History of women in Canada

294:) removed the obligation of the wife to obey her husband, and gave the married woman full legal capacity subject to restrictions that may result from the matrimonial regime. However, discriminatory provisions resulting from matrimonial regimes and from other legal regulations still remained. In July 1970, Bill 10 came into force, reforming matrimonial regimes, and improving the situation of married women. In 1977 another important change took place: the wife obtained equal rights with the husband with regard to legal authority over the children during marriage, abolishing the previous rule of 'paternal authority' which gave the husband more legal rights with regard to judicial matters concerning the children; the new law created the concept of parental authority shared equally between the wife and husband. A major change also happened in April 1981, when new family regulations based on gender equality came into force. Other reforms followed throughout the 1980s, including the introduction of the concept of family patrimony in 1989, in order to ensure financial equality between spouses when the marriage ends. On January 1, 1994 the new 1354:

women's sport has traditionally been slowed down by a series of factors: girls and women historically have low levels of interest and participation; there were very few women in leadership positions in academic administration, student affairs, or athletics; there were few women coaches; the media strongly emphasized men's sports as a demonstration of masculinity, suggesting that women seriously interested in sports were crossing gender lines; the male sports establishment was actively hostile; and staunch feminists dismissed sports as unworthy of their support. Women's progress was uphill; they first had to counter the widespread notion that women's bodies were so restricted and delicate that vigorous physical activity was dangerous. These notions where first challenged by the "new woman" around 1900. These women started with bicycling; they rode into new gender spaces in education, work, and suffrage.

1304: 807:(WCTU), in the 1870s. The movement began in Ohio and rapidly spread internationally. It started a chapter in Ontario in 1874 and became a national union in 1885; it reached 16,000 members across Canada in 1914. The central demand was for prohibition, a provincial law that was designed to minimize the power of the liquor interests, reduce violence among men, reduce violence towards wives and children, and keep more money in the family. The leadership in most numbers came from evangelical Protestant churches, especially the Methodists and Baptists. Episcopalians seldom joined, and Catholics almost never joined. They held that the plurality should be under the control of the churches, not under the control of private societies or the government. The WCTU took the lead in demanding votes for women. Its argument was based on a 401: 179:("filles du roi"). They quickly found husbands among the predominantly male settlers, as well as a new life for themselves. They came mostly from poor families in the Paris area, Normandy, and the central-western regions of France. A handful were ex-prostitutes, but only one is known to have practised that trade in Canada. As farm wives with very good nutrition and high birth rates, they played a major role in establishing family life and enabling rapid demographic growth. They had about 30% more children than comparable women who remained in France. Landry says, "Canadians had an exceptional diet for their time. This was due to the natural abundance of meat, fish, and pure water; the good food conservation conditions during the winter; and an adequate wheat supply in most years." 452:

back east, but they had a hard time. They realized the need for a wife. As the population increased rapidly, wives played a central role in settlement of the prairie region. Their labor, skills, and ability to adapt to the harsh environment proved decisive in meeting the challenges. They prepared bannock, beans, and bacon; mended clothes; raised children; cleaned; tended the garden; sold eggs and butter; helped at harvest time; and nursed everyone back to health. While prevailing patriarchal attitudes, legislation, and economic principles obscured women's contributions, the flexibility exhibited by farm women in performing productive and nonproductive labor was critical to the survival of family farms, and thus to the success of the wheat economy.

1175: 168: 1395:, overcame the difficulty of obtaining adequate ice time for practice and the challenge of raising adequate funds from their small fan base. The Rivulettes dominated women's ice hockey, winning ten provincial championships and four of the six Dominion championships. With money short during the Great Depression, after 1939, the hyper-masculinity of the Second World War blocked women's opportunities. Women's hockey largely disappeared during the Second World War. After the war, the back-to-the-family conservatism put women's sports in the shadows. The feminists of the 1970s rarely helped promote women's breakthroughs in sports. Nevertheless, more and more women engaged in aerobics and organized sport. Figure skater 1426:

addressed dozens of sport-related equity cases for women. Gender barriers in sports became a political topic, as shown by the Minister’s Task Force Report in 1992 and the landmark decision of the Canadian Sport Council to include gender equity quotas in their operating principles. By the 1990s, women proved eager to enter formerly all-male sports such as ice hockey, rugby, and wrestling. Their activism and their prowess on the playing field eroded old stereotypes and opened up new social roles for the woman athlete on campus and in her community. New problems emerged for sportswomen trying to achieve equal status with sportsmen: raising money, attracting popular audiences, and winning sponsors.

261:" that featured the study of ordinary people, created a new demand for a historiography of women. The first studies emerged from a feminist perspective and stressed their role as the terms who had been reduced to inferiority in a world controlled by men. Feminists sought the family itself as the centrepiece of the patriarchal system, where fathers and husbands oppressed and alienated women. The second stage came when historians presented a more positive and balanced view. Research has often been interdisciplinary, using insights from feminist theory, literature, anthropology, and sociology to study gender relations, socialization, reproduction, sexuality, and unpaid work. 580: 238:, and schools. In the first half of the twentieth century, about 2–3% of Quebec's young women became nuns; there were 6,600 in 1901 and 26,000 in 1941. In Quebec in 1917, 32 different teaching orders operated 586 boarding schools for girls. At that time, there was no public education for girls in Quebec beyond elementary school. Hospitals were another specially, the first of which was founded in 1701. In 1936, the nuns of Quebec operated 150 institutions, with 30,000 beds to care for the long-term sick, the homeless, and orphans. On a smaller scale, Catholic orders of nuns operated similar institutions in other provinces. 779: 443:(CCF), the Conservative government passed the Female Employees Fair Remuneration Act in 1951. It required equal pay for women who did the same work as men. Feminists in the 1950s and 1960s were unsuccessful in calling for a law that would prohibit other forms of sex discrimination, such as discrimination in hiring and promotion. The enforcement of both acts was constrained by their conciliatory framework. Provincial officials interpreted the equal pay act quite narrowly and were significantly more diligent in tackling racist and religious employment discrimination. 651: 1404: 461: 1470:, killing 14 women, before committing suicide. He began his attack by entering a classroom at the university, where he separated the male and female students. After claiming that he was "fighting feminism" and calling the women "a bunch of feminists", he shot all nine women in the room, killing six. He then moved through corridors, the cafeteria, and another classroom, specifically targeting women to shoot. Overall, he killed fourteen women and injured ten other women and four men in just under 20 minutes before turning the gun on himself. 1200:, where she hulled strawberries for jam. Jobs were opened up at factories as well, as industrial production increased. Work days for these women consisted of ten to twelve hours, six days a week. Because the days consisted of long, monotonous work, many women made up parodies of popular songs to get through the day and boost morale. Depending on the area of Canada, some women were given a choice to sleep in either barracks or tents at the factory or farm that they were employed at. According to a brochure that was issued by the 972:

increased property rights, increased access to education, and recognition as "persons" under the law. This early iteration of Canadian feminism was largely based in maternal feminism: the idea that women are natural caregivers and "mothers of the nation" who should participate in public life because of their perceived propensity for decisions that will result in good care of society. In this view, women were seen to be a civilizing force on society, which was a significant part of women’s engagement in missionary work and in the

824:(1873–1951), a best-selling novelist and social activist who led the struggle for women's suffrage in Alberta and Canada; in 1921, she was elected to the Alberta legislature. Meanwhile, the emphasis of the Saskatchewan group was charitable activities, due to the interests of its leadership, immigration and rural needs, and its commitment to Saskatchewan's "agrarian destiny". Many chapters were involved in the local, provincial, and federal campaigns for age restrictions on smoking and cigarette prohibition during 1892–1914. 6806: 5676: 1676: 633:

living in primitive areas lacking doctors and hospitals. Nurses provided prenatal care, worked as midwives, performed minor surgery, conducted medical inspections of schoolchildren, and sponsored immunization programs. The post-Second World War discovery of large oil and gas reserves resulted in economic prosperity and the expansion of local medical services. The passage of provincial health and universal hospital insurance in 1957 precipitated the eventual phasing out of the obsolete District Nursing Service in 1976.

1358: 346:, transformed the interior decoration of their homes. Instead of austere functionality, they enlivened their living spaces with plush furniture, deep carpets, handmade fancy-work, hanging plants, bookcases, inexpensive paintings, and decorations. They gleaned their ideas from ladies' magazines and from each other. They were taking more and more control of their "separate sphere" of the home, which they transformed into a comfortable retreat from the vicissitudes of a competitive masculine business world. 833: 1346: 939: 624:, the UFWA's first president, lobbied for the establishment of a provincial Department of Public Health, government-provided hospitals and doctors, and passage of a law to permit nurses to qualify as registered midwives. The AAGN leadership opposed midwife certification, arguing that nursing curricula left no room for midwife study, and thus nurses were not qualified to participate in home births. In 1919 the AAGN compromised with the UFWA, and they worked together for the passage of the 26: 413: 6818: 5663: 1377: 1430:

bodies, which enhanced the visibility of their sports. To overcome institutional inertia, women concentrated on organizing their sports and raising the consciousness of both male and female students. In 1969, the Canadian Women's Intercollegiate Athletic Union was formed to oversee events and sanction national championships; it merged with the Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union in 1978. Women increasingly became more active after 1980.

1593: 1690: 924: 1189:, because she knew that her experience in a Toronto hospital would be an asset to the war efforts. Health care practitioners had to deal with medical anomalies they had never seen before the First World War. Poison gas caused injuries that treatment protocols had not yet been developed for. The only treatment that soothed the Canadian soldiers affected by the gas was the constant care they received from the nurses. 1419:

Sport. It brought together coaches, academic administrators, and athletes to talk about the issues raised by the Royal Commission and to chart a way forward. Even so, there was no way to monitor the process and implement the recommendations. The 1980s accelerated the movement forward with the Sport Canada’s Women’s Program in 1980, the Female Athlete Conference in 1981, the Women in Sport program in 1981, and the

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and the requirement of a medical certificate for marriage. The national convention of the BPW was held in Calgary in 1935. The club actively supported Canadian overseas forces in the Second World War. At first, most of the members were secretaries and office workers; more recently, it has been dominated by executives and professionals. The organization continues to attend to women's economic and social issues.

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civilians. The Nursing Sisters had much more responsibility and autonomy, and they had more opportunity to use their expertise than civilian nurses. They were often close to the front lines, and the military doctors – mostly men – delegated significant responsibility to the nurses because of the high level of casualties, the shortages of physicians, and the extreme working conditions.

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to adopt scientific temperance as part of the curriculum, teachers opposed the plan and refused to implement it. The WCTU then moved to dry up the province through government action. They started with "local option" laws, which allowed local governments to prohibit the sale of liquor. Many towns and rural areas went dry in the years before 1914, but the larger cities did not.

