3280:
3607:"Jews are kept out of most ski clubs. Sundry summer colonies (even on municipally owned land), fraternities, and at least one Rotary Club operate under written or unwritten “Gentiles Only” signs. Many bank positions are not open to Jews. Only three Jewish male physicians have been admitted to non-Jewish Hospital staffs in Toronto. McGill University has instituted a rule requiring in effect at least a 10% higher academic average for Jewish applicants; in certain schools of the University of Toronto anti-Jewish bias is being felt. City Councils debate whether Jewish petitioners should be permitted to build a synagogue; property deeds in some areas bar resale to them. I have seen crude handbills circulated thanking Hitler for his massacre of 80,000 Jews in Kiev."
3298:(CJC) was founded in 1919 and would be the major representative body of the Canadian Jewish community for 90 years. Much of its work was focused on lobbying government around issues of immigration, human rights and anti-Semitism. One of the terms of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles were the so-called "minorities treaties" that committed Eastern European states with substantial Jewish populations such as Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia to protect the rights of minorities with the League of Nations to monitor their compliance. The CJC was founded in part to lobby the government of Canada to use its influence at the League of Nations to ensure that the Eastern European states were abiding by the terms of the "minorities treaties".
3060:
3968:
3984:
3332:
3945:
3260:
3233:
5397:
approximately 400 Jewish-owned garment shops and factories in
Toronto, and white Anglo-Saxon manufacturers' control on this sector was no longer total. Geographer Daniel Hiebert wrote that "Jewish entrepreneurs were successful because they could rely upon resources within their ethnic group, such as the large number of Jewish-owned clothing retail stores and, more particularly, the presence of a skilled co-ethnic labor force." In 1930, fully half of all Canadians working in pawn-shops were Jewish. That year, only 2.2% of Jews were working in law or medicine (though this was double the overall Canadian rate of 1.1%).
3248:
3999:
3927:
3489:
3477:
4467:
4404:
3421:
5532:
4425:
4214:
79:
3051:. The congregation was granted the right of keeping a register in 1897. Other communal institutions were the Quebec Hebrew Sick Benefit Association, the Quebec Hebrew Relief Association for Immigrants, and the Quebec Zionist Society. By 1905, the Jewish population was about 350, in a total population of 68,834. According to census of 1871, there were 1,115 Jews living in Canada with 409 in Montreal, 157 in Toronto, and 131 in Hamilton with the rest living in Brantford, Quebec City, St. John, Kingston and London.
5103:. In December 2020, the Canadian Jewish Record announcing it would end its run with a post titled "A Note from the Publisher: The Bridge is Now Completed", stating that it had intended "to be a bridge between the recently shuttered Canadian Jewish News and its hoped-for return," and given that the CJN had managed to relaunch, it (The Canadian Jewish Record) would cease publication. The CJN resumed its journalistic reporting, and now also hosts an email newsletter, as well as several weekly podcasts.
4278:
144:
5146:
4178:
4383:
3912:
4362:
5028:, remains the only permanent Yiddish theatre in North America. The theatre group also tours Canada, US, Israel, and Europe. In 1931, 99% of Montreal Jews stated that Yiddish was their mother language. In the 1930s there was a Yiddish language education system and a Yiddish newspaper in Montreal. In 1938, most Jewish households in Montreal primarily used English and often used French and Yiddish. 9% of the Jewish households only used French and 6% only used Yiddish.
4341:
3456:
parents chose to enrol their children in the
English-speaking Protestant school system, which was willing to accept Jews unlike the Catholic school system. The CJC had its headquarters in Montreal while the Jewish Public Library of Montreal and the Montreal Yiddish Theatre were two of the largest Jewish cultural institutions in Canada. The Jews of Montreal tended to be concentrated in several neighbourhoods, which gave a strong sense of community identity.
3218:
4320:
184:
5405:, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers’ Union, and the United Cap, Hat and Millinery Workers’ Union. Following WWII, Jewish Canadians turned their attention to combating structural antisemitism in the employment: many Canadian universities, boardrooms, banks, educational institutions, professional associations and businesses discriminated against Jewish applicants, or restricted participation and advancement through quotas as a matter of policy.
4236:
104:
4488:
4299:
164:
10516:
4257:
124:
4446:
5546:
5092:. TheJ.ca, by contrast, has emphasized that its stance on the question of Israel is right-leaning, with staff journalist and co-founder Dave Gordon saying "we’re very pro-Israel, very Zionistic …" while Ron East, a publisher of TheJ.ca, has voiced opposition to progressive Jewish activism, claiming that right-wing Zionist viewpoints are "drowned out," thereby necessitating "a platform that would allow for those voices".
3451:(CJC) was founded in 1919 as the result of the merger of several smaller organizations. The purpose of the CJC was to speak on behalf of the common interests of Jewish Canadians and assist immigrant Jews. The largest Jewish community was in Montreal, at the time the largest, wealthiest and most cosmopolitan city in Canada. The vast majority of Montreal's Jews who arrived in the early 20th century were Yiddish-speaking
4974:
4941:
4908:
4875:
4842:
4809:
4776:
4743:
4710:
4677:
4644:
4611:
4578:
3436:, there were approximately 100,000 Canadian Jews, of whom three-quarters lived in either Montreal or Toronto. Many of the children of the European refugees started out as peddlers, eventually working their way up to established businesses, such as retailers and wholesalers. Jewish Canadians played an essential role in the development of the Canadian clothing and textile industry. Most worked as labourers in
3047:
1832. Quebec City's Jewish population for many years remained very small, and early efforts at organization were fitful and short-lived. A cemetery was acquired in 1853, and a place of worship was opened in a hall in the same year, in which services were held intermittently. In 1892, the Jewish population of Quebec City had sufficiently augmented to permit the permanent establishment of the present synagogue,
3800:(PQ), which sparked a major flight of Montreal's English-speaking Jews to Toronto with about 20,000 leaving. The Jewish community of Montreal has been a bastion of federalism, and Quebec separatists with their ideal of a creating a nation-state for French-Canadians have tended to be hostile to Jews. In both the 1980 and 1995 referendums, Montreal's Jews voted overwhelmingly for Quebec to remain in Canada.
