid regions encourages erosion of soil and is one of the causes of increased desertification.

1902:. They limit water loss by reducing the size and number of stomata, by having waxy coatings and hairy or tiny leaves. Some are deciduous, shedding their leaves in the driest season, and others curl their leaves up to reduce transpiration. Others, such as 2558:

in the 1930s. The grasses that held the soil in place were ploughed under, and a series of dry years caused crop failures, while enormous dust storms blew the topsoil away. Half a million Americans were forced to leave their land in this catastrophe.

1969:) can be a vital link in preventing erosion and providing support for other living organisms. Cold deserts often have high concentrations of salt in the soil. Grasses and low shrubs are the dominant vegetation here and the ground may be covered with 206:, bloom and die in the course of a few weeks after rainfall, while other long-lived plants survive for years and have deep root systems able to tap underground moisture. Animals need to keep cool and find enough food and water to survive. Many are 4495:

Reintjes, Greta; Tegetmeyer, Halina E.; Bürgisser, Miriam; Orlić, Sandi; Tews, Ivo; Zubkov, Mikhail; Voß, Daniela; Zielinski, Oliver; Quast, Christian; Glöckner, Frank Oliver; Amann, Rudolf; Ferdelman, Timothy G.; Fuchs, Bernhard M. (2022-09-26).

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in California, which has high temperatures and average rainfall of just 3 in (76 mm) per year. The economy is heavily based on agriculture and the land is irrigated through a network of canals and pipelines sourced entirely from the

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extends down to an altitude of 4,400 m (14,400 ft) and is continuous above 5,600 m (18,400 ft). Nevertheless, there is some plant life in the Atacama, in the form of specialist plants that obtain moisture from dew and the

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precipitation, and semiarid lands have a mean annual precipitation of between 250 and 500 mm (9.8 and 19.7 in). Both extremely arid and arid lands are considered to be deserts while semiarid lands are generally referred to as

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dunes are produced by strong winds blowing across a level surface and are crescent-shaped with the concave side away from the wind. When there are two directions from which winds regularly blow, a series of long, linear dunes known as

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The concept of "biological desert" redefines the concept of desert, without the characteristic of aridity, not lacking water, but instead lacking life. Such places can be so-called "ocean deserts", which are mostly at the centers of

140:. Wind-blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface. Rocks are smoothed down, and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits. The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing 2553:

level. The land they cultivated reduced the area available to nomadic herders, causing disputes over land. The semi-arid fringes of the desert have fragile soils which are at risk of erosion when exposed, as happened in the American

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erosion takes place after the formation of a pavement, and the ground becomes stable. Evaporation brings moisture to the surface by capillary action and calcium salts may be precipitated, binding particles together to form a desert

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particles lying on the exposed ground begin to vibrate. At greater wind speeds, some particles are lifted into the air stream. When they land, they strike other particles which may be jerked into the air in their turn, starting a

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Marasco, Ramona; Rolli, Eleonora; Ettoumi, Besma; Vigani, Gianpiero; Mapelli, Francesca; Borin, Sara; Abou-Hadid, Ayman F.; El-Behairy, Usama A.; Sorlini, Claudia; Cherif, Ameur; Zocchi, Graziano; Daffonchio, Daniele (2012).

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is determined by body size, irrespective of the climate in which they live. Many desert animals (and plants) show especially clear evolutionary adaptations for water conservation or heat tolerance and so are often studied in

2522:. Several million slaves may have been taken northwards across the Sahara between the 8th and 18th centuries. Traditional means of overland transport declined with the advent of motor vehicles, shipping and air freight, but 3035:

travelled extensively in the Arabian desert in the early part of the 20th century, becoming an expert on the subject, writing books and advising the British government on dealing with the Arabs. Another woman explorer was

2143:, seeking out shade during the day or dwelling underground in burrows. At depths of more than 50 cm (20 in), these remain at between 30 and 32 °C (86 and 90 °F) regardless of the external temperature. 2256:

before the water evaporates. As the desert dries out, the adult toads rebury themselves. The juveniles stay on the surface for a while, feeding and growing, but soon dig themselves burrows. Few make it to adulthood. The

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spends most of the year dormant in its burrow. Heavy rain is the trigger for emergence and the first male to find a suitable pool calls to attract others. Eggs are laid and the tadpoles grow rapidly as they must reach

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desert life and are unable to cool themselves by sweating so they shelter during the heat of the day. In the first part of the night, as the ground radiates the heat absorbed during the day, they emerge and search for

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rainfall, the main precipitation being in the form of fog and dew. The range of temperatures on a daily and annual scale is relatively low, being 11 °C (20 °F) and 5 °C (9 °F) respectively in the

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flits gracefully across the ground on its long legs, stopping periodically to snatch up insects. Like other desert birds, it is well-camouflaged by its coloring and can merge into the landscape when stationary. The

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Traditional desert farming systems have long been established in North Africa, irrigation being the key to success in an area where water stress is a limiting factor to growth. Techniques that can be used include

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vertically; they can reach a height of 500 m (1,600 ft), making them the tallest type of dune. Rounded mounds of sand without a slip face are the rare dome dunes, found on the upwind edges of sand seas.

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Deserts have been defined and classified in a number of ways, generally combining total precipitation, number of days on which this falls, temperature, and humidity, and sometimes additional factors. For example,

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sun by day and chill by night. Successive strata are exposed to further weathering. The relief of the internal pressure that has built up in rocks that have been underground for aeons can cause them to shatter.

1256:. These places owe their profound aridity (the average annual precipitation is often less than 40 mm or 1.5 in) to being very far from the nearest available sources of moisture and are often in the 7109: 941:

Potential evapotranspiration supplements the measurement of precipitation in providing a scientific measurement-based definition of a desert. The water budget of an area can be calculated using the formula

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from glaciers above. They are usually shallow and saline, and wind blowing over their surface can cause stress, moving the water over nearby low-lying areas. When the lakes dry up, they leave a crust or

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to catch the morning mist as condensate, funnelling the water into its mouth. Some arthropods make use of the ephemeral pools that form after rain and complete their life cycle in a matter of days. The

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and deforestation. Vegetation plays a major role in determining the composition of the soil. In many environments, the rate of erosion and run off increases dramatically with reduced vegetation cover.

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has dense plumage, a downy under layer, an air insulation layer next to the skin and various thermoregulatory strategies to maintain its body temperature in one of the harshest environments on Earth.

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do this, losing much of their water through evaporation as they pass through the desert and raising groundwater levels nearby. There may also be underground sources of water in deserts in the form of

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were engaged with the British regular army in a campaign that spanned the Arabian peninsula. The Turks were defeated by the British, who had the backing of irregular Arab forces that were seeking to

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and conserves water both by having a low basal metabolic rate and by remaining underground during the heat of the day, reducing loss of water through its skin and respiratory system when at rest.

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were laid in large numbers. However, the size and harshness of the terrain meant that all supplies needed to be brought in from great distances. The victors in a battle would advance and their

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evaporation and the formation of salt crystals may dislodge rock particles as sand or disintegrate rocks by exfoliation. Shallow caves are sometimes formed at the base of cliffs by this means.

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form "forests", providing shade for other plants and nesting places for desert birds. Saguaro grows slowly but may live for up to two hundred years. The surface of the trunk is folded like a

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range may be as much as 20 to 30 °C (36 to 54 °F) and the rock surface experiences even greater temperature differentials. During the day the sky is usually clear and most of the

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was a consortium seeking $ 560 billion to invest in North African solar and wind installations over the next forty years to supply electricity to Europe via cable lines running under the

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also receives less than 250 mm (9.8 in) of precipitation per year and is often classified as a cold desert. Other regions of the world have cold deserts, including areas of the

646:(usually in the form of rain, but it may be snow, mist or fog), often has little coverage by plants, and in which streams dry up unless they are supplied by water from outside the area. 270:

were also taken northwards across the Sahara. Some mineral extraction also takes place in deserts, and the uninterrupted sunlight gives potential for the capture of large quantities of

210:, and stay in the shade or underground during the heat of the day. They tend to be efficient at conserving water, extracting most of their needs from their food and concentrating their 1449:. There is a certain critical size (about 0.5 mm) below which further temperature-induced weathering of rocks does not occur and this provides a minimum size for sand grains. 6359: 2590:

Deserts contain substantial mineral resources, sometimes over their entire surface, giving them their characteristic colors. For example, the red of many sand deserts comes from

1991:. There is no evidence that body temperature of mammals and birds is adaptive to the different climates, either of great heat or cold. In fact, with a very few exceptions, their 1917:

in Australia has succulent leaves and secretes salt crystals, enabling it to live in saline areas. In common with cacti, many have developed spines to ward off browsing animals.

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is an example of a so-called "oceanic desert", visibly low (purple) in organism density. Polar deserts are visible in consistent white and arid deserts in consistent brown, with

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tribe constructed over 500 miles (800 km) of large canals and maintained them for centuries, an impressive feat of engineering. They grew maize, beans, squash and peppers.

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and receiving less than 38 mm (1.5 in) precipitation annually. Other areas are arid by virtue of being a very long way from the nearest available sources of moisture.

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Plants and animals living in the desert need special adaptations to survive in the harsh environment. Plants tend to be tough and wiry with small or no leaves, water-resistant

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The desert is generally thought of as a barren and empty landscape. It has been portrayed by writers, film-makers, philosophers, artists and critics as a place of extremes, a

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Ecosystem processes in Antarctic ice-free landscapes: proceedings of an International Workshop on Polar Desert Ecosystems : Christchurch, New Zealand, 1–4 July 1996

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Round the rims of deserts, where more precipitation occurred and conditions were more suitable, some groups took to cultivating crops. This may have happened when

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Plants face severe challenges in arid environments. Problems they need to solve include how to obtain enough water, how to avoid being eaten and how to reproduce.

339:, "to abandon". The correlation between aridity and sparse population is complex and dynamic, varying by culture, era, and technologies; thus the use of the word 1846:

is the key to plant growth. It can only take place during the day as energy from the sun is required, but during the day, many deserts become very hot. Opening

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it needs to visit daily. Some small diurnal birds are found in very restricted localities where their plumage matches the color of the underlying surface. The

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As the mountains are eroded, more and more sand is created. At high wind speeds, sand grains are picked up off the surface and blown along, a process known as

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When rain falls in deserts, as it occasionally does, it is often with great violence. The desert surface is evidence of this with dry stream channels known as

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in the south with the fertile Mediterranean region to the north and large numbers of camels were used to carry valuable goods across the desert interior. The

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caused the death of herd animals, forcing herdsmen to turn to cultivation. With few inputs, they were at the mercy of the weather and may have lived at bare

3491: 2942:. Warfare in the desert offered great scope for tacticians to use the large open spaces without the distractions of casualties among civilian populations. 2755:

beside seeps, in moist areas at the foot of dunes, near streams providing flood irrigation and in areas irrigated by extensive specially built canals. The

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Similar damage is being done today to the semi-arid areas that rim deserts and about twelve million hectares of land are being turned to desert each year.