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Council position was integrated into its nation-building program that sought to uphold Canada as a white settler nation. While the women's suffrage movement was important for extending the political rights of white women, it was also authorized through race-based arguments that linked white women's enfranchisement to the need to protect the nation from "racial degeneration".

249:. There was a dramatic change in the role of nuns. Many left the convent, while very few young women entered. The provincial government took over the nuns' traditional role as provider of many of Quebec's educational and social services. Often, ex-nuns continued the same roles in civilian dress, but also men for the first time started entering the teaching profession. 612:, in 1909 by Jessie Turnbull Robinson. A former nurse, Robinson was elected as president of the Lethbridge Relief Society and began district nursing services aimed at poor women and children. The mission was governed by a volunteer board of women directors and began by raising money for its first year of service through charitable donations and payments from the 1369:

rebut the stereotype that vigorous physical activity and intense competition was "unwomanly". One tactic was to set up a system of medical supervision for all women athletes. The WAAF forged an alliance with supportive men who dominated the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada. This allowed women to compete in the Olympics and the British Empire Games.

439:, but it did not cover gender issues. Indeed, most human rights activists did not raise the issue before the 1970s, because they were family-oriented and subscribed to the deeply embedded ideology of the family wage, whereby the husband should be paid enough so the wife could be a full-time housewife. After lobbying by women, labor unions, and the 522:

legally possible for wives to run businesses independently of their husbands. In reality, however, the interpretation of the courts made the wife a dependent partner in the marriage who owed her labour and services primarily to her husband. Therefore, most of the women running businesses were widows who had inherited their husband's business.

357:. Their family needed the money, and most worked as household servants or factory workers in the textile mills and shoe factories. After 1900, some came to work as professional women, especially teachers and nurses. Most returned home permanently to get married. Some women in the Maritimes pursued work in heavily male dominated work such as 1572:, the laws were consolidated in the Criminal Code. These dealt principally with pimping, procuring, operating brothels, and soliciting. Most amendments to date have dealt with the latter, originally classified as a vagrancy offence. This was amended to soliciting in 1972 and communicating in 1985. Since the 1323:

for women established during the Second World War to release men from non-combatant roles and thereby expand Canada's war effort. Most women served in Canada, but some served overseas, mostly in roles such as secretaries, mechanics, cooks, and so on. The CWAC was finally abolished as a separate corps

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in 1929 to make the case for recognizing women as full legal citizens. In the 1930s, the group addressed many of the controversial political issues of the day, including the introduction of a minimum wage, fair unemployment insurance legislation, the compulsory medical examination of school children,

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The upper classes of Canada, apart from some Quebec French families were largely of British origin. Military and government officials and their families came to British North America from England or Scotland; some arrived from Ulster. Most business interests were controlled by men of British descent.

571:—practised along traditional lines by women—was restricted and practically died out by 1900. Even so, the great majority of childbirths took place at home until the 1920s, when hospitals became preferred, especially by women who were better educated, more modern, and more trusting in modern medicine. 549:

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, women made inroads into various professions, including teaching, journalism, social work, and public health. Nursing was well-established. These advances included the establishment of a Women’s Medical College in Toronto (and in Kingston, Ontario)

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The Second World War provided women with the first large-scale opportunity to leave the homes of their parents, husbands, and children to engage in paid labour. Never before had this happened at such a high rate for women. This mass exodus of women from Canadian households allowed the women to forge

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from 1894 to 1918. It promoted a vision of "transcendent citizenship" for women. The ballot was not needed, for citizenship was to be exercised through personal influence and moral suasion, through the election of men with strong moral character and through raising public-spirited sons. The National

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Starting in the late 1870s, the Ontario WCTU demanded that schools teach "scientific temperance", which reinforced moralistic temperance messages with the study of anatomy and hygiene, as a compulsory subject in schools. Although initially successful in convincing the Ontario Department of Education

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The Alberta District Nursing Service administered health care in the predominantly rural and impoverished areas of Alberta in the first half of the 20th century. Founded in 1919 to meet maternal and emergency medical needs by the United Farm Women (UFWA), the Nursing Service treated prairie settlers

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that allowed nurses to serve as midwives in regions without doctors. Thus, Alberta's District Nursing Service, created in 1919 to coordinate the province's women's health resources, resulted chiefly from the organized, persistent political activism of UFWA members and only minimally from the actions

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Gender roles were sharply defined in the West. Men were primarily responsible for breaking the land; planting and harvesting; building the house; buying, operating, and repairing machinery; and handling finances. At first, there were many single men on the prairie, or husbands whose wives were still

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Up to the 1880s, prostitution was tolerated in the Prairie Provinces. Before 1909, there were few arrests and even fewer fines for prostitution, in part because those caught were encouraged to leave town rather than be jailed. As the population became more settled, however, public opinion regarding

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Many of the issues facing indigenous women in Canada have been addressed via the Murdered and Missing Indigenous Women (MMIW) initiatives. Hundreds of Native Canadian women have gone missing or been killed in the past 30 years, with little representation or attention from the government. Efforts to

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The 1920s marked a breakthrough for women, including working class young women in addition to the pioneering middle class sportswomen. The Women's Amateur Federation of Canada (WAAF) was formed in 1926 to make new opportunities possible, particularly in international competition. The WAAF worked to

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Women's military involvement paved the way for women’s future involvement in combative roles. With tens of thousands of women involved in these organizations, it provided Canadian women with the opportunity to do their part in a global conflict. Although their involvement was critical to the allied

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Lauretta Hughes Kneil was a representative activist in her years in Edmonton, 1909 to 1923. Her work in the Catholic Women's League and the local chapter of the National Council of Women of Canada provided training in civic affairs, public speaking, and government lobbying that proved useful in her

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Over 4,000 women served as nurses in uniform in the Canadian Armed Forces during the Second World War. They were called "Nursing Sisters" and had already been professionally trained in civilian life. However, in military service, they achieved an elite status well above what they had experienced as

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have advanced slower than in the rest of Canada. Quebec has been slow on giving civil rights to married women: until 1954, a married woman was legally listed as "incapable of contracting", together with minors, "interdicted persons", "persons insane or suffering a temporary derangement of intellect

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dominated high society in Montreal, and their women constructed and managed their identity and social position through central events in the social life, such as the coming out of debutantes. The elite young women were trained in intelligent philanthropy and civic responsibility, especially through

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returned with full force following the Second World War, forcing women in Canada, and across the world, back into their homes and kitchens. "Women's admittance to the army in World War II had not brought about a change in the distribution of power between the sexes in Canada." The freedom they had

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pledged himself during the 1917 campaign to equal suffrage for women. After his landslide victory, he introduced a bill in 1918 for extending the franchise to women. This passed without division, but it did not apply to Québec. The women of Québec did not obtain full suffrage until 1940. The first

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took control of the coal miners in 1919. Women played an important, though quiet, role in support of the union movement in coal towns during the troubled 1920s and 1930s. They never worked in the mines, but they provided psychological support, especially during strikes when the pay packets did not

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From the late 19th century to 1930, 250,000 women immigrated from Europe, especially from Britain and Ireland. Middle class housewives eagerly welcomed domestic workers, many of them Irish, as the rising income of the middle class created an increasing demand for servants that was greater than the

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in Quebec is that the traditionally strong social control of the church and the Catholic doctrine over people's private relations and sexual morality, resulting in conservative marriage legislation and resistance to legal change, has led the population to rebel against traditional and conservative

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Harrigan reviews the emergence of women's athletics in higher education during 1961–2001. The establishment of the National Fitness and Amateur Sport Advisory Council helped women's intercollegiate sports to gain momentum. Simultaneously, there was a rise in the proportion of women in the student

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Women sometimes did have a local vote in some provinces, as in Ontario from 1850, where women who owned property could vote for school trustees. By 1900, other provinces adopted similar provisions, and in 1916, Manitoba took the lead in extending full woman's suffrage. Simultaneously, suffragists

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In the 19th century, few women were sole proprietors of businesses or professional services, like law and medicine. However, many did work closely with their husbands, fathers, brothers, and sons in operating shops and stores. The reform of married women's property law in the 19th century made it

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was the outstanding female athlete of the 1940s, as the 1948 Olympic champion, a two-time World champion (1947–1948), and a four-time Canadian national champion (1944–46, 48) in ladies' singles. She was very heavily covered by the media. However, it focused less on her sportsmanship and athletic

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Richardson (1998) examines the social, political, economic, class, and professional factors that contributed to ideological and practical differences between leaders of the Alberta Association of Graduate Nurses (AAGN), established in 1916, and the United Farm Women of Alberta (UFWA), founded in

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In the Prairie provinces, the first homesteaders relied on themselves for medical services. Poverty and geographic isolation empowered women to learn and practice medical care with the herbs, roots, and berries that worked for their mothers. They prayed for divine intervention but also practiced

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of 1961 (Bill C-131) and the report of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in 1970 marked major advances. Perhaps the most critical development came in 1974, when Marion Lay and the federal government’s Fitness and Amateur Sport Branch (FASB) sponsored a National Conference on Women and

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The Calgary Current Events Club, started in 1927 by seven women, rapidly gained popularity with professional women of the city. In 1929, the group changed its name to the Calgary Business and Professional Women's Club (BPW) in response to a call for a national federation of such groups. Members

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Although the most prestigious awards and endowed chairs still go mostly to men, and men still outnumber women at the full professor rank, the greater influence of feminist historians within the wider profession is evident in their increased presence as journal and book series editors, the many

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Sports are high priority in Canadian culture, but women were long relegated to second-class status. There were regional differences as well, with the eastern provinces emphasizing a more feminine "girls rule" game of basketball, while the Western provinces preferred identical rules. Girls' and

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passed a law allowing married women to own property. In 1885, Alberta passed a law allowing unmarried women who owned property the right to vote and hold office in school matters. This early activism was focused on increasing women’s role in public life, with goals including women’s suffrage,

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In the 20th century, Native Homemakers' Clubs have played a central role for women in First Nation communities. They were first organized in Saskatchewan in 1937. The clubs were a vehicle for education, activism, and agency for Native women. The Department of Indian Affairs (DIA) encourage the

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The care of illegitimate children was a high priority for private charities. Before 1893, the Ontario government appropriated grants to charitable infants' homes for the infants and for their nursing mothers. Most of these infants were illegitimate; most of their mothers were poor. Many babies

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of 1982. In 1981, Abby Hoffman, a former Olympian, was named director general of Sport Canada. Its "Policy on Women's Sport" called for equality. The AAU of Canada now became more supportive. Court cases nailed down the women's right to participate. In the provinces, human rights commissions

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Religion was an important factor in the early stages of the Canadian women’s movement. Some of the earliest groups of organized women came together for a religious purpose. When women were rejected as missionaries by their Churches and missionary societies, they started their own missionary

234:, new orders for women began appearing in the seventeenth century. In the next three centuries, women opened dozens of independent religious orders, funded in part by dowries provided by the parents of young nuns. The orders specialized in charitable works, including hospitals, orphanages, 1253:(WD) in 1942, this unit was formed to take over positions that would allow more men to participate in combat and training duties. Among the many jobs carried out by WD personnel, they became clerks, drivers, fabric workers, hairdressers, hospital assistants, instrument mechanics, 531: 194: 1546:, who targeted women. He was sentenced in 2010 to two life sentences for first-degree murder, two 10-year sentences for other sexual assaults, two 10-year sentences for forcible confinement, and 82 one-year sentences for breaking and entering, all to be served concurrently. 562:

graduated in 1898, but she was refused her licence to practise by the Northwest Territories College of Physicians and Surgeons. The government contracted with her as the district physician for $ 300 annually in 1901, though she was unable to secure her licence until 1904.

