Counter-Reformation

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so that the Masses, whether they be celebrated with the plain voice or in song, with everything clearly and quickly executed, may reach the ears of the hearers and quietly penetrate their hearts. In those Masses where measured music and organ are customary, nothing profane should be intermingled, but only hymns and divine praises. If something from the divine service is sung with the organ while the service proceeds, let if first be recited in a simple, clear voice, lest the reading of the sacred words be imperceptible. But the entire manner of singing in musical modes should be calculated not to afford vain delight to the ear, but so that the words may be comprehensible to all; and thus may the hearts of the listeners be caught up into the desire for celestial harmonies and contemplation of the joys of the blessed."

5072: 5605: 4488: 5378:... every superstition shall be removed ... all lasciviousness be avoided; in such wise that figures shall not be painted or adorned with a beauty exciting to lust ... there be nothing seen that is disorderly, or that is unbecomingly or confusedly arranged, nothing that is profane, nothing indecorous, seeing that holiness becometh the house of God. And that these things may be the more faithfully observed, the holy Synod ordains, that no one be allowed to place, or cause to be placed, any unusual image, in any place, or church, howsoever exempted, except that image have been approved of by the bishop ... 9348: 3649: 4896: 5550:

for the long statement about music to be attenuated and many other prelates of the council joined enthusiastically. The only restrictions actually given by the 22nd session was to keep secular elements out of the music, making polyphony implicitly allowed. The issue of textual intelligibility did not make its way into the final edicts of the 22nd session but were only featured in preliminary debates. The 22nd session only prohibited "lascivious" and "profane" things to be intermingled with the music but Paleotti, in his Acts, brings to equal importance the issues of intelligibility.

4011: 5653:, was a very important figure in reforming Church music after the Council of Trent. Though Borromeo was an aide to the pope in Rome and was unable to be in Milan, he eagerly pushed for the decrees of the council to be quickly put into practice in Milan. Borromeo kept in contact with his church in Milian through letters and eagerly encouraged the leaders there to implement the reforms coming from the Council of Trent. In one of his letters to his vicar in the Milan diocese, Nicolo Ormaneto of Verona, Borromeo commissioned the master of the chapel, 4904: 5284: 5367:, a highly sophisticated style striving for effect, that concerned many Churchmen as lacking appeal for the mass of the population. Church pressure to restrain religious imagery affected art from the 1530s and resulted in the decrees of the final session of the Council of Trent in 1563 including short and rather inexplicit passages concerning religious images, which were to have great impact on the development of Catholic art. Previous Catholic councils had rarely felt the need to pronounce on these matters, unlike 1178: 144: 4234: 5580:(Mass for Pope Marcellus) was performed before the council and received such a welcoming reception among the delegates that they completely changed their minds and allowed polyphony to stay in use in the musical liturgy. Therefore, Palestrina came to be named the "saviour of Church polyphony". This legend, though unfounded, has long been a mainstay of histories of music. The saviour-myth was first spread by an account by Aggazzari and Banchieri in 1609 who said that 14330: 11443: 6127: 14319: 11432: 9360: 6113: 6099: 3695: 1113: 43: 2816:

altogether new appearance. … The so-called 'counter-reformation' did not begin with the Council of Trent, long after Luther; its origins and initial achievements were much anterior to the fame of Wittenberg. It was undertaken, not by way of answering the 'reformers,' but in obedience to demands and principles that are part of the unalterable tradition of the Church and proceed from her most fundamental loyalties.

4663: 5394:, a huge canvas for the refectory of a monastery, contained, in the words of the Holy Office: "buffoons, drunken Germans, dwarfs and other such scurrilities" as well as extravagant costumes and settings, in what is indeed a fantasy version of a Venetian patrician feast. Veronese was told that he must change his painting within a three-month period. He just changed the title to 5264:. Any work that might arouse "carnal desire" was inadmissible in churches, while any depiction of Christ's suffering and explicit agony was desirable and proper. In an era when some Protestant reformers were destroying images of saints and whitewashing walls, Catholic reformers reaffirmed the importance of art, with special encouragement given to images of the Virgin Mary. 5657:(1508–1587), to write a Mass that would make the words as easy to understand as possible. Borromeo also suggested that if Don Nicola, a composer of a more chromatic style, was in Milan he too could compose a Mass and the two be compared for textural clarity. Borromeo was likely involved or heard of the questions regarding textual clarity because of his request to Ruffo. 4284:) and returned them to the control of Catholic Spain. He took advantage of the divisions in the ranks of his opponents between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons, using persuasion to take advantage of the divisions and foment the growing discord. By doing so he was able to bring back the Walloon provinces to an allegiance to the king. By the 5646:

declarations but did not read the official Tridentine pronouncements. Church musicians were probably influenced by order from their ecclesiastical patrons. Composers who reference the council's reforms in prefaces to their compositions do not adequately claim a musical basis from the council but a spiritual and religious basis of their art.

2794:: ‘Counter-Reformation’ was used by Protestant historians as a negative and one-dimensional concept that stressed the aspect of reaction and resistance to Protestantism and neglected that of reform within Catholicism. The term was understandably shunned by Catholic historians. Even when the Protestant historian 5549:

Canon 8 is often quoted as the Council of Trent's decree on Church music, but that is a glaring misunderstanding of the canon; it was only a proposed decree. In fact, the delegates at the council never officially accepted canon 8 in its popular form but bishops of Granada, Coimbra, and Segovia pushed

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The Italian historian Massimo Firpo has distinguished "Catholic Reformation" from "Counter-Reformation" by their issues. In his view, the general "Catholic Reformation" was "centered on the care of souls ..., episcopal residence, the renewal of the clergy, together with the charitable and educational

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passed with relatively little comment: little more than a mathematical convenience that simplified astronomical references for a more accurate calendar. Physical evidence suggesting Copernicus's theory regarding the earth's motion was literally true promoted the apparent heresy against the religious

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has been attributed to be the "saviour of Church music" because he said polyphony ought not to be driven out of the Church. But Ferdinand was most likely an alarmist and read into the council the possibility of a total ban on polyphony. The Council of Trent did not focus on the style of music but on

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Canon 8 states that "Since the sacred mysteries should be celebrated with utmost reverence, with both deepest feeling toward God alone, and with external worship that is truly suitable and becoming, so that others may be filled with devotion and called to religion: ... Everything should be regulated

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faction of the monastic orders (that less slackness regarding external observances would aid fervour in internal piety) or to promote a top-down ("head and body") institution-centric focus that reform needed to start at and from the Pope, or bishops, or councils, or princes, or canon law. There was

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and using non-liturgical songs was addressed in 1503, and secular singing and the intelligibility of the text in the delivery of psalmody in 1492. The delegates at the council were just a link in the long chain of Church clergy who had pushed for a reform of the musical liturgy reaching back as far

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In a war composed mostly of sieges rather than battles, he proved his mettle. His strategy was to offer generous terms for surrender: there would be no massacres or looting; historic urban privileges were retained; there was a full pardon and amnesty; return to the Catholic Church would be gradual.

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was a Protestant-leaning or mediating movement within Catholicism, in France and the Spanish Netherlands, that was criticized for being crypto-Calvinist, denying that Christ died for all, promoting that Holy Communion should be received very infrequently, and more. After Jansenist propositions were

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In the half-century before the reformation, the phenomenon of Bishops closing down decadent monasteries or convents had become more common, as had programs to educate parish priests. In the half-century before the Council of Trent, various evangelical Catholic leaders had experimented with reforms

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and the wealth, dioscese-absenteeism, and pre-occupation with secular power of important bishops were recognized as perennial and scandalous problems. These resisted serious reform (by successive popes and councils with those bishops, unable to compromise their own interests) for centuries, causing

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While the traditional fundamentals of the Church were reaffirmed, there were noticeable changes to answer complaints that the Counter-Reformers were, tacitly, willing to admit were legitimate. Among the conditions to be corrected by Catholic reformers was the growing divide between the clerics and

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The Pope Marcellus Mass, in short, was not important in its own day and did not help save Church polyphony. What is undeniable is that despite any solid evidence of his influence during or after the Council of Trent, no figure is more qualified to represent the cause of polyphony in the Mass than

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would then contain melodies (usually the tenor line) and words from songs that could have been, and often were, on sensual subjects. The musical liturgy of the Church was being more and more influenced by secular tunes and styles. The Council of Paris, which met in 1528, as well as the Council of

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was transformed from a social to a personal experience; that is, from a public community act to a private confession. It now took place in private in a confessional. It was a change in its emphasis from reconciliation with the Church to reconciliation directly with God and from emphasis on social

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that had previously plagued the Church: the organization of religious institutions was tightened, discipline was improved, and the parish was emphasized. The appointment of bishops for political reasons was no longer tolerated. In the past, the large landholdings forced many bishops to be "absent

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Despite the dearth of edicts from the council regarding polyphony and textual clarity, the reforms that followed from the 22nd session filled in the gaps left by the council in stylistic areas. In the 24th session the council gave authority to "Provincial Synods" to discern provisions for Church

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is believed to be the apex of the Counter-Reformation's influence on Church music in the 16th century. However, the council's pronouncements on music were not the first attempt at reform. The Catholic Church had spoken out against a perceived abuse of music used in the Mass before the Council of

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divided on the subject. The term ‘Catholic Reformation’ appealed to Catholic historians because it offered them the possibility of avoiding the term ‘Counter-Reformation’, with its problematic connotation of a mere reaction to Protestantism. But it was rejected by Protestant historians – largely

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order notable for their preaching and for their care for the poor and the sick, grew rapidly. Capuchin-founded confraternities took special interest in the poor and lived austerely. Members of orders active in overseas missionary expansion expressed the view that the rural parishes often needed

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The Council of Trent met sporadically from December 13, 1545, to December 4, 1563, to reform many parts of the Catholic Church. The 22nd session of the council, which met in 1562, dealt with Church music in Canon 8 in the section of "Abuses in the Sacrifice of the Mass" during a meeting of the

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The term ('counter-reformation'), however, though common, is misleading: it cannot rightly be applied, logically or chronologically, to that sudden awakening as of a startled giant, that wonderful effort of rejuvenation and reorganization, which in a space of thirty years gave to the Church an

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manner with no complicated rhythms, and to use dissonance very conservatively. Ruffo's approach was certainly a success for textual clarity and simplicity, but if his music was very theoretically pure it was not an artistic success despite Ruffo's attempts to bring interest to the monotonous

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four-part texture. Ruffo's compositional style which favored the text was well in line with the council's perceived concern with intelligibility. Thus the belief in the council's strong edicts regarding textual intelligibility became to characterize the development of sacred Church music.

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Though originally theological and directed towards the attitudes of the musicians, the Council's decrees came to be thought of by Church musicians as a pronouncement on proper musical styles. This understanding was most likely spread through musicians who sought to implement the council's

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music. The decision to leave practical application and stylistic matters to local ecclesiastical leaders was important in shaping the future of Catholic church music. It was left then up to the local Church leaders and Church musicians to find proper application for the council's decrees.

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in 1571 was accredited to the Virgin Mary and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions. During and after the Catholic Reformation, Marian piety experienced unforeseen growth with over 500 pages of mariological writings during the 17th century alone. The Jesuit

3748: 5576:(c. 1525/26–1594), a Church musician and choirmaster in Rome, wrote a Mass for the council delegates in order to demonstrate that a polyphonic composition could set the text in such a way that the words could be clearly understood and that was still pleasing to the ear. Palestrina's 3940:, while Papal authorities sought to educate the faithful about the meaning, nature and value of art and liturgy, particularly in monastic churches (Protestants had criticised them as "distracting"). Handbooks became more common, describing how to be good priests and confessors. 4357:

Meanwhile, Catholic refugees from the north regrouped in Cologne and Douai and developed a more militant, Tridentine identity. They became the mobilizing forces of a popular Counter-Reformation in the south, thereby facilitating the eventual emergence of the state of

4981:, the first order of women to be dedicated to that goal. Devotion to the traditional works of mercy exemplified the Catholic Reformation's reaffirmation of the importance of both faith and works and salvation through God's grace and repudiation of the maxim 5660:

Ruffo took Borromeo's commission seriously and set out to compose in a style that presented the text so that all words would be intelligible and the textual meaning be the most important part of the composition. His approach was to move all the voices in a

5508:(archbishop of Bologna) began work on reforming religious orders and their practices involving the liturgy. The reforms prescribed to the cloisters of nuns, which included omitting the use of an organ, prohibiting professional musicians, and banishing 5032:, the belief that general councils of the Church collectively were God's representative on Earth rather than the Pope. Taking the Pope as an absolute leader, the Jesuits contributed to the Counter-Reformation Church along a line harmonized with Rome. 4811:, Rome recognized the Ruthenians' continued practice of Byzantine liturgical tradition, married clergy, and consecration of bishops from within the Ruthenian Christian tradition. Moreover, the treaty specifically exempts Ruthenians from accepting the 5634:, marks the "official turning point of the Counter Reformation's a cappella ideal." Kerle was the only ranking composer of the Netherlands to have acted in conformity with the council. Another musical giant on equal standing with Palestrina, 5553:

The idea that the council called to remove all polyphony from the Church is widespread, but there is no documentary evidence to support that claim. It is possible, however, that some of the Fathers had proposed such a measure. The emperor

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surrendered to the Spanish authorities in Florida, presuming they would be treated fairly. The small number of Catholics among the shipwrecked were spared but the rest were all executed for heresy, with active clerical participation.

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approach. Said Filippo, "If I have a real problem, I contemplate what Ignatius would do ... and then I do the exact opposite". As a recognition of their joint contribution to the spiritual renewal within the Catholic reformation,

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attracted an aristocratic membership of priests and laymen to perform anonymous acts of charity and to discuss reform; the members subsequently became the key players in the church handling the Reformation. In 1548, then-layman

2751:, but had been lost to the Reformation. Various Counter-Reformation theologians focused only on defending doctrinal positions such as the sacraments and pious practices that were attacked by the Protestant reformers, up to the 5028:. After recovering from a serious wound, he took a vow to "serve only God and the Roman pontiff, His vicar on Earth." The emphasis on the Pope is a reaffirmation of the medieval papalism, while the Council of Trent defeated 4045:. It was divided into three classes. The first class listed heretical writers, the second class listed heretical works, and the third class listed forbidden writings which were published without the name of the author. The 5355:(1534–1541), came under persistent attack in the Counter-Reformation for, among other things, nudity (later painted over for several centuries), not showing Christ seated or bearded, and including the pagan figure of 5515:

Fueling the cry for reform from many ecclesial figures was the compositional technique popular in the 15th and 16th centuries of using musical material and even the accompanying texts from other compositions such as

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Jesuits participated in the expansion of the Church in the Americas and Asia, by their missionary activity. Loyola's biography contributed to an emphasis on popular piety that had waned under political popes such as

5427:, this was "the death of medieval art", but it paled in contrast to the Iconclasm present in some Protestant circles and did not apply to secular paintings. Some Counter Reformation painters and sculptors include 7713:, generally include the deuterocanonical works with even a few additional items not found in Catholic Bibles, but they consider them of secondary authority and not on the same level as the other scriptures. The 4685:

brought religious peace in 1598. It affirmed Catholicism as the state religion but granted considerable toleration to Protestants, as well as political and military privileges. The latter would be lost at the

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taught, preached and took confession but were under a bishop's direct authority and not linked to a specific parish or area like a vicar or canon. In Italy, the first congregation of regular clergy was the

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and intelligibility of the text and the threat that polyphony was to be removed completely, which was assumed to be coming from the council, has a very dramatic legend of resolution. The legend goes that

1137: 5638:(1530/32–1594) was an important figure in music history though less of a purist than Palestrina. He expressed sympathy for the council's concerns but still showed favor for the "Parady chanson Masses." 5419:

considered without adequate scriptural foundation was in effect prohibited, as was any inclusion of classical pagan elements in religious art, and almost all nudity, including that of the infant Jesus.