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which are impervious to water and many of them lay their eggs underground and their young develop away from the temperature extremes at the surface. The

101:

occurs and, consequently, living conditions create unique biomes and ecosystems. The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to

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of the wind is transferred to the ground. The sand eventually ends up deposited in level areas known as sand-fields or sand-seas, or piled up in dunes.

1260:

of mountain ranges. Montane deserts are normally cold, or may be scorchingly hot by day and very cold by night as is true of the northeastern slopes of

1016:, for example, the annual precipitation is about 50 mm (2 in) on the central plateau and some ten times that amount on some major peninsulas. 6526: 5523: 1681:. In some places the wind has carved holes or arches, and in others, it has created mushroom-like pillars narrower at the base than the top. On the 1615:. In time, bacteria that live on the surface of the stones accumulate a film of minerals and clay particles, forming a shiny brown coating known as 6966: 1318:. While they do not lack water, having a persistent cover of snow and ice, this is merely due to marginal evaporation rates and low precipitation. 6996: 3733: 3678: 1428:

also occurs when the outer surfaces of rocks split off in flat flakes. This is believed to be caused by the stresses put on the rock by repeated

5160: 1954:

tree, which grows in deserts in the Americas, is hard and fails to sprout even when planted carefully. When it has passed through the gut of a

5772: 5386: 4253: 250:

in California provides an example of how previously barren land can be made productive by the import of water from an outside source. Many

121:

or "cold deserts". Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls, by the temperature that prevails, by the causes of

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and over 45% in Central Asia. Where sand does occur, it is usually in large quantities in the form of sand sheets or extensive areas of

1047:

19.7 in) but this can vary due to evapotranspiration and soil nutrition. Semi-deserts can be found in the high elevations of the

1206:

occurs as air masses rise to pass over high ground. In the process they cool and lose much of their moisture by precipitation on the

1003:

the air to cause much precipitation. The largest of these deserts are found in Central Asia. Others occur on the eastern side of the

626:

Deserts, both hot and cold, play a part in moderating Earth's temperature, because they reflect more of the incoming light and their

7585: 1594:", the wind continually removes fine-grained material, which becomes wind-blown sand. This exposes coarser-grained material, mainly 5469:"Adaptation to cold in arctic and tropical mammals and birds in relation to body temperature, insulation, and basal metabolic rate" 5032:"Retrieval of mass and sizes of particles in sandstorms using two MODIS IR bands: A case study of April 7, 2001 sandstorm in China" 4307: 3621: 3144:

have shown a surface film that resembles the desert varnish found on Earth although it might just be surface dust. The surface of

2803: 1540: 713:. It is virtually devoid of life because it is blocked from receiving precipitation by the Andes mountains to the east and the 1590:

A large part of the surface area of the world's deserts consists of flat, stone-covered plains dominated by wind erosion. In "

902: 7538: 7469: 7448: 7244: 7217: 7171: 7146: 7093: 7045: 6875: 6779: 6632: 6608: 6510: 6303: 6250: 6052: 5967: 5852: 5641: 5264: 5229: 4560: 4422: 4343: 4333: 4168: 4141: 4012: 3985: 3958: 3931: 3904: 3777: 3475: 3376: 2962:

moved back and forth through hundreds of kilometers as each side lost and regained momentum. Its most easterly point was at

2008:. One well-studied example is the specializations of mammalian kidneys shown by desert-inhabiting species. Many examples of 7559: 4898: 2490:

The desert nomads were also traders. The Sahara is a very large expanse of land stretching from the Atlantic rim to Egypt.

1252:. Many locations within this category have elevations exceeding 3,000 m (9,800 ft) and the thermal regime can be 6830: 6129: 1218:

side, they warm and their capacity to hold moisture increases so an area with relatively little precipitation occurs. The

2239:

in deep burrows. While there they shed their skins a number of times and retain the remnants around them as a waterproof

1296: 2833:

has stated that the technology now exists to supply all of the world's electricity needs from 10% of the Sahara Desert.

2614:, in concentrated form. Similarly, evaporation tends to concentrate minerals in desert lakes, creating dry lake beds or 1858:, and conservation of water is a top priority for desert vegetation. Some plants have resolved this problem by adopting 5120:"Laboratory measurement of electrification of wind-blown sands and simulation of its effect on sand saltation movement" 2864:. David Faiman has proposed that "giant" solar plants in the Negev could supply all of Israel's needs for electricity. 2436: 1693:

that are over a mile (6,000 feet or 1,800 meters) deep in places, exposing strata that are over two billion years old.

1275:

that flow downhill from the surrounding mountains. Former desert areas presently in non-arid environments, such as the

168:

may be left when waters evaporate. There may be underground sources of water, in the form of springs and seepages from

8152: 3465: 1568:

into a low-lying pan within the basin where the water evaporates, depositing the gypsum and forming crystals known as

351:; but today the word is most often used in its climate-science sense (an area of low precipitation). Phrases such as " 7622: 6917: 5031: 2958:

would necessarily become longer, while the defeated army could retreat, regroup and resupply. For these reasons, the

658:

are regions which receive between 250 and 500 mm (10 and 20 in) and when clad in grass, these are known as

407:(also seen as "cold deserts") have similar features, except the main form of precipitation is snow rather than rain. 7575: 6473: 3369:

The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 2: Continental America, 1800–1867

2155:. Mammals living in cold deserts have developed greater insulation through warmer body fur and insulating layers of 8392: 7336: 4604: 966:

is the amount of surface storage of water. Evapotranspiration is the combination of water loss through atmospheric

8472: 7555: 4471: 1280: 1092: 690: 2811: 866:

and many dry lake beds. The smooth flat surfaces of playas have been used for attempted vehicle speed records at

798: 7409:

42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, March 7–11, 2011 at the Woodlands, Texas. LPI Contribution No. 1608

4409: 3498: 2364:

and can lose up to 92% of their bodyweight, rehydrating as soon as it rains and their temporary pools reappear.

1920: 1723:. Once ejected, these particles move in one of three possible ways, depending on their size, shape and density; 5362: 5103: 5078: 4709: 3234: 2834: 6017: 4767: 4738: 1787:

in arid or semi-arid climates. They are mostly found in subtropical high-pressure belts and major continental

8573: 7386: 4445: 1399: 6646: 2815: 2139:

can obtain much of their water needs from the body fluids of their prey. Many other hot desert animals are

1859: 1103:. Deserts of this type are often long and narrow and bounded to the east by mountain ranges. They occur in 5524:"Kidney mass and relative medullary thickness of rodents in relation to habitat, body size, and phylogeny" 373:) in previous centuries did not necessarily imply sand or aridity; their focus was the sparse population. 6534: 5572: 2883: 725:

are essential to keep the dry climate of the Atacama. The average precipitation in the Chilean region of

654:

may be large but (in the absence of available water) the actual evapotranspiration may be close to zero.

643: 6974: 3022: 2261:

in Australia has a similar life cycle and may aestivate for as long as five years if no rain falls. The

7569: 7400:

Arnold, K.; Radebaugh, J.; Savage, C.J.; Turtle, E.P.; Lorenz, R.D.; Stofan, E.R.; Le-Gall, A. (2011).

7000: 5214:

The IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology 2.0: Descriptive profiles for biomes and ecosystem functional groups

3744: 3689: 17: 6500: 5868:

Maloiy, G.M.O. (November 1973). "The water metabolism of a small East African antelope: the dik-dik".

1909:

Desert plants maximize water uptake by having shallow roots that spread widely, or by developing long

1174:

location and dominant weather pattern, as trade wind, mid-latitude, rain shadow, coastal, monsoon, or

7964: 5952:

Silverstein, Alvin; Silverstein, Virginia B.; Silverstein, Virginia; Silverstein Nunn, Laura (2008).

4680: 3100:: "The external deserts in the world are growing, because the internal deserts have become so vast". 2947: 2702:

are found under the sands of Saudi Arabia. Geologists believe that other oil deposits were formed by

2348:

does this, appearing "miraculously" in new-formed puddles as the dormant eggs hatch. Others, such as

2248: 1557: 1545: 6941: 5543: 5191: 4915: 4834: 2375:

have long made use of deserts as places to live, and more recently have started to exploit them for

1650:

is a type of desert landscape consisting of a high rocky plateau where the sand has been removed by

1315: 8583: 8295: 8172: 6576: 4282: 3153: 3002:

There is an extensive literature on the subject of deserts. An early historical account is that of

2083:

is an expert at this and nests on the open desert floor dozens of kilometers (miles) away from the

74: 5799: 5597: 5439: 5393: 3575:

Westbeld, A.; Klemm, O.; Grießbaum, F.; Strater, E.; Larrain, H.; Osses, P.; Cereceda, P. (2009).

1891:, allowing it to expand, and a large specimen can hold eight tons of water after a good downpour. 1142: 7663: 5418: 3442: 3229: 3014: 2935: 2923: 2747: 2005: 1356: 875: 825: 382: 46: 6913: 4620: 4261: 3092:

linked the metaphorical existence of "internal deserts" with physical and social deserts in his

8614: 8502: 8454: 8255: 8245: 8200: 8182: 7921: 7843: 5538: 4992: 4184: 3239: 3141: 2892: 2518:

with knowledge of the region were employed to guide the caravans between the various oases and

2432: 1997: 1947: 1835: 1748: 1724: 1612: 887: 650:

generally receive less than 250 mm (10 in) of precipitation each year. The potential

114: 6867: 6861: 6240: 6183: 5631: 5466: 5254: 3948: 3894: 2135:, and is able to lose 40% of its body weight through water loss without dying of dehydration. 8544: 8432: 8377: 8325: 8285: 7746: 7615: 6891: 6674: 6598: 4953: 4158: 3975: 2861: 2830: 2741:

Sonoran Desert which exposed the roots of different species of tree to rhizobacteria and the

2075: 2066: 1812: 1472: 1402:

and seasonal temperature range, with high daytime temperatures falling sharply at night. The

983:

such as Alaska are much lower because of the lack of heat to aid in the evaporation process.

356: 54: 6039: 5842: 4812: 4361:"Landform and soil development in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: a regional synthesis" 4131: 4002: 3921: 3872: 3265: 2131:

adapted to desert life. It minimizes its water loss by producing concentrated urine and dry

233:

People have struggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for millennia.

8511: 8359: 8330: 8300: 8260: 7696: 7499: 7412: 6689: 6678:"A drought resistance-promoting microbiome is selected by root system under desert farming" 5877: 5727: 5175: 5131: 5090: 5043: 4874: 4372: 4133:

Deserts and Desert Environments: Volume 3 of Environmental Systems and Global Change Series

4031: 3592: 3214: 3064:

spent several years living in deserts, recording his experiences and research in his book,

3027: 2276: 2258: 2221: 2220:

of North America, evolutionarily distinct but with similar behavioural patterns because of

2084: 2009: 1992: 1899: 1831: 1784: 1276: 1257: 1151: 806: 726: 671: 509: 369: 325: 302: 259: 183: 6204:

Moseley, Pope L. (1997). "Heat shock proteins and heat adaptation of the whole organism".