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1915, regarding the promotion and acceptance of midwifery as a recognized subspecialty of registered nurses. Accusing the AAGN of ignoring the medical needs of rural Alberta women, the leaders of the UFWA worked to improve economic and living conditions of women farmers.

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arrive. They were the family financiers and encouraged other wives who otherwise might have coaxed their menfolk to accept company terms. Women's labor leagues organized a variety of social, educational, and fund-raising functions. Women also violently confronted "

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Many barriers fell in the 1920s: the Edmonton Grads became the world champions of women's basketball, the first Canadian women participated in the Olympics, and women sportswriters, such as Phyllis Griffiths, were hired to cover their feats on the sports pages.

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Apart from a token few, women were outsiders to the male-dominated medical profession. As physicians became better organized, they successfully had laws passed to control the practice of medicine and pharmacy and banning marginal and traditional practitioners.

139:, and their marriages to European fur traders often brought their communities into greater contact with the outside world. Throughout the colonial period, European women were encouraged to immigrate to Canadian colonies and expand the white population. After 1664:, by the Legislature of Nova Scotia. The Crowley Memorial commemorates the heroic death of Mary Elizabeth Crowley, who died on October 15, 1869, aged 12 years, after having rescued her younger brother and sister from the flames of her parents' home. 286:... or who by reason of weakness of understanding are unable to give a valid consent", and "persons who are affected by civil degradation". The removal of the married woman from this list, however, did little to improve her legal situation, due to 1231:, which helped provide the needs of soldiers, families of soldiers, and the victims of war. Women were deemed "soldiers on the home front", encouraged to use less or nearly nothing, and to be frugal in order to save supplies for the war efforts. 1608:

The woman's history movement began in the 1970s and grew rapidly across Canadian universities, attracting support from history departments and other disciplines as well. The Canadian Committee on Women's History (CCWH) was founded in 1975.

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raised the issue of violence against women in parliament and was laughed at by male MPs in the House of Commons, there was public outcry over the incident, and women's groups started lobbying the government to take action on the issue.

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Before the 1870s, there were few organizations for women, apart from charitable groups associated with particular denominations and largely under the control of the male ministry. The main breakthrough came with the formation of the

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position to the effect that women possessed superior moral standards, especially regarding issues affecting the home and family life, and needed the votes to guarantee that the government supported proper public morals.

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Upper-class Canadian women emulated British culture and imported as much of it as possible across the Atlantic. Books, magazines, popular music, and theatre productions were all imported to meet women's consumer demand.

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Outside the home, Canadian women had few domains which they controlled. An important exception came with Roman Catholic nuns, especially in Quebec. Stimulated by the influence in France of the popular religiosity of the

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came into effect, replacing the old one. This new code contains the current family law of Quebec, and it is based on gender equality: article 392 reads: "The spouses have the same rights and obligations in marriage."

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Women have been a key part of Canada's labour market, social movements, and culture for centuries, and yet they have faced systematic discrimination. Women were given the federal franchise in 1918, served in both the

500:, midwives, dressmakers, or innkeepers. The great majority of Canadian women lived in rural areas, where they worked at home, or as domestic servants, until they married and became housewives. British women, such as 819:

The WCTU was always committed to prohibition and suffrage, but it had alternative priorities as well. For example, the Alberta WCTU stressed prohibition, women's suffrage, and temperance education. Its leader was

190:. They worked at home alongside their husbands or fathers as merchants, clerks, and provisioners. Some were widowed and took over their husbands' roles. A handful were active entrepreneurs in their own right. 7102: 7072: 6977: 1580:

this resource for itinerant men turned hostile. For example, a smallpox epidemic in the red light districts of Calgary ignited a crackdown, as demanded by middle-class women reformers. Local chapters of the

888:(1864–1915), and the nom de plume of newspaper columnist was Kathleen Blake Coleman. Born in Ireland, Coleman was the world's first accredited female war correspondent, covering the Spanish–American War for 491:

In the early 19th century cities, most women were housewives. However, some were employed, chiefly as domestic laborers, unskilled workers, prostitutes, nuns (in Catholic areas), and teachers; a few were

1292:, which had been active during the First World War and then revived in 1939. The Royal Canadian Navy was slow to create a women's service and established the WRCNS in July 1942, nearly a year after the 7353: 7258: 7097: 7027: 1516:

commented that the issue of murdered and missing indigenous women was "not high on our radar", prompting outrage in already frustrated indigenous communities. A few months later, Prime Minister

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make the Canadian public aware of these women's disappearances have mostly been led by Aboriginal communities, who often reached across provinces to support one another. In 2015, Prime Minister

7378: 7077: 4375: 1496:, from the early 1980s through 2002. Many of the missing women were severely disadvantaged, drug-addicted sex workers from Vancouver's Downtown Eastside. Much of the investigation centred on 7358: 6917: 3325:

Cook, Sharon Anne (1994). "'Earnest Christian Women, Bent on Saving our Canadian Youth': The Ontario Woman's Christian Temperance Union and Scientific Temperance Instruction, 1881-1930".

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The 1930s brought setbacks, as critics recommended non-competitive athletic activities as the recreation most suited to women. During the 1930s, a team of women from the small town of

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claimed political motives and blamed feminists for ruining his life. The note included a list of 19 Quebec women whom Lépine considered to be feminists and apparently wished to kill.

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The First World War opened up many new opportunities for paid employment and unpaid volunteer work for women. They maintained families and supported morale with so many menfolk gone.

6877: 7067: 306:. Until 1968, there was no uniform federal divorce law in Canada, Quebec did not have a divorce law, and spouses in Quebec could only end their marriage if they obtained a private 7248: 7032: 328: 221:

the Junior Leagues. They seldom connected with the reform impulses of the middle-class women, and for and were paternalistic in their views of the needs of working-class women.

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social values and avoid marriage altogether. Since 1995, the majority of births in Quebec are outside of marriage; as of 2015, 63% of births were outside of marriage.

1657:, was dedicated in 2001 to all Canadian Women Mariners who served their country in wartime. A plaque lists eight of these courageous women who were killed in action. 7368: 7062: 6972: 6922: 6882: 6631: 1635:

A memorial in Salmon Arm, British Columbia, was dedicated on 14 August 2000 to all Canadian women who served in the First and Second World Wars and the Korean War.

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scholarly prizes, the strong presence of women's and gender history on conference programs, and the growing number of their students who are in full-time positions.

7363: 7057: 7052: 7047: 6902: 1481:, "The scale and severity of violence faced by Indigenous women and girls in Canada—First Nations, Inuit and Métis—constitutes a national human rights crisis." 7037: 290:

which restricted her rights and gave the husband legal authority over her: legal incapacity was still the general rule. A major change followed in 1964: Bill 16 (

7373: 7042: 6957: 6932: 5818: 1884:

Landry, Yves (1993). "Fertility in France and New France: The Distinguishing Characteristics of Canadian Behavior in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries".

558:, became the first woman to graduate from a Canadian medical school. Graduating from medical school did not ensure that women were allowed to attain licensing. 7253: 7163: 7007: 6912: 6887: 4346: 1197: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7183: 7022: 7017: 6947: 6927: 1193: 7318: 5157: 7323: 7238: 6962: 6892: 5495: 3934: 3905: 7288: 7193: 7168: 7012: 6708: 5318: 1643: 7303: 7298: 7228: 7208: 5219: 1337:

new identities as military service women and munitions workers because of their newfound ability to earn a paycheque doing work in the public sphere.

980:

societies and raised funds to send female missionaries abroad. Some of them raised enough to train some of their missionaries as teachers or doctors.

5338: 2505:

Tillotson, Shirley (1991). "Human Rights Law as a Prism: Women's Organizations, Unions, and Ontario's Female Employees Fair Remuneration Act, 1951".

865:

charity work. Kneil was appointed to the Board of Public Welfare in 1914, became a provincial inspector of factories in 1917, and helped promote the

7293: 6485: 4270: 722:

Upper-class women supported philanthropic causes similar to the educational and nursing charities championed by upper-class women in England. The

131:

is the study of the historical experiences of women living in Canada and the laws and legislation affecting Canadian women. In colonial period of

5564: 373:

trained as a navigator and took command of a fever-ridden ship in the 1870s, but she left the sea, as women were not permitted to be officers.

758:. Women began making headway in their struggle to gain access to higher education. In 1875, the first woman university graduate in Canada was 7135: 6856: 2923: 735: 4325: 3217:

The Embroidered Tent: Five Gentlewomen in Early Canada; Elizabeth Simcoe, Catharine Parr Traill, Susanna Moodie, Anna Jameson, Lady Dufferin

967:

The first wave of feminism started in the late 19th century. Women's legal rights made slow progress throughout the 19th century. In 1859,

302:

Due to its Catholic heritage and traditionally strong influence of the church on political issues, Quebec has been very reluctant to accept

159:

from the 1960s onwards. Historians have been researching and writing about women's history in Canada in increasing numbers since the 1960s.

5778: 5270: 1297: 1250: 4533: 4504: 4475: 3372:

Sheehan, Nancy M. (January 1981). "The Womans Christian Temperance Union on the Prairies, 1886-1930: An Alberta-Saskatchewan Comparison".

2165: 5758: 1303: 1650:, honours the women who served in the Canadian Women's Army Corps between 1941 and 1945. It also lists those who died while in service. 4691: 2141:"The Juridical Capacity of the Married Woman in Quebec: In relation to partnership of acquests and recent amendments to the Civil Code" 1600:

in Calgary, Alberta. Louise McKinney (1868–1931) was a provincial politician and women's rights activist from Alberta, and a member of

1265:. Although the Women's Division was discontinued in 1946 after wartime service, women were not permitted to enter the RCAF until 1951. 3077:

Richardson, Sharon (1998). "Political Women, Professional Nurses, and the Creation of Alberta's District Nursing Service, 1919-1925".