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was trying to replace all polyphony with plainsong. Palestrina's "Missa Papae Marcelli" was, though, in 1564, after the 22nd session, performed for the Pope while reforms were being considered for the

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The number of such decorative treatments of religious subjects declined sharply, as did "unbecomingly or confusedly arranged" Mannerist pieces, as a number of books, notably by the Flemish theologian

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of 1620. Defeated, the Protestant nobility and clergy of Bohemia and Austria were expelled from the country or forced to convert to Catholicism. Among these exiles were important German poets such as

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style that emerged across Europe in the late sixteenth century. In areas where Catholicism predominated, architecture and painting, and to a lesser extent music, reflected Counter-Reformation goals.

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Initiated in part to address the challenges of the Protestant Reformations, the Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort arising from the decrees of the Council of Trent. The effort produced

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roles of the new religious orders", whereas the specific "Counter-Reformation" was "founded upon the defence of orthodoxy, the repression of dissent, the reassertion of ecclesiastical authority".

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The decree confirmed the traditional doctrine that images only represented the person depicted, and that veneration to them was paid to the person, not the image, and further instructed that:

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documents, heresy trials, anti-corruption efforts, spiritual movements, the promotion of new religious orders, and the flourishing of new art and musical styles. Such policies (e.g., by the

6795: 5822:, for publishing writings said to be "vehemently suspected of being heretical." His opponents condemned heliocentric theory and temporarily banned its teaching in 1633. Similarly, the 10119: 9956: 5533:

Trent were making attempts to restore the sense of sacredness to the Church setting and what was appropriate for the Mass. The councils were simply responding to issues of their day.

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to Christ, the deepening of prayer, and commitment to God's will. Teresa was given the task of developing and writing about the way to perfection in her love and unity with Christ.

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was almost ten days out of step with the seasons and the heavenly bodies. Among the astronomers who were asked to work on the problem of how the calendar could be reformed was

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More celebrations of holidays and similar events raised a need to have these events followed closely throughout the dioceses. But there was a problem with the accuracy of the

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or on landed estates rather than in their dioceses. The Council of Trent gave bishops greater power to supervise all aspects of religious life. Zealous prelates, such as

13530: 12860: 12009: 9711: 9025: 5240: 1960: 911: 472: 4895: 11126: 8122: 5782:(1512–1517). As he explains, a proper measurement of the length of the year was a necessary foundation to calendar reform. By implication, his work replacing the 13073: 9741: 9332: 9327: 1144: 3519:, who were given their constitutions in 1564 and recognized as a religious order by the pope in 1575. They used music and singing to attract the faithful. 13565: 11046: 4966:

especially worked in rural parishes. Most of these had been founded earlier in the 15th Century, as part of Catholic reforms before the Council of Trent.

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in Naples had been shut down in 1578. As a result of clerical opposition, heliocentricists emigrated from Catholic to Protestant areas, some forming the

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emphasized by Protestants sects. Not only did they make the Church more effective, but they also reaffirmed fundamental premises of the medieval Church.

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The Augsburg Interim was a period where Counter-Reformation measures were exacted upon defeated Protestant populations following the Schmalkaldic War.

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traditions, the Jesuits organized along military lines. The worldliness of the Renaissance Church had no part in their new order. Loyola's masterwork

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was a directory of prohibited books which was updated twenty times during the next four centuries as books were added or removed from the list by the

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attempted either to be less decadent or to engage in charitable service, and set examples of Catholic renewal particularly in Southern Europe. The

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Firpo, Massimo (May 2016). "Rethinking "Catholic Reform" and "Counter-Reformation": What Happened in Early Modern Catholicism—a View from Italy".

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At times, the reform talk in the councils tended to lack enough specificity to result in an effective program—except for a tendency to follow the

1978: 10932: 6787: 4624:, in 1777 against the expulsion of Protestants from Moravia, calling her choices "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous." His 1781 2780:

Protestant historians have tended to speak in terms of Catholic reform as part of the Counter-Reformation, itself a response to the Reformation.

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by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with

2490: 6969:. United States Committee, International Council on Monuments and Sites, for the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service. p. 87. 5245:

The Catholic Church was a leading arts patron across much of Europe. The goal of much art in the Counter-Reformation, especially in the Rome of

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decisively broke from the Catholic Church in the 1520s. The two distinct dogmatic positions within the Catholic Church solidified in the 1560s.

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upon hearing Palestrina's music would make Palestrina, by Papal Brief, the model for future generations of Catholic composers of sacred music.

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can be regarded as the end of the political Counter-Reformation, although there were still smaller expulsions against Protestants (such as the

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as 60,000 citizens (60 per cent of the pre-siege population) fled north. All of the Southern Netherlands was once more under Spanish control.

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The spirituality of Filippo Neri, who lived in Rome at the same time as Ignatius, was practically oriented, too, but totally opposed to the

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Soen, Violet (2012). "Reconquista and Reconciliation in the Dutch Revolt: The Campaign of Governor-General Alexander Farnese (1578–1592)",

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The Theatines undertook checking the spread of heresy and contributed to a regeneration of the clergy. The Capuchins, an offshoot of the

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A Preliminary inventory of Spanish colonial resources associated with National Park Service units and national historic landmarks, 1987

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Henderson, Richard R.; International Council on Monuments and Sites. U.S. Committee; United States National Park Service (March 1989).

3785: 2674:) also encompasses reforms and movements within the Church in the periods immediately before Protestantism or Trent and lasting later. 2078: 13540: 11835: 11284: 11146: 10064: 6905:

Janssen, Geert H. (2012). "The Counter-Reformation of the Refugee: Exile and the Shaping of Catholic Militancy in the Dutch Revolt",

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Thus, the Council of Trent attempted to improve the discipline and administration of the Church. The worldly excesses of the secular

5415:, and instructions by local bishops, amplified the decrees, often going into minute detail on what was acceptable. Much traditional 2747:

as predominantly Catholic and also try to reconvert nations such as Sweden and England that once were Catholic from the time of the

13492: 13444: 13001: 12951: 12258: 11871: 9659: 8844: 3967:. The Catholic Church responded to these problems by a vigorous campaign of reform, inspired by earlier Catholic reform movements: 3389:), replaced the Hail Mary with the Pater Noster prayer, and made available vernacular French versions of the Gospels and Epistles. 3345:, justification). Ending schism and war (especially papal war) was regarded by some prelates as the pre-condition for reformation. 1619: 5751: 5131:

The Catholic Reformation was not only a political and Church policy oriented movement, but it also included major figures such as

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and lacked opportunities for proper theological training. Addressing the education of priests had been a fundamental focus of the

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the laity; many members of the clergy in the rural parishes had been poorly educated. Often, these rural priests did not know

2850:'Post-Tridentine' - sometimes synonym for Tridentine; alteratively some subsequent distinct reaction or development (such as " 2300: 14001: 11737: 11472: 11263: 11211: 9843: 6659: 6438: 6388: 5630:(1531/32–1591) was also credited with giving a model of composition for the Council of Trent. His composition in four-parts, 4892:, where a sizeable Protestant minority remains to this day, although Catholics still are the largest Christian denomination. 2621: 2249: 2010: 1614: 1130: 2165: 14126: 12514: 11201: 10937: 9455: 9390: 8348: 8244: 3873: 3712: 3439:, recognized by the pope in 1619. This order was well known to the laity and played an important role in public preaching. 2111: 86: 60: 8074:

Marnef, Guido. "Belgian and Dutch Post-war Historiography on the Protestant and Catholic Reformation in the Netherlands",

4205: 14164: 12709: 11241: 11071: 9979: 9726: 9210: 9108: 8995: 7075:, Garden City, New York: Image Books, Ch. 3, "Revival and Reformation, 1495–1530", Sec. iii, "The Italian Saints", p. 86. 5774: 4141: 4007:(1538–1584), later canonized as a saint, set an example by visiting the remotest parishes and instilling high standards. 3392:

Conservative and reforming parties still survived within the Catholic Church even as the Protestant Reformations spread.

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The regular orders made their first attempts at reform in the 14th century. The 'Benedictine Bull' of 1336 reformed the

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Menchi, Silvana Seidel. "The Age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Italian Historiography, 1939–2009",

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because they did not want the term ‘Reformation’ to be used for anything other than the Protestant Reformation.

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bishops" who at times were property managers trained in administration. Thus, the Council of Trent combated "

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Harline, Craig. "Official Religion: Popular Religion in Recent Historiography of the Catholic Reformation",

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The Council of Trent proclaimed that architecture, painting and sculpture had a role in conveying Catholic

4487: 4390:(plural), were founded especially as homes for refugees fleeing the Counter-Reformation. Supporters of the 3516: 3322: 2713: 1751: 1555: 1420: 1028: 160: 152: 7721:

Old Testament and the New, but not interspersed among the other Old Testament books as in Catholic Bibles.

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The 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries saw a spiritual revival in Europe, incubated by the rise of preaching

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of the Catholic Church. Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross were Spanish mystics and reformers of the

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in 1579, he secured the support of the 'Malcontents', as the Catholic nobles of the south were styled.

4250: 2799: 2748: 2717: 2134: 2073: 1881: 1826: 1644: 1580: 826: 352: 6255:"Counter-Reformation | Definition, Summary, Outcomes, Jesuits, Facts, & Significance | Britannica" 2743:

A primary emphasis of the Counter-Reformation was a mission to reach parts of the world that had been

14289: 14279: 14241: 13996: 13806: 13774: 13728: 13705: 13096: 12579: 12043: 11933: 11416: 11362: 11033: 10983: 10673: 10628: 9736: 9253: 8955: 8266: 7068: 6173: 4552: 3956: 2663: 2614: 2235: 1937: 1859: 1415: 1061: 292: 283: 31: 4582: 2054: 14269: 14174: 14169: 13984: 13949: 13875: 13831: 13826: 13623: 13449: 13294: 13191: 13186: 13118: 13086: 12981: 12661: 12474: 11967: 11903: 11446: 11382: 11304: 11275: 10895: 10890: 10768: 10668: 10653: 10638: 10480: 10301: 10191: 10109: 9933: 9910: 9861: 9534: 9086: 8661: 8178: 6524:"Organizational Revival from within: Explaining Revivalism and Reform in the Roman Catholic Church" 6370: 5691: 5199: 5013: 4772: 4339: 3365: 3358: 1280: 210: 7978: 6964: 4621: 2438: 1588: 645: 13954: 13688: 13593: 13482: 13432: 13289: 13206: 13181: 12389: 12329: 12205: 12087: 11886: 11488: 11367: 10999: 10960: 10927: 10373: 10353: 10221: 10099: 10049: 9828: 9629: 9569: 8704: 8560: 8287: 6922: 6053: 5943: 5682: 5608: 4678: 4653: 3796:. It recommended that the form of Mass should be standardised, and this took place in 1570, when 3705: 3572: 3446:, taking special vows but with no obligation to assist in a monastery's religious offices. These 3424: 3304: 2379: 1946: 1886: 1871: 1584: 1425: 1330: 821: 806: 525: 372: 347: 302: 100: 53: 4807:

received the Ruthenian bishops into full communion on February 7, 1596. Under the treaty of the

4641: 3361:'s doctrine of mandatory apostolic poverty was decisively rejected at the Council of Constance. 14274: 13865: 13723: 13665: 13556: 13535: 13300: 13049: 12936: 12554: 12175: 12096: 12072: 11504: 11436: 11377: 11372: 11006: 10812: 10733: 10658: 10538: 10216: 10104: 10044: 9721: 9609: 9175: 9061: 8774: 7552: 7086: 7057:

A religious order founded by St. Angela de Merici for the sole purpose of educating young girls

6841: 5716: 5400:, still an episode from the Gospels, but a less doctrinally central one, and no more was said. 5253:, was to restore Catholicism's predominance and centrality. This was one of the drivers of the 5009: 4935: 4931: 4695: 4694:, who resumed persecution of Protestants and finally abolished their right to worship with the 4371: 3983: 3762:(1534–1549) is considered the first pope of the Counter-Reformation, and he also initiated the 3648: 3503: 3443: 2752: 2655: 2543: 2129: 2044: 2034: 1991: 1673: 1013: 998: 923: 503: 297: 7200: 7116:

A Roskovany, conceptu immacolata ex monumentis omnium seculorum demonstrate III, Budapest 1873

5198:

The Virgin Mary played an increasingly central role in Catholic devotions. The victory at the

4338:. The town was open to the sea, strongly fortified, and well defended under the leadership of 3342: 640: 14333: 13932: 13658: 13467: 13370: 13325: 13254: 13044: 12986: 12877: 12872: 12750: 12744: 12544: 12092: 12057: 11962: 11876: 11658: 11141: 10968: 10393: 10174: 10039: 9885: 9591: 9529: 9488: 9473: 9071: 9056: 8769: 8626: 8533: 8333: 8316: 8229: 8173: 7828: 7399: 7173: 7040: 7003: 5711: 4613: 4517: 3488: 3329:

The kinds of positive reforms considered were not necessarily the ones that pre-occupied the

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Catholic political and religious response to the Protestant Reformation and earlier reformism

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Lotz-Heumann, Ute (22 March 2013). Bamji, Alexandra; Janssen, Geert H.; Laven, Mary (eds.).

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Probably the most extreme move at reform came late in 1562 when, instructed by the legates,

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method on Marian theology. Other well-known contributors to Marian spirituality are Saints

4927: 4917: 4625: 4605: 4594: 4224: 4102: 3861: 3857: 3665: 3643: 3604: 3560: 3311: 3277: 2843:'Tridentine' - initiated at, or as a result of, the Council of Trent (1545–1563) (such as " 2698: 2607: 2501: 2465: 2333: 1932: 1923: 1876: 1866: 1663: 1609: 1599: 1438: 1368: 1363: 1251: 1018: 970: 729: 520: 357: 327: 216: 7949: 4010: 8: 14323: 14299: 14284: 14203: 14193: 14179: 14159: 14149: 14119: 14099: 14028: 13759: 13588: 13345: 13274: 13201: 13058: 13039: 12779: 12774: 12701: 12419: 12394: 12273: 12253: 12200: 12101: 11896: 11864: 11808: 11334: 11236: 11029: 11013: 10533: 10443: 9894: 9838: 9786: 9649: 9352: 9076: 9066: 9015: 8719: 8461: 8224: 6816: 6193: 6118: 5765: 5678: 5577: 4999: 4873: 4657: 4320: 4270: 4094: 3671: 3354: 3300: 2837: 2721: 2533: 2365: 2328: 1594: 1335: 1233: 1199: 1086: 975: 933: 322: 258: 246: 7993:

The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola: Reform in the Church, 1495–1540

7876:

The Invention of Papal History: Onofrio Panvinio between Renaissance and Catholic Reform

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The Council of Trent brought about other changes in music: most notably developing the

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The effects of the Council of Trent and the Counter-Reformation also paved the way for

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In the Habsburg hereditary lands, which had become predominantly Protestant except for

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obligatory. It rejected all compromise with Protestants, restating basic tenets of the

3616: 3556: 3499: 3293: 3289: 2401: 2342: 2240: 2049: 1996: 1821: 1726: 1721: 1711: 1525: 1490: 1450: 1383: 1373: 1315: 1183: 1117: 1066: 811: 749: 709: 635: 570: 452: 420: 395: 12077: 8930: 6455: 5878: 5840: 5188: 5140: 5049: 4565:, who began suppressing Protestant activity in 1576. This conflict escalated into the 3833:, according to which the consecrated bread and wine are held to have been transformed 3296:, an urbanized laity who could not flee the towns for monasteries, and other reasons. 1505: 667: 14235: 14114: 14020: 13944: 13843: 13816: 13735: 13683: 13633: 13392: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13340: 13330: 13279: 12931: 12850: 12845: 12799: 12739: 12608: 12404: 11789: 11710: 11648: 11314: 10550: 9875: 9755: 9522: 9478: 9310: 9215: 8990: 8976: 8950: 8935: 8839: 8824: 8754: 8744: 8613: 8545: 8446: 8410: 8306: 7886:

The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700: A Reassessment of the Counter Reformation

7881: 7776: 7743: 7714: 7347: 7320: 7233: 7206: 7179: 7158: 6970: 6859: 6849: 6845: 6716: 6687: 6655: 6616: 6582: 6543: 6434: 6384: 6312: 6065: 6018: 5931: 5903: 5846: 5726: 5635: 5581: 5505: 5448: 5412: 5250: 5216: 5144: 5053: 5021: 4578: 4529: 4491: 4385: 4342:. Farnese cut off all access to the sea by constructing a bridge of boats across the 4304: 3766:(1545–1563), tasked with institutional reform, addressing contentious issues such as 3624: 3584: 3568: 3540: 2764: 2690: 2212: 1475: 1285: 1266: 1261: 1242: 1071: 928: 883: 796: 724: 684: 615: 535: 530: 252: 12794: 6477: 6284: 4303:, where they resolved to stick together to fight Spain. Farnese secured his base in 1520: 13979: 13821: 13796: 13375: 13335: 12691: 12631: 12019: 12004: 11705: 11685: 11680: 11663: 11643: 11176: 10950: 10912: 10870: 10798: 10793: 10760: 10567: 10500: 10463: 10458: 10438: 10433: 10358: 10211: 10201: 10161: 9692: 9510: 9493: 9200: 9005: 8985: 8905: 8890: 8789: 8691: 8565: 8405: 8363: 8358: 8338: 8321: 8234: 7974: 7935: 7925: 7907:(1979) expresses the older view that it was a movement of reactionary conservatism. 7768: 7706: 7266: 7138: 7017: 6713:

The Reformation theologians: an introduction to theology in the early modern period

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ruling the area, converted to Protestantism, Catholics elected another archbishop,

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introduced the term ‘Catholic Reformation’ in 1880, German historiography remained

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1370 cm × 1200 cm (539.3 in × 472.4 in)

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showed the emphasis of handbooks characteristic of Catholic reformers before the

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were deported to the eastern part of the Habsburg domain. As heir to the throne,

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New religious orders were a fundamental part of the reforms. Orders such as the

4632:). In 1966, Archbishop Andreas Rohracher expressed regret about the expulsions. 14184: 14084: 13880: 13769: 13715: 13648: 13628: 13387: 13228: 13068: 13054: 13029: 13024: 12815: 12789: 12719: 12534: 12436: 12431: 12414: 12354: 12248: 12195: 12024: 11944: 11793: 11329: 11258: 11106: 11041: 10827: 10817: 10803: 10788: 10468: 10363: 10247: 10226: 9760: 9639: 9614: 9586: 9517: 9321: 9146: 8940: 8915: 8879: 8819: 8812: 8807: 8797: 8651: 8636: 8575: 8451: 8441: 8197: 7805: 7718: 6998: 6059: 5953: 5873: 5862: 5803: 5738: 5654: 5650: 5383: 5348: 5330: 5082: 4990:

The Jesuits were the most effective of the new Catholic orders. An heir to the

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de Groof, Bart (1993). "Alexander Farnese and the Origins of Modern Belgium",

5736:

Another reform following the Council of Trent was the publication of the 1568

4899:

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

2807:

Catholic historians tend to emphasize them as different. The French historian

14348: 14109: 14040: 13890: 13598: 13238: 13233: 12971: 12908: 12897: 12784: 12671: 12574: 12562: 12426: 12399: 12339: 11818: 11638: 11221: 11181: 11066: 10988: 10973: 10822: 10783: 10589: 10473: 10270: 9939: 9654: 9205: 9131: 9097: 9081: 9041: 8724: 8699: 8475: 8385: 8370: 8292: 7871: 7780: 7335: 7036: 6989: 6863: 6620: 6586: 6547: 6140: 6024: 5988: 5982: 5585: 5168: 5100: 4833: 3964: 3960: 3834: 3823:, as the Protestants insisted) because "faith without works is dead", as the 3759: 3456: 2597: 2226: 2160: 1500: 1480: 1445: 1320: 1215: 1188: 888: 858: 853: 555: 425: 279: 6539: 4450: 4379:

During the centuries of Counter-Reformation, new towns, collectively termed

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resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the

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Leichtentritt, Hugo (1944). "The Reform of Trent and Its Effect on Music".

6030: 6006: 6000: 5730: 5674: 5670: 5662: 5593: 5352: 5334: 5294: 5231:

sins of hostility to private sins (called "the secret sins of the heart").

5192: 5184: 5156: 5029: 4995: 4804: 4470: 4440: 4277: 4254: 4238: 4220: 3948: 3908: 3888: 3592: 3564: 3460: 3428: 3405: 2737: 2369: 2286: 2281: 2175: 1965: 1530: 1465: 1325: 1270: 873: 868: 744: 595: 590: 435: 11457: 7129:(1975). "The Social History of Confession in the Age of the Reformation". 6422: 6380: 4233: 3865: 3249:

Darker colour approximates most intense period of unrest, change or impact

143: 14224: 13974: 13937: 13786: 13638: 13613: 13510: 12636: 12497: 12468: 12409: 12384: 12379: 12243: 12158: 12052: 12033: 11742: 11392: 11248: 11121: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11076: 10378: 10313: 10169: 10094: 10072: 9920: 9682: 9644: 9116: 8945: 8920: 8895: 8868: 8855: 8764: 8666: 8353: 7394: 6837:

The Mass in Sweden: Its Development from the Latin Rite from 1531 to 1917

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169 cm × 137 cm (67 in × 54 in)

5045: 4503: 3992: 3987: 3944: 3937: 3797: 3789: 3778: 3544: 3532: 3508: 3413: 3409: 3393: 3338: 3267: 2808: 2790: 2678: 2352: 2170: 1696: 1460: 1210: 1206: 1169: 1096: 1091: 878: 739: 719: 672: 8055: 8010: 7889: 7808:(1957). "Vincenzo Ruffo and Musical Reform after the Council of Trent". 7555:

and Dinneen, William (1944). "Recent Work on Music in the Renaissance",

7295: 6628: 6604: 5778:(1543), Copernicus mentioned the reform of the calendar proposed by the 5464: 5359:. Italian painting after 1520, with the notable exception of the art of 4716:

Reformation in Italy § Causes of the Italian Reformation's collapse

14072: 13811: 13608: 13264: 13196: 13016: 12766: 12714: 12519: 12349: 11994: 11823: 11767: 11762: 11086: 11081: 10905: 10832: 10448: 10368: 9999: 8900: 8485: 7930:

From Rome to Eternity: Catholicism and the Arts in Italy, ca. 1550–1650

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Geocentric model § Historical positions of the Catholic hierarchy

5492:

Trent ever convened to discuss music in 1562. The manipulation of the

3385:, had statues other than Christ removed from his churches (though not 3369:

friction as radical reformers periodically arose in response, such as

14229: 14077: 13912: 13902: 13895: 13853: 13848: 13643: 13603: 13011: 12961: 12887: 12882: 12656: 12641: 12369: 12359: 12062: 12048: 11772: 11191: 11186: 11156: 10852: 10615: 10599: 10584: 10428: 10318: 10196: 10186: 10054: 9833: 6570: 5920: 5721: 5706: 5568: 5509: 5468: 5364: 4983: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4853: 4837: 4816: 4797: 4691: 4674: 4590: 4403: 4246: 4179: 4171: 3936:

Parish priests were to be better educated in matters of theology and

3856:. Other practices that drew the ire of Protestant reformers, such as 3820: 3809: 3472: 3452: 3334: 2268: 1658: 1510: 1256: 1043: 1038: 791: 488: 483: 332: 8038:

The Counter-reformation: Catholic Europe and the Non-christian World

7919:

The Counter Reformation: Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe

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was the great Flemish artist of the Counter-Reformation. He painted

4241:

rescues his pursuer and is subsequently burned at the stake in 1569.

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Confraternity of the Most Holy Trinity of Pilgrims and Convalescents

3502:'s hospital ministry started spreading: in Rome, starting 1514, the 3423:

founded the Poor Hermits of Saint Francis of Assisi, who became the

42: 13618: 13487: 12855: 12734: 12374: 12153: 12067: 11813: 11803: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11431: 11339: 11166: 10265: 9634: 9359: 8714: 8468: 8456: 6642:

Roest, Bert (2 July 2009). "Observant reform in religious orders".

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called John of the Cross the greatest of all mystical theologians.

4885: 4812: 4513: 3955:(1513–1521), whose campaign to raise funds for the construction of 3930: 3793: 3492: 3330: 2709: 2651: 1237: 1228: 1219: 1112: 1033: 980: 714: 560: 9375: 8067:

Bradshaw, Brendan. "The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation",

7317:

Painting in Sixteenth-Century Venice: Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto

3515:: this developed into the relatively-free religious community the 14318: 13927: 13907: 13764: 13653: 12892: 12822: 12482: 12446: 11136: 9974: 9848: 9791: 8971: 8585: 8207: 8017:

Wondrous in His Saints: Counter Reformation Propaganda in Bavaria

7717:

may use Bibles that place the deuterocanonical works between the

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Christianizing as much as the heathens of Asia and the Americas.

4889: 4881: 4877: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4609: 4465: 4343: 4335: 4312: 4311:, then moved against Brabant and Flanders. City after city fell: 4281: 3884: 3476: 2682: 2539: 2420: 1392: 1295: 1224: 1023: 704: 493: 30:"Catholic revival" redirects here. For the literary revival, see 8000:

Trent and All That: Renaming Catholicism in the Early Modern Era

7229:

Social History of Art, Volume 2: Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque

4690:

of 1629, but the religious toleration lasted until the reign of

4662: 4280:, in which he captured the main cities in the south (the future 3747: 13134: 11908: 11828: 11695: 11289: 10594: 10579: 10523: 10490: 9137:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

8580: 8490: 8395: 5696: 5631: 5620: 5517: 5428: 5360: 5312: 5175: 5122: 4845: 4841: 4324: 4308: 4168: 4072: 3876:

were strongly reaffirmed as spiritually commendable practices.

3774: 3357:' ideal of poverty as a way to short-circuit careerism, though 3263: 2725: 2705: 2694: 630: 430: 7198: 4210:

Reformation in Ireland § Religious policy of Queen Mary I

3852:

of Christ, was also reaffirmed, as were the traditional seven

3442:

To respond to the new needs of evangelism, clergy formed into

2736:. It also involved political activities and used the regional 2701:, although smaller expulsions took place in the 19th century. 13860: 13320: 13259: 13216: 12456: 11387: 10555: 10519: 5811: 5493: 4849: 4832:

The Counter-Reformation succeeded in drastically diminishing

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settled in parts of Silesia and Poland. Protestants from the

4328: 4091:

Liturgia Svecanæ Ecclesiæ catholicæ & orthodoxæ conformia

4000: 3959:

by supporting use of indulgences served as a key impetus for

3926: 2697:

history with exiles of Protestants continuing until the 1781

6314:

Der geschichtliche Ablauf der Auswanderung aus dem Zillertal

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Monson, Craig A. (2002). "The Council of Trent Revisited."

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In nineteenth-century Germany, the term became part of the

2658:

at the time. It is frequently dated to have begun with the

6605:"Concepts of Reform Proposed at the Fifth Lateran Council" 4206:

Scottish Reformation § Political background (1528–59)

3915:, which served as authoritative Church teaching until the 3907:(both held in the 4th century AD), which had affirmed the 3498:

At the end of the 1400s, a reform movement inspired by St

3377:

that came to be associated with Protestants: for example,

9026:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

7343: 6372:

The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation

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ones which have often ruled on specific types of images.

5241:

Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation

4792:

Orthodox Christians to return to full communion with the

4113:. This theatre of the Counter-Reformation was called the 3435:

rule of life to its original purity, giving birth to the

6324:(in German), 1837-auswanderer.de. Accessed 13 June 2020. 4276:

Farnese led a successful campaign 1578–1592 against the

3895:

by Protestants) on a par with the 39 books found in the

3241:

Second Millennium Western Mainstream Reformist Movements

2666:

in 1648, though this is controversial. The broader term

7202:

Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective

6929:(in German). Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. 5626:

Like his contemporary Palestrina, the Flemish composer

4907:

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

4018:

depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

3887:

listing of the Old Testament Bible, which included the

13074:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

5790:

was prompted in part by the need for calendar reform.

5483: 3982:

The council, by virtue of its actions, repudiated the

3951:(1492–1503), intensified during the Reformation under 9057:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

7739:

Enlightenment and Reform in Eighteenth-Century Europe

5681:" (Madrigali Spirituali). Additionally, the numerous 3416:

were recognized as a separate congregation of monks.

8096:

The Catholic Counter-Reformation in the 21st Century

8019:. Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1993. 6944: 6759: 6503: 6094: 5559:

attitudes of worship and reverence during the Mass.

4742:

Spanish Inquisition § Protestants and Anglicans

4532:, and successfully defeated Gebhard and his allies. 3318:

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

8024:

Protestant Resistance in Counterreformation Austria

7516:Davey, Henry. "Giovanni Pierluigi, da Palestrina", 7175:

The Counter-Reformation, Baroque and Neo-classicism

7171: 6414:

Johann Sleidan and the Protestant Vision of History

4508:The Cologne War (1583–1589) was a conflict between 4402:and northern Germany. French Huguenots crossed the 4334:Farnese finally laid siege to the great seaport of 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8130: 7971:Catholic Europe, 1592–1648: Centre and Peripheries 7386: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7178:. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 93–107. 5536: 2662:(1545–1563) and to end with the conclusion of the 234: 7267:"Text of the 25th decree of the Council of Trent" 4731:Reformation § Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3257: 14346: 9127:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 8002:(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000). 6868:Swedish and English Translation of the Red Book. 6788:"General Instruction of the Roman Missal, no. 7" 6710:. Guy Bedouelle, OP. in Lindberg, Carter (ed.) 4960:Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri 4757:Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein 4093:, also called the "Red Book". This launched the 4078: 3911:as scripture. The council also commissioned the 8052:The Counter-Reformation: The Essential Readings 7539: 7537: 7371: 7103:Stegmüller, Otto (1967). "Barock" (in German). 6879:Bulletin de l'Institut Historique Belge de Rome 6817:"Order of Friars Minor - Catholic Encyclopedia" 5810:was placed under house arrest, served in Rome, 4608:were exiled in the 18th century, especially to 4299:, controlled by Calvinists, responded with the 3995:", which was the practice of bishops living in 3399: 2382:(retained by Lutherans, mostly banned by Trent) 7952:; pp. 517–649; by French Catholic scholar 7422: 7420: 7225: 6735: 6733: 6472: 5613:The Catholic faith defeats Protestant heresies 4022: 3784:The council upheld the basic structure of the 2824:Other relevant terms that may be encountered: 14034:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches 13733: 13150: 11473: 9391: 8116: 7849:Journal of the American Musicological Society 6521: 5802:thought of the time. As a result, during the 5793:An actual new calendar had to wait until the 4977:The Ursulines focused on the special task of 4561:, the Counter-Reformation began with Emperor 4202:English Reformation § Marian Restoration 3481:Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca 2615: 1138: 7596: 7594: 7534: 7131:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6528:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 6368: 4681:, resulting in millions of deaths until the 4291:The seven northern provinces as well as the 4120: 3543:(1571), occurring during the pontificate of 11487: 7417: 7397:. "Church Music and the Council of Trent". 7125: 6771: 6730: 4183:condemned it led to the development of the 3253:Green=Catholic; Red=Protestant; Blue=Other 13157: 13143: 11480: 11466: 11320:International Alliance of Catholic Knights 9398: 9384: 9142:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 9092:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 8123: 8109: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6598: 6596: 5282: 5070: 4669:, Florida, where the survivors were killed 4553:Moravian Church § Counter-Reformation 3669:was the Catholic response to the Lutheran 3276:), the examples of nascent saints such as 2769:'Counter-Reformation’ is a translation of 2622: 2608: 1145: 1131: 7979:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199272723.001.0001 7626: 7624: 7591: 7199:Gardner, Helen; Kleiner, Fred S. (2010). 6833: 6522:Finke, Roger; Wittberg, Patricia (2000). 5797:in 1582. At the time of its publication, 5035: 3735:Learn how and when to remove this message 3630: 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 7342:, chapter VIII, especially pp. 107–128, 6956: 5603: 4661: 4486: 4232: 4049:was finally suspended on 29 March 1967. 4009: 3746: 3647: 3535:(1570), the codification of the uniform 2720:traditions of the Church, the reform of 12898:Fostering of early experimental science 7826:Manzetti, Leo P. (1928). "Palestrina". 6681: 6668: 6602: 6593: 6184:League for Catholic Counter-Reformation 4852:, and the vast lands controlled by the 4720: 4650:Persecution of Huguenots under Louis XV 4071:provided material in Latin to help the 3635: 3607:(1618–1648) during the pontificates of 3270:, lay spiritual movements (such as the 939:Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition 907:Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith 14: 14347: 13002:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 9779: 7735: 7621: 7518:Proceedings of the Musical Association 6950: 6920: 6568: 6364: 6362: 5745: 5600:Reforms following the Council of Trent 4888:. It did not succeed as completely in 4546: 4185:Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands 3527:Key events of the period include: the 3522: 3479:, canonically recognised in 1540, the 1813:Censorship of the Bible § 16th century 13138: 11461: 9379: 8104: 7894: 7756: 7683: 7666: 6765: 6644:The Cambridge History of Christianity 6641: 6509: 6453: 6235:from the original on 18 November 2008 4581:. This influenced the development of 3379:Guillaume Briçonnet (bishop of Meaux) 7292:"Transcript of Veronese's testimony" 7073:A Popular History of the Reformation 6411:Kess, Alexandra (15 December 2016). 6410: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 5207:was the first theologian to use the 4190: 3812:appropriated by grace through faith 3717:adding citations to reliable sources 3688: 3659:(right) being presented to Charles V 3531:(1545–1563); the excommunication of 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 9405: 8996:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 7340:Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1660 6834:Yelverton, Eric Esskildsen (1920). 6495:– via the fall 1993 issue of 6454:Janet, Richard J. (10 April 2014). 6359: 5775:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium 5772:(Frauenburg). In the dedication to 5685:were mostly prohibited in the 1570 5484:Reforms before the Council of Trent 5423:According to the great medievalist 4911: 4819:as a condition for reconciliation. 4673:In France, from 1562 Catholics and 4372:Augsburg Interim § The Interim 4142:Examination of the Council of Trent 3678: 3414:Camaldolese Hermits of Monte Corona 2828:'Pre-Tridentine' - before, or the 24: 8551:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 8085:(2009) Vol. 100, pp. 193–217. 8078:(2009) Vol. 100, pp. 271–292. 8044: 7921:(1995), emphasis on historiography 7860: 7673:. London Writers Ltd. p. 136. 6754:The Cambridge Modern History Atlas 5649:The Cardinal Archbishop of Milan, 4902: 4894: 4214: 4167:condemned 101 propositions of the 4052: 3381:in Paris, with his former teacher 960:Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum 25: 14371: 8089: 8083:Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 8076:Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 8061: 7986:Europe in the Seventeenth Century 7912:Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 7520:, 25th Sess. (1898–1899), p. 53. 7254:Baroque Art: A Topical Dictionary 7232:. Psychology Press. p. 192. 7205:. Cengage Learning. p. 192. 7047:from the original on 18 June 2015 6908:Journal of Ecclesiastical History 6206: 5562: 5267: 5195:on the same day, March 12, 1622. 4827: 4575:Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg 4249:took control of various parts of 4139:was the Catholic response to the 3947:Church, epitomized by the era of 3854:sacraments of the Catholic Church 2121:16th century Renaissance humanism 1860:Political and religious conflicts 14329: 14328: 14317: 13445:State church of the Roman Empire 13164: 11442: 11441: 11430: 11398:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul 10946:Criticism of the Catholic Church 9358: 9346: 8677:Fourth Council of Constantinople 8632:Second Council of Constantinople 7995:(Fordham University Press, 1992) 7865: 7588:Smith and Dinneen (1944). p. 45. 6921:Martin, Christiane, ed. (2001). 6743:(in French), Hachette U, p. 213. 6343:. 7 October 2002. Archived from 6282: 6125: 6111: 6097: 6078:Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria 5909:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor 5833: 5574:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina 4784:Belarusian Greek Catholic Church 4761: 4677:(Reformed Protestants) fought a 4620:spoke vehemently to his mother, 4195: 4043:Sacred Congregation of the Index 3918:Catechism of the Catholic Church 3693: 3615:; and the formation of the last 3003:Cluniac (Monastic) and Gregorian 2103:Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age 1979:Influence on church architecture 1176: 1111: 586:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina 187:Catholic Reformation and Revival 169: 142: 41: 13428:First seven ecumenical councils 9565:First seven ecumenical councils 8647:Third Council of Constantinople 8571:First Council of Constantinople 7899:. New York: HarperSanFrancisco. 7760:Journal of Early Modern History 7728: 7700: 7677: 7660: 7651: 7642: 7633: 7612: 7603: 7582: 7573: 7546: 7510: 7501: 7492: 7483: 7474: 7465: 7456: 7447: 7438: 7429: 7356: 7329: 7309: 7284: 7273:from the original on 2011-06-29 7259: 7246: 7219: 7192: 7165: 7119: 7110: 7097: 7078: 7062: 7029: 7010: 6983: 6933:from the original on 2020-10-28 6914: 6899: 6893:Journal of Early Modern History 6884: 6871: 6827: 6809: 6798:from the original on 2019-06-07 6780: 6746: 6700: 6635: 6562: 6515: 6488:from the original on 2017-03-19 6460:Homiletic & Pastoral Review 6295:from the original on 2023-01-22 6265:from the original on 2008-11-18 5760:: by the sixteenth century the 5689:. The remaining sequences were 5556:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 5542:council on September 10, 1562. 5537:Reforms during the 22nd session 5478: 4014:This 1711 illustration for the 3899:. This reaffirmed the previous 3704:needs additional citations for 3595:, of which the main figure was 966:Pontifical Gregorian University 318:Olav Engelbrektsson's rebellion 176:Faith, or The Church Triumphant 52:needs additional citations for 14295:Relations with other religions 13701:Church of the East (Nestorian) 13696:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) 12861:Separation of church and state 12530:Formal and material principles 12515:Separation of church and state 10140:Separation of church and state 8886:Dissolution of the monasteries 8152:History of the Catholic Church 7964:Counter-reformation, 1550–1610 7946:History of the Catholic Church 6609:Archivum Historiae Pontificiae 6466: 6447: 6404: 6375:. Routledge Handbooks Online. 6327: 6306: 6276: 6247: 6228:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 6179:History of the Catholic Church 5397:The Feast in the House of Levi 5234: 4766: 4646:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 4600:Others moved to Saxony or the 4522:Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg 4261:fought back. The king sent in 4111:Collegium regium Stockholmense 3792:system, religious orders, and 3781:, and other financial abuses. 3266:, the standardization of the 3258:Precursor Catholic Reformation 2765:Reformation § Terminology 2758: 2716:in the spiritual life and the 2693:) had long-lasting effects in 1804:Counter-Reformation § Politics 1077:Nationalism in the Middle Ages 13: 1: 12525:Hymnody of continental Europe 12502: 11676:Apostles in the New Testament 8760:Fourth Council of the Lateran 8735:Second Council of the Lateran 8344:Apostles in the New Testament 7600:Leichtentritt (1944). p. 326. 6652:10.1017/CHOL9780521811064.031 6199: 6164:Counter-Reformation in Poland 6151:Catholic-Protestant relations 5915:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 5852:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 4727:Counter-Reformation in Poland 4579:Johann Wilhelm von Stubenberg 4516:factions that devastated the 4148: 4087:Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica 4080:Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica 4075:catechize in the vernacular. 3874:veneration of the Virgin Mary 3870:venerable images and statuary 3551:in Rome, the founding of the 3353:considerable support for the 3337:, married priests) and later 2734:French school of spirituality 2646:), also sometimes called the 2516:Conclusion and commemorations 2199:Hymnody of continental Europe 2112:Folklore of the Low Countries 1803: 1747:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 1410:Theologies of seminal figures 401:French school of spirituality 235:Nova ordinantia eclessiastica 223:Regimini militantis Ecclesiae 8874:Catholic Counter-Reformation 8740:Third Council of the Lateran 8730:First Council of the Lateran 8186:Catholic ecumenical councils 8071:(1983) 33#11 pp. 42–45. 8026:. New York: Routledge, 2020. 7914:(1990), Vol. 81, pp 239–262. 7897:Butler's Lives of the Saints 7670:The Day the Universe Changed 7338:, (1940; refs to 1985 edn). 7172:Kruft, Hanno-Walter (1994). 7018:Treaty of the Union of Brest 6682:Mullett, Michael A. (2023). 5780:Fifth Council of the Lateran 5163:, whose ministry focused on 4703:Huguenot shipwreck survivors 4229:War of the Jülich Succession 4101:against his younger brother 3400:Priests and Religious Orders 3323:Fifth Council of the Lateran 1421:Theology of Huldrych Zwingli 7: 14002:Views on poverty and wealth 11973:Eastern Orthodox opposition 7988:(6th ed., 1965). pp 82–117. 6715:. Oxford: Blackwell. 2002. 6603:Minnich, Nelson H. (1969). 6090: 6048:Sigismund the Old of Poland 5824:Academia Secretorum Naturae 5382:Ten years after the decree 4822: 4348:Antwerp surrendered in 1585 4105:. During this time, Jesuit 4038:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 4031:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 4024:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 4016:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 3603:); the final phases of the 3463:. This was followed by the 2712:for the proper training of 2708:included the foundation of 2148:English Renaissance theatre 1630:Denmark–Norway and Holstein 918:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 10: 14376: 14247:World Evangelical Alliance 14209:Traditionalist Catholicism 11990:Art patronage of Julius II 11437:Catholic Church portal 8220:History of the Roman Curia 7939:The Catholic Enlightenment 7007:(1917), via newadvent.org. 6478:"The Catholic Reformation" 6289:World History Encyclopedia 6072:William V, Duke of Bavaria 5749: 5615:; part of a fresco inside 5238: 5039: 4915: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4754: 4739: 4724: 4713: 4639: 4602:Margraviate of Brandenburg 4550: 4542:Reformation § Belgium 4539: 4535: 4501: 4482: 4369: 4365: 4218: 4199: 4154: 4126: 4058: 4028: 3883:, officially accepted the 3682: 3641: 3547:; the construction of the 3335:communion under both kinds 2762: 2749:Christianisation of Europe 2343:Lutheran and Anglican Mass 2208:Music of the British Isles 2135:16th century in literature 29: 14312: 14262: 14242:World Council of Churches 14217: 14135: 14019: 14010: 13965: 13750: 13734: 13729:Latter Day Saint movement 13714: 13674: 13574: 13555: 13501: 13458: 13403: 13309: 13288: 13247: 13215: 13172: 13082: 12917: 12836: 12765: 12700: 12622: 12553: 12493:Calvinist–Arminian debate 12467: 12234: 12117: 11953: 11844: 11726: 11624: 11513: 11495: 11425: 11363:Aid to the Church in Need 11353: 11210: 11023: 10984:Vatican Television Center 10959: 10869: 10759: 10629:Eastern Catholic Churches 10610: 10499: 10392: 10339: 10264: 10235: 10160: 10085: 10020: 9965: 9884: 9754: 9668: 9600: 9545: 9464: 9441: 9413: 9341: 9241: 9107: 9034: 8969: 8956:European wars of religion 8853: 8788: 8690: 8612: 8503: 8426: 8286: 8275: 8267:Eastern Catholic Churches 8142: 8040:(2nd ed. 2005), advanced. 8005:Pollen, John Hungerford. 7917:Jones, Martin D. W. 7773:10.1163/15700658-12342506 7559:, Vol. 42, No. 1, p. 45. 7462:Monson (2002). pp. 10–11. 7363:The death of Medieval Art 6739:Péronnet, Michel (1981). 6708:Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples 6174:European wars of religion 5473:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo 5326: 5318: 5308: 5300: 5290: 5281: 5274: 5114: 5106: 5096: 5088: 5078: 5069: 5064: 4750: 4701:In 1565, several hundred 4635: 4583:German Baroque literature 4136:Defensio Tridentinæ fidei 4129:Defensio Tridentinæ fidei 4122:Defensio Tridentinæ fidei 3491:in 1588, and finally the 3383:Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples 3189: 2664:European wars of religion 2569:Calendrical commemoration 1882:War of the Three Kingdoms 1416:Theology of Martin Luther 1062:Catholic literary revival 581:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo 293:European Wars of Religion 241:Defensio Tridentinæ fidei 180:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo 32:Catholic literary revival 14270:Anti-Christian sentiment 13450:Christian biblical canon 12982:Christian existentialism 11305:Communion and Liberation 10769:Eastern Catholic liturgy 9934:Mystici Corporis Christi 9862:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 9087:Mary of the Divine Heart 8710:Clash against the empire 8662:Second Council of Nicaea 8556:Old St. Peter's Basilica 7957:The Catholic Reformation 7709:churches, following the 7693: 7657:Lockwood (1957). p. 362. 7648:Lockwood (1957). p. 348. 7630:Lockwood (1957). p. 346. 7579:Manzetti (1928). p. 332. 7498:Manzetti (1928). p. 331. 7426:Manzetti (1928). p. 330. 7403:, Vol. 39, No. 4 (1953) 7319:, 2nd ed., Cambridge UP 6777:Péronnet (1981). p. 214. 