320: 311: 164:, exposed bedrock and clays once deposited by flowing water. Temporary lakes may form and 8: 8609: 8382: 8350: 8220: 8034: 7954: 7876: 7579: 7487: 7401: 6780:"Agricultural Societies In Pre-European Times: Southwestern U.S. and Northwestern Mexico" 5959: 5953: 5468: 3851: 2599: 2550: 2491: 2444: 2100: 1744: 1728: 1591: 1453: 1364: 1322: 1268: 871: 846:. The deserts of North America have more than one hundred playas, many of them relics of 722: 714: 298: 8536: 8139: 7678: 7503: 7416: 7062: 6693: 6450: 5881: 5731: 5179: 5135: 5094: 5047: 4878: 4376: 4311: 3596: 3548: 1038:

A semi-arid desert or a steppe is a version of the arid desert with much more rainfall,

335: 329: 8556: 8412: 8372: 8310: 8275: 8265: 8250: 7668: 7515: 7305: 7188: 6760: 6752: 6712: 6677: 6454: 6093:

Withers, P.C. (1993). "Metabolic Depression During Estivation in the Australian Frogs,

6068: 5909: 5893: 5791: 5753: 5683: 5658: 5564: 5504: 5488: 5318: 5285: 5235: 5059: 4890: 4390: 3629: 2999:

for anything from death, war or religion to the primitive past or the desolate future.

2772: 2639: 2335:

in a novel way and forages in the open during brief forays in the heat of the day. The

2332: 2324: 2116: 1867: 1855: 1670: 1655: 1569: 1339: 1080: 971: 926: 782: 734:

and, in the southern part from 25°S to 27°S, may have been glacier-free throughout the

675: 651: 611: 165: 7801: 4655: 4202: 4036: 132:

processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the

8482: 8467: 8407: 8240: 8225: 8205: 8125: 8006: 7810: 7766: 7534: 7465: 7444: 7437: 7380: 7240: 7213: 7167: 7142: 7134: 7089: 7041: 6871: 6764: 6717: 6628: 6604: 6506: 6395: 6299: 6246: 6221: 6154: 6048: 5963: 5901: 5848: 5745: 5688: 5637: 5556: 5496: 5323: 5305: 5260: 5239: 5225: 4556: 4418: 4339: 4164: 4137: 4103: 4008: 3981: 3954: 3927: 3900: 3773: 3527: 3471: 3372: 3244: 3089: 3085: 2838: 2742: 2703: 2336: 2217: 2058: 1651: 1457: 1429: 1425: 1386: 1326:

kind. Extreme winds and not seasonal heat desiccate these nearly-lifeless terrains.

1261: 1219: 1120: 1116: 1043: 867: 655: 577: 287: 110: 7519: 5928: 5913: 5568: 5063: 4521: 4061:

Buel, S.W. (1964). "Calculated actual and potential evapotranspiration in Arizona".

2212:

that enables them to move sidewards and navigate high sand-dunes. These include the

1685:, it is water that has been the prevailing eroding force. Here, rivers, such as the 8604: 8578: 8270: 8235: 8029: 7848: 7608: 7507: 6842: 6744: 6707: 6697: 6446: 6213: 6110: 5885: 5783: 5757: 5735: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5548: 5521: 5480: 5313: 5297: 5217: 5183: 5139: 5098: 5051: 4894: 4882: 4616: 4605:"The formation of fine particles in sandy deserts and the nature of 'desert' loess" 4380: 4093: 3600: 3173: 2931: 2914: 2615: 2262: 2213: 2049: 1682: 1639: 1245: 922: 718: 400: 316: 294: 218:

for long periods, ready to become active again during the rare rainfall. They then

6787: 6387: 6360:"Head of Kibbutz Movement: We will not be discriminated against by the government" 6266: 5508: 5209: 3707: 3420: 3293: 2706:

in ancient deserts as may be the case with some of the major American oil fields.

8387: 8230: 8210: 8195: 8167: 8157: 8147: 8107: 8064: 7936: 7911: 7906: 7818: 7736: 7686: 7658: 7648: 7592: 7586:

Map with biodiversity scenarios for desert areas, from the Global Deserts Outlook

7459: 7234: 6702: 6555: 6217: 5951: 4991:. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. p. 17. Archived from 4082:"Evapotranspiration from a wetland complex on the Arctic coastal plain of Alaska" 3826: 3342: 3224: 3209: 3204: 2899: 2763: 2733: 2725: 2695: 2631: 2563: 2440: 2225: 2165: 2036: 1926: 1808: 1796: 1760: 1603: 1580: 1249: 1203: 1179: 1112: 1072: 1060: 1048: 1004: 979: 879: 855: 847: 810: 560: 427: 347:

was often used in the sense of "unpopulated area", without specific reference to

307: 247: 153: 122: 7270: 6735:

Stager, Lawrence E. (1976). "Farming in the Judean Desert during the Iron Age".

3181: 2566:

is caused by such factors as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture,

1811:, but their reproductive phenology often responds to short episodes of surplus. 1689:, have cut their way over the millennia through the high desert floor, creating 8492: 8487: 8462: 8440: 8402: 8397: 8320: 8315: 8117: 8097: 8039: 8011: 7901: 7896: 7886: 7881: 7833: 7828: 7791: 7731: 7721: 7711: 7399: 7315: 6808: 5281: 5221: 3605: 3576: 3109: 2903: 2873: 2791: 2768: 2715: 2651: 2635: 2627: 2244: 2062: 1973:. Most shrubs have spiny leaves and shed them in the coldest part of the year. 1884: 1851: 1843: 1792: 1764: 1720: 1686: 1616: 1521: 1481: 1477: 1461: 1284: 1272: 1211: 1188: 1184: 1147: 1124: 1100: 1052: 915: 762: 710: 694: 526: 239: 133: 78: 38: 7786: 3804: 2228:

and often bury themselves in the sand, waiting for prey to come within range.

1575: 426:

that suggest evaporation far greater than the rare snowfall due to the strong

148:

where all the fine material has been blown away and the surface consists of a

8598: 8422: 8417: 8367: 8305: 8290: 8280: 8215: 8190: 8162: 8102: 8092: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8044: 7989: 7979: 7853: 7756: 7741: 7716: 7706: 7691: 6831:"Research news: UC Desert Research and Extension Center celebrates 100 years" 6399: 6334: 5749: 5467:

Scholander, P.F.; Hock, Raymond; Walters, Vladimir; Irving, Laurence (1950).

5309: 5212:. In Keith, D.A.; Ferrer-Paris, J.R.; Nicholson, E.; Kingsford, R.T. (eds.). 4107: 4063:

Tucson, Arizona University Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin

4041: 3896:

Walter's Vegetation of the Earth: The Ecological Systems of the Geo-biosphere

3574: 3196: 3077: 3032: 2939: 2918: 2822: 2807: 2737: 2720: 2515: 2345: 2253: 2240: 2176: 2123:

are so efficient at doing this that they apparently never need to drink. The

2021: 2001: 1707: 1584: 1527:

The shape of the dune depends on the characteristics of the prevailing wind.

1360: 1131: 891: 883: 698: 594: 418:

and 2% barren rock). Some of the barren rock is to be found in the so-called

352: 195: 98: 7533:. National Audubon Society nature guides. Random House / Chanticleer Press. 7528: 5029: 4000: 2642:, historically exploited by the "20-mule teams" pulling carts of borax from 8524: 8477: 8001: 7994: 7984: 7868: 7858: 7771: 7761: 7726: 7653: 7402:"Areas of Sand Seas on Titan from Cassini Radar and ISS: Fensal and Aztlan" 6846: 6721: 5889: 5692: 5560: 5500: 5327: 5301: 5187: 4791: 4227: 3652: 3187: 3145: 3132: 3120: 3072: 2955: 2853: 2845: 2826: 2799: 2686:. Many other metals, salts and commercially valuable types of rock such as 2643: 2603: 2361: 2349: 2266: 2160: 2140: 2096: 1943: 1931: 1800: 1739: 1635: 1607: 1553: 1512: 1311: 1175: 1171: 1064: 930: 814: 802: 778: 647: 404: 395:

Deserts occupy about one third of Earth's land surface. Bottomlands may be

271: 219: 207: 161: 118: 59: 6413: 6225: 5984: 5905: 5286:"Nature's green revolution: the remarkable evolutionary rise of C4 plants" 4308:"CHAPTER 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere (e) Cloud Formation Processes" 4050:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 92–93. 3399: 3317: 2208:

are the most numerous in arid regions and certain snakes have developed a

1229: 8340: 8335: 8087: 8054: 8049: 7969: 7959: 7891: 7701: 6485: 6474:"Trans-Saharan trade and the West African discovery of the Mediterranean" 6437:

Dyson-Hudson, Rada; Dyson-Hudson, Neville (1980). "Nomadic pastoralism".

5144: 5119: 5055: 4098: 4081: 3057: 3037: 2910: 2898:

Many centuries later, both world wars saw fighting in the desert. In the

2857: 2611: 2567: 2523: 2236: 2209: 2148: 2091:

takes frequent dust baths which ensures that it matches its environment.

2088: 2043: 1875: 1823: 1788: 1599: 1300: 1199: 1192: 967: 863: 822:

and pools may survive in deep shade near the dried up watercourse below.

770: 755: 543: 423: 360: 251: 203: 5522:

Al-kahtani, M.A.; C. Zuleta; E. Caviedes-Vidal; T. Garland, Jr. (2004).

4488: 2751:

with the aim of restoring degraded lands was only partially successful.

2279:

survive dry periods as eggs, which rapidly hatch and develop after rain.

1413: 225: 8519: 8021: 7974: 7916: 7781: 6756: 6458: 6436: 5795: 5492: 5392:. Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage. Archived from 5117: 4394: 3061: 3003: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2963: 2959: 2659: 2618:

rich in minerals. Evaporation can concentrate minerals as a variety of

2519: 2411: 2392: 2388: 2357: 2272: 2080: 2054: 2030: 1965: 1888: 1776: 1733: 1711: 1702: 1561: 1403: 1381: 1253: 1163: 1068: 1039: 1013: 790: 739: 735: 458: 422:

of Antarctica that almost never get snow, which can have ice-encrusted

419: 408: 243: 141: 137: 129: 102: 70: 6114: 3060:, writing over twenty books on her experiences. The German naturalist 2474: 2107:

mammals obtain moisture from the plants they eat. Species such as the

990: 8549: 7946: 7563: 7511: 5897: 5740: 5715: 4886: 2951: 2783: 2683: 2655: 2619: 2555: 2539: 2416: 2353: 2308: 2284: 2197: 2188: 2171: 2136: 2104: 2017: 1955: 1903: 1895: 1827: 1659: 1627: 1606:, an area of land overlaid by closely packed smooth stones forming a 1533: 1500: 1446: 1442: 1244:; the most prominent example is found north of the Himalayas, in the 1223: 1183:

has already precipitated from the prevailing winds. They include the

1076: 1056: 1020: 934: 859: 834: 789:, underground rivers or lakes. Where these lie close to the surface, 415: 412: 222:

rapidly while conditions are favorable before returning to dormancy.