298:
4073:
64:
2676:
5520:
Slightly more Jewish women than Jewish men live in poverty, and poverty is most concentrated among
Canadian Jews ages 15–24 and those over the age of 65. There is a strong correlation with level of education attained, with poverty most concentrated among Canadian Jews who had only a secondary education, and the lowest levels of poverty among those who had attained a postgraduate degree.
8982:
4033:, once the largest Jewish fraternal organization in Canada, is a left-leaning secular group established in 1927 with current chapters in Toronto, Hamilton, Winnipeg and Vancouver. Politically, UJPO opposes the Israeli Occupation and advocate for a two-state solution but focus primarily on Jewish cultural, educational and social justice issues. A smaller organization,
3556:
contrast, Duplessis claimed that he would never take any money from the Jews, and if he were elected
Premier, he would stop this alleged plan to bring Jewish refugees to Quebec. Though Duplessis' claims about the alleged plan to settle 100,000 Jewish refugees in Quebec was entirely false, his story was widely believed in Quebec, and ensured he won the election.
3211:. There were two competing strands of Jewish nationalism in Eastern Europe in the early 20th century, namely Zionism and another tendency that favoured forming separate Jewish cultural institutions with a focus on promoting Yiddish. Institutions such as the Montreal Jewish Library with its collection of Yiddish books were examples of the latter tendency.
3629:
Public
Relations Committee of the Canadian Jewish Congress and B'nai B'rith headed by Rabbi Feinberg, the Noble ruling was appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada, which in November 1950 ruled against "restrictive covenants", albeit only on the technicality that the phrase "Jewish, Hebrew, Semitic, Negro or colored race or blood" was too vague.
5849:
3818:, a public monument honors the men of the 14th SS Division as heroes. Starting in the 1980s, Jewish groups began to lobby the Canadian government to deport the Axis collaborators from Eastern Europe whom the government of Canada had welcomed with open arms in the 1940s-1950s. In 1997, a report by Sol Littman, the head of
2924:, Governor-General of Lower Canada, tried to protect Hart, but French Canadians saw this as an attempt of the British to undermine them and the legislature expelled Hart in both 1808 and following his re-election in 1809. The legislature then barred Jews from holding elected office in Canada until the passage of the
3901:. While Toronto is the largest Jewish population centre, Montreal played this role until many English-speaking Jewish Canadians left for Toronto, fearing that Quebec might leave the federation following the rise during the 1970s of nationalist political parties in Quebec, as well as a result of Quebec's
3523:
was appointed MBE (Member of the Order of the
British Empire) for her work on the home front. Saidye Bronfram had organized 7, 000 women in Montreal to make packages for Canadian soldiers serving overseas, for which she was recognized by King George VI. Most Jewish Canadian who joined the Armed
3312:
In 1934, another anti-Semitic incident occurred when the first medical strike in a
Canadian hospital was held in response to the appointment of a Jewish doctor to Montreal's Notre-Dame Hospital. Dr Sam Rabinovitch would have been the first Jew appointed to the a French-Canadian hospital. The four day
5408:
In the early 1950s, popular support for anti-discrimination legislation increased, and by the 1960s, multiple provinces had created human rights commissions and enacted legislation proscribing discrimination on the basis of race or religion in employment, enabling Jews to participate more fully in a
3834:
stated that for
Eastern Europeans the best way of getting into postwar Canada "was by showing the SS tattoo. This proved that you were an anti-Communist". Despite pressure from Jewish groups, the Canadian government dragged its feet on deporting Nazi war criminals out of the fear of offending voters
3656:
to Canada, in order to fill those jobs. For Lewis' work on this and other projects during this period, the
Montreal branch was renamed the Moshe Lewis Branch, after his death in 1950. The Canadian arm of the Jewish Labor Committee also honored him when they established the Moshe Lewis Foundation in
3628:
resort to
Bernard Wolf, a Jewish businessman from London, Ontario. The sale was blocked by the Beach O'Pines Resort Association which had a "restrictive covenant" forbidding the sale of cottages to any person of "Jewish, Hebrew, Semitic, Negro or colored race or blood". With the support of the Joint
3555:
of Quebec had secretly made an agreement with the "International Zionist Brotherhood" to settle 100,000 Jewish refugees left homeless by the Holocaust in Quebec after the war in exchange for the "International Zionist Brotherhood" promising to fund both the federal and provincial Liberal parties. By
3467:
who it was hoped might be able to persuade the government to allow more Jews to come. In view of worsening situation for Jews in Europe, allowing more Jewish immigration became the central concern of the CJC. Through many Canadian Jews voted for the Liberal Party, traditionally seen as the friend of
3106:
to look after the social and welfare needs of their less fortunate. Virtually all of these Jewish refugees were very poor. Wealthy Jewish philanthropists, who had come to Canada much earlier, felt it was their social responsibility to help their fellow Jews get established in this new country. One
4068:
On February 26, 2014, and for the first time in Canadian history, B'nai Brith Canada led an official delegation of Sephardi community leaders, activists, philanthropists and spiritual leaders from across the country visiting Parliament Hill and meeting with the prime minister, ambassadors and other
3780:
of Ottawa, but Rasminsky's application to join the Rideau Club was turned down on the account of his religion, a rejection that deeply hurt him. Through the Rideau Club changed its policies in response to public criticism, Rasminsky only joined the club after he retired as bank governor in 1973. In
3669:
occupations. Geographically, there was a tendency for many Jews living in the inner cities of Toronto and Montreal to move out to the suburbs. The rural Jewish communities almost vanished as Jews living in rural areas decamped to the cities. Reflecting a more tolerant attitude, Canadian Jews became
3399:
grew into prosperous towns. At this time, Canadian Jews also had important roles in developing the west coast fishing industry, while others worked on building telegraph lines. Some, descended from the earliest Canadian Jews, stayed true to their ancestors as fur trappers. The first major Jewish
5412:
It became possible for Jewish lawyers to practice law outside their community beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s, ultimately resulting in a considerable increase in the number of Jewish lawyers employed in large Canadian law firms in the 1990s. A 1960 study found that although 40% of Jews
5157:
The Jewish community in Canada is amongst the country's most educated groups. In 1991, four out of ten doctors and dentists in Toronto were Jewish and nationally, four times as many Jews completed graduate degrees as Canadians generally. In the same study, it was found that 43% of Jewish Canadians
4040:
The birth rate for Jews in Canada is much higher than that in the United States, with a TFR of 1.91 according to the 2001 Census. This is due to the presence of large numbers of Orthodox Jews in Canada. According to the census, the Jewish birth rate and TFR is higher than that of Christian (1.35),
3455:
but their children chose speak English rather than French. Until 1964, Quebec had no public education system, instead having two parallel educational systems run by the Protestant churches and the Catholic church. As the Jewish community was too poor to fund its own educational system, most Jewish
5519:
As of 2015, the median income among Canadian Jews over the age of 15 years is $ 30,670, and 14.6% of Canadian Jews live below the poverty line, with poverty concentrated among Jews in the Toronto area. (By comparison, the percentage of non-Jewish Canadians living below the poverty line is 14.8%.)