786:

Women's suffrage was achieved during World War I. Suffrage activism began during the later decades of the Victorian era. In 1883, the

7383: 5868: 5838: 5773: 5343: 5307: 5265: 5260: 419:(1868–1933) was a women's rights activist, jurist, and author. In 1916, she became the first female magistrate in Canada, and in the 4199: 5365: 3938: 962: 791: 2299:[Proportion of births out of wedlock by birth order, Quebec, 1976-2016] (in French). Institut de la statistique du Québec. 5714: 3878: 2669:

Magee, Kathryn (2009). "'For Home and Country': Education, Activism, and Agency in Alberta Native Homemakers' Clubs, 1942-1970".

2186: 1443: 1273: 310:. Since 1968, divorce law throughout Canada is under exclusive jurisdiction of the federal Parliament; the current law being the 1838: 598:

remedies continued, as trained nurses and doctors and how-to manuals slowly reached the homesteaders in the early 20th century.

381:, broke the professional barriers against women at sea in 1938, when she became the first woman in the western world to win her 5382: 5212: 1723: 973: 2482:

Frager, Ruth A.; Patrias, Carmela (2012). "Human Rights Activists and the Question of Sex Discrimination in Postwar Ontario".

608:

The Lethbridge Nursing Mission in Alberta was a representative Canadian voluntary mission. It was founded, independent of the

5038: 4795: 4774: 4741: 4720: 4699: 4672: 4649: 4628: 4607: 4098: 4068: 4008: 3862: 3680: 3532: 3309: 3253: 3198: 3171: 2912: 2881: 2845: 2699: 2628: 2429: 2383: 2296: 2079: 2028: 1822: 1581: 804: 751: 5000: 4214: 1984: 884:. It had local chapters in major cities and was later renamed the Media Club of Canada. The first president of the CWPC was 257:

The history of women in Quebec was generally neglected before 1980. The advent of the feminist movement, combined with the "

5793: 5615: 5579: 5459: 5454: 5377: 5285: 4148:

Morrow, Don (1987). "Sweetheart Sport: Barbara Ann Scott and the Post World War II Image of the Female Athlete in Canada".

1459: 1240: 1192:

On the Canadian home front, there were many ways in which women could participate in the war effort. Lois Allan joined the

1169: 440: 361:. An increasing number of women went to sea in the 19th century, although usually in the more traditional domestic role as 4395: 7404: 7308: 6267: 5897: 5419: 5028: 1763: 1708: 1201: 1154:

First women elected in the British Empire were two Alberta women (Louise McKinney and Roberta MacAdams) elected in 1917.

984: 613: 5062:

Bullen, John. "Orphans, Idiots, Lunatics, and Historians: Recent Approaches to the History of Child Welfare in Canada,"

2208: 1144:

Relatives of individuals in the armed forces – September 20, 1917. All female British subjects in Canada, May 24, 1918

314:

1985, which came into force in June 1986. It has been argued that one of the explanations for the current high rates of

143:

in 1867, women's experiences were shaped by federal laws and by legislation passed in Canada's provincial legislatures.

6437: 5848: 4976: 4912: 4326:

Violence Against Indigenous Women and Girls in Canada: A Summary of Amnesty International's Concerns and Call to Action

1576:

became law in 1982, the constitutionality of Canada's prostitution laws have been challenged on a number of occasions.

1281: 1185:

About 3,411 women became nurses serving in uniform with the services. When war broke out, Laura Gamble enlisted in the

392:

gave women the right to vote in 1919, women in this province obtained the right to hold political office only in 1934.

4115: 3551:"Transcendent Citizenship: Suffrage, the National Council of Women of Canada, and the Politics of Organized Womanhood" 2984:

Oppenheimer, Jo (1983). "Childbirth in Ontario: The Transition from Home to Hospital in the Early Twentieth Century".

7414: 7128: 6849: 6206: 5863: 5788: 5783: 5768: 5589: 5355: 5280: 5275: 5205: 5163:

Sangster, Joan. "Feminism and the making of Canadian working-class history: Exploring the past, present and future."

3301:

Through Sunshine and Shadow: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Evangelicalism, and Reform in Ontario, 1874-1930

1555: 1174: 400: 4885:

McKenna, Mary Olga. "Paradigm Shifts in a Women's Religious Institute: The Sisters of Charity, Halifax, 1950-1979,"

4176: 1257:

riggers, photographers, air photo interpreters, intelligence officers, instructors, weather observers, pharmacists,

6789: 6743: 6407: 5843: 5813: 5647: 5632: 5534: 5360: 5313: 5250: 3350: 2721: 1584:

vigorously opposed both saloons and prostitution, and they called for woman suffrage as a tool to end those evils.

915:", policemen, and soldiers. They had to stretch the food dollar and show inventiveness in clothing their families. 208:

Henrietta Edwards (1849–1931) was a Canadian women's rights activist and reformer from Quebec. She was a member of

3393:"Unmaking Manly Smokes: Church, State, Governance, and of the First Anti-Smoking Campaigns in Montreal, 1892-1914" 2740:

Barber, Marilyn (September 1980). "The Women Ontario Welcomed: Immigrant Domestics for Ontario Homes, 1870-1930".

167: 7198: 6982: 6656: 5878: 5584: 5479: 5404: 2312:"Bringing the Outside in: Women and the Transformation of the Middle-Class Maritime Canadian Interior, 1830-1860" 2261:

Laplante, Benoît (Winter 2006). "The Rise of Cohabitation in Quebec: Power of Religion and Power over Religion".

1364:

won Canada's first Olympic gold medal in an individual event in women's high jump at the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics.

1262: 950: 5146: 2334: 1451: 6230: 5188: 3942: 3913: 3499: 2957:

Biggs, C. Lesley (1983). "The Case of the Missing Midwives: A History of Midwifery in Ontario from 1795-1900".

1573: 1485: 1316: 1308: 1293: 1289: 1178:

Type of uniform worn by Canadian Army Medical Corps Nursing Service and Mess Uniform during the First World War

873: 844: 4997:

From Colonial to Modern: Transnational Girlhood in Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand Literature, 1840-1940

2402: 1923:"N'être plus la déléguée de personne: une réévaluation du rôle des femmes dans le commerce en Nouvelle-France" 1733: 695:, middle-class English settlers who published memoirs of their demanding lives as pioneers. Traill published 6987: 6304: 6107: 5858: 5389: 4440:

Iacovetta, Franca (2007). "Gendering Trans/National Historiographies: Feminists Rewriting Canadian History".

3833: 3144: 1471: 1277: 3854:

A Sisterhood of Suffering and Service: Women and Girls of Canada and Newfoundland during the First World War

3392: 2536:"Women Workers, Employment Policy and the State: The Establishment of the Ontario Women's Bureau, 1963-1970" 7263: 7121: 6842: 6380: 6355: 6287: 5748: 5539: 5241: 370: 335: 5108: 1639: 1333:

experienced during the war was over—it was time to return to their "normal" and "proper" domestic duties.

7409: 6779: 6360: 6235: 6093: 5707: 5642: 5549: 5506: 5434: 3355: 3034:

Richardson, Sharon (1997). "Women's Enterprise: Establishing The Lethbridge Nursing Mission, 1909-1919".

2726: 1728: 1186: 262: 2096: 1954:

Chenier, Elise (2009). "Class, Gender, and the Social Standard: The Montreal Junior League, 1912–1939".

7268: 6723: 6677: 6515: 6370: 6294: 6195: 6179: 5853: 5823: 5804: 5666: 5399: 5372: 5328: 3615: 2484: 1956: 1738: 1654: 1559: 1527: 1300:. By the end of the war, however, nearly 7,000 women had served with the WRCNS in 39 different trades. 946: 5168: 5096:

Iacovetta, Franca. "Gendering Trans/National Historiographies: Feminists Rewriting Canadian History."

3815: 3790: 2575:

Rollings-Magnusson, Sandra (May 2000). "Canada's Most Wanted: Pioneer Women on the Western Prairies".

2140: 1454:

is probably the most infamous case of violence against women in Canada. In December 1989, 25-year-old

1157:

First woman elected to the House of Commons was Progressive candidate Agnes MacPhail, elected in 1921.

1001:

of 1917 gave the vote to Canadian women who were war widows or had sons or husbands serving overseas.

6621: 6573: 6539: 6277: 6112: 6009: 5934: 5409: 3972: 3595: 2447: 2311: 1718: 723: 674:

remained largely culturally isolated from English-speaking Canadians (a situation later described in

654: 609: 200:(1903–2000) was a Canadian trade union organizer, social activist, pacifist, and feminist from Quebec 3738: 3724: 3710: 3696: 2535: 715:(1853). Their memoirs recount the harshness of life as women settlers but were nonetheless popular. 616:. The mission also blended social work with nursing, becoming the dispenser of unemployment relief. 7419: 6774: 6402: 6201: 6132: 6122: 6117: 6102: 5637: 5519: 5449: 1601: 1246: 931: 840: 778: 763: 650: 587: 559: 424: 405: 209: 183: 103: 5143:

Minds of Our Own: Inventing Feminist Scholarship and Women’s Studies in Canada and Québec, 1966–76

4308: 2935: 2445:

Neff, Charlotte (2013). "Ontario Government Funding and Supervision of Infants' Homes 1875–1893".

2206: 992:

gave strong support to the prohibition movement, especially in Ontario and the Western provinces.

930:(1873–1951) was a Canadian feminist, politician, author, and social activist. She was a member of 6365: 6331: 6218: 5833: 5741: 5484: 5236: 4572: 4541: 4512: 4483: 3645: 3474: 3428: 3012: 2244: 2166:"Important dates in the history of the civil law of Quebec - the International Cooperation Group" 1002: 707: 579: 476: 353:, thousands of young, single women from the Maritime provinces migrated to better paying jobs in 80: 5091: 4410: 4376:"Trudeau launches investigation into the deaths and disappearances of Canada's indigenous women" 3752:

Shaw, Amy (2014). "Expanding the Narrative: A First World War with Women, Children, and Grief".

3451: 3245: 3239: 3121: 2169: 435:

Ontario's Fair Employment Practices Act combatted racist and religious discrimination after the

7144: 6769: 6713: 6701: 6691: 6596: 6566: 6417: 6387: 6375: 6336: 6272: 6213: 6169: 5700: 5574: 5529: 5464: 4254: 3964: 3345: 1886: 1569: 1497: 1439: 1420: 432:

arrived in poor physical condition, and their chances of survival outside such homes was poor.