6684:The Catholic Reformation 6575:Reading Medieval Studies 5692:Victimae paschali laudes 4773:Chaldean Catholic Church 4746:Reformation § Spain 4735: 4709: 4340:Marnix van St. Aldegonde 3835:really and substantially 3431:suggested reforming the 1281:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel 953:Philosophy and education 211:Decet Romanum Pontificem 14324:Christianity portal 13483:Investiture Controversy 11489:History of Christianity 10120:Philosophy of canon law 10050:Mariology of the saints 9630:Investiture Controversy 9353:Vatican City portal 8705:Investiture Controversy 8561:First Council of Nicaea 8056:excerpt and text search 8011:excerpt and text search 8007:The Counter-Reformation 7905:The Counter Reformation 7895:Walsh, M., ed. (1991). 7890:excerpt and text search 7553:Smith, Carleton Sprague 7365:. Extract from book by 7315:Rostand, David (1997). 7226:Hauser, Arnold (1999). 7105:Lexikon der Marienkunde 6540:10.1111/0021-8294.00013 6054:Sigismund III of Poland 5609:Johann Michael Rottmayr 5504:(bishop of Modena) and 5119:Gallerie dell'Accademia 4796:while preserving their 4654:French Wars of Religion 4257:, the Catholics led by 4089:was an addendum to the 3933:reformers in the past. 3573:French Wars of Religion 3444:religious congregations 3129:Protestant Reformations 3112:Oratories and Societies 3093:Hussites and Utraquists 2656:Protestant Reformations 2414:First Wittenberg hymnal 1872:French Wars of Religion 1686:Major political leaders 1426:Theology of John Calvin 912:Excommunicable offences 526:Michelangelo Caravaggio 373:Jacobite rising of 1689 353:Strasbourg Bishops' War 348:French Wars of Religion 14275:Christian universalism 13666:Western Rite Orthodoxy 13511:Protestant Reformation 13050:Fourth Great Awakening 12937:Second Great Awakening 12176:Fall of Constantinople 11968:Development of primacy 11373:Catholic Charities USA 11007:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 10995:Vatican Polyglot Press 10045:Mariology of the popes 9683:Protestant Reformation 9365:Catholicism portal 9176:Second Vatican Council 9062:Our Lady of La Salette 8869:Protestant Reformation 8856:Protestant Reformation 8775:Second Council of Lyon 8164:Ecclesiastical history 7969:Ó hAnnracháin, Tadhg. 7742:. London: I.B.Tauris. 7736:Beales, Derek (2005). 7087:Ascent of Mount Carmel 6927:Lexikon der Geographie 6881:, Vol. 63, pp 195–219. 6842:Henry Bradshaw Society 6569:Sibson, Carol (2017). 6335:"Anniversary Thoughts" 5623: 5380: 5036:Devotion and mysticism 4936:Augustinian Recollects 4932:Discalced Augustinians 4908: 4900: 4696:Edict of Fontainebleau 4670: 4614:Transylvanian Landlers 4499: 4242: 4019: 3957:Saint Peter's Basilica 3756: 3660: 3631:Councils and documents 3555:, the adoption of the 3504:Oratory of Divine Love 2818: 2805: 2789: 2774: 2753:Second Vatican Council 2671: 2643: 2130:16th century in poetry 1933:German Renaissance Art 1913:Painting and sculpture 1118:Catholicism portal 1014:Discalced Augustinians 999:Augustinian Recollects 924:Portuguese Inquisition 504:Spanish Golden Century 298:Dalecarlian Rebellions 194:Councils and documents 14360:Christian terminology 13933:Anointing of the Sick 13045:Reformed epistemology 12987:Third Great Awakening 12957:Seventh-day Adventist 12878:First Great Awakening 12751:Book of Common Prayer 12545:Protestant work ethic 12088:Independent Catholics 12039:Monastery dissolution 11127:Good Shepherd Sisters 10969:Holy See Press Office 10207:Doctors of the Church 10040:Immaculate Conception 9995:Anointing of the Sick 9530:History of the papacy 9072:First Vatican Council 8770:First Council of Lyon 8534:Constantine the Great 8230:Christian monasticism 7924:Jones, Pamela M. and 7829:The Musical Quarterly 7810:The Musical Quarterly 7789:The Musical Quarterly 7767:(3). Brill: 293–312. 7667:Burke, James (1985). 7639:Monson (2002). p. 26. 7618:Monson (2002). p. 27. 7507:Monson (2002). p. 16. 7489:Monson (2002). p. 24. 7480:Monson (2002). p. 22. 7471:Monson (2002). p. 12. 7444:Monson (2002). p. 21. 7435:Monson (2002). p. 20. 7400:The Musical Quarterly 7252:Earls, Irene (1996). 7107:. Regensburg, p. 566. 7041:Catholic Encyclopedia 7004:Catholic Encyclopedia 6686:. London: Routledge. 6497:The Dawson Newsletter 6456:"On Catholic History" 6423:10.4324/9781315251509 6381:10.4324/9781315613574 6285:"Counter-Reformation" 6223:"Counter-Reformation" 5712:Lauda Sion Salvatorem 5607: 5567:The crises regarding 5376: 5065:The Battle of Lepanto 4916:Further information: 4906: 4898: 4782:Further information: 4665: 4551:Further information: 4518:Electorate of Cologne 4496:Adoration of the Magi 4490: 4392:Unity of the Brethren 4236: 4219:Further information: 4013: 3808:. The council upheld 3750: 3651: 3579:and the execution of 3549:Gregorian observatory 3282:Antoninus of Florence 2813: 2796:Wilhelm Maurenbrecher 2782: 2538:Simultaneous rise of 2450:Book of Common Prayer 2250:Scottish church music 2236:Anglican church music 1717:Gaspard II de Coligny 1692:Henry VIII of England 1496:Peter Martyr Vermigli 646:Francisco de Zurbarán 551:Artemisia Gentileschi 411:Ignatian spirituality 343:Prayer Book Rebellion 76:"Counter-Reformation" 14254:Nondenominationalism 14127:Role in civilization 13594:Independent Catholic 13536:Relations with Islam 13516:Catholic Reformation 12868:Edicts of toleration 12677:Three Forms of Unity 12442:Bohemian Reformation 12015:Catholic Reformation 11872:Roman state religion 11691:Council of Jerusalem 11000:L'Osservatore Romano 10938:Role in civilisation 10664:Croatian and Serbian 10412:Episcopal conference 10374:St. Peter's Basilica 9732:Sexual abuse scandal 9688:Catholic Reformation 9249:Sexual abuse scandal 9158:Mit brennender Sorge 9001:Age of Enlightenment 8780:Bernard of Clairvaux 8657:Byzantine Iconoclasm 8596:Council of Chalcedon 8376:Council of Jerusalem 8245:Role in civilization 8225:Religious institutes 8157:By country or region 7955:Mullett, Michael A. 7903:Dickens, A. G. 7093:. Image Books. 1958. 6189:Second scholasticism 5944:Catherine de' Medici 5702:Veni Sancte Spiritus 5578:Missa Papae Marcelli 5489:The Council of Trent 5386:was summoned by the 5249:and the Flanders of 5228:sacrament of penance 5213:Lawrence of Brindisi 4928:Discalced Carmelites 4918:Second scholasticism 4721:Poland and Lithuania 4642:Massacre of Mérindol 4626:Patent of Toleration 4606:Salzburg Protestants 4585:, especially around 4331:opened their gates. 4161:The 1713 papal bull 3879:The council, in the 3862:veneration of saints 3713:improve this article 3666:Confutatio Augustana 3653:Confutatio Augustana 3644:Confutatio Augustana 3637:Confutatio Augustana 3571:(r. 1572–1585); the 3561:Jesuit China mission 3553:Gregorian University 3355:evangelical counsels 3312:Council of Constance 3278:Catherine of Bologna 3146:English Reformations 2852:post-Tridentine Mass 2699:Patent of Toleration 2672:Reformatio Catholica 2668:Catholic Reformation 2650:, was the period of 2529:Protestant orthodoxy 2502:Whole Book of Psalms 2466:Book of Common Order 2334:Ecclesiastical Latin 1887:German Peasants' War 1439:Protestant Reformers 1369:Northern Renaissance 1364:Bohemian Reformation 1348:Contributing factors 1252:Gottschalk of Orbais 1019:Discalced Carmelites 971:Second scholasticism 807:Catherine de' Medici 730:Lawrence of Brindisi 521:Gian Lorenzo Bernini 303:German Peasants' War 217:Confutatio Augustana 61:improve this article 14355:Counter-Reformation 14300:Unlimited atonement 14285:Cultural Christians 13724:Jehovah's Witnesses 13346:Sermon on the Mount 13275:Christian tradition 13202:Lists of Christians 13040:Liberation theology 12947:Jehovah's Witnesses 12780:Radical Reformation 12508:Resistance theories 12395:Christian mysticism 12390:Early Scholasticism 12102:Ecclesial community 12000:Counter-Reformation 11865:Constantinian shift 11335:Neocatechumenal Way 11300:Charismatic Renewal 11014:Annuario Pontificio 10612:Particular churches 10288:Ecumenical councils 10060:Perpetual virginity 9895:Communitas perfecta 9839:Sermon on the Mount 9077:Papal infallibility 9067:Our Lady of Lourdes 9016:Shimabara Rebellion 8860:Counter-Reformation 8050:Luebke, David, ed. 8036:Wright, A. D. 8031:Counter-Reformation 8015:Soergel, Philip M. 7962:O'Connell, Marvin. 7453:Monson (2002). p.9. 6194:Spanish Inquisition 6157:Corpus Catholicorum 6119:Christianity portal 5766:Nicolaus Copernicus 5746:Calendrical studies 5731:Masses for the Dead 5390:to explain why his 5165:interior conversion 5155:, who added to the 5005:Spiritual Exercises 4874:Spanish Netherlands 4658:Huguenot rebellions 4630:Zillertal expulsion 4547:Bohemia and Austria 4520:. After Archbishop 4273:from 1578 to 1592. 4271:Spanish Netherlands 4095:Liturgical Struggle 3817:works of that faith 3755:, from an engraving 3672:Augsburg Confession 3657:Confessio Augustana 3587:; the birth of the 3523:Contemporary events 3455:founded in 1524 by 3301:ecumenical councils 3167:Counter Reformation 3065:Humanism (Catholic) 2838:pre-Tridentine Mass 2636:Counter-Reformation 2534:Peace of Westphalia 2525:Confessionalization 2329:Liturgical Struggle 2255:Normative principle 1834:Holy Roman Emperors 1783:Counter-Reformation 1234:Girolamo Savonarola 1087:Proto-Protestantism 976:School of Salamanca 934:Spanish Inquisition 641:Juan de Valdés Leal 323:Pilgrimage of Grace 259:Immensa aeterni Dei 247:Regnans in Excelsis 163:Counter-Reformation 18:Counter Reformation 14145:Crusading movement 13413:Ante-Nicene period 13114:Oriental Orthodoxy 12757:King James Version 12569:Ninety-five Theses 12365:Apostolic Brethren 12139:Church of the East 12134:Oriental Orthodoxy 11980:Crusading movement 11500:Early Christianity 11172:Premonstratensians 9555:Ante-Nicene period 9433:Lists of Catholics 9122:Our Lady of Fátima 8911:Ignatius of Loyola 8835:Catherine of Siena 8803:Pope Boniface VIII 8622:Benedict of Nursia 8591:Council of Ephesus 8428:Ante-Nicene period 8381:Split with Judaism 8215:Crusading movement 8029:Unger, Rudolph M. 7998:O'Malley, John W. 7944:Mourret, Fernand. 7852:, Vol. 55, No. 1, 7839:2016-06-11 at the 7832:, Vol. 14, No. 3, 7819:2016-01-31 at the 7812:, Vol. 43, No. 3, 7806:Lockwood, Lewis H. 7798:2016-01-31 at the 7791:, Vol. 30, No. 3. 7566:2016-01-31 at the 7527:2016-08-18 at the 7410:2016-06-11 at the 7023:2016-03-03 at the 6994:2009-10-29 at the 6474:Daniel-Rops, Henri 6320:2016-05-07 at the 6259:www.britannica.com 6146:Anti-Protestantism 6105:Catholicism portal 6037:Cardinal Richelieu 5965:Philip II of Spain 5938:Mary I of Scotland 5927:Ignatius of Loyola 5828:Melanchthon Circle 5795:Gregorian calendar 5788:heliocentric model 5624: 5510:polyphonic singing 5347:, a fresco in the 5181:Ignatius of Loyola 5137:Ignatius of Loyola 5133:Catherine of Genoa 5042:Ignatius of Loyola 4909: 4901: 4671: 4595:crypto-Protestants 4571:Sigmund von Birken 4500: 4476:Neusalza-Spremberg 4461:Johanngeorgenstadt 4400:Lower Rhine region 4398:often fled to the 4396:County of Flanders 4293:County of Flanders 4259:Philip II of Spain 4243: 4107:Laurentius Nicolai 4099:John III of Sweden 4020: 3905:Synods of Carthage 3831:Transubstantiation 3827:states (2:22–26). 3757: 3661: 3557:Gregorian calendar 3500:Catherine of Genoa 3294:Christian humanism 3290:Catherine of Genoa 2439:Thomissøn's hymnal 2241:Exclusive psalmody 1997:Metaphysical poets 1919:Northern Mannerism 1909:Art and literature 1822:Anti-Protestantism 1758:Electors of Saxony 1722:Henry IV of France 1712:William the Silent 1635:Sweden and Finland 1526:Balthasar Hubmaier 1491:Heinrich Bullinger 1451:Philip Melanchthon 1384:Johannes Gutenberg 1374:Christian humanism 1316:Ninety-five Theses 1184:Ninety-five Theses 1067:History of Germany 750:Cardinal Richelieu 710:Ignatius of Loyola 636:Georges de la Tour 571:Giovanni Lanfranco 453:Transubstantiation 313:Tyrone's Rebellion 14342: 14341: 14308: 14307: 14236:Charta Oecumenica 13746: 13745: 13736:Iglesia ni Cristo 13551: 13550: 13531:French Revolution 13521:Thirty Years' War 13393:Apostolic fathers 13361:Great Commandment 13132: 13131: 13109:Eastern Orthodoxy 12977:Finnish Awakening 12932:Holiness movement 12873:Congregationalism 12832: 12831: 12692:Metrical psalters 12129:Eastern Orthodoxy 12073:Neo-Scholasticism 11780:Canon development 11681:Jewish Christians 11455: 11454: 10865: 10864: 10258: 10081: 10080: 9773: 9750: 9749: 9742:COVID-19 pandemic 9712:French Revolution 9702:Thirty Years' War 9610:Islamic conquests 9523:Apostolic fathers 9458: 9373: 9372: 9333:COVID-19 pandemic 9311:Pope Benedict XVI 9216:Pope John Paul II 8991:Pope Benedict XIV 8977:French Revolution 8961:Thirty Years' War 8951:Robert Bellarmine 8936:John of the Cross 8840:Pope Alexander VI 8825:Council of Vienne 8755:Francis of Assisi 8745:Pope Innocent III 8614:Early Middle Ages 8608: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8546:Arian controversy 8499: 8498: 8447:Apostolic Fathers 7936:Lehner, Ulrich L. 7715:Church of England 7091:John of the Cross 6911:63#4 pp. 671–692. 6846:Harrison and Sons 6661:978-1-139-05602-1 6440:978-1-315-25150-9 6390:978-1-4094-2373-7 6066:Peter Paul Rubens 6019:Pope Gregory XIII 5932:Mary I of England 5904:John of the Cross 5847:Robert Bellarmine 5799:De revolutionibus 5506:Gabriele Paleotti 5449:Peter Paul Rubens 5413:Gabriele Paleotti 5363:, developed into 5344:The Last Judgment 5340: 5339: 5276:The Last Judgment 5251:Peter Paul Rubens 5217:Robert Bellarmine 5200:Battle of Lepanto 5145:John of the Cross 5129: 5128: 5054:John of the Cross 5012:, reminiscent of 4492:Peter Paul Rubens 4263:Alexander Farnese 4225:Eighty Years' War 4191:Politics and wars 4109:came to lead the 3751:A session of the 3745: 3744: 3737: 3625:Great Turkish War 3605:Thirty Years' War 3585:Pope Clement VIII 3569:Pope Gregory XIII 3541:Battle of Lepanto 3427:Friars. In 1526, 2809:Henri Daniel-Rops 2691:Holy Roman Empire 2632: 2631: 2456:Metrical psalters 1877:Eighty Years' War 1867:Thirty Years' War 1752:Philip I of Hesse 1476:Andreas Karlstadt 1286:Johannes von Goch 1267:Berengar of Tours 1262:Claudius of Turin 1243:Arnold of Brescia 1155: 1154: 1072:Holy Roman Empire 929:Roman Inquisition 725:John of the Cross 685:Robert Bellarmine 616:Peter Paul Rubens 536:Ludovico Carracci 531:Annibale Carracci 443:Spanish mysticism 358:Thirty Years' War 328:Bigod's rebellion 253:Ascendente Domino 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 14367: 14332: 14331: 14322: 14321: 14165:Environmentalism 14115:Church buildings 14017: 14016: 13832:Eastern Orthodox 13827:Eastern Catholic 13739: 13738: 13706:Eastern Catholic 13684:Eastern Orthodox 13572: 13571: 13493:Age of Discovery 13478:East–West Schism 13376:Great Commission 13307: 13306: 13159: 13152: 13145: 13136: 13135: 12551: 12550: 11938:Non-Chalcedonian 11919:Constantinople I 11711:General epistles 11706:Pauline epistles 11686:Paul the Apostle 11664:Great Commission 11482: 11475: 11468: 11459: 11458: 11445: 11444: 11435: 11434: 11177:Redemptoristines 11025:Religious orders 10951:Anti-Catholicism 10901:Church buildings 10761:Catholic liturgy 10501:Consecrated life 10359:Apostolic Palace 10326:Synod of Bishops 10262: 10261: 10238: 9844:Ten Commandments 9777: 9776: 9759: 9660:Age of Discovery 9494:Great Commission 9462: 9461: 9446: 9400: 9393: 9386: 9377: 9376: 9363: 9362: 9351: 9350: 9349: 9328:Patriarch Kirill 9201:Pope John Paul I 9006:Anti-clericalism 8986:Pope Innocent XI 8906:Society of Jesus 8891:Council of Trent 8845:Age of Discovery 8790:Late Middle Ages 8692:High Middle Ages 8682:East–West Schism 8566:Pope Sylvester I 8512: 8511: 8501: 8500: 8411:General epistles 8406:Pauline epistles 8339:John the Baptist 8322:Great Commission 8284: 8283: 8235:Catholic culture 8125: 8118: 8111: 8102: 8101: 7959:(Routledge 1999) 7926:Thomas Worcester 7900: 7784: 7753: 7722: 7707:Eastern Orthodox 7704: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7664: 7658: 7655: 7649: 7646: 7640: 7637: 7631: 7628: 7619: 7616: 7610: 7607: 7601: 7598: 7589: 7586: 7580: 7577: 7571: 7557:Modern Philology 7550: 7544: 7541: 7532: 7514: 7508: 7505: 7499: 7496: 7490: 7487: 7481: 7478: 7472: 7469: 7463: 7460: 7454: 7451: 7445: 7442: 7436: 7433: 7427: 7424: 7415: 7388: 7369: 7360: 7354: 7333: 7327: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7303: 7294:. 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Some lived as 4530:Ernst of Bavaria 4418:("Happy Town"). 4389: 4301:Union of Utrecht 4297:Duchy of Brabant 4267:Governor-General 4176:Pasquier Quesnel 3889:deuterocanonical 3825:Epistle of James 3764:Council of Trent 3753:Council of Trent 3740: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3720: 3697: 3689: 3685:Council of Trent 3679:Council of Trent 3577:Long Turkish War 3539:(1570), and the 3529:Council of Trent 3465:Somaschi Fathers 3429:Matteo de Bascio 3421:Francis of Paola 2989: 2982: 2975: 2972: 2965: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2864: 2834:Council of Trent 2775:Gegenreformation 2728:, including the 2660:Council of Trent 2648:Catholic Revival 2644:Contrareformatio 2624: 2617: 2610: 2562:Luther Monuments 2557:Reformation Wall 2527:with subsequent 2491:Scottish Psalter 2405:Lutheran hymnals 2306:Calvin's liturgy 2301:Reformed worship 2222:Lutheran chorale 2065:Bohorič alphabet 1897:Schmalkaldic War 1795:Council of Trent 1770:John Frederick I 1669:Poland-Lithuania 1546:Jacobus Arminius 1456:Huldrych Zwingli 1379:German mysticism 1180: 1157: 1156: 1147: 1140: 1133: 1116: 1115: 993:Religious orders 760:Francisco Suárez 755:Francis de Sales 690:Charles Borromeo 611:Jusepe de Ribera 601:Scipione Pulzone 576:Orlando di Lasso 566:Jacobus de Kerle 546:Domenico Fontana 541:Anthony van Dyck 516:Federico Barocci 338:Schmalkaldic War 288:Augsburg Interim 199:Council of Trent 173: 172: 146: 139: 138: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 14375: 14374: 14370: 14369: 14368: 14366: 14365: 14364: 14345: 14344: 14343: 14338: 14316: 14304: 14258: 14213: 14131: 14012: 14006: 13961: 13886:One true church 13742: 13710: 13670: 13559: 13547: 13497: 13454: 13399: 13326:in Christianity 13312: 13298: 13292: 13284: 13243: 13219: 13211: 13168: 13163: 13133: 13128: 13078: 13065:Christian right 12967:Oxford Movement 12942:Restorationists 12913: 12828: 12761: 12696: 12647:Presbyterianism 12618: 12598:Book of Concord 12549: 12473: 12471: 12463: 12230: 12120: 12113: 11949: 11848: 11840: 11799:Clement of Rome 11729: 11722: 11626: 11620: 11509: 11491: 11486: 11456: 11451: 11429: 11421: 11400: 11383:Relief Services 11349: 11295:Catholic Action 11285:Military orders 11222:Confraternities 11214:of the faithful 11213: 11206: 11028: 11019: 10955: 10861: 10755: 10614: 10606: 10539:Prior, Prioress 10495: 10388: 10384:Vatican Museums 10335: 10268: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10237: 10231: 10156: 10110:Social teaching 10077: 10016: 9961: 9916:One true church 9880: 9857:Sixtine Vulgate 9853:Official Bible 9767: 9763: 9758: 9746: 9664: 9596: 9541: 9511:Petrine primacy 9454: 9450: 9445: 9437: 9409: 9407:Catholic Church 9404: 9374: 9369: 9357: 9347: 9345: 9337: 9259:World Youth Day 9237: 9226:World Youth Day 9170:Pacem in terris 9164:Pope John XXIII 9103: 9030: 9021:Edict of Nantes 8979: 8975: 8965: 8931:Teresa of Ávila 8926:Tridentine Mass 8862: 8858: 8849: 8830:Knights Templar 8784: 8686: 8642:Gregorian chant 8600: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8507: 8495: 8422: 8291: 8279: 8271: 8138: 8136:Catholic Church 8129: 8092: 8064: 8047: 8045:Primary sources 8022:Thaler, Peter. 