199: 94: 42: 6748: 5787: 5484: 4385: 4360: 2802:, partly due to low amounts of cloud cover. Many solar power plants 2794:

deserts to produce solar energy to power Europe and the Middle East.

2423:

People have been living in deserts for millennia. Many, such as the

833:

Lakes may form in basins where there is sufficient precipitation or

117:, where little precipitation occurs, and which are sometimes called 7823: 7310: 5552: 5279: 3892: 3444:

Reflectance and albedo, surface in "Encyclopedia of the Atmosphere"

2996: 2985:

arriving in a desert land with camels. 14th-century miniature from

2787: 2647: 2594:

minerals. Geological processes in a desert climate can concentrate

2591: 2535: 2468: 2428: 2340: 2312: 2231: 1988: 1982: 1951: 1939: 1914: 1804: 1438: 1241: 1207: 843: 679: 215: 6600:

Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses

3114: 1862:, allowing them to open their stomata during the night to allow CO 1334: 1027: 7926: 4979: 4514: 4079: 2756: 2679: 2595: 2583: 2546: 2424: 2384: 2376: 2320: 2300: 2192: 2112: 2025: 1910: 1906:, store water in succulent leaves or stems or in fleshy tubers. 1880: 1780: 1674: 1662: 1631: 1623: 1552:

In deserts where large amounts of limestone mountains surround a

1528: 1237: 1215: 1159: 1136: 1115:. Other coastal deserts influenced by cold currents are found in 1104: 851: 839: 786: 731: 364: 348: 290: 169: 157: 31: 7600: 4494: 3946: 2970:, where the Allies decisively defeated the Axis forces in 1942. 842:

behind. This area of deposited clay, silt or sand is known as a

411:

is the world's largest cold desert (composed of about 98% thick

179: 7931: 7776: 3220:

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas

3149: 3097: 3093: 3041: 2906: 2849: 2699: 2687: 2663: 2623: 2578: 2527: 2499: 2479: 2456: 2400: 2380: 2316: 2304: 2292: 2201: 2152: 2144: 2128: 1970: 1898:

plants have developed similar strategies by a process known as

1690: 1678: 1666: 1647: 1595: 1565: 1343: 995: 907: 819: 667: 659: 639: 627: 492: 475: 255: 149: 63: 2502:

were traders and the transported goods traditionally included

850:

which covered parts of Utah, Nevada and Idaho during the last

7838: 7751: 4860:"Desert varnish: evidence for cyclic deposition of manganese" 4035: 3137: 3049: 3045: 2967: 2531: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2483: 2464: 2448: 2396: 2372: 2205: 2132: 2124: 2108: 2013: 1959: 1847: 1564:, occasional storm runoff transports dissolved limestone and 1485: 1460:

mechanism which grinds away solid objects in its path as the

1391: 1155: 1108: 1032: 1008: 801:

under the Sahara Desert is the largest known accumulation of

794: 706: 663: 267: 266:

carrying salt, gold, ivory and other goods. Large numbers of

263: 234: 211: 173: 145: 82: 6811:. University of California Cooperative Extension. 2012-02-15 4602: 2542:

carrying salt from the interior to desert-edge communities.

2012:

have been identified in desert organisms, including between

750: 642:

of land that is very dry because it receives low amounts of

5825:

An Analysis of Intraspecific Variation in the Kangaroo Rat

4989:

Global Alarm: Dust and Sandstorms from the World's Drylands

3128: 3053: 3040:, who travelled alone in the Middle East, visiting Turkey, 2943: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2511: 2452: 2120: 1643: 1493: 1352: 774: 766: 396: 106: 5104:

10.1175/1520-0450(1969)008<0032:GCODD>2.0.CO;2

4407: 1913:

that reach down to deep rock strata for ground water. The

1507: 854:

when the climate was colder and wetter. These include the

387: 6942:"Giant solar plants in Negev could power Israel's future" 5030:

Gu, Yingxin; Rose, William I.; Bluth, Gregg J.S. (2003).

4982:"Physics, Mechanics and Processes of Dust and Sandstorms" 4001:

Lyons, W. Berry; Howard-Williams, C.; Hawes, Ian (1997).

2607: 2460: 2296: 2288: 2265:

of Namibia is nocturnal and survives because of the damp

2156: 1791:. Primary productivity depends on low densities of small 1759:

During a sandstorm, the wind-blown sand particles become

1407: 1338:

An animation of a year in organism density on Earth. The

744: 343:

can cause confusion. In English before the 20th century,

37:

This article is about dry terrain. For arid climate, see

6239:

Picker, Mike; Griffiths, Charles; Weaving, Alan (2004).

5636:(fifth ed.). US: Thomson Brooks/Cole. p. 511. 5356: 5259:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 353. 3994: 1942:

in the soil until sparked into growth by rainfall. With

813:

to tap this aquifer and supply water to coastal cities.

41:. For the act of abandoning or withdrawing support, see 6647:"Why is oil usually found in deserts and Arctic areas?" 5446:. University of California Museum of Paleontology. 1996 3441:

Coakley, J.A.; Holton, J.R. (2002). Curry, J.A. (ed.).

1622:

Other non-sandy deserts consist of exposed outcrops of

797:

may form where plant and animal life can flourish. The

254:

have been forged across deserts, especially across the

7490:(1941). "The physics of blown sand and desert dunes". 7368:. 2013-03-23. Archived from the original on 2013-06-02 7186: 6597:

Geeson, Nicola; Brandt, C. J.; Thornes, J. B. (2003).

6238: 4857: 2818:. Large swaths of this desert are covered in mirrors. 105:. About one-third of the land surface of the Earth is 7210:

Gertrude Bell: Queen of the Desert, Shaper of Nations

6737:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

5515: 5168:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

3973: 3118:

View of the Martian desert seen by the robotic rover

2095:

live with little or no access to drinking water. The

1866:

to enter, and close them during the day, or by using

1198:

In some parts of the world, deserts are created by a

7038:

The Arab Revolt 1916–18: Lawrence Sets Arabia Ablaze

5118:

Zheng, Xiao Jing; Huang, Ning; Zhou, You-He (2003).

4980:

Yang, Youlin; Squires, Victor; Lu, Qi, eds. (2001).

4656:"Misconceptions surround desert terrain, vegetation" 3163: 2287:, have successfully made their homes in the desert. 1958:

it germinates readily, and the little pile of moist

970:

and through the life processes of plants. Potential

769:

meandering across its surface. These can experience

6734: 6596: 4662:. Cornell Center for Materials Research. 2001-07-11 2856:, receive plenty of sunshine and are generally not 2825:is huge, the highest found on the globe. Professor 2821:The potential for generating solar energy from the 2650:. A desert especially rich in mineral salts is the 2339:in Namibia stands on its front legs and raises its 1419:(0.16 sq in) of windblown sand from the Gobi Desert 697:, the world's driest non-polar desert, part of the 333:(originally "an abandoned place"), a participle of 7436: 7133: 6644: 6357: 5161:"The electrification of snowstorms and sandstorms" 5076: 4947:"Geology of Grand Canyon National Park, North Rim" 2950:were able to travel large distances unimpeded and 7486: 7306:"Identifying regions on Mars for past life signs" 6556:"First Measured Century: Interview:James Gregory" 6329: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6155:"Invertebrates: A Vertebrate Looks at Arthropods" 6010:"Emperor Penguins: Uniquely Armed for Antarctica" 5713: 5659:"A method for the calculation of metabolic water" 5290:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 4305: 3886: 3824: 2654:, Chile, where sodium nitrate has been mined for 8596: 7207: 6203: 5416: 2860:. This has resulted in the construction of many 1195:near the India/Pakistan border is of this type. 1170:Deserts are also classified, according to their 403:are major factors in shaping desert landscapes. 7526: 6863:Mirage: the false promise of desert agriculture 5629: 4443: 3734:"Too dry for life: The Atacama Desert and Mars" 3679:"Two dry for life: the Atacama Desert and Mars" 3525: 3291: 1583:of small, smooth, closely packed stones in the 1222:is an example, lying in the rain shadow of the 7161: 7020: 6964: 6892:"5 of the World's Biggest Solar Energy Plants" 6828: 6471: 6385: 6312: 6127: 5947: 5945: 5867: 5656: 5252: 4975: 4973: 4156: 4080:Mendez, J.; Hinzman, L.D.; Kane, D.L. (1998). 3967: 3953:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 207. 3893:Walter, Heinrich; Breckle, Siegmar-W. (2002). 3827:"Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River" 2610:minerals and redeposit them, according to the 2573: 1987:Animals adapted to live in deserts are called 1515:formation, with the wind blowing from the left 1178:. Trade wind deserts occur either side of the 978:evaporate in any given region. As an example, 27:Area of land where little precipitation occurs 7616: 7232: 7035: 6939: 6092: 6047:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 108. 5462: 5460: 4794:. United States Geological Survey. 1997-10-29 4555:. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 8, 59–62. 4338:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 172. 4251: 3940: 3807:. United States Geological Survey. 1997-10-29 3705: 3613: 3521: 3519: 3440: 2798:Deserts are increasingly seen as sources for 2690:are extracted from deserts around the world. 2662:since around 1850. Other desert minerals are 1714:about to engulf a military camp in Iraq, 2005 1696: 1042:and higher humidity. These regions feature a 1012:by dust and sand in other desert regions. In 7083: 6994: 6935: 6933: 6777: 6381: 6379: 5124:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 4766:. US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from 4737:. US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from 4708:. US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from 4463: 4401: 3025:described both his flying and the desert in 2514:going northwards and salt going southwards. 2383:capture. Deserts play a significant role in 7112:. University of Strathclyde. Archived from 7060: 6999:. MilitaryHistoryOnline.com. Archived from 6670: 6668: 6666: 6298:. Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 169–181. 5942: 5929:"What secrets lie within the camel's hump?" 5847:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 7. 5709: 5707: 5630:Campbell, Mary K; Farrell, Shawn O (2006). 5595: 4970: 4944: 4621:10.1306/74d71a69-2b21-11d7-8648000102c1865d 4254:"How mountains influence rainfall patterns" 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4136:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 2–7, 49. 3974:Thomas, David Neville; et al. (2008). 3947:Rohli, Robert V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2008). 3731: 3103: 1938:Some desert plants produce seed which lies 1770: 1075:, portions of South America (especially in 633: 630:is higher than that of forests or the sea. 160:takes place. Other desert features include 7623: 7609: 6911: 6242:Field Guide to the Insects of South Africa 6001: 5764: 5457: 5361:. University of New Mexico. Archived from 5158: 4786: 4784: 4150: 4060: 4026: 4024: 3919: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3653:"Even the Driest Place on Earth Has Water" 3516: 3084:Saints associated with the desert include 3075:expressed his bleak thoughts in his poem, 2852:, and the surrounding area, including the 2762:A modern example of desert farming is the 1297:Thornthwaite climate classification system 962:is potential evapotranspiration rates and 7582:Web Archives (archived June 16, 2006) 6930: 6711: 6701: 6376: 6289: 6287: 5770: 5739: 5682: 5542: 5419:"How Plants Cope with the Desert Climate" 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5317: 5143: 5102: 4641: 4639: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4384: 4335:Encyclopedia of Deserts: Deserts, Montane 4097: 3604: 3088:, also known as "Anthony of the Desert". 1630:, and a variety of landforms affected by 1240:deserts are arid places with a very high 1127:, and the western fringes of the Sahara. 7457: 7054: 6967:"Sahara Solar Energy Could Power Europe" 6859: 6663: 6007: 5982: 5822: 5704: 5701:. Reinhold, 1945. p. 36 for the figures. 5079:"General characteristics of dust devils" 5016: 5014: 5012: 4358: 4213: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 3913: 3619: 3287: 3285: 3113: 2977: 2877: 2782: 2719: 2577: 2473: 2410: 2271: 2170: 2042: 1919: 1822: 1738: 1706: 1574: 1539: 1506: 1471: 1456:. The whirling airborne grains act as a 1412: 1385: 1333: 1228: 1141: 1026: 989: 901: 824: 749: 689: 386: 224: 178: 69: 53: 6353: 6351: 5958:. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 5246: 4781: 4603:Smalley, I. J.; Vita-Finzi, C. (1968). 4469: 4030: 4021: 4007:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 3–10. 3980:. Oxford University Press. p. 64. 3786: 3772:(2005 ed.). Glencoe. p. 276. 3677:Mckay, Christopher P. (May–June 2002). 3670: 3463: 2778: 1375: 14: 8597: 7434: 7303: 6498: 6284: 6037: 5926: 5840: 5614: 5381: 5379: 5334: 4636: 4553:Physical Geography: Process and System 4550: 4539: 4365:Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 3833:. Earth Institute: Columbia University 3492:"Precipitation and evapotranspiration" 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3366: 3266:"desert | National Geographic Society" 1299:, deserts would be classified as arid 910:is the largest hot desert in the world 7604: 7294:, 24 April 2005, accessed 15 May 2024 7110:"Writing the Void: Desert Literature" 6293: 5531:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 5207: 5009: 4929: 4815:. United States National Park Service 4587: 4578: 4569: 4446:"Thornthwaite climate classification" 4408:Fredlund, D.G.; Rahardjo, H. (1993). 4331: 4160:The Encyclopedia of World Climatology 4129: 4114: 3767: 3676: 3570: 3568: 3470:. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 452. 3450:. Academic Press. pp. 1914–1923. 3371:. Yale University Press. p. 76. 3282: 2391:. Deserts can only support a limited 1775:Deserts and semi-deserts are home to 391:The world's largest non-polar deserts 85:, the world's driest non-polar desert 7560:United Nations Environment Programme 7362:"Do Mars Rocks Have Desert Varnish?" 7253: 7166:. Harper Collins. pp. 295–298. 6905: 6577:"Desertification: Facts and figures" 6348: 5989:Australia: The Land Where Time Began 5210:"T5. Deserts and semi-deserts biome" 4627: 4498:"Microbes in the South Pacific Gyre" 4411:Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils 4310:. Physical Geography. Archived from 3459: 3457: 1346:oscillating between white and brown. 1329: 1279:, are known as paleodeserts. In the 974:, then, is the amount of water that 214:. Some animals remain in a state of 7292:Homily of His Holiness Benedict XVI 6451:10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.000311 5376: 4203:"Semiarid – Climate Types for Kids" 3844: 3761: 3385: 2638:. Evaporites are found in the US's 2435:in Australia and various tribes of 1390:Exfoliation of weathering rocks in 1271:remain ice-free because of the dry 1007:, the eastern side of the southern 125:or by their geographical location. 24: 7480: 7458:Pye, Kenneth; Tsoar, Haim (2009). 6527:"Sahara salt trade camel caravans" 6478:Nordic Research on the Middle East 6337:. US Geological Survey. 1997-10-29 5870:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 3708:"Chile desert's super-dry history" 3620:Vesilind, Priit J. (August 2003). 3565: 2893:expansion of the Islamic caliphate 2526:still travel along routes between 2367: 1934:is nearly leafless in dry periods. 1743:Wind-blown particles: 1. creep 2. 25: 8626: 7630: 7548: 7337:"Strange Land Formations on Mars" 7268: 7139:Marco Polo: From Venice to Xanadu 6918:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 6645:Anderson, Roger N. (2006-01-16). 6358:Waldoks, Ehud Zion (2008-03-18). 5830:. University of California Press. 5716:"Metabolic water and desiccation" 5357:Council-Garcia, Cara Lea (2002). 4916:"Hamada, Reg, Serir, Gibber, Saï" 4858:Perry, R.S.; Adams, J.B. (1978). 4470:Renfrow, Stephanie (2009-02-06). 4234:. United States Geological Survey 3706:Jonathan Amos (8 December 2005). 3454: 3402:. United States Geological Survey 2183:) is well-adapted to desert life. 1854:necessary for the process causes 1658:in Algeria is a jumble of eroded 897: 829:Desert Lake, near Ragtown, Nevada 258:, and traditionally were used by 7393: 7354: 7329: 7297: 7284: 7262: 7226: 7201: 7189:"Wind, Sand and Stars Revisited" 7180: 7155: 7127: 7102: 7077: 7029: 7014: 6988: 6958: 6884: 6853: 6822: 6801: 6771: 6728: 6638: 6617: 6590: 6569: 6548: 6519: 6492: 6465: 6430: 6406: 6259: 6232: 6197: 6168: 4609:Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 3825:Preston, Benjamin (2011-04-01). 3530:. Encyclopædia Britannica online 3270:education.nationalgeographic.org 3180: 3166: 3131:is the only other planet in the 2478:Salt caravan travelling between 2419:leading his flock to new pasture 2269:that roll in from the Atlantic. 809:is a scheme launched by Libya's 376: 152:of smooth stones, often forming 144:. Other deserts are flat, stony 7427: 7304:Davila, Alfonso (19 May 2016). 7187:Hutchinson, Charles F. (1994). 6784:Native Peoples of North America 6147: 6121: 6086: 6061: 6031: 5976: 5920: 5861: 5834: 5816: 5771:Best T.L.; et al. (1989). 5650: 5623: 5589: 5432: 5410: 5350: 5273: 5201: 5152: 5111: 5070: 5023: 4938: 4908: 4851: 4827: 4805: 4752: 4723: 4694: 4673: 4648: 4596: 4437: 4352: 4325: 4299: 4275: 4245: 4195: 4177: 4073: 4054: 3926:. Indus Publishing. p. 9. 3865: 3818: 3725: 3699: 3645: 3541: 3484: 2812:Solar Energy Generating Systems 2790:proposed using the Saharan and 2698:. Some major oilfields such as 2057:desert resident with its dusty 1950:the seed coat. The seed of the 1306: 799:Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System 747:that blow in from the Pacific. 6866:. Sierra Club Books. pp. 6335:"Mineral Resources in Deserts" 6157:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 6075:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 6038:Lacher, Thomas E. Jr. (1999). 5844:Encyclopedia of Deserts: Addax 5841:Lacher, Thomas E. Jr. (1999). 5675:10.1113/jphysiol.1953.sp005009 5421:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 5083:Journal of Applied Meteorology 4839:Encyclopædia Britannica online 4287:Encyclopædia Britannica online 4232:Deserts: Geology and Resources 3434: 3413: 3360: 3335: 3310: 3258: 3235:List of North American deserts 3201:Arid Lands Information Network 2835:Desertec Industrial Initiative 2099:for example makes use of this 1019:Based on precipitation alone, 13: 1: 7576:Global Deserts Outlook in PDF 7212:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 6965:Matlack, Carol (2010-12-16). 6809:"Imperial County Agriculture" 6558:. Public Broadcasting Service 6502:The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade 6439:Annual Review of Anthropology 6206:Journal of Applied Physiology 6176:"Invertebrates in the Desert" 6128:Castillo, Nery (2011-06-23). 6103:Australian Journal of Zoology 4645:Pye & Tsoar, 2009. p. 141 4526:NOAA's National Ocean Service 3854:. Public Broadcasting Service 3732:McKay, C.P. (May–June 2002). 3581:carpet in the Atacama Desert" 3467:Essentials of Geology, 3rd ed 3421:"The World's Largest Deserts" 3251: 3007: 2973: 1398:Deserts usually have a large 1370: 1281:Köppen climate classification 1093:Köppen climate classification 994:Cold desert: snow surface at 777:, the Colorado River and the 7562:(UNEP). 