5087:
beginning publication in May 2020. These two papers sought to fill the void left by the CJN, but unlike the CJN, had politically partisan editorial stances. The left-leaning Canadian Jewish Record was noted by its CEO as "not an anti-Zionist outlet, but rather that the newspaper will periodically
3615:
case, a Jewish group, the Workers' Education Association (WEA) challenged the "restrictive covenants" that forbade the renting or selling of properties to Jews. Through the case was something of a set-up as the WEA had quite consciously purchased a property in Toronto known to have a "restrictive
3046:
in 1767. His son, David Salesby (or Salisbury) Franks, who afterward became head of the Montreal Jewish community, also lived in Quebec prior to 1774. Abraham Joseph, who was long a prominent figure in public affairs in Quebec City, took up his residence there shortly after his father's death in
5396:
labour force in the early 1900s and 1910s, particularly in the garment sector. By 1915, half the Toronto Jewish community was self-employed, and divided the other were blue-collar workers employed, mostly by non-Jews, in the secondary segment of the labor market. By the early 1930s, there were
3566:
As in the United States, the community's response to news of the Holocaust was muted for decades. Bialystok (2000) wrote that in the 1950s the community was "virtually devoid" of discussion. Although one in seven Canadian Jews were survivors or their children, most "did not want to know what
3279:
5477:
3587:
about him: "Today American-born Rabbi Feinberg is one of the most controversial figures to occupy a Canadian pulpit. Gentiles recognize him as the official voice of Canadian Jewry. This fact was aptly demonstrated a few years ago when Montreal's Mayor Houde introduced him to friends as
3538:
with 908 Jewish refugees aboard. It went back to Europe where 254 of them died in concentration camps. And overall, Canada only accepted 5,000 Jewish refugees during the 1930s and 1940s in a climate of widespread anti-Semitism. A most striking display of antisemitism occurred with the
5372:
Before the mass Jewish immigration of the 1880s, the Canadian Jewish community was relatively affluent compared to other ethnic groups in Canada, a distinguishable feature that still continues on to this day. During the 18th and the 19th centuries, upper class Jews tended to be
4064:
monitors the incidents and prepares an annual audit of these events. There was an increase of the scope of anti-Semitic incidents in Canada with a number of cases of anti-Semitic vandalism and spraying Nazi symbols in August 2013 in Winnipeg and in the greater Toronto area.
5622:
5039:("One Hundred Years of Yiddish and Hebrew Literature in Canada") – a compendium on the history of literature and culture of the Jewish diaspora in Canada. The comprehensive volume covered 429 Yiddish and Hebrew authors who published in Canada in 1870–1970. According to
3468:
minorities, the Liberal Prime Minister from 1935 onward, William Lyon Mackenzie King, proved to be extremely unsympathetic. Mackenzie King adamantly refused to change the immigration law, and Canada accepted proportionally the fewest Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany.
3394:
At this time, most of the Jewish Canadians in the west were either storekeepers or tradesmen. Many set up shops on the new rail lines, selling goods and supplies to the construction workers, many of whom were also Jewish. Later, because of the railway, some of these
5400:
Canadian Jews' participation in labour and trade union activism through the 1940s and into midcentury is noteworthy. The Canadian Jewish Labour Committee, whose membership peaked at 50,000, represented trade unions with a large Jewish membership, including the
5142:. In Toronto, around 40% of Jewish children attend Jewish elementary schools and 12% go to Jewish high schools. The figures for Montreal are higher: 60% and 30%, respectively. The national average for attendance at Jewish elementary schools is at least 55%.
4017:
The Jewish population is growing rather slowly due to aging and low birth rates. The population of Canadian Jews increased by just 3.5% between 1991 and 2001, despite much immigration from the Former Soviet Union, Israel and other countries.
5413:
had grades in the top 10% of their class, only 8% of Jewish lawyers surveyed were employed in large law firms, which resulted in lower wages. By the 1990s, the numbers of Jews and non-Jews employed in large firms had more or less equalized.
2892:
girl and brought his children up as Catholics, Jacobs is often overlooked as the first permanent Jewish settler in Canada in favour of Aaron Hart, who married a Jew and brought up his children, or at least his sons, in the Jewish tradition.
3567:
happened, and few survivors had the courage to tell them". He argued that the main obstacle to discussion was "an inability to comprehend the event". Awareness emerged in the 1960s, as the community realized that antisemitism remained.
8723:
3660:
In the post-war era, universities proved more willing to accept Jewish applicants and in decades after 1945, many Canadian Jews tended to move up from a lower-class group working as menial laborers to a middle class group working as
3652:, to bring Jewish refugees to Montreal in the needle trades, called the Tailors Project. They were able to do this through the federal government's "bulk-labour" program that allowed labour-intensive industries to bring European
9304:
9179:
3196:
By 1911, there were Jewish communities in all of Canada's major cities. By 1914, there were about 100,000 Jews in Canada with three quarters living in either Montreal or Toronto. The overwhelming majority of Canadian Jews were
5161:
In 2016, 80% of Canadian Jewish adults aged 25–64 had a Bachelor's Degree while only 29% of the general Canadian population did. An additional 37% of Canadian Jews in this age range had post-graduate or professional degrees.