140: 4058: 3188: 2904: 2898: 2375: 2225: 2067: 467:

was a Canadian artist. She is regarded as one of the most notable Canadian pioneers of modern

6444: 6326: 6282: 6240: 6225: 5975: 5544: 5048:

We Serve That Men May Fly - The Story of the Women's Division of the Royal Canadian Air Force

4813:

Taking the Veil: An Alternative to Marriage, Motherhood and Spinsterhood in Quebec, 1840–1920

4332: 4000: 3590: 2689: 2018: 1868: 1563: 1478: 1328:

victory, it did not change the power dynamics within Canada, regarding military involvement.

1276:(WRCNS) was active during the Second World War and post-war years. This unit was part of the 688: 676: 4785: 4731: 4710: 4639: 4618: 4597: 4088: 3852: 3522: 3299: 3235: 3215: 3161: 2871: 2835: 2618: 2044:

D'Allaire, Micheline (1986). "Les Religieuses du Québec dans le Courant de la Laïcisation".

7343: 7203: 6942: 6549: 6532: 6522: 6464: 6459: 6186: 6156: 5949: 5604: 5594: 5394: 4116:"'Queens of the Ice Lanes': The Preston Rivulettes and Women's Hockey in Canada, 1931-1940" 3500:"'Have You No Manhood in You?' Gender and Class in the Cape Breton Coal Towns, 1920-1926."" 2931: 2598: 1661: 759: 747: 594:

supernatural magic that provided as much psychological as physical relief. The reliance on

555: 542: 311: 295: 156: 3616:"'The Beginning of Our Regeneration': The Great War and Western Canadian Reform Movements" 2716: 175:

In the 1660s, the French government sent about 800 young women (single or widowed) called

8: 6636: 6554: 6510: 6449: 6262: 6142: 5999: 5609: 5559: 5524: 5514: 5439: 4566: 4380: 1269: 1245:

The Canadian Women's Auxiliary Air Force (CWAAF) was formed in 1941 as an element of the

997: 907: 739: 378: 231: 176: 62: 51: 2655: 1403: 460: 7213: 6952: 6897: 6651: 6527: 6454: 6392: 6299: 6253: 6174: 6137: 6061: 5599: 5554: 5469: 5444: 5429: 4987:

Visions of Belonging: Family Stories, Popular Culture, and Postwar Democracy, 1940-1960

4562: 4457: 4290: 4235: 4204: 3769: 3571: 3286: 3122:"Frontier Health Care: Alberta's District and Municipal Nursing Services, 1919 to 1976" 3102: 3059: 2783: 2588: 2557: 2522: 2464: 2416: 2368: 2348: 2278: 1903: 1713: 1703: 1647: 958: 898:(1861–1942) was Western Canada's first woman journalist and a women's rights activist. 629:

of professional nursing groups clearly uninterested in rural Canadians' medical needs.

382: 343: 258: 1488:

is an ongoing criminal investigation into the disappearance of at least 60 women from

1442:

in Canada started to gain prominence in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. In 1982, after MP

1204:, there were several areas in which it was appropriate for women to work. These were: 832: 586:(1868–1965) was a Canadian women's farm leader, activist, politician, and a member of 408:, a Canadian advocate for the welfare of women and children. Photograph taken c. 1895. 7223: 6937: 6748: 6718: 6666: 6626: 6616: 6588: 6561: 6397: 6343: 6318: 6037: 6027: 5731: 5569: 5474: 5323: 5295: 5228: 5034: 4972: 4966: 4908: 4791: 4770: 4763: 4737: 4716: 4695: 4684: 4668: 4661: 4645: 4624: 4603: 4461: 4422: 4294: 4094: 4064: 4004: 3993: 3858: 3773: 3676: 3669: 3575: 3528: 3305: 3290: 3249: 3194: 3167: 3094: 3051: 2993: 2966: 2908: 2877: 2841: 2787: 2695: 2624: 2540: 2526: 2468: 2425: 2379: 2297:"Proportion de naissances hors mariage selon le rang de naissance, Québec, 1976-2016" 2075: 2024: 1842: 1818: 1505: 1493: 1396: 808: 602: 538: 307: 132: 4177:"Women's Agency and the Development of Women's Intercollegiate Athletics, 1961-2001" 3106: 3063: 2596:

Rowles, Edith (1952). "Bannock, beans and bacon: An investigation of pioneer diet".

876:(CWPC) to demand the right to free railway passes to cover the 1904 World's Fair in 839:(1856–1915) was the world's first accredited female war correspondent, covering the 6907: 6784: 6661: 6611: 6606: 6190: 5919: 5873: 5489: 5349: 4449: 4282: 4157: 4130: 4037: 3761: 3630: 3600: 3563: 3479: 3407: 3278: 3231: 3086: 3043: 2814: 2775: 2651: 2584: 2549: 2514: 2493: 2456: 2335:"'Going Up To Lynn': Single, Maritime-Born Women in Lynn, Massachusetts, 1879–1930" 2270: 2112: 1996: 1965: 1934: 1895: 1623: 1610: 1539: 1392: 1361: 890: 701: 671: 464: 436: 350: 242: 5129:

Changing Women, Changing History: A Bibliography in the History of Women in Canada

4623:. Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland. 3236:"The WCTU: For God, Home, and Native Land: A Study in Nineteenth Century Feminism" 1788: 513:

local supply. However, the turnover was very high, as most servants soon married.

7243: 7233: 7178: 7173: 6822: 6641: 6578: 6544: 6348: 6073: 6051: 6046: 5081: 4959: 4933: 4880: 4870: 4860: 4850: 4833: 4823: 2063: 1695: 1597: 1543: 731: 662: 217: 4787:

Back the Attack!: Canadian Women During the Second World War, at Home and Abroad

4620:

Pursuing Equality: Historical Perspectives on Women in Newfoundland and Labrador

4252:

Buchignani, Walter (8 December 1989). "Amid the tragedy, miracles of survival".

1357: 7218: 6696: 6646: 6068: 6056: 6022: 5828: 5333: 4897: 4568:

Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada

4476:"Canadian women's military service memorial: Memorial 59014-010 Salmon Arm, BC" 2418:

Women in the House: A Reader on New Brunswick Women in the Legislative Assembly

1517: 1513: 1380: 1227:

In addition, many women were involved in charitable organizations, such as the

1011: 942: 927: 895: 821: 755: 743: 727: 692: 681: 420: 342:

In the 19th century, middle-class Anglo women across Canada, especially in the

266: 235: 38: 4867:

Organizing Rural Women: the Federated Women's Institutes of Ontario, 1897-1910

4806:

Women's Work, Markets, and Economic Development in Nineteenth-Century Ontario.

4286: 3047: 2779: 1985:"Writing the Convent in New France: The Colonialist Rhetoric of Canadian Nuns" 1899: 1660:

The first public monument erected to a woman in Canada was erected in 1870 in

1455: 7398: 7188: 6810: 6164: 6078: 5929: 5680: 4765:

Working Families: Age, Gender, and Daily Survival in Industrializing Montreal

3524:

Women, Politics, and Public Policy: The Political Struggles of Canadian Women

3090: 2460: 1681: 1501: 1477:

Violence against Aboriginal women in Canada is a serious issue. According to

1384: 1345: 1320: 1006: 938: 738:, founded in 1900, supports educational bursaries and book awards to promote 389: 25: 6834: 5021:

The Age of Light, Soap, and Water: Moral Reform in English Canada, 1885-1914

3269:

Cook, Sharon Anne (1995). "'Sowing Seed for the Master': The Ontario WCTU".

2639: 1414:

Change for women in sport began slowly but then accelerated after 1980. The

197: 6601: 6032: 5959: 5103:

Lévesque, Andrée. "Historiography: History of Women in Québec Since 1985."

5076:

Forestell, Nancy M., Kathryn M. McPherson, and Cecilia Louise Morgan, eds.

4847:

And on that Farm He Had a Wife: Ontario Farm Women and Feminism, 1900–1970.

4453: 4426: 4219: 2997: 2970: 2867: 2207:

Secrétariat à la condition féminine of the Ministère de la Culture (2009).

1638:

A 6'4" high bronze memorial statue "Canadian Women’s Army Corps" (2000) by

1407: 1196:

in 1918 to replace the men who were sent to the front. Allan was placed at

968: 750:'s Victoria School of Art and Design (founded in 1887 and later named the 621: 583: 416: 362: 315: 287: 152: 4968:

They're Still Women After All: The Second World War and Canadian Womanhood

3995:

They're Still Women After All: The Second World War and Canadian Womanhood

3187:

Downie, Mary Alice; Robertson, Barbara; Errington, Elizabeth Jane (2010).

3098: 3055: 2518: 1324:

in 1964, when women were fully integrated into the Canadian armed forces.

412: 7113: 6127: 5939: 5078:

Gendered Pasts: Historical Essays in Femininity and Masculinity in Canada

5007:

Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur-Trade Society in Western Canada, 1670-1870

4161: 3765: 3282: 3163:

An Officer and a Lady: Canadian Military Nursing and the Second World War

3145:"Front Lines and Frontiers: War as Legitimate Work for Nurses, 1939-1945" 2834:

Bates, Christina; Dodd, Dianne Elizabeth; Rousseau, Nicole, eds. (2005).

2640:"Changing Women: The Cross-Currents of American Indian Feminine Identity" 1969: 983:

Women's political status without the vote was vigorously promoted by the

912: 885: 836: 767: 595: 551: 534: 497: 366: 354: 331: 148: 4877:

Victory harvest: diary of a Canadian in the Women's Land Army, 1940-1944

4505:"Canadian Women's Army Corps Memorial: Memorial 35094-012 Kitchener, ON" 2760: 2561: 2352: 2282: 1504:

who was convicted in 2007 for the murders of six women and sentenced to

5763: 5255: 5014:

Toronto's Girl Problem: The Perils and Pleasures of the City, 1880-1930

4134: 3671:

The woman suffrage movement in Canada: The Start of Liberation, 1900-20

3567: 2339: 2099:[Reflections on the history of women in the history of Quebec] 1907: 374: 282: 246: 187: 136: 5192: 5191:, a pioneer in the study of Canadian women's history, are held at the 3550: 2819: 2802: 2000: 6432: 5303: 4940:

Family and Community Life in Northeastern Ontario: The Interwar Years

4042: 4025: 3635: 3412: 2553: 2274: 2117: 1939: 1922: 1489: 1376: 1254: 877: 568: 501: 493: 468: 358: 245:

of the 1960s combined declericalization with the dramatic reforms of

5197: 4026:"'Jill Canuck': C.W.A.C. of All Trades, but No Pistol-Packing Momma" 2497: 1592: 204: 6686: 5924: 5071:

Framing Our Past: Canadian Women's History in the Twentieth Century

4534:"Canadian Women Mariners Memorial: Memorial 59005-047 Langford, BC" 4351: 1463: 1258: 881: 554:, the first female doctor to practise in Canada. Stowe’s daughter, 504:, set up organizations to help girls and women emigrate to Canada. 5980: 5944: 5914: 4990: 4930:

Family Life and Sociability in Upper and Lower Canada, 1780-1870.