2006. Archived from 7439:In the Deserts of this Earth 6940:Lettice, John (2008-01-25). 6703:10.1371/journal.pone.0048479 6533:. 2010-10-28. Archived from 6386:Bancroft, John, ed. (1994). 6218:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.5.1413 5216:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 5036:Geophysical Research Letters 4332:Mares, Michael, ed. (1999). 4252:Brinch, Brian (2007-11-01). 3977:The biology of polar regions 3626:National Geographic Magazine 3066:In the Deserts of this Earth 2816:Ivanpah Solar Power Facility 2283:Invertebrates, particularly 1860:crassulacean acid metabolism 705:One of the driest places on 277: 242:is possible with the aid of 198:, and often spines to deter 113:. This includes much of the 7: 7461:Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes 7141:. Quercus. pp. 1–415. 6997:"The Battle Of Yarmuk, 636" 6973:. Bloomberg. Archived from 6778:Smith, Chuck (2002-10-14). 6388:"The Deserts in Literature" 5077:Sinclair, Peter C. (1969). 4633:Pye & Tsoar, 2009. p. 4 3622:"The Driest Place on Earth" 3497:. Routledge. Archived from 3298:Online Etymology Dictionary 3159: 2574:Natural resource extraction 2494:were developed linking the 2337:long-legged darkling beetle 2243:to retain moisture. In the 2224:. Many desert reptiles are 2047:The cream-colored courser, 1598:with some larger stones or 1548:, New Mexico, United States 1467: 1295:(temperate desert). In the 1214:. When they descend on the 10: 8631: 7570:Global Environment Outlook 6271:Arches National Park, Utah 5714:Mellanby, Kenneth (1942). 5222:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.13.en 4918:. Springer Reference. 2013 4472:"An Ocean full of Deserts" 4306:Pidwirny, Michael (2008). 3768:Boehm, Richard G. (2006). 3606:10.5194/angeo-27-3571-2009 3367:Meinig, Donald W. (1993). 3107: 2871: 2867: 2713: 2709: 2406: 2210:novel method of locomotion 1980: 1700: 1697:Dust storms and sandstorms 1379: 1139:when they are grasslands. 1111:, southern California and 1091:(temperate steppe) in the 913: 723:anticyclone of the Pacific 380: 36: 29: 8569: 8535: 8510: 8501: 8453: 8431: 8358: 8349: 8181: 8138: 8116: 8063: 8020: 7945: 7867: 7809: 7800: 7677: 7639: 7385:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7208:Howell, Georgina (2007). 6912:Parry, Tom (2007-08-15). 6623:van Dalen, Dorrit (2009) 6505:. Routledge. p. 22. 6484:: 116–142. Archived from 6392:The Arid Lands Newsletter 6041:Encyclopedia of Deserts: 5697:Morrison cites Brody, S. 5417:Dimmitt, Mark A. (1997). 5347:George, 1978. pp. 122–123 4702:"Sand Plains/Sand Sheets" 3899:. Springer. p. 457. 3019:Travels in Arabia Deserta 2913:against the Turks in the 2127:is a superb example of a 1838:, Cataviña region, Mexico 1642:, temporary or permanent 1558:White Sands National Park 1546:White Sands National Park 430:that even evaporate ice. 172:. Where these are found, 7556:"Global Deserts Outlook" 7527:Macmahon, James (1988). 6531:National Geographic News 6294:Fagan, Brian M. (2004). 6182:. Oracle. Archived from 5699:Bioenergetics and Growth 4813:"Geology of White Sands" 4551:Briggs, Kenneth (1985). 4444:Allaby, Michael (2004). 4163:. Springer. p. 86. 4130:Laity, Julie J. (2009). 3875:. Utah Geological Survey 3770:The World and Its People 3292:Harper, Douglas (2012). 3104:Deserts on other planets 3023:Antoine de Saint-Exupéry 2598:into valuable deposits. 1976: 1818: 1813:Competitive interactions 1771:Ecology and biogeography 1484:of a type unique to the 685: 634:Defining characteristics 30:Not to be confused with 7664:List of deserts by area 7162:Taylor, Andrew (1999). 7023:Seven Pillars of Wisdom 7021:Lawrence, T.E. (1922). 6829:Meadows, Robin (2012). 6472:Masonen, Pekka (1995). 6273:. National Park Service 6245:. Struik. p. 232. 6008:Hile, J. (2004-03-29). 5823:Lidicker, W.Z. (1960). 5657:Morrison, S.D. (1953). 5253:Eduardo Zeiger (1987). 5020:George, 1978. pp. 17–20 4935:George, 1978. pp. 29–30 4502:Max-Planck-Gesellschaft 4450:A Dictionary of Ecology 4359:Bockheim, J.G. (2002). 4157:John E. Oliver (2005). 4047:Encyclopædia Britannica 3688:: 30–33. Archived from 3230:List of deserts by area 3015:Charles Montagu Doughty 2936:Western Desert Campaign 2924:Seven Pillars of Wisdom 2748:Azospirillum brasilense 2006:evolutionary physiology 1083:. They usually feature 1051:(and some parts of the 876:United States Air Force 672:Grand Australian Desert 435:The ten largest deserts 383:List of deserts by area 77:("Moon Valley") in the 47:Desert (disambiguation) 8246:Gran Desierto de Altar 7233:Moorehead, C. (1985). 7036:Murphy, David (2008). 6847:10.3733/ca.v066n04p122 6835:California Agriculture 5890:10.1098/rspb.1973.0041 5598:"Convergent Evolution" 5302:10.1098/rstb.2005.1737 5188:10.1002/qj.49709038310 4522:"What is a dead zone?" 4417:. Wiley-Interscience. 3240:Sediment precipitation 3142:Mars Exploration Rover 3125: 2992: 2887: 2795: 2728: 2587: 2487: 2437:North American Indians 2420: 2280: 2249:Couch's spadefoot toad 2184: 2159:beneath the skin. The 2070: 1998:comparative physiology 1935: 1924:The camel thorn tree ( 1839: 1836:Baja California desert 1795:that sustain a sparse 1752: 1715: 1587: 1549: 1516: 1488: 1420: 1395: 1347: 1267:Polar deserts such as 1234: 1167: 1035: 999: 911: 830: 758: 717:to the west. The cold 702: 392: 230: 191: 128:Deserts are formed by 86: 67: 45:. For other uses, see 8545:North American Arctic 8286:North American Arctic 7366:Astrobiology Magazine 7084:Latimer, Jon (2002). 6995:Fratini, Dan (2006). 6977:on September 13, 2010 6971:BloombergBusinessweek 6894:. Tech.Co. 2015-05-03 6860:Clemings, R. (1996). 6603:. Wiley. p. 58. 6499:Wright, John (2007). 5927:Vann Jones, Kerstin. 5663:Journal of Physiology 4032:Dickson, Henry Newton 3923:Cold Deserts of India 3577:"Fog deposition to a 3117: 2981: 2881: 2831:Ben-Gurion University 2786: 2723: 2581: 2477: 2414: 2329:Cataglyphis bombycina 2275: 2174: 2076:cream-colored courser 2046: 1923: 1826: 1779:with low or very low 1742: 1710: 1578: 1543: 1510: 1475: 1417:One square centimeter 1416: 1389: 1337: 1277:Sandhills in Nebraska 1232: 1145: 1030: 993: 905: 890:for aircraft and the 828: 753: 693: 390: 357:Great American Desert 229:People in Thar desert 228: 202:. Some annual plants 190:) in the Namib Desert 182: 156:, and little further 73: 57: 7435:George, Uwe (1978). 7061:Woolley, Jo (2008). 6914:"Looking to the sun" 6069:"Couch's spadefoot ( 5620:George, 1978. p. 141 5145:10.1029/2002JD002572 5056:10.1029/2003GL017405 4099:10.2166/nh.1998.0020 3743:: 30. Archived from 3632:on December 18, 2007 3526:Smith, Jeremy M. B. 3215:Deserts of Australia 3028:Wind, Sand and Stars 2884:Battle of El Alamein 2779:Solar energy capture 2724:Mosaic of fields in 2622:deposits, including 2582:A mining plant near 2222:convergent evolution 2181:Dipsosaurus dorsalis 2010:convergent evolution 1993:basal metabolic rate 1900:convergent evolution 1785:primary productivity 1761:electrically charged 1544:Gypsum dune fields, 1376:Weathering processes 807:Great Man-Made River 326:ecclesiastical Latin 324:) all come from the 184:Cape Ground Squirrel 8473:Los Médanos de Coro 8221:Channeled scablands 7844:Ramlat al-Sab'atayn 7580:Library of Congress 7504:1941Natur.148..480H 7443:. Hamish Hamilton. 7417:2011LPI....42.2804A 7341:The Blue Bird Files 7290:Pope Benedict XVI, 6694:2012PLoSO...748479M 6651:Scientific American 6414:"What Is a Desert?" 6296:People of the Earth 6014:National Geographic 5882:1973RSPSB.184..167M 5773:"Dipodomys deserti" 5732:1942Natur.150...21M 5473:Biological Bulletin 5359:"Plant adaptations" 5280:Osborne, Colin P.; 5180:1964QJRMS..90...91L 5159:Latham, J. (1964). 5136:2003JGRD..108.4322Z 5095:1969JApMe...8...32S 5048:2003GeoRL..30.1805G 4879:1978Natur.276..489P 4593:George, 1978. p. 22 4584:George, 1978. p. 21 4575:George, 1978. p. 11 4377:2002AAAR...34..308B 4283:"Taklamakan Desert" 3920:Negi, S.S. (2002). 3831:State of the Planet 3597:2009AnGeo..27.3571W 3585:Annales Geophysicae 3400:"What is a desert?" 3347:The Free Dictionary 3322:The Free Dictionary 3154:desert-like surface 2882:War in the desert: 2445:nomadic way of life 2101:water of metabolism 1323:McMurdo dry valleys 1285:deserts are classed 1269:McMurdo Dry Valleys 998:Station, Antarctica 872:Bonneville Speedway 754:Flash flood in the 715:Chilean Coast Range 437: 58:Aerial view of the 8266:Jornada del Muerto 7669:Desert exploration 7591:2018-07-14 at the 7568:, a report in the 7135:Bergreen, Laurence 7025:. Private edition. 6627:, KIT Publishers, 6625:Landenreeks Tsjaad 6364:The Jerusalem Post 5985:"The Red Kangaroo" 5827:Dipodomus merriami 5282:Beerling, David J. 5208:Keith, DA (2020). 4683:. BBC Nature. 2013 4681:"Habitats: Desert" 4452:. Encyclopedia.com 4228:"Types of deserts" 3549:"The desert biome" 3126: 3071:The American poet 2993: 2888: 2796: 2773:All-American Canal 2729: 2640:Great Basin Desert 2588: 2488: 2439:, were originally 2421: 2387:with an extensive 2333:heat shock protein 2325:Saharan silver ant 2281: 2259:water holding frog 2216:of Africa and the 2185: 2071: 1936: 1868:C4 carbon fixation 1856:evapotranspiration 1840: 1753: 1716: 1588: 1550: 1517: 1489: 1430:thermal expansions 1421: 1396: 1348: 1340:South Pacific Gyre 1235: 1168: 1081:Australian Outback 1036: 1000: 972:evapotranspiration 958:is precipitation, 912: 831: 759: 703: 676:Great Basin Desert 662:. Most deserts on 652:evapotranspiration 612:Great Basin Desert 433: 393: 231: 192: 87: 68: 8592: 8591: 8565: 8564: 8449: 8448: 8134: 8133: 7811:Arabian Peninsula 7767:Plaine des Sables 7540:978-0-394-73139-1 7498:(3756): 480–481. 7488:Bagnold, Ralph A. 7471:978-3-540-85910-9 7450:978-0-241-89777-5 7246:978-0-14-008108-4 7219:978-0-374-16162-0 7173:978-0-00-255815-0 7148:978-1-84724-345-4 7095:978-0-7195-6203-7 7047:978-1-84603-339-1 6877:978-0-87156-416-0 6633:978-90-6832-690-1 6610:978-0-470-85686-4 6512:978-0-203-96281-7 6305:978-0-205-73567-9 6267:"Ephemeral Pools" 6252:978-1-77007-061-5 6132:Breviceps macrops 6115:10.1071/ZO9930467 6071:Scaphiopus couchi 6054:978-0-8061-3146-7 5969:978-0-8225-3434-1 5931:. Lund University 5876:(1075): 167–178. 5854:978-0-8061-3146-7 5780:Mammalian Species 5643:978-0-534-40521-2 5602:Biology Reference 5296:(1465): 173–194. 5266:978-0-8047-1347-4 5256:Stomatal function 5231:978-2-8317-2077-7 4945:Foos, Annabelle. 4873:(5687): 489–491. 4835:"Desert pavement" 4562:978-0-340-35951-8 4424:978-0-471-85008-3 4345:978-0-8061-3146-7 4185:"Semiarid Desert" 4170:978-1-4020-3264-6 4143:978-1-4443-0074-1 4014:978-90-5410-925-9 3987:978-0-19-929813-6 3960:978-0-7637-3828-0 3933:978-81-7387-127-6 3906:978-3-540-43315-6 3873:"Lake Bonneville" 3852:"Desert Survival" 3805:"Desert Features" 3779:978-0-07-860977-0 3553:ucmp.berkeley.edu 3477:978-0-393-19656-6 3378:978-0-300-05658-7 3245:Semi-arid climate 3096:inaugurating his 3090:Pope Benedict XVI 3086:Anthony the Great 2948:armoured vehicles 2917:, made famous in 2839:Mediterranean Sea 2704:aeolian processes 1966:cryptobiotic soil 1652:aeolian processes 1560:in south-central 1330:Biological desert 1262:Mount Kilimanjaro 1220:Taklamakan Desert 1121:Arabian Peninsula 1117:Western Australia 1044:semi-arid climate 868:Black Rock Desert 624: 623: 578:Patagonian Desert 370:The Winter's Tale 16:(Redirected from 8622: 8508: 8507: 8356: 8355: 7807: 7806: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7602: 7601: 7567: 7544: 7523: 7512:10.1038/148480a0 7475: 7454: 7442: 7421: 7420: 7406: 7397: 7391: 7390: 7384: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7301: 7295: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7266: 7260: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7063:"Desert warfare" 7058: 7052: 7051: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7018: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6982: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6937: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6899: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6786:. Archived from 6775: 6769: 6768: 6743:(221): 145–158. 6732: 6726: 6725: 6715: 6705: 6672: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6642: 6636: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6584: 6579:. United Nations 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6563: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6383: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6355: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6331: 6310: 6309: 6291: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6212:(5): 1413–1417. 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6016:. Archived from 6005: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5949: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5804: 5798:. Archived from 5777: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5743: 5741:10.1038/150021a0 5711: 5702: 5696: 5686: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5627: 5621: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5596:Pianka, Eric R. 