4108:
choose Canada as their new home. There are efforts by the Jewish community of Montreal to attract these immigrants and make them feel at home, as well as those from other parts of the world. There is also some immigration of
9299:
5007:
Montreal had and to some extent still has one of the most thriving Yiddish communities in North America. Yiddish was Montreal's third language (after French and English) for the entire first half of the 20th century. The
9229:
9279:
3309:. On that day after a baseball game in Toronto a group of young men using Nazi symbols started a massive melee, arguably the largest in Toronto's history, on the ground of racial hatred, involving hundreds of men.
3098:
efforts to develop Canada after Confederation. Between 1880 and 1930, the Jewish population of Canada grew to over 155,000. At the time, according to the 1901 census of Montreal, only 6861 Jews were residents.
9169:
3317:", involved interns refusing to "provide care to anyone, including emergency patients". The strike was called off after Dr Rabinovitch resigned after he realised that no patients would be treated otherwise.
3882:, 29% are "Just Jewish", and the remaining 12% align themselves with smaller movements or are unsure. Intermarriage is relatively low amongst Canadian Jews, with 77% of married Jews having a Jewish spouse.
8779:
9079:
5165:
Jewish Canadians comprise approximately one percent of the Canadian population, but make up a significantly larger percentage of the student body of some of the most prestigious universities in Canada.
9234:
4053:
4044:
In the 21st century, anti-Semitism has become a growing concern, with reports of anti-semitic incidents increasing sharply in recent years. This includes the well publicized anti-Semitic comments of
3967:
2961:, a law was passed that guaranteed Jews the same political rights and freedoms as Christians. In the early 1830s, German Jew Samuel Liebshitz founded Jewsburg (now incorporated as German Mills into
3803:
It was official Canadian policy after 1945 to accept immigrants from Eastern Europe as long they were anti-communist even if they had fought for Nazi Germany. For an example the veterans of the
7341:
5491:
The majority of Canadian Jews fall into the middle class (defined as an income between $ 45,000 and $ 120,000) or upper-middle class. Some of the wealthiest Canadian Jewish families include the
8720:
4037:, characterized as anti-Zionist, argues that the CIJA and B'nai B'rith do not speak for most Canadian Jews. Also, many Canadian Jews simply have no connections to any of these organizations.
3592:—the Cardinal of the Jews". Feinberg was very active in various social justice efforts, campaigning for laws against discrimination against minorities and to end the "restrictive covenants".
3400:
organization to appear was B'nai B'rith. Till today B'nai B'rith Canada is the community's independent advocacy and social service organization. Also at this time, the Montreal branch of the
3259:
6185:
Montreal and Vicinity: being a history of the old town, a pictorial record of the modern city, its sports and pastimes, and an illustrated description of many charming summer resorts around
6028:
Montreal and Vicinity: being a history of the old town, a pictorial record of the modern city, its sports and pastimes, and an illustrated description of many charming summer resorts around
3440:; while some owned the manufacturing facilities. Jewish merchants and labourers spread out from the cities to small towns, building synagogues, community centres and schools as they went.
3193:
who came from either the Austrian empire or the Russian empire. Jewish women tended to be particularly active in Canadian Zionism, perhaps because many of the Zionist groups were secular.
9174:
9259:
9254:
9249:
3463:
to come to Canada. In a climate of anti-semitism where the Jewish immigrants were seen as economic competition for Gentiles, the leadership of the CJC was assumed by the whisky tycoon
3189:. In 1899, the Federation of Canadian Zionist Societies was founded to champion Zionism, and became the first nation-wide Jewish group. The overwhelming majority of Canadian Jews were
2814:, a Jewish girl who arrived in 1738 disguised as a boy and remained a year before she was returned for refusing to convert. The earliest subsequent documentation of Jews in Canada are
9244:
3551:
appealed to anti-Semitic prejudices in Quebec in a violently anti-Semitic speech by claiming that the Dominion government of William Lyon Mackenzie King together with Liberal Premier
9114:
8559:
5870:
Sheldon Godfrey and Judy Godfrey. Search Out the Land" The Jews and the Growth of Equality in British Colonial America, 1740–1867. McGill Queen's University Press. 1997. pp. 76–77;
9219:
9129:
3118:
Most of these immigrants established communities in the larger cities. Canada's first ever census, recorded that in 1871 there were 1,115 Jews in Canada; 409 in Montreal, 157 in
3111:, who founded the Hebrew Philanthropic Society. In Montreal and Toronto, a wide range of communal organizations and groups developed. Recently arrived immigrant Jews also founded
3090:
and other areas of Eastern Europe for the West. Although the United States received the overwhelming majority of these immigrants, Canada was also a destination of choice due to
7983:
3745:
became a republic in 1961, and was followed by another wave in the late 1970s, which was precipitated by anti-apartheid rioting and civil unrest. The majority of them settled in
9094:
7875:
7401:
5061:
was, until April 2020, Canada's most widely-read Jewish community newspaper. It had suffered from financial shortfalls for years, which were exacerbated by the impact of the
2957:
sponsored a law which granted full equivalent political rights to Jews, twenty-seven years before anywhere else in the British Empire. In 1832, partly because of the work of
2953:
in Canada. The law requiring the oath "on my faith as a Christian" was amended in 1829 to provide for Jews to refuse the oath. In 1831, prominent French-Canadian politician
8165:
3983:
2977:(who later in 1856 together with Lewis Samuel a British Orthodox Jew would rent the upper floor of Coombe’s Drug Store at the corner of Yonge Street and Richmond Street in
7042:
8691:
3814:, settled in Canada. The fact that the men of the 14th Waffen-SS division had committed war crimes was ignored because they were felt to be useful for the Cold War. In
1329:
3405:
7093:
6423:
3624:
case by the Ontario Supreme Court, which ruled that "restrictive covenants" were "legal and enforceable". A woman named Anna Noble decided to sell her cottage at the
5945:
Canada's Entrepreneurs: From The Fur Trade to the 1929 Stock Market Crash: Portraits from the Dictionary of Canadian Biography. By Andrew Ross and Andrew Smith, 2012
2938:
or served in the British Army troops. A few were merchants or landowners. Although Montreal's Jewish community was small, numbering only around 200, they built the
7285:
3515:
of the Queen's Own Rifles regiment was a soldier in the campaigns of 1944–45 in northwest Europe, highly decorated for his courage and ability under fire. In 1943,
3142:, who was mayor of Vancouver from 1888 to 1891) and the youngest mayor in the country at the time. He died suddenly in 1969 while serving his tenth term in office.