4830:

The girl and the game : a history of women's sport in Canada

3241:

A Not unreasonable claim: women and reform in Canada, 1880s-1920s

2930:. Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada: Canadian Plains Research Center, 923: 857: 303: 2761:"The Transformation of the Canadian Domestic Servant, 1871-1931" 2691:

The Dream of Nation: A Social and Intellectual History of Quebec

2097:"Réflexions sur l'histoire des Femmes sans l'histoire du Québec" 1400:

achievements and more on her beauty and her "sweetheart" image.

770:

became the first woman licensed to practise medicine in Canada.

5954: 5723: 4905:

Women at War in the Borderlands of the Early American Northeast

4347:"Full Text of Peter Mansbridge's interview with Stephen Harper" 2840:. Canadian Museum of Civilization. University of Ottawa Press. 1531: 1522:

official inquiry into the murdered and missing indigenous women

1467: 1329: 853: 278: 5193:

University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services

4840:

Greatcoats and Glamour Boots: Canadian Women at War, 1939-1945

2620:

Trying to Get It Back: Indigenous Women, Education and Culture

1217:

In the farmhouse to help feed those who are raising the crops.

530: 327: 135:, Indigenous women's roles were often challenged by Christian 5985: 3452:"An Early Edmonton Club Woman At Work: Lauretta Hughes Kneil" 3190:

Early Voices: Portraits of Canada by Women Writers, 1639-1914

687:

English-speaking Canadian writers became popular, especially

193: 483:

expansion of homemakers’ clubs, which numbered 185 by 1955.

5173:

Strong-Boag, Veronica, Mona Gleason, and Adele Perry, eds.

5069:

Cook, Sharon Anne; McLean, Lorna; and O'Rourke, Kate, eds.

4857:

Literary Culture and Female Authorship in Canada 1760–2000.

4663:

Pioneer and gentlewomen of British North America, 1713-1867

4090:

The Girl and the Game: A History of Women's Sport in Canada

1535: 5136:

The Neglected Majority: Essays in Canadian Women's History

3965:"Serving Their Country: the Story of the Wrens, 1942-1946" 2424:. N.B. Advisory Council on the Status of Women. May 2010. 2072:

Economy, class & nation in Quebec: interpretive essays

1839:"La Société des Filles du roi et soldats du Carignan, Inc" 1813:

Campbell, Lara; Myers, Tamara; Perry, Adele, eds. (2016).

5692: 5154:

Through Feminist Eyes: Essays on Canadian Women's History

2865: 545:, was the first woman to earn a medical degree in Canada. 216:

In the early 19th century down to the 1950s, upper-class

182:

Besides household duties, some women participated in the

4198:

Alphonso, Caroline; Farahbaksh, Marjan (27 March 2017).

3186: 2068:"The Social Condition of Women and the Women's Movement" 3739:"Famous Canadian Women's Historical Timeline 1940-1949" 3725:"Famous Canadian Women's Historical Timeline 1930-1939" 3711:"Famous Canadian Women's Historical Timeline 1920-1929" 3697:"Famous Canadian Women's Historical Timeline 1910-1919" 782:

Members of a Catholic Women's Club drinking tea in 1940

726:, still in existence, was founded in 1897 as a gift to 2250:(Report). Parliament Information and Research Service. 5120:

Parr, Joy. "Gender History and Historical Practice,"

4820:

Discounted Labour: Women Workers in Canada, 1870-1939

4271:"Unbearable Witness: towards a Politics of Listening" 3521:

Newman, Jacquetta A.; White, Linda Ann, eds. (2006).

945:(1890–1954) was the first woman to be elected to the 292:

An Act respecting the legal capacity of married women

171:

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Prentice, Alison and Trofimenkoff, Susan Mann, eds.

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Women and social change: feminist activism in Canada

4396:"Williams gets 2 life terms for 'despicable crimes'" 3475:"Winnipeg Women Journalists Have Always Led the Way" 2837:

On All Frontiers: Four Centuries of Canadian Nursing

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There have been relatively few scholarly studies of