7882:Bireley, Robert 7868: 7863: 7861:Further reading 7858: 7841:Wayback Machine 7821:Wayback Machine 7800:Wayback Machine 7750: 7731: 7726: 7725: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7690: 7682: 7678: 7665: 7661: 7656: 7652: 7647: 7643: 7638: 7634: 7629: 7622: 7617: 7613: 7608: 7604: 7599: 7592: 7587: 7583: 7578: 7574: 7568:Wayback Machine 7551: 7547: 7542: 7535: 7529:Wayback Machine 7515: 7511: 7506: 7502: 7497: 7493: 7488: 7484: 7479: 7475: 7470: 7466: 7461: 7457: 7452: 7448: 7443: 7439: 7434: 7430: 7425: 7418: 7412:Wayback Machine 7391:Fellerer, K. G. 7389: 7372: 7361: 7357: 7334: 7330: 7314: 7310: 7301: 7299: 7290: 7289: 7285: 7276: 7274: 7265: 7264: 7260: 7251: 7247: 7240: 7224: 7220: 7213: 7197: 7193: 7186: 7170: 7166: 7143:10.2307/3679084 7124: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7102: 7098: 7084: 7083: 7079: 7067: 7063: 7050: 7048: 7037:"The Ursulines" 7035: 7034: 7030: 7025:Wayback Machine 7015: 7011: 6996:Wayback Machine 6988: 6984: 6977: 6961: 6957: 6949: 6945: 6936: 6934: 6919: 6915: 6904: 6900: 6889: 6885: 6876: 6872: 6856: 6832: 6828: 6821:Catholic Online 6815: 6814: 6810: 6801: 6799: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6776: 6772: 6764: 6760: 6751: 6747: 6738: 6731: 6723: 6711: 6705: 6701: 6694: 6680: 6669: 6662: 6640: 6636: 6601: 6594: 6567: 6563: 6520: 6516: 6508: 6504: 6491: 6489: 6471: 6467: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6409: 6405: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6367: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6333: 6332: 6328: 6322:Wayback Machine 6311: 6307: 6298: 6296: 6281: 6277: 6268: 6266: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6238: 6236: 6221: 6220: 6207: 6202: 6133:Religion portal 6131: 6124: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6093: 6088: 6084:Vincent de Paul 5995:Pope Julius III 5879:Gabriel Vásquez 5841:Teresa of Ávila 5836: 5808:Galileo Galilei 5762:Julian calendar 5754: 5748: 5677:and "Spiritual 5602: 5565: 5539: 5486: 5481: 5270: 5243: 5237: 5189:Teresa of Ávila 5161:Carmelite Order 5141:Teresa of Ávila 5060: 5050:Teresa of Ávila 5040:Main articles: 5038: 4979:educating girls 4920: 4914: 4830: 4825: 4794:Catholic Church 4786: 4780: 4775: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4753: 4748: 4740:Main articles: 4738: 4733: 4725:Main articles: 4723: 4718: 4712: 4683:Edict of Nantes 4660: 4640:Main articles: 4638: 4567:Bohemian Revolt 4555: 4549: 4544: 4538: 4506: 4485: 4480: 4431:Altona, Hamburg 4423:Exulantenstädte 4408:Central Germany 4383: 4381:Exulantenstädte 4374: 4368: 4286:treaty of Arras 4251:the Netherlands 4231: 4217: 4215:The Netherlands 4212: 4200:Main articles: 4198: 4193: 4159: 4153: 4131: 4125: 4097:, which pitted 4083: 4068:Roman Catechism 4063: 4061:Roman Catechism 4057: 4054:Roman Catechism 4033: 4027: 3986:of the secular 3913:Roman Catechism 3901:Council of Rome 3802:Tridentine Mass 3786:medieval church 3741: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3710: 3698: 3687: 3681: 3646: 3640: 3633: 3597:Galileo Galilei 3589:Lyncean Academy 3583:in 1600, under 3537:Roman Rite Mass 3525: 3412:. In 1523, the 3402: 3364:Issues such as 3303:were held with 3273:devotio moderna 3260: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3206: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2845:Tridentine Mass 2830:status quo ante 2767: 2761: 2730:Spanish mystics 2628: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2576:Reformation Day 2566: 2517: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2496: 2484:Genevan Psalter 2478: 2473:Souterliedekens 2460: 2444: 2426: 2408: 2385: 2375: 2361: 2357:Paraphrase mass 2348: 2338: 2324: 2310: 2291: 2277: 2259: 2245: 2231: 2217: 2203: 2190: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2139: 2125: 2116: 2107: 2093: 2069: 2030: 2006: 1970: 1956: 1942: 1928: 1910: 1902: 1901: 1862: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1831: 1817: 1808: 1799: 1790:Catholic Church 1784: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1742:Gustav II Adolf 1737:Gabriel Bethlen 1732:Stephen Bocskai 1727:Jeanne d'Albret 1702:Oliver Cromwell 1687: 1679: 1678: 1571: 1563: 1562: 1506:François Hotman 1486:George Buchanan 1471:William Tyndale 1441: 1431: 1430: 1411: 1403: 1402: 1398:Johann Reuchlin 1349: 1341: 1340: 1311: 1301: 1300: 1276:Wessel Gansfort 1202: 1192: 1151: 1122: 1110: 1102: 1101: 1082:Nation-building 1057: 1049: 1048: 994: 986: 985: 954: 946: 945: 902: 894: 893: 695:Joseph Calasanz 668:Teresa of Ávila 661: 659: 651: 650: 499:Flemish Baroque 477: 475: 465: 464: 448:Tridentine Mass 406:Gregorian chant 391:Confraternities 386: 378: 377: 363:Bohemian Revolt 296: 290: 286: 284:Catholic League 282: 277: 269: 268: 262: 256: 250: 244: 238: 232: 229:Roman Catechism 226: 220: 214: 208: 202: 195: 182: 170: 162: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14373: 14363: 14362: 14357: 14340: 14339: 14337: 14336: 14326: 14313: 14310: 14309: 14306: 14305: 14303: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14266: 14264: 14260: 14259: 14257: 14256: 14251: 14250: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14227: 14221: 14219: 14215: 14214: 14212: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14182: 14177: 14175:Fundamentalism 14172: 14170:Existentialism 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14141: 14139: 14133: 14132: 14130: 14129: 14124: 14123: 14122: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14081: 14080: 14070: 14069: 14068: 14063: 14061:God the Father 14058: 14053: 14048: 14038: 14037: 14036: 14025: 14023: 14014: 14008: 14007: 14005: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13993: 13992: 13982: 13977: 13971: 13969: 13963: 13962: 13960: 13959: 13958: 13957: 13947: 13942: 13941: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13900: 13899: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13881:Body of Christ 13878: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13857: 13856: 13846: 13841: 13840: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13783: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13756: 13754: 13748: 13747: 13744: 13743: 13741: 13740: 13731: 13726: 13720: 13718: 13716:Restorationist 13712: 13711: 13709: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13692: 13691: 13680: 13678: 13672: 13671: 13669: 13668: 13663: 13662: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13580: 13578: 13569: 13553: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13546: 13545: 13544: 13543: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13507: 13505: 13499: 13498: 13496: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13464: 13462: 13456: 13455: 13453: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13441: 13440: 13435: 13425: 13420: 13418:Late antiquity 13415: 13409: 13407: 13401: 13400: 13398: 13397: 13396: 13395: 13388:Church fathers 13385: 13380: 13379: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13317: 13315: 13304: 13286: 13285: 13283: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13251: 13249: 13245: 13244: 13242: 13241: 13236: 13231: 13225: 13223: 13213: 13212: 13210: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13173: 13170: 13169: 13162: 13161: 13154: 13147: 13139: 13130: 13129: 13127: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13100: 13099: 13094: 13083: 13080: 13079: 13077: 13076: 13071: 13062: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13030:Pentecostalism 13027: 13025:Jesus movement 13022: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12923: 12921: 12915: 12914: 12912: 12911: 12902: 12901: 12900: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12864: 12863: 12853: 12848: 12842: 12840: 12834: 12833: 12830: 12829: 12827: 12826: 12819: 12816:Martyrs Mirror 12812: 12807: 12802: 12800:Martyrs' Synod 12797: 12792: 12790:Swiss Brethren 12787: 12782: 12777: 12771: 12769: 12763: 12762: 12760: 12759: 12754: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12706: 12704: 12698: 12697: 12695: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12628: 12626: 12620: 12619: 12617: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12594: 12589: 12588: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12559: 12557: 12548: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12535:Law and Gospel 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12511: 12510: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12479: 12477: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12461: 12460: 12459: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12423: 12422: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12326: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12290: 12289: 12288: 12287: 12286: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12240: 12238: 12232: 12231: 12229: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12216:Ottoman Empire 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12167: 12166: 12161: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12125: 12123: 12115: 12114: 12112: 12111: 12106: 12105: 12104: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12027: 12017: 12012: 12007: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11976: 11975: 11970: 11959: 11957: 11951: 11950: 11948: 11947: 11945:Biblical canon 11942: 11941: 11940: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11900: 11899: 11894: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11868: 11867: 11856: 11854: 11846:Late antiquity 11842: 11841: 11839: 11838: 11833: 11832: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11794:Church Fathers 11787: 11782: 11777: 11776: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11734: 11732: 11724: 11723: 11721: 11720: 11719: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11667: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11636: 11630: 11628: 11622: 11621: 11619: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11517: 11515: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11507: 11502: 11496: 11493: 11492: 11485: 11484: 11477: 11470: 11462: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11449: 11439: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11401: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11359: 11357: 11351: 11350: 11348: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11330:Legion of Mary 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11281: 11280: 11279: 11278: 11268: 11267: 11266: 11259:Lay Carmelites 11256: 11246: 11245: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11218: 11216: 11208: 11207: 11205: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11107:Conceptionists 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11042:Assumptionists 11038: 11036: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11017: 11010: 11003: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10971: 10965: 10963: 10957: 10956: 10954: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10909: 10908: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10887: 10886: 10875: 10873: 10867: 10866: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10859: 10858: 10857: 10856: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10810: 10809: 10808: 10807: 10806: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10765: 10763: 10757: 10756: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10751: 10746: 10744:Syro-Malankara 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10694:Italo-Albanian 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10626: 10620: 10618: 10608: 10607: 10605: 10604: 10603: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10582: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10558: 10548: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10512: 10505: 10503: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10421: 10420: 10419: 10414: 10403: 10401: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10364:Lateran Treaty 10361: 10356: 10351: 10345: 10343: 10337: 10336: 10334: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10322: 10321: 10311: 10310: 10309: 10304: 10290: 10285: 10276: 10274: 10259: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10183: 10182: 10177: 10166: 10164: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10154: 10153: 10152: 10147: 10137: 10136: 10135: 10125: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10100:Moral theology 10097: 10091: 10089: 10083: 10082: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10075: 10070: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10026: 10024: 10018: 10017: 10015: 10014: 10009: 10004: 10003: 10002: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9971: 9969: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9959: 9954: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9930: 9925: 9924: 9923: 9918: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9890: 9888: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9878: 9873: 9872: 9871: 9864: 9859: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9800: 9799: 9794: 9783: 9781: 9774: 9752: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9695: 9685: 9674: 9672: 9666: 9665: 9663: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9615:Pope Gregory I 9612: 9606: 9604: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9594: 9589: 9587:Biblical canon 9584: 9582:Late antiquity 9579: 9578: 9577: 9572: 9562: 9557: 9551: 9549: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9539: 9538: 9537: 9527: 9526: 9525: 9518:Church fathers 9515: 9514: 9513: 9508: 9498: 9497: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9470: 9468: 9459: 9452:Ecclesiastical 9439: 9438: 9436: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9403: 9402: 9395: 9388: 9380: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9367: 9355: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9307: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9256: 9251: 9245: 9243: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9235: 9234: 9233: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9166: 9161: 9154: 9149: 9147:Lateran Treaty 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9113: 9111: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9101: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9038: 9036: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8982: 8980: 8972:Baroque period 8970: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8941:Peter Canisius 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8916:Francis Xavier 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8880:Exsurge Domine 8876: 8871: 8865: 8863: 8854: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8820:Pope Clement V 8817: 8816: 8815: 8813:Avignon Papacy 8808:Western Schism 8805: 8800: 8798:Thomas Aquinas 8794: 8792: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8696: 8694: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8652:Saint Boniface 8649: 8644: 8639: 8637:Pope Gregory I 8634: 8629: 8624: 8618: 8616: 8610: 8609: 8606: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8576:Biblical canon 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8530: 8528: 8509: 8505:Late antiquity 8497: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8472: 8471: 8466: 8465: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8452:Pope Clement I 8442:Church Fathers 8439: 8433: 8431: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8298: 8296: 8281: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8211: 8210: 8205: 8203:Biblical canon 8198:Catholic Bible 8195: 8194: 8193: 8183: 8182: 8181: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8160: 8159: 8148: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8128: 8127: 8120: 8113: 8105: 8099: 8098: 8091: 8090:External links 8088: 8087: 8086: 8079: 8072: 8063: 8062:Historiography 8060: 8059: 8058: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8020: 8013: 8003: 7996: 7991:Olin, John C. 7989: 7982: 7967: 7960: 7953: 7942: 7933: 7922: 7915: 7908: 7901: 7892: 7879: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7856: 7844: 7824: 7803: 7785: 7754: 7748: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7719:protocanonical 7698: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7686:, p. 149. 7676: 7659: 7650: 7641: 7632: 7620: 7611: 7602: 7590: 7581: 7572: 7545: 7533: 7509: 7500: 7491: 7482: 7473: 7464: 7455: 7446: 7437: 7428: 7416: 7370: 7355: 7336:Blunt, Anthony 7328: 7308: 7283: 7258: 7245: 7238: 7218: 7211: 7191: 7184: 7164: 7118: 7109: 7096: 7077: 7069:Hughes, Philip 7061: 7028: 7009: 6999:Union of Brest 6982: 6975: 6955: 6943: 6913: 6898: 6883: 6870: 6854: 6848:. p. 75. 6840:. Issue 57 of 6826: 6808: 6779: 6770: 6768:, p. 157. 