8620:
6857:
9274:
4049:
3804:
5158:
had a bachelor's degree or higher while the comparable figure for persons of British origin is 19% and just 16% for the general Canadian population as a whole.
8790:
The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
8745:
6168:
The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
6151:
The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
3944:
3459:
In 1930 under the impact of the Great Depression, Canada sharply limited immigration from Eastern Europe, which adversely impacted on the ability of the
1907:
6780:", paper presented on May 30, 2004 at a forum on "Jewish Dissent in Canada", at a conference of the Association of Canadian Jewish Studies (ACJS) in Winnipeg.
3232:
2837:, winning Canada for the British. Several Jews were members of his regiments, and among his officer corps were five Jews: Samuel Jacobs, Emmanuel de Cordova,
5421:
According to a 2018 study of the Canadian Jewish community by the Environics Institute for Survey Research, annual household income was reported as follows:
1562:
1257:
5696:
3926:
10459:
7725:
7517:
4088:
Since the beginning of the 21st century Jewish immigration to Canada has continued, increasing in numbers with the passing of the years. With the rise of
1449:
3998:
7349:
6393:
5004:, who make up the majority of the Canadian Jewry and was widely spoken within the Canadian Jewish community up to the middle of the twentieth century.
3665:
professionals. With the ability to obtain a better education, many Jews become doctors, teachers, lawyers, dentists, accountants, professors and other
3063:
2657:
6481:
2946:
in 1768. It remained the only synagogue in Montreal until 1846. Some sources date the actual establishment of synagogue to 1777 on Notre Dame Street.
5999:
3822:
operations in Canada charged that Canada in 1950 had accepted 2,000 veterans of 14th Waffen-SS Division with no screening; the American news program
421:
7688:
Kanade, di Goldene Medine? Perspectives on Canadian-Jewish Literature and Culture / Perspectives sur la littérature et la culture juives canadiennes
7201:
5874:. The "Foreign Protestants" and the Settlement of Nova Scotia:The History of a piece of arrested British Colonial Policy in the Eighteenth Century.
3380:
3355:
origin were forbidden to own farms in the old country and thus had little experience in farming. One settlement that did do well was Yid'n Bridge,
3247:
1444:
7453:
1692:
7479:
3620:
struck down "restrictive covenants" in his ruling on 31 October 1945. In 1948, MacKay's ruling in the Drummond Wren case was struck down in the
8671:
8113:
7775:
5052:
8348:
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3217:
9119:
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and Alexander, all of whom would become prominent in Montreal and help build the Jewish Community. Ezekiel was elected to the legislature of
1946:
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8039:
7852:
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invited Jewish families directly from Europe to join them, and the settlement eventually became a town, whose name was later changed to the
8736:
8139:
7686:
3789:
became the first Jewish justice of the Supreme Court of Canada and in 1973, the first Jewish Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1971,
3776:
became the first Jewish governor of the Bank of Canada. Every previous governor of the Bank of Canada had been a member of the prestigious
2939:
2747:. As of 2021, Statistics Canada listed 335,295 Jews in Canada. This total would account for approximately 1.4% of the Canadian population.
8567:
2774:. Though they are a small minority, they have had an open presence in the country since the first Jewish immigrants arrived with Governor
8290:
3974:
931:
894:
10808:
9184:
7987:
5402:
9269:
8960:
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5149:
Canadian Jews make up a significant percentage of student body of Canada's leading higher education institutions. For instance at the
4041:
Buddhist (1.34), Non-Religious (1.41), and Sikh (1.9) populations, but slightly lower than that of Hindus (2.05), and Muslims (2.01).
9337:
8191:
6884:
3917:
1870:
17:
7883:
10452:
9189:
6268:
1893:
8264:
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on its finances. CJN president Elizabeth Wolfe stated that "The CJN suffered from a pre-existing condition and has been felled by
8169:
1243:
7405:
9370:
2650:
1820:
1755:
1637:
7316:
6533:
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As the population grew, Canadian Jews began to organize themselves as a community despite the presence of dozens of competing
9289:
8820:
8589:
7735:
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3575:
From the 1940s to the 1960s, the man generally recognized as the chief spokesman for the Canadian Jewish community was Rabbi
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was established in 1927 and served as a training school for Polish war orphans brought to Canada after the First World War
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694:
315:
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The most prominent of these five were the business associates Samuel Jacobs and Aaron Hart. In 1759, in his capacity as
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4157:
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The name resonated amongst the congregants, and on July 23, 1871, the synagogue officially adopted the name פרחי קדש —
2901:
2830:
2791:
2043:
1993:
1958:
1652:
1517:
1384:
6050:
5954:
Search Out the Land: The Jews and the Growth of Equality in British Colonial America, 1740–1867. Sheldon Godfrey, 1995
10161:
9104:
9051:
8974:"Negotiating Ethnicity, Regionalism, and Historiography: Arthur A. Chiel and The Jews of Manitoba: A Social History."
8947:
8929:
6740:
5273:
5112:
3790:
2715:
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1735:
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1592:
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1424:
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9239:
6885:""Those Jews" We fight Hitler's creed overseas ... but we have a seedling of it right here at home, says this Rabbi"
10798:
9159:
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showed that Canada had allowed about 1,000 SS veterans from the Baltic states to become Canadian citizens; and the
2881:
2028:
2010:
1916:
1810:
1662:
1657:
1582:
1547:
1414:
7609:
7428:
5995:
5824:
2686:
9209:
9144:
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6031:. Canada: Desbarats & co. by commission of the City of Montreal and the Department of Agriculture. p. 55
5981:
5700:
5305:
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3388:
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2000:
1983:
1936:
1835:
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1607:
1527:
1501:
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became the leader of the New Democratic Party, becoming the first Jew to head a major Canadian political party.