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5577: 5571:. Archived from 5546: 5528: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5464: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5444:The desert biome 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5398: 5391: 5383: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5332: 5331: 5321: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5190:. Archived from 5165: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4997: 4986: 4977: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4958: 4952:. Archived from 4951: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4923: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4897:. Archived from 4887:10.1038/276489a0 4864: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4792:"Types of Dunes" 4788: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4760:"Dunes, General" 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4667: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4634: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4585: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4548: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4416: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4388: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4319: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4260:. Archived from 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4224: 4211: 4210: 4207:sites.google.com 4199: 4193: 4192: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4127: 4112: 4111: 4101: 4092:(4–5): 303–330. 4086:Nordic Hydrology 4077: 4071: 4070: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4039: 4028: 4019: 4018: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3801: 3784: 3783: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3749: 3738: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3683: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3649: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3628:. Archived from 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3591:(9): 3571–3576. 3572: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3535: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3503: 3496: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3464:Marshak (2009). 3461: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3428: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3396: 3383: 3382: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3329: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3262: 3190: 3185: 3184: 3176: 3174:Geography portal 3171: 3170: 3169: 3156:with dune seas. 3140:beamed from the 3012: 3009: 2932:Second World War 2441:hunter-gatherers 2263:Desert rain frog 2226:ambush predators 2055:well-camouflaged 2050:Cursorius cursor 1850:to allow in the 1683:Colorado Plateau 1592:eolian deflation 1511:Diagram showing 1291:(hot desert) or 1246:Kunlun Mountains 1087:(hot steppe) or 923:Phoenix, Arizona 719:Humboldt Current 701:of South America 614:(North America) 580:(South America) 510:Great Australian 459:Antarctic Desert 438: 432: 401:Eolian processes 399:-covered flats. 154:desert pavements 75:Valle de la Luna 21: 8630: 8629: 8625: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8620: 8619: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8588: 8561: 8531: 8497: 8445: 8427: 8388:Nullarbor Plain 8345: 8256:Great Salt Lake 8201:Baja California 8177: 8148:Bardenas Reales 8130: 8112: 8065:Iranian Plateau 8059: 8016: 7941: 7922:Saryesik-Atyrau 7863: 7796: 7732:Farafra (White) 7673: 7659:List of deserts 7649:Desertification 7635: 7629: 7593:Wayback Machine 7554: 7551: 7541: 7483: 7481:Further reading 7478: 7472: 7451: 7430: 7425: 7424: 7404: 7398: 7394: 7378: 7377: 7371: 7369: 7360: 7359: 7355: 7346: 7344: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7320: 7318: 7302: 7298: 7289: 7285: 7276: 7274: 7271:"Desert Places" 7269:Frost, Robert. 7267: 7263: 7258: 7254: 7247: 7231: 7227: 7220: 7206: 7202: 7193: 7191: 7185: 7181: 7174: 7160: 7156: 7149: 7132: 7128: 7119: 7117: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7096: 7088:. John Murray. 7082: 7078: 7059: 7055: 7048: 7034: 7030: 7019: 7015: 7006: 7004: 6993: 6989: 6980: 6978: 6963: 6959: 6950: 6948: 6938: 6931: 6922: 6920: 6910: 6906: 6897: 6895: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6858: 6854: 6827: 6823: 6814: 6812: 6807: 6806: 6802: 6793: 6791: 6776: 6772: 6749:10.2307/1356097 6733: 6729: 6673: 6664: 6655: 6653: 6643: 6639: 6622: 6618: 6611: 6595: 6591: 6582: 6580: 6575: 6574: 6570: 6561: 6559: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6540: 6538: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6513: 6497: 6493: 6470: 6466: 6435: 6431: 6422: 6420: 6412: 6411: 6407: 6384: 6377: 6368: 6366: 6356: 6349: 6340: 6338: 6333: 6332: 6313: 6306: 6292: 6285: 6276: 6274: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6237: 6233: 6202: 6198: 6189: 6187: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6160: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6139: 6137: 6126: 6122: 6091: 6087: 6078: 6076: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6036: 6032: 6023: 6021: 6020:on June 3, 2004 6006: 6002: 5993: 5991: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5950: 5943: 5934: 5932: 5925: 5921: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5839: 5835: 5821: 5817: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5788:10.2307/3504260 5775: 5769: 5765: 5712: 5705: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5606: 5604: 5594: 5590: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5544:10.1.1.407.8690 5526: 5520: 5516: 5485:10.2307/1538742 5465: 5458: 5449: 5447: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5424: 5422: 5415: 5411: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5377: 5368: 5366: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5335: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5251: 5247: 5232: 5206: 5202: 5194: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5116: 5112: 5075: 5071: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4984: 4978: 4971: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4921: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4862: 4856: 4852: 4843: 4841: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4818: 4816: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4797: 4795: 4790: 4789: 4782: 4773: 4771: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4744: 4742: 4731:"Ripples, Sand" 4729: 4728: 4724: 4715: 4713: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4686: 4684: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4665: 4663: 4660:Ask a Scientist 4654: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4529: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4506: 4504: 4493: 4489: 4480: 4478: 4468: 4464: 4455: 4453: 4442: 4438: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4386:10.2307/1552489 4357: 4353: 4346: 4330: 4326: 4317: 4315: 4304: 4300: 4291: 4289: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4267: 4265: 4250: 4246: 4237: 4235: 4226: 4225: 4214: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4128: 4115: 4078: 4074: 4059: 4055: 4029: 4022: 4015: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3945: 3941: 3934: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3891: 3887: 3878: 3876: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3857: 3855: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3836: 3834: 3823: 3819: 3810: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3787: 3780: 3766: 3762: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3736: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3681: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3657:Extreme Science 3651: 3650: 3646: 3635: 3633: 3618: 3614: 3573: 3566: 3557: 3555: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3533: 3531: 3524: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3504:on 29 July 2020 3501: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3462: 3455: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3426: 3424: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3405: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3386: 3379: 3365: 3361: 3352: 3350: 3343:"Desert Island" 3341: 3340: 3336: 3327: 3325: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3302: 3300: 3290: 3283: 3274: 3272: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3225:List of deserts 3210:Desertification 3205:Desert greening 3186: 3179: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3112: 3106: 3017:'s major work, 3010: 2976: 2900:First World War 2876: 2870: 2804:have been built 2781: 2764:Imperial Valley 2743:nitrogen fixing 2734:drip irrigation 2726:Imperial Valley 2718: 2712: 2696:tectonic plates 2646:to the nearest 2632:sodium chloride 2576: 2564:Desertification 2409: 2370: 2368:Human relations 2358:tadpole shrimps 2166:emperor penguin 2117:Grant's gazelle 1985: 1979: 1927:Acacia erioloba 1865: 1821: 1797:trophic network 1793:photoautotrophs 1773: 1765:electric fields 1751:4. wind current 1705: 1699: 1656:Tassili Plateau 1646:, and oases. A 1640:sinks or playas 1626:, dry soils or 1604:desert pavement 1581:desert pavement 1476:Aerial view of 1470: 1418: 1384: 1378: 1373: 1332: 1309: 1273:katabatic winds 1250:Tibetan Plateau 1204:Orographic lift 1189:Sonoran Deserts 1180:horse latitudes 1113:Baja California 1073:Northern Mexico 1061:Eurasian Steppe 1049:Tabernas Desert 1005:Rocky Mountains 980:Tucson, Arizona 918: 900: 880:Rogers Dry Lake 856:Great Salt Lake 848:Lake Bonneville 811:Muammar Gaddafi 793:can be dug and 688: 678:, occur in low 636: 561:Kalahari Desert 428:katabatic winds 385: 379: 363:'s "deserts of 280: 248:Imperial Valley 123:desertification 50: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8628: 8618: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8559: 8557:Russian Arctic 8554: 8553: 8552: 8541: 8539: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8516: 8514: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8459: 8457: 8451: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8443: 8437: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8378:Great Victoria 8375: 8370: 8364: 8362: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8326:Tule (Arizona) 8323: 8321:Tonopah Desert 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8296:Painted Desert 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8187: 8185: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8144: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8128: 8122: 8120: 8118:Southeast Asia 8114: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8069: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8026: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7951: 7949: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7897:Dasht-e Naomid 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7873: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7815: 7813: 7804: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7683: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7628: 7627: 7620: 7613: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7583: 7572:(GEO) series. 7566:on 2006-06-16. 7550: 7549:External links 7547: 7546: 7545: 7539: 7524: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7470: 7455: 7449: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7411:(1608): 2804. 7392: 7353: 7328: 7316:SETI Institute 7296: 7283: 7261: 7252: 7245: 7225: 7218: 7200: 7179: 7172: 7164:God's Fugitive 7154: 7147: 7126: 7101: 7094: 7076: 7053: 7046: 7028: 7013: 6987: 6957: 6929: 6904: 6883: 6876: 6852: 6841:(4): 122–126. 6821: 6800: 6770: 6727: 6688:(10): e48479. 6662: 6637: 6616: 6609: 6589: 6568: 6547: 6518: 6511: 6491: 6488:on 2013-05-28. 6464: 6429: 6405: 6375: 6347: 6311: 6304: 6283: 6258: 6251: 6231: 6196: 6167: 6146: 6120: 6109:(5): 467–473. 6085: 6060: 6053: 6030: 6000: 5975: 5968: 5941: 5919: 5860: 5853: 5833: 5815: 5763: 5703: 5669:(2): 399–402. 5649: 5642: 5622: 5613: 5588: 5553:10.1086/420941 5537:(3): 346–365. 5514: 5456: 5440:"Cold Deserts" 5431: 5409: 5387:"Desert Flora" 5375: 5349: 5333: 5272: 5265: 5245: 5230: 5200: 5197:on 2013-12-02. 5174:(383): 91–95. 5151: 5110: 5069: 5022: 5008: 4969: 4937: 4928: 4907: 4904:on 2013-10-03. 4850: 4826: 4804: 4780: 4751: 4722: 4693: 4672: 4647: 4635: 4626: 4615:(3): 766–774. 4595: 4586: 4577: 4568: 4561: 4538: 4513: 4487: 4462: 4436: 4423: 4400: 4371:(3): 308–317. 4351: 4344: 4324: 4298: 4274: 4244: 4212: 4194: 4176: 4169: 4149: 4142: 4113: 4072: 4053: 4042:Chisholm, Hugh 4037:"Desert" 4020: 4013: 3993: 3986: 3966: 3959: 3939: 3932: 3912: 3905: 3885: 3864: 3843: 3817: 3785: 3778: 3760: 3724: 3698: 3695:on 2009-08-26. 