6758: 6745: 6729: 6721: 6699: 6692: 6667: 6660: 6634: 6592: 6561: 6534:(2): 154–170. 6514: 6512:, p. 295. 6502: 6465: 6446: 6439: 6403: 6389: 6358: 6326: 6305: 6275: 6246: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6122: 6108: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6060:Francis Xavier 6057: 6051: 6045: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5954:Luis de Molina 5951: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5874:Thomas Cajetan 5871: 5866: 5863:Peter Canisius 5860: 5855: 5849: 5844: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5804:Galileo affair 5747: 5744: 5739:Roman Breviary 5717:Corpus Christi 5655:Vincenzo Ruffo 5601: 5598: 5582:Pope Marcellus 5564: 5563:Saviour-Legend 5561: 5538: 5535: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5384:Paolo Veronese 5349:Sistine Chapel 5338: 5337: 5331:Sistine Chapel 5328: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5279: 5278: 5269: 5268:Decrees on art 5266: 5239:Main article: 5236: 5233: 5127: 5126: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5083:Paolo Veronese 5080: 5076: 5075: 5067: 5066: 5037: 5034: 4913: 4910: 4870:Czech Republic 4829: 4828:Areas affected 4826: 4824: 4821: 4809:Union of Brest 4779: 4776: 4771:Main article: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4755:Main article: 4752: 4749: 4737: 4734: 4722: 4719: 4714:Main article: 4711: 4708: 4679:series of wars 4667:Matanzas Inlet 4637: 4634: 4548: 4545: 4540:Main article: 4537: 4534: 4526:prince-elector 4502:Main article: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4446:Friedrichsdorf 4443: 4438: 4436:Bad Karlshafen 4433: 4427: 4414:("Joy Town"), 4370:Main article: 4367: 4364: 4216: 4213: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4155:Main article: 4152: 4147: 4127:Main article: 4124: 4119: 4115:Missio Suetica 4082: 4077: 4059:Main article: 4056: 4051: 4035:The 1559–1967 4029:Main article: 4026: 4021: 4005:Carlo Borromeo 4003:'s Archbishop 3897:Masoretic Text 3891:works (called 3881:Canon of Trent 3806:Catholic Faith 3777:, the sale of 3743: 3742: 3701: 3699: 3692: 3683:Main article: 3680: 3677: 3642:Main article: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3581:Giordano Bruno 3524: 3521: 3489:Adorno Fathers 3448:regular clergy 3401: 3398: 3366:papal nepotism 3327: 3326: 3320: 3315: 3286:Rita of Cascia 3259: 3256: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3184: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3092: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3028: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3009: 3008: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2993: 2986: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2848: 2841: 2800:confessionally 2760: 2757: 2755:in 1962–1965. 2722:religious life 2687:Imperial Diets 2630: 2629: 2627: 2626: 2619: 2612: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2572: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2536: 2531: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2497: 2495: 2494: 2487: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2469: 2461: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2435: 2432:Swenske songer 2427: 2425: 2424: 2417: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2391: 2384: 2383: 2376: 2374: 2373: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2346: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2320:Deutsche Messe 2317: 2315:Formula missae 2311: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2297: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2266: 2264:Anglican chant 2260: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2007: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1957: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1943: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1929: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1892:Wars of Kappel 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1837: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1809: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1707:James VI and I 1704: 1699: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1578: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1553: 1551:Roger Williams 1548: 1543: 1541:Richard Hooker 1538: 1536:Thomas Cranmer 1533: 1528: 1523: 1521:Thomas Müntzer 1518: 1516:Hubert Languet 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1442: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1388:printing press 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1359:Avignon Papacy 1356: 1354:Western Schism 1350: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1291:Friends of God 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1240: 1231: 1222: 1213: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1181: 1173: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1153: 1152: 1150: 1149: 1142: 1135: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1058: 1056:Related topics 1055: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 995: 992: 991: 988: 987: 984: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 955: 952: 951: 948: 947: 944: 943: 942: 941: 931: 926: 921: 914: 909: 903: 900: 899: 896: 895: 892: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 830: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 768: 767: 765:Francis Xavier 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 700:Peter Canisius 697: 692: 687: 676: 675: 670: 660: 657: 656: 653: 652: 649: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 621:Vincenzo Ruffo 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 507: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 476: 471: 470: 467: 466: 463: 462: 460:Works of mercy 457: 456: 455: 445: 440: 439: 438: 433: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 387: 384: 383: 380: 379: 376: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 308:Wars of Kappel 305: 278: 275: 274: 271: 270: 205:Exsurge Domine 196: 193: 192: 189: 188: 184: 183: 174: 166: 165: 157: 156: 148: 147: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14372: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14352: 14350: 14335: 14327: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14314: 14311: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14267: 14265: 14261: 14255: 14252: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14237: 14233: 14232: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14222: 14220: 14216: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14142: 14140: 14138: 14134: 14128: 14125: 14121: 14118: 14117: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14110:Popular piety 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14079: 14076: 14075: 14074: 14071: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14043: 14042: 14039: 14035: 14032: 14031: 14030: 14027: 14026: 14024: 14022: 14018: 14015: 14009: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13991: 13988: 13987: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13972: 13970: 13968: 13964: 13956: 13953: 13952: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13905: 13904: 13901: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13891:People of God 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13873: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13855: 13852: 13851: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13819: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13762: 13761: 13758: 13757: 13755: 13753: 13749: 13737: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13721: 13719: 13717: 13713: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13690: 13687: 13686: 13685: 13682: 13681: 13679: 13677: 13673: 13667: 13664: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13601: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13581: 13579: 13577: 13573: 13570: 13567: 13563: 13558: 13557:Denominations 13554: 13542: 13539: 13538: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13526:Enlightenment 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13504: 13500: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13465: 13463: 13461: 13457: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13430: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13410: 13408: 13406: 13402: 13394: 13391: 13390: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13323: 13322: 13319: 13318: 13316: 13314: 13308: 13305: 13302: 13296: 13291: 13287: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13252: 13250: 13246: 13240: 13239:New Testament 13237: 13235: 13234:Old Testament 13232: 13230: 13227: 13226: 13224: 13222: 13218: 13214: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13174: 13171: 13167: 13160: 13155: 13153: 13148: 13146: 13141: 13140: 13137: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13119:Protestantism 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13089: 13088: 13085: 13084: 13081: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13066: 13063: 13060: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13020: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12992:Azusa Revival 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12972:Laestadianism 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12924: 12922: 12920: 12916: 12910: 12909:Old Lutherans 12906: 12903: 12899: 12896: 12895: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12862: 12859: 12858: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12843: 12841: 12839: 12835: 12825: 12824: 12820: 12818: 12817: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12772: 12770: 12768: 12764: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12752: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12703: 12699: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12629: 12627: 12625: 12621: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12599: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12575:Diet of Worms 12573: 12571: 12570: 12566: 12565: 12564: 12561: 12560: 12558: 12556: 12552: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12509: 12506: 12505: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12480: 12478: 12476: 12475:Protestantism 12470: 12466: 12458: 12455: 12454: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12421: 12418: 12417: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12295: 12294: 12291: 12285: 12282: 12281: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12261: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12241: 12239: 12237: 12233: 12227: 12226:North America 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12156: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12126: 12124: 12122: 12116: 12110: 12107: 12103: 12100: 12099: 12098: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12026: 12023: 12022: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12002: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11965: 11964: 11961: 11960: 11958: 11956: 11952: 11946: 11943: 11939: 11935: 11932: 11931: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11889: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11866: 11863: 11862: 11861: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11847: 11843: 11837: 11836:Early African 11834: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11819:Justin Martyr 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11740: 11739: 11736: 11735: 11733: 11731: 11725: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11693: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11639:Life of Jesus 11637: 11635: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11627:Apostolic Age 11623: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11518: 11516: 11512: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11497: 11494: 11490: 11483: 11478: 11476: 11471: 11469: 11464: 11463: 11460: 11448: 11440: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11427: 11424: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11402: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11378:Home Missions 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11356: 11352: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11277: 11274: 11273: 11272: 11271:Saint Francis 11269: 11265: 11262: 11261: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11254:Saint Dominic 11252: 11251: 11250: 11247: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11224: 11223: 11220: 11219: 11217: 11215: 11209: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11067:Bethlehemites 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11035: 11031: 11026: 11022: 11016: 11015: 11011: 11009: 11008: 11004: 11002: 11001: 10997: 10994: 10990: 10989:Vatican Radio 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10975: 10974:Vatican Media 10972: 10970: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10962: 10958: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10907: 10904: 10903: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10885: 10882: 10881: 10880: 10877: 10876: 10874: 10872: 10868: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10835: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10815: 10814: 10811: 10805: 10802: 10801: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10767: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10758: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10574: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10566: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10521: 10518: 10517: 10516: 10513: 10510: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10502: 10498: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10425: 10422: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10408: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10338: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10315: 10312: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10271:List of popes 10267: 10263: 10260: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10234: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10172: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10163: 10159: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10142: 10141: 10138: 10134: 10131: 10130: 10129: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10084: 10074: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10055:Mother of God 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10019: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10001: 9998: 9997: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9964: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9952: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9940:People of God 9938: 9936: 9935: 9931: 9929: 9928:Infallibility 9926: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9896: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9887: 9883: 9877: 9874: 9870: 9869: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9804:Body and soul 9802: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9789: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9778: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9766: 9762: 9757: 9753: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9707:Enlightenment 9705: 9703: 9700: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9678:Protestantism 9676: 9675: 9673: 9671: 9667: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9655:Scholasticism 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9640:Schism (1378) 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9625:Schism (1054) 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9599: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9567: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9544: 9536: 9533: 9532: 9531: 9528: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9502: 9499: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9476: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9463: 9460: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9444: 9440: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9412: 9408: 9401: 9396: 9394: 9389: 9387: 9382: 9381: 9378: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9354: 9344: 9343: 9340: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9323: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9240: 9232: 9229: 9228: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9206:Mother Teresa 9204: 9202: 9199: 9196: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9171: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9159: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9132:Pope Pius XII 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9110: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9098:Rerum novarum 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9082:Pope Leo XIII 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9052:United States 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9042:Pope Pius VII 9040: 9039: 9037: 9033: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8857: 8852: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8787: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8725:Scholasticism 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8700:Pope Urban II 8698: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8689: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8615: 8611: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8540: 8537: 8536: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8525: 8517: 8513: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8476:Justin Martyr 8474: 8470: 8467: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8425: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8386:New Testament 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8349:Commissioning 8347: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8293:Apostolic Age 8289: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8196: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8179:Papal primacy 8177: 8176: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8126: 8121: 8119: 8114: 8112: 8107: 8106: 8103: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8084: 8080: 8077: 8073: 8070: 8069:History Today 8066: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8048: 8039: 8035: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8021: 8018: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8001: 7997: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7983: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7965: 7961: 7958: 7954: 7951: 7948:(vol 5 1931) 7947: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7934: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7909: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7880: 7877: 7873: 7872:Bauer, Stefan 7870: 7869: 7866:General works 7855: 7851: 7850: 7845: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7825: 7822: 7818: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7804: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7761: 7755: 7751: 7749:1-86064-950-5 7745: 7741: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7703: 7699: 7685: 7680: 7672: 7671: 7663: 7654: 7645: 7636: 7627: 7625: 7615: 7609:Davey. p. 56. 