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9149:
7661:
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5209:
5062:
5025:
4105:
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2019:
2005:
1973:
1953:
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1702:
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1602:
1522:
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1429:
1349:
1294:
5388:
At the turn of the 20th century, most Jewish heads of household were self-employed wholesalers, retailers, or
5076:
3737:
started to take place. A number of French-speaking Jews from North Africa ended up settling in Montreal. Some
9330:
9164:
9154:
9030:
5321:
5289:
4093:
3079:
2744:
2440:
1978:
1963:
1926:
1860:
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1830:
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1805:
1790:
1775:
1750:
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1687:
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1404:
1374:
1299:
1285:
6777:
9360:
9214:
9139:
9044:
7233:
6791:
3540:
3331:
3001:(1878, 1883). By 1850, there were still only 450 Jews living in Canada, mostly concentrated in Montreal.
2908:, where he became a wealthy landowner and respected community member. He had four sons, Moses, Benjamin,
2048:
1968:
1931:
1855:
1800:
1667:
1642:
1567:
1542:
1532:
1471:
1394:
1389:
1369:
1359:
1339:
1324:
1217:
921:
685:
680:
2770:
make up the Jewish-Canadian community, which manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions and the
9109:
8219:"Jewish Immigrants and the Garment Industry of Toronto, 1901-1931: A Study of Ethnic and Class Relations"
7685:
Felsen, Vivian (2018). "Preserving Yiddish Culture in Canada: The Remarkable Legacy of Chaim Leib Fuks".
7208:
6368:"Dr. Sam Rabinovitch and The Notre-Dame Hospital Strike - Hôpital Notre-Dame - Museum of Jewish Montreal"
5879:
3223:
2943:
2807:
2038:
2033:
1988:
1941:
1627:
1597:
1557:
1552:
1409:
715:
8379:
4100:
or elsewhere, with Canada one of the top destinations chosen by French Jews to live in, particularly in
8973:
8966:
7653:
7624:
6245:
4916:
3166:
3146:
3067:
2920:
in the British Empire. Ezekiel was expelled from the legislature with his religion a major factor. Sir
2512:
2357:
2065:
1459:
655:
645:
381:
8799:
Creating the Chupah: The Zionist Movement and the Drive for Jewish Communal Unity in Canada, 1898–1921
7572:"Review: Michael Manel, "The Jewish Hour: The Golden Age of Toronto Yiddish Radio Show and Newspaper""
7376:
10572:
9915:
8533:
7504:
6591:
6123:
4409:
3936:
2885:
2626:
2319:
2170:
2111:
1002:
8506:
6681:
5787:
4140:
groups with an estimate of 30,000 people. A small proportion of Israeli Jews who come to Canada are
9544:
9323:
8995:
8356:
8318:"Ethnic, Class and Gender Dynamics among Jewish Labour Activists and Jewish Human Rights Activists"
8091:
8069:
7545:
5722:
5559:
3811:
3525:
3448:
3376:
3295:
3095:
2869:
2838:
2827:
2693:
2329:
2309:
1419:
899:
440:
5153:, Canadian Jews account for 5% of the student body, over 5 times the proportion of Jews in Canada.
3031:(Asher) parents in Montreal (Isaac Gottschalk Ascher & Rachel Altmann) inscribed in Hebrew to
2974:
10394:
9900:
9565:
9365:
9000:
8967:"Isolation and Alienation: Factors in the Growth of Zionism in the Canadian Prairies, 1917-1939."
8743:
Greenstein, Michael. "How They Write Us: Accepting and Excepting 'the Jew' in Canadian Fiction,"
8317:
8043:
7576:
7151:
3819:
3641:
3425:
2860:, and thus the first Canadian Jew. From 1749, Jacobs had been supplying British army officers at
2470:
2460:
2425:
2304:
2294:
2077:
1248:
1190:
1024:
703:
660:
375:
9019:
8143:
7702:
5674:
3070:, the oldest Synagogue in Canada still in use, and the oldest on the West Coast of North America
10437:
10345:
9871:
9681:
7826:
5584:
5511:. Canadian Jews comprise roughly 17% of Canadian Business's list of the 100 Richest Canadians.
5225:
4164:, Tova Moradi, fled to Canada. This marked the end of Afghanistan's 2,700-year Jewish history.
3616:
covenant" in order to challenge the legality of "restrictive covenants" in the courts, Justice
3600:
3516:
3302:
3170:
2950:
2589:
2324:
2238:
1304:
856:
475:
445:
7955:
7665:
7636:
6166:
6149:
4104:). For the same reasons, and due to cultural and linguistic proximity, several members of the
3412:. It was an organization for The Main's radical, non-Communist, non-religious, working class.
10752:
10713:
10633:
10625:
10605:
10426:
10382:
10249:
10028:
9996:
9948:
9861:
9853:
9404:
8014:
7959:
6456:
5871:
5774:
5579:
5193:
5150:
4472:
4061:
4026:
3830:
called Canada a "near-blissful refuge" for Nazi war criminals. The Canadian Jewish historian
3563:
which was one of the largest Jewish fraternal organizations in Canada for a number of years.