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McGill-Queen's University Press. 2656:10.17953/aicr.12.1.3723328898018383 1709:Catholic sisters and nuns in Canada 1383:won Canada's first Olympic gold in 1234: 1202:Canadian Department of Public Works 985:National Council of Women of Canada 614:Metropolitan Life Insurance Company 13: 5189:Archival papers of Alison Prentice 5073:(2001). 498 pp. essays by scholars 4949:Les Ursulines de Québec, 1639-1953 4583: 4234:Sourour, Teresa K. (10 May 1991). 3999:. McClelland and Stewart. p. 2589:10.1111/j.1755-618X.2000.tb01265.x 1582:Woman's Christian Temperance Union 1387:at the 1960 Squaw Valley Olympics. 1319:was a non-combatant branch of the 1163: 974:Woman’s Christian Temperance Union 805:Woman's Christian Temperance Union 661:was the first woman to receive an 349:From the late 19th century to the 14: 7431: 5182: 5064:Histoire Sociale: Social History, 4923:Giving Birth in Canada, 1900-1950 4236:Report of Coroner's Investigation 3962: 3646:"'The "Votes For Women' Movement" 3346:"Mooney, Helen Letitia (McClung)" 2924:"Matheson, Elizabeth (1866–1958)" 2403:"Women's Right to Vote in Canada" 2263:The Canadian Journal of Sociology 2214:(Report). 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She was a member of 409: 339: 213: 201: 172: 7249:Saint Kitts and Nevis 6968:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5976:Northwest Territories 5879:Territorial evolution 5460:Northwest Territories 5405:Territorial evolution 4947:Oury, Dom Guy-Marie. 4828:Hall, M. Ann (2002), 4715:. New Hogtown Press. 4667:. New Hogtown Press. 4333:Amnesty International 4087:Hall, M. Ann (2002). 3450:Chown, Diana (2006). 2671:Native Studies Review 2519:10.3138/CHR-072-04-05 2366:Baird, Donal (2001). 2245:Divorce Law in Canada 1983:Carr, Thomas (2009). 1615: 1595: 1570:Confederation in 1867 1564:Canada (AG) v Bedford 1479:Amnesty International 1406: 1379: 1360: 1348: 1306: 1177: 1108:Prince Edward Island 941: 926: 835: 781: 713:Life in the Clearings 689:Catharine Parr Traill 653: 582: 533: 463: 415: 403: 330: 207: 196: 170: 72:Women in labour force 5950:Prince Edward Island 5480:Prince Edward Island 5152:Sangster, Joan, ed. 5080:(2003) 370 pp. 4784:Bruce, Jean (1985). 4748:, essays by scholars 4162:10.1123/cjhs.18.1.36 4123:Sport History Review 3963:Plows, Emilie Anne. 3766:10.3138/chr.95.3.398 3283:10.3138/jcs.30.3.175 2932:University of Regina 2688:Mann, Susan (2002). 2599:Saskatchewan History 2230:Civil Code of Québec 2187:"P. (D.) v. S. (C.)" 1970:10.3138/chr.90.4.671 1662:Pugwash, Nova Scotia 1198:E. B. Smith and Sons 1014:in Ontario in 1921. 841:Spanish–American War 760:Grace Annie Lockhart 556:Augusta Stowe-Gullen 543:Augusta Stowe-Gullen 526:Nursing and medicine 312:Divorce Act (Canada) 296:Civil Code of Quebec 7264:Trinidad and Tobago 7159:Antigua and Barbuda 6983:Trinidad and Tobago 6878:Antigua and Barbuda 6305:Firearms regulation 5395:Population history 5366:Chinese immigration 5019:Valverde, Mariana. 4921:Mitchinson, Wendy. 4811:Danylewycz, Marta. 4563:Morgan, Henry James 4381:The Washington Post 4093:. Broadview Press. 3599:(online ed.). 1460:École Polytechnique 1458:opened fire at the 1282:unification in 1968 1270:Royal Canadian Navy 1249:. Changing to the 1194:Farm Services Corps 1005:Prime Minister Sir 998:Military Voters Act 908:United Mine Workers 740:Canadian patriotism 730:to commemorate her 379:Alma, New Brunswick 232:Counter Reformation 63:secondary education 61:Women over 25 with 52:Women in parliament 42: (per 100,000) 20: 7410:Feminism in Canada 7199:Dominican Republic 6918:Dominican Republic 6486:Population centres 5107:12 (1991): 83–91. 5012:Strange, Carolyn. 5005:Van Kirk, Sylvia. 4985:Smith, Judith E. 4892:Marsden, Lorna R. 4887:Historical Studies 4832:, Broadview Press 4355:. 7 September 2015 4205:The Globe and Mail 4135:10.1123/shr.39.1.1 4057:Parr, Joy (1995). 3568:10.3138/jcs.42.3.5 2866:Prentice, Alison; 2717:"Rye, Maria Susan" 2715:Parr, Joy (1994). 2226:"Chapter CCQ-1991" 2193:. 21 October 1993. 2148:McGill Law Journal 1921:Noel, Jan (2009). 1714:Feminism in Canada 1704:Abortion in Canada 1648:Kitchener, Ontario 1613:reported in 2007: 1606: 1412: 1389: 1366: 1351: 1313: 1268:An element of the 1180: 959:Feminism in Canada 955: 936: 849: 784: 667: 591: 547: 473: 429: 410: 344:Maritime provinces 340: 259:New social history 214: 202: 173: 39:Maternal mortality 33:General Statistics 18: 7392: 7391: 7281:other territories 7111: 7110: 7000:other territories 6832: 6831: 6811:Canada portal 6732: 6731: 6499: 6498: 6313: 6312: 6268:Political parties 6236:Foreign relations 6151: 6150: 6038:Canadian Prairies 6028:Pacific Northwest 5994: 5993: 5892: 5891: 5849:Foreign relations 5690: 5689: 5681:Canada portal 5251:18000 BCE–1500 CE 5229:History of Canada 5167:(2000): 127–165. 5165:Labour/Le Travail 5127:Pedersen, Diana. 5124:(1995) 76:354-376 5040:978-1-55028-356-3 4938:Noël, Françoise. 4928:Noël, Françoise. 4845:Halpern, Monda. 4797:978-0-7715-9682-7 4776:978-1-4426-9095-0 4754:Specialty studies 4743:978-0-7747-3292-5 4722:978-0-919940-24-6 4701:978-0-919940-18-5 4674:978-0-919940-16-1 4651:978-0-662-52008-5 4630:978-0-919666-77-1 4609:978-1-55002-514-9 4100:978-1-55111-268-8 4070:978-0-8020-7695-3 4030:Historical Papers 4010:978-0-7710-6958-1 3864:978-0-7748-2258-9 3682:978-0-8020-6218-5 3623:Historical Papers 3534:978-0-19-541805-7 3311:978-0-7735-1305-1 3255:978-0-88961-052-1 3232:Mitchinson, Wendy 3200:978-1-55488-769-9 3173:978-0-7748-5816-8 2914:978-0-88780-129-7 2883:978-0-7747-3112-6 2847:978-0-7766-0591-3 2820:10.7202/1065437ar 2701:978-0-7735-2410-1 2630:978-0-88920-561-1 2541:Labour/Le Travail 2431:978-1-55471-373-8 2385:978-1-55109-267-6 2081:978-0-7730-4769-3 2030:978-0-88961-101-6 2001:10.3828/qs.47.1.3 1824:978-0-1990-1108-7 1644:Kitchener Armoury 1506:life imprisonment 1494:Downtown Eastside 1444:Margaret Mitchell 1397:Barbara Ann Scott 1151: 1150: 1064:British Columbia 1037:January 28, 1916 1034:January 28, 1916 809:maternal feminist 637:Military services 575:Prairie provinces 508:Domestic servants 447:Prairie provinces 383:captain's licence 308:Act of Parliament 125: 124: 7427: 7349:Saint Barthélemy 7279:Dependencies and 7152:Sovereign states 7138: 7131: 7124: 7115: 7114: 7068:Saint Barthélemy 6998:Dependencies and 6871:Sovereign states 6859: 6852: 6845: 6836: 6835: 6820: 6819: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6673: 6672: 6516:Higher education 6423: 6422: 6408:Science and tech 6295:Multiculturalism 6249: 6248: 6231:Local government 6196:House of Commons 6180:Governor General 6016: 6005: 6004: 5920:British Columbia 5905: 5904: 5759:Pre-colonization 5737: 5736: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5694: 5693: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5665: 5664: 5616:Name etymologies 5496:Name etymologies 5435:British Columbia 5350:Heritage Minutes 5222: 5215: 5208: 5199: 5198: 5043: 4989:(2004). 444 pp. 4982: 4958:(1996). 335 pp. 4954:Parr, Joy, ed. 4918: 4855:Hammill, Faye. 4801: 4780: 4768: 4747: 4726: 4705: 4689: 4678: 4666: 4655: 4634: 4613: 4577: 4576: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4335:. 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Archived from 2918: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2863: 2852: 2851: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2765: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2634: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2592: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2554:10.2307/25143976 2530: 2501: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2423: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2399: 2390: 2389: 2373: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2275:10.2307/20058678 2258: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2204: 2195: 2194: 2183: 2174: 2173: 2168:. Archived from 2162: 2156: 2155: 2145: 2136: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2118:10.7202/305649ar 2102: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2064:Ouellet, Fernand 2060: 2054: 2053: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2014: 2005: 2004: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1940:10.7202/044453ar 1918: 1912: 1911: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1864: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1841:. Archived from 1835: 1829: 1828: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1793: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1768: 1760: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1684: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1642:in front of the 1626: 1624:Franca Iacovetta 1611:Franca Iacovetta 1528:Russell Williams 1472:His suicide note 1422:Constitution Act 1393:Preston, Ontario 1362:Ethel Catherwood 1284:. The WRCNS (or 1251:Women's Division 1235:Second World War 1059:April 19, 1916* 1017: 1016: 906:In Nova Scotia, 891:The Toronto Mail 702:Canadian Crusoes 672:French-Canadians 537:(1831–1903) was 465:Kenojuak Ashevak 437:Second World War 351:Great Depression 243:Quiet Revolution 177:King's Daughters 153:Second World War 133:Canadian history 43: 28: 21: 17: 7437: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7420:Women in Canada 7395: 7394: 7393: 7388: 7282: 7280: 7273: 7147: 7142: 7112: 7107: 7001: 6999: 6992: 6866: 6863: 6833: 6828: 6805: 6803: 6794: 6758: 6728: 6671: 6583: 6574:Social programs 6540:Law enforcement 6495: 6469: 6412: 6309: 6247: 6147: 6087: 6074:Atlantic Canada 6052:Canadian Shield 6047:Northern Canada 6014: 6013: 5990: 5964: 5900:and territories 5899: 5888: 5798: 5745: 5726: 5721: 5691: 5686: 5675: 5673: 5652: 5621: 5501: 5422:and territories 5421: 5414: 5290: 5239: 5231: 5226: 5185: 5180: 5113:Parr, Joy, ed. 5058: 5053: 5046:Ziegler, Mary. 5041: 4979: 4915: 4808:(1988). 258 pp. 4798: 4777: 4756: 4751: 4744: 4723: 4702: 4675: 4652: 4631: 4610: 4591: 4586: 4584:Further reading 4581: 4580: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4438: 4434: 4415:Alberta History 4407: 4403: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4267: 4263: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4232: 4228: 4210: 4196: 4192: 4173: 4169: 4146: 4142: 4118: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4055: 4051: 4022: 4018: 4011: 3989: 3985: 3967: 3961: 3957: 3948: 3946: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3919: 3917: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3849: 3845: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3814: 3813: 3802: 3789: 3788: 3781: 3750: 3746: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3665: 3661: 3650:Alberta History 3641: 3618: 3612: 3608: 3587: 3583: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3496: 3492: 3471: 3467: 3456:Alberta History 3448: 3444: 3433:Alberta History 3425: 3421: 3395: 3389: 3385: 3370: 3363: 3342: 3338: 3327:Ontario History 3323: 3319: 3312: 3295: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3229: 3225: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3157: 3141: 3137: 3126:Alberta History 3118: 3114: 3075: 3071: 3032: 3028: 3017:Alberta History 3009: 3005: 2986:Ontario History 2982: 2978: 2959:Ontario History 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2919: 2915: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2864: 2855: 2848: 2832: 2828: 2807:Ontario History 2799: 2795: 2763: 2757: 2753: 2742:Ontario History 2738: 2734: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2686: 2682: 2667: 2663: 2635: 2631: 2615: 2611: 2593: 2573: 2569: 2531: 2502: 2498:10.3138/chr.732 2480: 2476: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2401: 2400: 2393: 2386: 2364: 2360: 2331: 2327: 2308: 2304: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2241: 2237: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2205: 2198: 2185: 2184: 2177: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2143: 2137: 2126: 2100: 2093: 2089: 2082: 2061: 2057: 2042: 2038: 2031: 2015: 2008: 1981: 1977: 1952: 1948: 1919: 1915: 1882: 1878: 1865: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1747: 1696:Feminism portal 1694: 1689: 1687: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1633: 1627: 1622: 1602:The Famous Five 1598:Louise McKinney 1590: 1566: 1554:Main articles: 1552: 1544:Canadian Forces 1436: 1410:skating in 2007 1343: 1311:in August 1942. 