3669: 3644: 3612: 3564: 3540: 3515: 3483: 3476: 3453: 3433: 3412: 3384: 3377: 3359: 3334: 3309: 3281: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3191: 3177: 3161: 3158: 3110:Desert planets 3108:Main article: 3105: 3102: 2975: 2972: 2874:Desert warfare 2872:Main article: 2869: 2866: 2780: 2777: 2769:Colorado River 2738:rhizobacterial 2716:Desert farming 2714:Main article: 2711: 2708: 2652:Atacama Desert 2628:sodium nitrate 2575: 2572: 2447:as herders of 2415:Shepherd near 2408: 2405: 2369: 2366: 2277:Tadpole shrimp 2245:Sonoran Desert 2109:addax antelope 2069:head markings. 2063:countershading 1981:Main article: 1978: 1975: 1885:Sonoran Desert 1863: 1852:carbon dioxide 1844:Photosynthesis 1820: 1817: 1809:water deficits 1803:is limited by 1772: 1769: 1721:chain reaction 1701:Main article: 1698: 1695: 1617:desert varnish 1482:erosion cirque 1478:Makhtesh Ramon 1469: 1466: 1462:kinetic energy 1380:Main article: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1331: 1328: 1314:are a type of 1308: 1305: 1233:Montane desert 1212:mountain range 1150:hills cut off 1148:Agasthiyamalai 1125:Horn of Africa 1101:Atacama Desert 1053:Spanish Plateu 916:Desert climate 914:Main article: 899: 898:Classification 896: 711:Atacama Desert 687: 684: 638:A desert is a 635: 632: 622: 621: 618: 615: 609: 605: 604: 601: 598: 597:(Middle East) 592: 588: 587: 584: 581: 575: 571: 570: 567: 564: 558: 554: 553: 550: 547: 541: 537: 536: 533: 530: 529:(Middle East) 527:Arabian Desert 524: 520: 519: 516: 513: 507: 503: 502: 499: 496: 490: 486: 485: 482: 479: 473: 469: 468: 465: 462: 456: 452: 451: 448: 445: 442: 378: 375: 279: 276: 240:Desert farming 79:Atacama Desert 39:desert climate 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8627: 8616: 8615:Geomorphology 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8568: 8558: 8555: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8546: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8534: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8503:Polar regions 8500: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8456: 8455:South America 8452: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8331:Tule (Nevada) 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8183:North America 8180: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8137: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7965:Gurbantünggüt 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7944: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7866: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7849:Rub' al Khali 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7626: 7621: 7619: 7614: 7612: 7607: 7606: 7603: 7594: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7542: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7484: 7473: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7456: 7452: 7446: 7441: 7440: 7433: 7432: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7403: 7396: 7388: 7382: 7367: 7363: 7357: 7342: 7338: 7332: 7317: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7300: 7293: 7287: 7272: 7265: 7259:George, 1978. 7256: 7248: 7242: 7238: 7237: 7229: 7221: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7190: 7183: 7175: 7169: 7165: 7158: 7150: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7116:on 2013-09-28 7115: 7111: 7105: 7097: 7091: 7087: 7080: 7072: 7068: 7067:History Today 7064: 7057: 7049: 7043: 7039: 7032: 7024: 7017: 7003:on 2013-04-12 7002: 6998: 6991: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6961: 6947: 6943: 6936: 6934: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6893: 6887: 6879: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6856: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6825: 6810: 6804: 6790:on 2012-01-08 6789: 6785: 6781: 6774: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6723: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6612: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6593: 6578: 6572: 6557: 6551: 6537:on 2013-09-27 6536: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6514: 6508: 6504: 6503: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6419: 6418:pubs.usgs.gov 6415: 6409: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6380: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6352: 6336: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6307: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6288: 6272: 6268: 6262: 6254: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6186:on 2013-05-20 6185: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6156: 6150: 6136:. AmphibiaWeb 6135: 6133: 6124: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6074: 6072: 6064: 6056: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6034: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6004: 5990: 5986: 5983:Monroe, M.H. 5979: 5971: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5948: 5946: 5930: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5864: 5856: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5837: 5829: 5826: 5819: 5805:on 2014-12-16 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5710: 5708: 5700: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5645: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5626: 5617: 5603: 5599: 5592: 5578:on 2010-06-17 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5461: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5420: 5413: 5399:on 2013-04-26 5395: 5388: 5382: 5380: 5365:on 2015-01-04 5364: 5360: 5353: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5268: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5130:(D10): 4322. 5129: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5017: 5015: 5013: 4998:on 2021-06-09 4994: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4974: 4959:on 2008-10-10 4955: 4948: 4941: 4932: 4917: 4911: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4854: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4814: 4808: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4770:on 2010-11-23 4769: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4741:on 2010-02-26 4740: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4712:on 2010-04-20 4711: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4682: 4676: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4642: 4640: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4599: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4426: 4420: 4413: 4412: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4328: 4314:on 2008-12-20 4313: 4309: 4302: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4264:on 2014-08-10 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4153: 4145: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4027: 4025: 4016: 4010: 4006: 4005: 3997: 3989: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3970: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3943: 3935: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3916: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3889: 3874: 3868: 3853: 3847: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3781: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3750:on 2009-08-26 3746: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3673: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3580: 3571: 3569: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3529: 3522: 3520: 3500: 3493: 3487: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3460: 3458: 3446: 3445: 3437: 3423:. Geology.com 3422: 3416: 3401: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3286: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3257: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3197:Aridification 3195: 3194: 3189: 3183: 3178: 3175: 3164: 3157: 3155: 3152:, also has a 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3122: 3116: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3078:Desert Places 3074: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3033:Gertrude Bell 3030: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2940:Italian Libya 2937: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2919:T.E. Lawrence 2916: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2823:Sahara Desert 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2808:Mojave Desert 2805: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2580: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2413: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2385:human culture 2382: 2378: 2374: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354:fairy shrimps 2351: 2350:brine shrimps 2347: 2346:desert shrimp 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2254:metamorphosis 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2177:desert iguana 2173: 2169: 2167: 2162: 2161:arctic weasel 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2022:kangaroo rats 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2002:ecophysiology 1999: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1881:saguaro cacti 1877: 1871: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1834:cacti in the 1833: 1829: 1825: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636:alluvial fans 1633: 1632:flowing water 1629: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1586: 1585:Mojave desert 1582: 1577: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1556:, such as at 1555: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1458:sand blasting 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1361:anoxic waters 1358: 1354: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1327: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1312:Polar deserts 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1210:slope of the 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1176:polar deserts 1173: 1165: 1162:, creating a 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1132:Peveril Meigs 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1006: 997: 992: 988: 984: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 939: 936: 932: 928: 924: 917: 909: 904: 895: 893: 892:Space Shuttle 889: 885: 884:Mojave Desert 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 827: 823: 821: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 757: 752: 748: 746: 741: 737: 733: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 700: 699:Arid Diagonal 696: 692: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 668:Sahara desert 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 644:precipitation 641: 631: 629: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 606: 602: 599: 596: 595:Syrian Desert 593: 590: 589: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 572: 568: 565: 562: 559: 556: 555: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 538: 534: 531: 528: 525: 522: 521: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505: 504: 500: 497: 494: 493:Sahara Desert 491: 488: 487: 483: 480: 477: 476:Arctic Desert 474: 471: 470: 466: 463: 461:(Antarctica) 460: 457: 454: 453: 449: 446: 443: 440: 439: 436: 431: 429: 425: 421: 417: 414: 410: 406: 405:Polar deserts 402: 398: 389: 384: 377:Major deserts 374: 372: 371: 366: 362: 358: 354: 353:desert island 350: 346: 342: 338: 337: 332: 331: 327: 323: 322: 318: 314: 313: 309: 305: 304: 300: 296: 292: 289: 285: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 236: 227: 223: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 189: 188:Xerus inauris 185: 181: 177: 175: 171: 167: 163: 162:rock outcrops 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 124: 120: 119:polar deserts 116: 115:polar regions 112: 108: 104: 100: 99:precipitation 97:where little 96: 92: 84: 80: 76: 72: 65: 61: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 8525:Meyer Desert 8383:Little Sandy 8153:Cabo de Gata 8035:Indus Valley 7955:Badain Jaran 7877:Aral Karakum 7869:Central Asia 7859:Wahiba Sands 7772:Richtersveld 7697:Black Desert 7654:Polar desert 7643: 7632: 7564:the original 7529: 7495: 7491: 7464:. Springer. 7460: 7438: 7428:Bibliography 7408: 7395: 7370:. Retrieved 7365: 7356: 7345:. Retrieved 7343:. 2007-04-11 7340: 7331: 7319:. Retrieved 7309: 7299: 7286: 7275:. Retrieved 7273:. Poemhunter 7264: 7255: 7235: 7228: 7209: 7203: 7192:. Retrieved 7182: 7163: 7157: 7138: 7129: 7118:. Retrieved 7114:the original 7104: 7085: 7079: 7070: 7066: 7056: 7037: 7031: 7022: 7016: 7005:. Retrieved 7001:the original 6990: 6979:. Retrieved 6975:the original 6970: 6960: 6949:. Retrieved 6946:The Register 6945: 6921:. Retrieved 6907: 6896:. Retrieved 6886: 6862: 6855: 6838: 6834: 6824: 6813:. Retrieved 6803: 6792:. Retrieved 6788:the original 6783: 6773: 6740: 6736: 6730: 6685: 6681: 6654:. Retrieved 6650: 6640: 6624: 6619: 6599: 6592: 6581:. Retrieved 6571: 6560:. Retrieved 6550: 6539:. Retrieved 6535:the original 6530: 6521: 6501: 6494: 6486:the original 6481: 6477: 6467: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6421:. Retrieved 6417: 6408: 6391: 6367:. Retrieved 6363: 6339:. Retrieved 6295: 6275:. 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