3504:
3396:
2990:
2954:
2861:
2819:
2480:
2475:
2420:
2208:
1123:
851:
838:
733:
450:
6217:"Biography – OPPENHEIMER, DAVID – Volume XII (1891-1900) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
6216:
5903:
Canada's Jews: A Social and Economic Study of Jews in Canada in the 1930s. Louis Rosenberg,
10678:
10658:
10615:
10590:
10524:
10477:
10416:
10290:
10244:
10203:
10135:
9968:
9958:
9933:
9905:
9803:
9765:
9742:
9732:
9722:
9570:
9443:
7372:
6971:
6457:"MHS Transactions: The Contribution of the Jews to the Opening and Development of the West"
5337:
5058:
4850:
4817:
4553:
4430:
4153:
3871:
3488:
3186:
3091:
2779:
2551:
2503:
2243:
2101:
914:
779:
768:
726:
6888:
6830:
5891:
3863:. Most Ashkenazi Jews speak English as a first language, including most Ashkenazi Jews in
3326:
8:
10757:
10699:
10648:
10600:
10580:
10557:
10552:
10537:
10229:
10181:
10176:
10145:
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9986:
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9923:
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9838:
9833:
9816:
9737:
9717:
9707:
9702:
9661:
9651:
9473:
8621:"2011 National Household Survey Analysis The Jewish Population of Canada (Parts 3 and 4)"
8384:
Journal of the Canadian Historical Association / Revue de la Société historique du Canada
6394:"Montreal's Days of Shame: When 75 Doctors Went on Strike until a Jewish Doctor Resigned"
5659:
5630:
5614:
5257:
3637:
3633:
3617:
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3131:
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2799:
2604:
2299:
977:
844:
747:
740:
670:
558:
433:
250:
10515:
8806:
Jerusalem on the Amur: Birobidzhan and the Canadian Jewish Communist Movement, 1924–1951
10747:
10742:
10706:
10643:
10585:
10542:
10408:
10350:
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10219:
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9586:
9549:
9526:
9514:
9509:
9499:
9468:
9421:
9389:
9036:
8813:
The Defining Decade: Identity, Politics, and the Canadian Jewish Community in the 1960s
8401:
8238:
8234:
6999:
6632:
5589:
5393:
3852:
3476:
3409:
3364:
3306:
3154:
3127:
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2962:
2455:
2405:
2352:
2347:
2261:
2131:
1399:
1228:
987:
907:
761:
327:
246:
9382:
8721:
Foreign Policy and Ethnic Interest Groups: American and Canadian Jews Lobby for Israel
8195:
6318:
6301:
5982:"An Act to Grant Equal Rights and Privileges to Persons of the Jewish Religion (1832)"
5968:
4121:
is home to the largest Jewish community in Latin America and the third largest in the
3552:
10777:
10767:
10762:
10653:
10595:
10562:
10532:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10323:
10318:
10295:
10285:
10280:
10259:
10224:
10198:
10186:
10171:
10140:
10114:
10055:
10050:
10043:
10033:
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9635:
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9411:
9315:
8943:
8925:
8918:
8405:
7731:
7692:
7657:
7628:
7043:"Canadian government comes to the defence of Nazi SS and Nazi collaborators but why?"
6323:
6189:
5825:"Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada [Country]"
5646:
5569:
5241:
5138:
There are numerous Jewish day schools throughout the country, as well as a number of
5017:
4784:
4619:
4186:
4077:
3848:
3835:
of Eastern European background, who make up a significant number of Canadian voters.
3815:
3762:
3754:
3715:
3691:
3675:
3625:
3548:
3238:
3182:
3150:
3139:
3123:
2921:
2803:
2775:
2599:
2541:
2521:
2338:
1898:
1537:
997:
868:
798:
675:
588:
455:
286:
5072:
Shortly thereafter, two new Jewish community newspapers made their debuts, with the
4185:
Jewish Canadian population by province and territory in Canada in 2011 according to
2905:
10734:
10727:
10668:
10547:
10490:
10485:
10377:
10367:
10300:
10166:
10109:
10104:
10094:
10011:
10006:
9828:
9778:
9773:
9601:
9521:
9504:
9494:
9478:
9394:
8428:"The Jewish Immigrant Experience and the Practice of Law in Montreal, 1830 to 1990"
8391:
8230:
7585:
6719:
6313:
5618:
5504:
4993:
4949:
4586:
4283:
4133:
4057:
3955:
3890:
3875:
3856:
3726:
were individuals of note in the fields of arts, journalism and literature.
3723:
3679:
3653:
3645:
3612:
3576:
3420:
3174:
3103:
2732:
2569:
2450:
2410:
2374:
2072:
1622:
1133:
889:
793:
708:
598:
390:
242:
234:
230:
206:
149:
8597:
7173:
3636:
came during the late 1940s, hoping to rebuild their shattered lives. In 1947, the
2904:'s forces at Montreal in 1760. After his service in the army ended, he settled at
10720:
10692:
10663:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10468:
10362:
10355:
10239:
10119:
10089:
10001:
9981:
9876:
9793:
9788:
9783:
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9656:
9453:
9438:
9426:
8788:
8774:
8727:
8699:
6183:
6026:
5904:
5496:
5492:
5484:
5480:
5353:
5080:
5024:, inaugurated on September 24, 1967, where the established resident theatre, the
5013:
4883:
3860:
3773:
3758:
3671:
3520:
3464:
3204:
3108:
2889:
2877:
2811:
2531:
2490:
2485:
2465:
2387:
2381:
2314:
2266:
2106:
2087:
1238:
967:
879:
862:
406:
305:
262:
258:
254:
222:
52:
41:
7776:"Canada welcomes two new Jewish outlets, but COVID-19 has media on life support"
4045:
3102:
Jewish immigrants brought a tradition of establishing a communal body, called a
3020:
2692:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
10686:
10638:
10610:
10389:
9976:
9953:
9866:
9596:
9433:
8991:
8910:
Pioneers, Pedlars and Prayer Shawls: the Jewish Communities in BC and the Yukon
7853:"Canadian Jewish media: 2 new sites vie to replace flagship weekly that folded"
6507:
6246:"Ida Siegel with Edmund Scheuer at the Canadian Jewish Farm School, Georgetown"
5967:, vol. 7, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003, accessed June 9, 2013,
5551:
5122:
5118:
5032:
5001:
3879:
3844:
3208:
3199:
3135:
2876:'s army at Quebec. Remaining in Canada, he became the dominant merchant of the
2751:
2697:
2631:
2430:
2285:
2165:
2144:
2121:
2116:
2094:
2082:
1677:
1158:
1092:
1057:
1035:
972:
810:
788:
650:
629:
605:
371:
353:
8749:, Volume 20, Number 2, Winter 2002, pp. 5–27 looks at non-Jewish authors.
6765:
Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540–2006
5919:"Exhibition celebrates history of Quebec City Jews – The Canadian Jewish News"
5755:
10792:
8986:
7590:
7571:
6724:
5594:
5537:
5508:
5145:
5043:, it was "the most ambitious attempt to preserve Yiddish culture in Canada."