1307:Members of the 1261:operators, and 1243: 1237: 1172: 1166: 1164:First World War 1147:July 7, 1919** 1136:April 25, 1940 1133:April 25, 1940 1125:April 13, 1925 1122:April 13, 1925 1100:April 17, 1919 1092:April 26, 1918 1089:April 26, 1918 1081:April 24, 1919 1078:April 12, 1917 1056:April 19, 1916 1048:March 14, 1916 1045:March 14, 1916 965: 932:The Famous Five 921: 904: 830: 800: 776: 732:Diamond Jubilee 691:and her sister 663:honorary degree 648: 639: 588:The Famous Five 577: 528: 519: 510: 489: 458: 449: 425:The Famous Five 398: 325: 275: 255: 227: 210:The Famous Five 165: 149:First World War 121:24th out of 146 98:17th out of 191 41: 12: 11: 5: 7435: 7434: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7369:Sint Eustatius 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7314:Cayman Islands 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7285: 7283: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7155: 7153: 7149: 7148: 7141: 7140: 7133: 7126: 7118: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7088:Sint Eustatius 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7033:Cayman Islands 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7004: 7002: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6867: 6862: 6861: 6854: 6847: 6839: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6814: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6775:Historiography 6772: 6766: 6764: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6751: 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6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6123:National Parks 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6099: 6097: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6069:Eastern Canada 6066: 6065: 6064: 6057:Central Canada 6054: 6049: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6030: 6023:Western Canada 6019: 6017: 6015:(west to east) 6002: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5902: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5814:Constitutional 5810: 5808: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5755: 5753: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5720: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5697: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5670: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5638:Historiography 5635: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5426: 5424: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5358: 5356:Historic Sites 5353: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5314:Constitutional 5311: 5300: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5247: 5245: 5233: 5232: 5225: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5184: 5183:External links 5181: 5179: 5178: 5171: 5161: 5150: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5105:Quebec Studies 5101: 5094: 5084: 5074: 5067: 5059: 5057: 5056:Historiography 5054: 5052: 5051: 5044: 5039: 5033:, J. Lorimer, 5024: 5017: 5010: 5003: 4993: 4983: 4978:978-0771069581 4977: 4962: 4952: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4926: 4919: 4914:978-1469640990 4913: 4900: 4890: 4883: 4873: 4863: 4853: 4843: 4842:(2nd ed. 2001) 4836: 4826: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4796: 4781: 4775: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4742: 4727: 4721: 4706: 4700: 4679: 4673: 4656: 4650: 4635: 4629: 4614: 4608: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4565:, ed. (1903). 4554: 4525: 4496: 4467: 4448:(1): 206–213. 4432: 4401: 4387: 4366: 4338: 4317: 4300: 4281:(1): 112–149. 4261: 4244: 4226: 4190: 4167: 4140: 4106: 4099: 4076: 4069: 4049: 4016: 4009: 3983: 3955: 3926: 3904:Borch, Peter. 3896: 3870: 3863: 3843: 3825: 3800: 3791:"Laura Gamble" 3779: 3760:(3): 398–406. 3744: 3730: 3716: 3702: 3688: 3681: 3659: 3629:(1): 227–245. 3606: 3581: 3540: 3533: 3513: 3490: 3465: 3442: 3419: 3383: 3361: 3336: 3317: 3310: 3277:(3): 175–194. 3261: 3254: 3223: 3206: 3199: 3179: 3172: 3149:Social History 3135: 3112: 3069: 3042:(1): 105–130. 3026: 3003: 2976: 2949: 2938:on 2 July 2017 2913: 2889: 2882: 2853: 2846: 2826: 2793: 2774:(4): 509–537. 2751: 2732: 2707: 2700: 2680: 2661: 2629: 2609: 2583:(2): 223–238. 2567: 2548:(1): 119–145. 2513:(4): 532–557. 2492:(4): 583–610. 2474: 2437: 2430: 2408: 2391: 2384: 2378:–6, 139, 216. 2358: 2325: 2302: 2288: 2253: 2235: 2217: 2196: 2175: 2172:on 2013-05-13. 2157: 2124: 2111:(2): 271–284. 2087: 2080: 2055: 2036: 2029: 2006: 1989:Quebec Studies 1975: 1964:(4): 671–710. 1946: 1933:(2): 209–241. 1913: 1894:(4): 577–592. 1876: 1856: 1830: 1823: 1805: 1780: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1685: 1669: 1666: 1632: 1629: 1620: 1589: 1586: 1551: 1548: 1518:Justin Trudeau 1514:Stephen Harper 1435: 1432: 1381:Anne Heggtveit 1342: 1339: 1263:Service Police 1239:Main article: 1236: 1233: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1168:Main article: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1103:March 9, 1934 1101: 1098: 1097:New Brunswick 1094: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1070:April 5, 1917 1068: 1067:April 5, 1917 1065: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1012:Agnes Macphail 943:Agnes Macphail 928:Nellie McClung 920: 917: 903: 900: 896:Ella Cora Hind 829: 826: 822:Nellie McClung 799: 796: 775: 772: 756:Anna Leonowens 744:British Empire 728:Queen Victoria 693:Susanna Moodie 682:Hugh MacLennan 647: 644: 638: 635: 576: 573: 527: 524: 518: 515: 509: 506: 488: 485: 457: 454: 448: 445: 421:British Empire 397: 394: 324: 321: 274: 271: 267:family history 254: 253:Historiography 251: 226: 223: 164: 161: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 111: 107: 106: 100: 99: 96: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 65: 58: 57: 54: 48: 47: 44: 35: 34: 30: 29: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7433: 7432: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7276: 7270: 7269:United States 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7139: 7134: 7132: 7127: 7125: 7120: 7119: 7116: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 6995: 6989: 6988:United States 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6860: 6855: 6853: 6848: 6846: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6825: 6824: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6801: 6800: 6797: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6735: 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384pp 4931: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4789: 4788: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4767: 4766: 4759: 4758: 4745: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4665: 4664: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4558: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4397: 4391: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4370: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4342: 4334: 4327: 4321: 4310: 4304: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4257: 4256: 4248: 4237: 4230: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4211: • 4207: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4117: 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UBC Press. 3856: 3855: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3784: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3740: 3734: 3726: 3720: 3712: 3706: 3698: 3692: 3684: 3678: 3673: 3672: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3642: • 3637: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3544: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3414: 3409: 3406:(1): 95–114. 3405: 3401: 3394: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3374:Prairie Forum 3368: 3366: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3340: 3333:(3): 249–267. 3332: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3296: • 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3257: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3219: 3218: 3210: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3175: 3169: 3166:. UBC Press. 3165: 3164: 3158: • 3154: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2920: • 2916: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2893: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2868:Bourne, Paula 2862: 2860: 2858: 2849: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2830: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2748:(3): 148–172. 2747: 2743: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2711: 2703: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2636: • 2632: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2594: • 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2532: • 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: • 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2441: 2433: 2427: 2420: 2419: 2412: 2404: 2398: 2396: 2387: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2371: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2306: 2298: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2257: 2246: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2210: 2203: 2201: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2180: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2154:(4): 518–555. 2153: 2149: 2142: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2107:(in French). 2106: 2098: 2091: 2083: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2051: 2048:(in French). 2047: 2040: 2032: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2013: 2011: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1950: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1880: 1872: 1871: 1863: 1861: 1845:on 2017-12-12 1844: 1840: 1834: 1826: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1790: 1784: 1765: 1759: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1686: 1683: 1682:Canada portal 1672: 1665: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1625: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1585: 1583: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1538:, and former 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1502:serial killer 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1438:Attention to 1431: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1417: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1386: 1385:alpine skiing 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1347: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1321:Canadian Army 1318: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1242: 1232: 1230: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1183: 1176: 1171: 1156: 1155: 1153: 1152: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1119:Newfoundland 1118: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1042:Saskatchewan 1041: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1008: 1007:Robert Borden 1004: 1000: 999: 993: 989: 986: 981: 977: 975: 970: 964: 960: 952: 948: 944: 940: 933: 929: 925: 916: 914: 909: 902:Labour unions 899: 897: 893: 892: 887: 883: 879: 875: 870: 868: 862: 859: 855: 846: 842: 838: 834: 825: 823: 817: 813: 810: 806: 795: 793: 789: 780: 774:Women's clubs 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 720: 716: 714: 710: 709: 704: 703: 698: 694: 690: 685: 683: 679: 678: 677:Two Solitudes 673: 664: 660: 659:Lady Aberdeen 656: 652: 643: 634: 630: 627: 623: 617: 615: 611: 606: 604: 599: 597: 589: 585: 581: 572: 570: 564: 561: 557: 553: 544: 540: 536: 532: 523: 514: 505: 503: 499: 495: 484: 480: 478: 470: 466: 462: 453: 444: 442: 438: 433: 426: 422: 418: 414: 407: 402: 393: 391: 390:New Brunswick 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 347: 345: 337: 333: 329: 320: 317: 313: 309: 305: 300: 297: 293: 289: 288:marriage laws 284: 280: 270: 268: 264: 260: 250: 248: 244: 239: 237: 233: 225:Catholic nuns 222: 219: 211: 206: 199: 195: 191: 189: 185: 180: 178: 169: 160: 158: 154: 150: 144: 142: 141:Confederation 138: 134: 130: 120: 116: 112: 108: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 64: 59: 55: 53: 49: 45: 40: 36: 31: 27: 22: 16: 7374:Sint Maarten 7354:Saint Martin 7093:Sint Maarten 7073:Saint Martin 6821: 6802: 6770:Bibliography 6692:Coat of arms 6676: 6597:Architecture 6567:Homelessness 6418:Demographics 6337:Floriculture 6273:Human rights 6252: 6241:Peacekeeping 6170:Constitution 6092: 6033:Great Plains 6008: 5960:Saskatchewan 5883: 5803: 5747: 5740: 5672: 5660: 5633:Bibliography 5485:Saskatchewan 5383:Peacekeeping 5348: 5286:1982–present 5174: 5164: 5153: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5104: 5097: 5087: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5047: 5029: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4996: 4986: 4967: 4955: 4948: 4939: 4929: 4922: 4904: 4893: 4886: 4876: 4866: 4856: 4846: 4839: 4829: 4819: 4812: 4805: 4786: 4764: 4732: 4711: 4685: 4662: 4640: 4619: 4598: 4567: 4557: 4545:. 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In 1880, 721: 717: 712: 706: 700: 696: 686: 675: 668: 640: 631: 625: 622:Irene Parlby 618: 607: 600: 592: 584:Irene Parlby 565: 548: 520: 511: 490: 481: 474: 450: 434: 430: 417:Emily Murphy 404:Portrait of 387: 363:stewardesses 348: 341: 316:cohabitation 301: 291: 276: 256: 240: 228: 215: 181: 174: 145: 137:missionaries 128: 126: 113:0.777 (2022) 90:0.069 (2021) 15: 7344:Puerto Rico 7254:Saint Lucia 7204:El Salvador 7063:Puerto Rico 6973:Saint Lucia 6923:El Salvador 6652:Individuals 6460:2021 Census 6445:Immigration 6327:Agriculture 6288:Transgender 6128:Great Lakes 6108:Earthquakes 6062:Great Lakes 5969:Territories 5940:Nova Scotia 5859:Monarchical 5844:Immigration 5575:Quebec City 5530:Fredericton 5465:Nova Scotia 5390:Monarchical 5361:Immigration 4602:. Dundurn. 4547:31 December 4518:31 December 4489:31 December 4421:(2): 1–11. 4255:The Gazette 4187:(1): 37–76. 4129:(1): 1–29. 3980:(2): 83–91. 3656:(3): 10–23. 3562:(3): 5–27. 3510:(2): 21–44. 3439:(1): 20–25. 3380:(1): 17–33. 3023:(1): 16–20. 2677:(2): 27–49. 2650:(1): 1–37. 2269:(1): 1–24. 1798:10 February 1500:, who is a 1456:Marc Lépine 886:Kit Coleman 837:Kit Coleman 828:Local clubs 768:Emily Stowe 711:(1852) and 699:(1836) and 596:homeopathic 552:Emily Stowe 535:Emily Stowe 517:Proprietors 498:washerwomen 494:governesses 456:Aboriginals 367:Bessie Hall 355:New England 332:Bessie Hall 7399:Categories 7339:Montserrat 7334:Martinique 7329:Guadeloupe 7184:Costa Rica 7058:Montserrat 7053:Martinique 7048:Guadeloupe 6903:Costa Rica 6780:Historians 6637:Literature 6550:Corruption 6533:Euthanasia 6523:Healthcare 6465:Population 6187:Parliament 6157:Government 5794:since 1982 5643:Historians 5580:Saint John 5545:Lethbridge 5378:Operations 4331:(Report). 4036:(1): 116. 3949:2014-06-06 3920:2014-06-06 3889:9 February 3504:Acadiensis 2606:(1): 1–16. 2340:Acadiensis 1773:18 October 1745:References 1596:Statue of 1568:Following 957:See also: 665:in Canada. 487:Employment 477:indigenous 375:Molly Kool 283:family law 247:Vatican II 198:Léa Roback 188:New France 7324:Greenland 7239:Nicaragua 7214:Guatemala 7043:Greenland 6958:Nicaragua 6933:Guatemala 6555:Terrorism 6511:Education 6450:Languages 6438:Ethnicity 6433:Canadians 6381:Petroleum 6361:Companies 6263:Elections 6143:Volcanism 6118:Mountains 6000:Geography 5908:Provinces 5898:Provinces 5829:Etymology 5789:1960–1981 5784:1945–1960 5742:Year list 5605:Vancouver 5595:Saskatoon 5420:Provinces 5334:Etymology 5304:Canadians 5281:1960–1981 5276:1945–1960 5271:1914–1945 5266:1867–1914 5261:1763–1867 5256:1534–1763 5237:Year list 4462:143779757 4295:146456143 4241:(Report). 3774:162293670 3576:145534080 3462:(2): 2–6. 3291:141552245 3220:. 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