7606: 7597: 7595: 7585: 7576: 7569: 7565: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7549: 7543:Davey. p. 52. 7540: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7523: 7519: 7513: 7504: 7495: 7486: 7477: 7468: 7459: 7450: 7441: 7432: 7423: 7421: 7413: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7368: 7364: 7359: 7353: 7352:0-19-881050-4 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7332: 7326: 7325:0-521-56568-5 7322: 7318: 7312: 7298:on 2009-09-29 7297: 7293: 7287: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7255: 7249: 7241: 7239:9780203981320 7235: 7231: 7230: 7222: 7214: 7212:9780495573647 7208: 7204: 7203: 7195: 7187: 7185:9781568980102 7181: 7177: 7176: 7168: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7113: 7106: 7100: 7092: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7070: 7065: 7058: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7013: 7006: 7005: 7000: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6978: 6976:9780911697032 6972: 6968: 6967: 6959: 6953:, p. 14. 6952: 6947: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6909: 6902: 6896:16#1 pp 1–22. 6895: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6874: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6855:9781870252904 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6830: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6797: 6793: 6792:www.usccb.org 6789: 6783: 6774: 6767: 6762: 6755: 6749: 6742: 6741:Le XVe siècle 6736: 6734: 6724: 6722:9780631218395 6718: 6714: 6709: 6703: 6695: 6693:9781032506647 6689: 6685: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6663: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6597: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6565: 6557: 6553: 6549: 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Routledge. 6416: 6415: 6407: 6392: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6365: 6363: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6330: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6309: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6279: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6234: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6205: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6141:Anti-Papalism 6139: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6123: 6120: 6114: 6109: 6106: 6100: 6095: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6025:Pope Sixtus V 6023: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5989:Pope Paul III 5987: 5984: 5983:Pope Pius III 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5959:Péter Pázmány 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5834:Major figures 5831: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5768:, a canon at 5767: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5664: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5597: 5595: 5589: 5587: 5586:Sistine Choir 5583: 5579: 5575: 5570: 5560: 5557: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5495: 5490: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5411:and Cardinal 5410: 5406: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5277: 5273: 5265: 5263: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5232: 5229: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5170: 5169:Thomas Merton 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5101:Oil on canvas 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5015: 5014:devotionalism 5011: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4972: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4938:, Cistercian 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4834:Protestantism 4820: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4774: 4762:Eastern Rites 4758: 4747: 4743: 4732: 4728: 4717: 4707: 4704: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4688:Peace of Alès 4684: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4622:Maria Theresa 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4355: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4196:British Isles 4188: 4186: 4181: 4178:(1634–1719). 4177: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3973:devotionalism 3970: 3966: 3962: 3961:Martin Luther 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3868:, the use of 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3821:just by faith 3818: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3760:Pope Paul III 3754: 3749: 3739: 3736: 3728: 3725:November 2018 3718: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3702:This section 3700: 3696: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3667: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3638: 3628: 3627:(1683–1699). 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3487:in 1584, the 3486: 3483:in 1583, the 3482: 3478: 3475:in 1535, the 3474: 3471:in 1530, the 3470: 3467:in 1528, the 3466: 3462: 3459:and Cardinal 3458: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3359:John Wycliffe 3356: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3295: 3292:, printing, 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3242: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2598:Protestantism 2596: 2595: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2570: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2521: 2513: 2512: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2227:Lutheran hymn 2225: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2186: 2185: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1961:Art conflicts 1959: 1958: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1906: 1905: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1780: 1779: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1765:Frederick III 1763: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1501:William Farel 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1481:Theodore Beza 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1446:Martin Luther 1444: 1443: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1321:Diet of Worms 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1305: 1304: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1216:John Wycliffe 1214: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1189:Martin Luther 1187:, written by 1186: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 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11062:Benedictines 11052:Augustinians 11012: 11005: 10998: 10979:Vatican News 10933:Distinctions 10739:Syro-Malabar 10624:Latin Church 10546:Grand master 10444:Metropolitan 10341:Vatican City 10236:Organisation 10115:Philosophers 9980:Confirmation 9957:In canon law 9951:Subsistit in 9949: 9945:Three states 9932: 9893: 9886:Ecclesiology 9868:Nova Vulgata 9866: 9824:Original sin 9819:Nicene Creed 9809:Divine grace 9768: 9687: 9650:Universities 9620:Papal States 9547:Great Church 9489:Resurrection 9466:Early Church 9320: 9316:Pope Francis 9242:21st century 9191:Pope Paul VI 9168: 9156: 9109:20th century 9096: 9047:Pope Pius IX 9035:19th century 9011:Pope Pius VI 8878: 8873: 8859: 8750:Latin Empire 8720:Universities 8672:Pope Leo III 8539:Christianity 8524:state church 8516:Great Church 8317:Resurrection 8280:(30–325/476) 8277:Early Church 8262:Latin Church 8257:Papal States 8252:Vatican City 8082: 8075: 8068: 8051: 8037: 8030: 8023: 8016: 8006: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7984:Ogg, David. 7970: 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884:Gregory XIII 832: 831: 802:Maximilian I 782:Ferdinand II 770: 769: 745:Matteo Ricci 678: 677: 662: 596:Andrea Pozzo 591:Mattia Preti 509: 508: 478: 436:Sacred Heart 385:Spirituality 291: 263: 257: 251: 245: 239: 233: 227: 221: 215: 209: 203: 197: 175: 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 14290:Persecution 14225:Christendom 14218:Cooperation 14155:Charismatic 14066:Holy Spirit 13975:Natural law 13938:Holy orders 13787:Christology 13780:Holy Spirit 13649:Pentecostal 13629:Evangelical 13624:Charismatic 13468:Monasticism 13460:Middle Ages 13423:Constantine 13366:Crucifixion 13248:Foundations 13124:Catholicism 13061:Protestants 13055:Evangelical 12730:39 Articles 12725:Elizabethan 12702:Anglicanism 12682:Westminster 12592:Melanchthon 12555:Lutheranism 12520:Nicodemites 12498:Arminianism 12469:Reformation 12410:Bonaventure 12385:Inquisition 12380:Waldensians 12330:Investiture 12308:Kievan Rus' 12264:Anglo-Saxon 12244:Pelagianism 12236:Middle Ages 12159:Iconodulism 12034:Thomas More 11955:Catholicism 11877:Monasticism 11860:Constantine 11785:Persecution 11743:Adoptionism 11728:Ante-Nicene 11671:Holy Spirit 11654:Crucifixion 11625:Origins and 11526:2nd and 3rd 11407:Health care 11393:Pax Christi 11345:Schoenstatt 11310:Sant'Egidio 11142:Legionaries 11122:Franciscans 11097:Cistercians 11092:Carthusians 11047:Annonciades 10906:Altarpieces 10799:West Syriac 10794:East Syriac 10774:Alexandrian 10398:Holy orders 10379:Swiss Guard 10319:Dicasteries 10314:Roman Curia 10212:Evangelists 10170:Holy Family 10105:Personalism 10095:Natural law 10073:Josephology 10007:Holy orders 9645:Inquisition 9602:Middle Ages 9592:Monasticism 9560:Constantine 9484:Crucifixion 9322:Laudato si' 9117:Pope Pius X 8946:Philip Neri 8921:Pope Pius V 8896:Thomas More 8765:Inquisition 8667:Charlemagne 8627:Monasticism 8437:Persecution 8329:Holy Spirit 8312:Crucifixion 8191:First seven 7950:online free 7127:Bossy, John 6951:Beales 2005 6646:: 446–457. 6615:: 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3621:Innocent XI 3617:Holy League 3599:(later put 3533:Elizabeth I 3509:Philip Neri 3410:Cistercians 3394:Protestants 3343:indulgences 3339:Protestants 3325:(1512–1517) 3268:Paris Bible 3074:Waldensians 2791:Kulturkampf 2759:Terminology 2718:theological 2544:Rationalism 2353:Cyclic mass 2021:Anglo-Irish 1992:Elizabethan 1947:English art 1938:Swedish art 1697:Elizabeth I 1610:Czech Lands 1605:Netherlands 1581:Switzerland 1570:By location 1557:Many others 1461:John Calvin 1211:Waldensians 1207:Peter Waldo 1170:Reformation 1097:Renaissance 1092:Reformation 901:Inquisition 849:Clement VII 817:Sigismund I 740:Philip Neri 720:John Fisher 673:Thomas More 178:(1665), by 14349:Categories 14204:Prosperity 14180:Liberation 14120:Cathedrals 14105:Pilgrimage 14090:Literature 13967:Philosophy 13903:Sacraments 13876:Four marks 13837:Protestant 13812:Born again 13609:Anabaptist 13599:Protestant 13541:Influences 13503:Modern era 13207:By country 12846:Revivalism 12767:Anabaptism 12715:Henry VIII 12540:Literature 12164:Iconoclasm 12144:Chrysostom 12097:Vatican II 12063:Jansenists 12049:Mass rocks 11985:Lateran IV 11904:Athanasius 11824:Tertullian 11768:Marcionism 11763:Gnosticism 11716:Revelation 11634:Background 11162:Oratorians 11117:Dominicans 11087:Carmelites 11082:Camillians 11030:institutes 10843:Tridentine 10779:Antiochian 10699:Macedonian 10644:Belarusian 10534:Provincial 10449:Archbishop 10369:Roman Rota 10331:Properties 10256:By country 10252:Precedence 10217:Confessors 10197:Archangels 10187:Patriarchs 10087:Philosophy 10065:Veneration 10030:Assumption 10000:Last rites 9967:Sacraments 9911:Four marks 9722:Vatican II 9670:Modern era 9506:Succession 9195:coronation 8901:Pope Leo X 8486:Tertullian 8416:Revelation 8391:Background 7711:Septuagint 7684:Burke 1985 7367:Émile Mâle 7302:2008-07-08 7277:2008-07-08 6937:2020-05-30 6802:2019-06-07 6766:Walsh 1991 6510:Firpo 2016 6492:2017-10-24 6299:2023-01-22 6269:2023-01-22 6200:References 5977:Pope Leo X 5750:See also: 5453:Guido Reni 5433:Tintoretto 5425:Émile Mâle 5319:Dimensions 5107:Dimensions 4992:devotional 4971:Franciscan 4958:, and the 4956:Barnabites 4940:Feuillants 4856:including 4587:Regensburg 4510:Protestant 4451:Glückstadt 4421:A list of 4416:Glückstadt 4317:Maastricht 4247:Calvinists 4164:Unigenitus 4157:Unigenitus 4150:Unigenitus 3953:Pope Leo X 3872:, and the 3613:Innocent X 3609:Urban VIII 3559:, and the 3517:Oratorians 3511:founded a 3485:Camillians 3469:Barnabites 3433:Franciscan 3371:Savonarola 3180:Vatican II 3029:Lay Groups 3012:Mendicants 2836:(such as " 2763:See also: 2710:seminaries 2679:apologetic 2520:Conclusion 2002:Propaganda 1985:Literature 1247:Arnoldists 1200:Precursors 1029:Oratorians 1004:Barnabites 864:Julius III 626:Tintoretto 606:Guido Reni 368:Rohan Wars 265:Unigenitus 87:newspapers 14280:Criticism 14230:Ecumenism 14194:Mysticism 14160:Democracy 14150:Anarchism 14137:Movements 14100:Mythology 14078:Catechism 14073:Education 13990:Evolution 13913:Eucharist 13896:Canon law 13854:Theotokos 13849:Mariology 13807:Salvation 13797:Tradition 13644:Methodist 13604:Adventist 13438:Chalcedon 13012:Ecumenism 12962:Adventism 12952:Mormonism 12888:Millerism 12883:Methodism 12838:1640–1789 12740:Civil War 12687:Orthodoxy 12642:Huguenots 12624:Calvinism 12609:Eucharist 12604:Orthodoxy 12488:Eucharist 12420:Five Ways 12370:Dulcinian 12323:Pomerania 12249:Gregory I 12093:Vatican I 12083:Modernism 12068:Molinists 12058:Guadalupe 11929:Chalcedon 11924:Ephesus I 11914:Augustine 11790:Apostolic 11773:Montanism 11738:Diversity 11514:Centuries 11403:See also: 11355:Charities 11264:Discalced 11192:Trappists 11187:Theatines 11157:Olivetans 11102:Clarisses 11072:Blue nuns 11057:Basilians 11034:societies 10942:See also: 10828:Mozarabic 10818:Ambrosian 10804:Malankara 10789:Byzantine 10749:Ukrainian 10724:Ruthenian 10689:Hungarian 10674:Ethiopian 10649:Bulgarian 10616:sui iuris 10600:Postulant 10509:Religious 10464:Auxiliary 10459:Coadjutor 10429:Patriarch 10297:Cardinals 10244:Canon law 10240:Hierarchy 10222:Disciples 10145:Relations 10133:Evolution 10124:See also: 10069:See also: 10022:Mariology 10012:Matrimony 9985:Eucharist 9906:Ecumenism 9834:Salvation 9770:Catechism 9765:Tradition 9727:Communism 9575:Chalcedon 9211:Communism 9181:Ecumenism 8527:(380–451) 8519:(180–451) 8508:(313–476) 8430:(100–325) 7781:1385-3783 7159:144537144 7137:: 21–38. 7071:(1960) . 6864:0144-0241 6621:0066-6785 6587:0950-3129 6548:0021-8294 6396:7 October 5921:Louis XIV 5727:All Souls 5722:Dies Irae 5707:Pentecost 5683:sequences 5569:polyphony 5522:madrigals 5497:as 1322. 5469:Rembrandt 5365:Mannerism 5304:1537–1541 5193:canonized 4984:sola fide 4952:Theatines 4948:Ursulines 4944:Angelines 4924:Capuchins 4854:Habsburgs 4838:Lithuania 4817:Purgatory 4798:Byzantine 4790:Ruthenian 4698:in 1685. 4692:Louis XIV 4675:Huguenots 4618:Joseph II 4591:Nuremberg 4563:Rudolf II 4404:Rhineland 4245:When the 4180:Jansenism 4172:Jansenist 4133:The 1578 4085:The 1575 4065:The 1566 3984:pluralism 3965:95 Theses 3893:apocrypha 3810:salvation 3800:made the 3663:The 1530 3495:in 1621. 3473:Ursulines 3453:Theatines 3437:Capuchins 3419:In 1435, 3387:destroyed 3307:agendas: 3305:reformist 2745:colonized 2683:polemical 2550:Monuments 2294:Liturgies 2273:Polyphony 2269:Homophony 2213:Hymn tune 2098:Icelandic 2079:Norwegian 1841:Charles V 1827:Criticism 1511:John Knox 1309:Beginning 1257:Ratramnus 1044:Ursulines 1039:Theatines 1009:Capuchins 844:Adrian VI 827:William V 812:Philip II 792:Louis XIV 787:Leopold I 777:Charles V 489:Polyphony 484:Mannerism 421:Mariology 333:Dacke War 117:June 2020 14334:Category 14199:Pacifism 14013:features 13997:Politics 13950:Ablution 13918:Marriage 13822:Catholic 13752:Theology 13659:Reformed 13639:Lutheran 13634:Holiness 13614:Anglican 13584:Catholic 13488:Crusades 13433:Nicaea I 13383:Apostles 13356:Miracles 13351:Parables 13341:Ministry 13331:Nativity 13295:timeline 13192:Prophets 13187:Glossary 13104:Theology 13092:Missions 13087:Timeline 13059:Mainline 13007:Pacifism 12856:Baptists 12775:Theology 12735:Puritans 12710:Timeline 12652:Scotland 12580:Theology 12427:Wycliffe 12375:Crusades 12350:Bogomils 12303:Bulgaria 12259:Germanic 12211:Ethiopia 12109:Timeline 11887:Nicaea I 11882:Councils 11814:Irenaeus 11809:Ignatius 11804:Polycarp 11758:Donatism 11753:Docetism 11748:Arianism 11649:Ministry 11447:Category 11340:Opus Dei 11325:Scouting 11315:Focolare 11182:Servites 11167:Piarists 11112:Crosiers 10848:Anglican 10784:Armenian 10714:Romanian 10704:Maronite 10679:Georgian 10669:Eritrean 10654:Chaldean 10639:Armenian 10634:Albanian 10515:Superior 10474:Emeritus 10454:Diocesan 10307:Advisers 10266:Holy See 10192:Prophets 10150:Politics 9921:Catholic 9901:Councils 9756:Theology 9635:Crusades 9570:Nicaea I 9501:Apostles 9479:Ministry 9448:Timeline 9428:Glossary 9221:HIV/AIDS 8715:Crusades 8469:Irenaeus 8462:Ignatius 8457:Polycarp 8307:Ministry 8295:(30–100) 8169:Timeline 7973:(2015). 7854:in JSTOR 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