5040:
5009:
4388:
4114:
4005:
3989:
3831:
3711:
3707:
3695:
3683:
3621:
3512:
3384:
3352:
3314:
3266:
3178:
3083:
3008:
2897:
2755:
2740:
2579:
2574:
1780:
1707:
1233:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1062:
1040:
992:
754:
593:
498:
460:
411:
214:
7402:"The Jewish Community of Canada: A History of the Canadian Jewish Community"
9024:
8761:
Imposing Their Will: An Organizational History of Jewish Toronto, 1933–1948
6707:
6660:"Jewish Canadian service in the Second World War - Veterans Affairs Canada"
6327:
6054:
5801:
5382:
5173:
4367:
4177:
4129:
3742:
3687:
3532:
3508:
3492:
3481:
3360:
3356:
2994:
2966:
2958:
2913:
2909:
2849:
2845:
2815:
2759:
2736:
2609:
2435:
2276:
2271:
2229:
2182:
1276:
1143:
1128:
1087:
1052:
665:
507:
8380:"Presidential Address: Jews, Human Rights, and the Making of a New Canada"
8166:"Concordia University Sir George And Loyola Campus - Hillel College Guide"
7317:"Sephardi delegation heads to Ottawa, meets PM – The Canadian Jewish News"
7202:"Report on the Demographic Situation in Canada (Catalogue no. 91-209-XIE)"
5020:
was the centre of Yiddish theatre from 1896 until the construction of the
2731:
Jews, whether by culture, ethnicity, or religion, form the fourth largest
8780:
Canada's Jews: A Social and Economic Study of Jews in Canada in the 1930s
7727:
Jewish Roots, Canadian Soil: Yiddish Cultural Life in Montreal, 1905-1945
4346:
4161:
4141:
4092:
in France and weak economic conditions, most of the Jewish newcomers are
3786:
3777:
3719:
3649:
3632:
After the war, Canada liberalized its immigration policy. Roughly 40,000
3433:
3043:
3012:
2935:
2873:
2865:
2795:
2763:
2594:
2536:
2201:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1067:
311:
8985: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
8242:
8218:
7029:
Pure Soldiers Or Sinister Legion: The Ukrainian 14th Waffen-SS Division
6003:
5374:
3703:
3699:
3437:
3372:
3033:“The Holy Congregation, Blossoms of Holiness , in the city of Toronto.”
2252:
1266:
1195:
1153:
982:
962:
521:
428:
348:
3185:, was among them. Nathan eventually became the first Canadian Jewish
8396:
8092:"Carleton University – Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life"
5633:: North American Jewish Data Bank. Archived from on October 26, 2022
4118:
3959:
3782:
3368:
3162:
2415:
2400:
1490:
1438:
1200:
1148:
1138:
819:
815:
805:
720:
480:
5476:
5012:(The Canadian Eagle), Montreal's daily Yiddish newspaper founded by
3177:
sent their delegation to Ottawa to agree on the colony's entry into
1168:
10372:
9399:
8692:
Jew or Juif? Jews, French Canadians, and Anglo-Canadians, 1759–1914
6485:
5918:
5378:
5139:
5073:
5066:
4751:
4718:
4325:
4122:
3894:
3348:
2916:
in the by-election of April 11, 1807, becoming the first Jew in an
2834:
2728:
2584:
2194:
2126:
957:
465:
416:
189:
8976:
Canadian Jewish Studies / Études Juives Canadiennes, vol 10, 2002.
8265:"The story of Jewish immigrants to Canada, and how they prospered"
5675:"The Jewish Population of Canada – 2016 National Household Survey"
5117:
Canada has several Jewish museums and monuments, which focus upon
3796:
In 1976, the Quebec provincial election was won by the separatist
8969:
Canadian Jewish Studies / Études Juives Canadiennes, vol 9, 2001.
7905:
5875:
5389:
4652:
4493:
4304:
4241:
4096:
who are mainly looking for new economic opportunities (either in
4081:
3898:
3886:
3750:
3746:
3351:. Few of the colonies did very well, partly because the Jews of
3339:
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, through such movements as the
3270:
3119:
3075:
2978:
2767:
2754:. Other Jewish ethnic divisions are also represented and include
2560:
2526:
2395:
2189:
1178:
1173:
1045:
936:
831:
827:
823:
572:
567:
544:
526:
401:
396:
386:
364:
339:
274:
169:
109:
10467:
8291:"A legacy worth fighting for: the Left and the Jewish community"
7820:
7818:
7237:
6482:"Story of Saskatchewan's Jewish farmers goes to national museum"
5699:. The Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs. 2011. Archived from
3785:
of Windsor became the Jewish federal cabinet minister. In 1970,
3379:. The Jewish farming settlement folded in the first generation.
8768:
Open Your Hearts: The Story of the Jewish War Orphans in Canada
7797:
7395:
7393:
6814:
Delayed Impact: The Holocaust and the Canadian Jewish Community
6367:
4685:
4262:
4219:
4137:
4101:
4097:
3951:
3864:
2986:
2857:
2220:
2215:
2175:
2160:
1271:
1163:
583:
549:
535:
470:
297:
129:
84:
7930:
7480:"Woman now thought to be Afghanistan's last Jew flees country"
7454:"Woman now thought to be Afghanistan's last Jew flees country"
7174:"Microsoft Word - Canada_Part1General Demographics_Report.doc"
3335:
Graves in Jewish cemetery at Lipton Colony, Saskatchewan, 1916
3226:, businessman, militia officer, and justice of the peace, 1855
3115:, guilds of people who came originally from the same village.
3086:
of the early 20th century, millions of Jews began to flee the
9377:
7815:
7518:"Canada 2001 Census - Jewish Populations in Geographic Areas"
4451:
4072:
4021:
Politically, the major Jewish Canadian organizations are the
3730:
3496:
3444:
3169:
in 1862. In 1875, B'nai B'rith Canada was formed as a Jewish
3158:
1183:
612:
516:
485:
63:
7390:
6560:"Canadian National Railways Settle Jews in British Columbia"
5850:"2011 National Household Survey: Data tables: Ethnic Origin"
5823:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 9, 2022).
3559:
In 1945, several organizations merged to form the left-wing
3138:, George Simon was the second Jewish mayor in Canada (after
2750:
The Jewish community in Canada is composed predominantly of
8427:
4200:
4009:
3870:
In terms of Jewish denominations, 26% of Canadian Jews are
3734:
3344:
3126:
and the rest were dispersed in small communities along the
335:
8903:
Canadian Jews in the 21st Century: Identity and Demography
8786:
8754:
Canadian Jews in the 21st Century: Identity and Demography
6908:
6906:
6778:
Jewish Dissent in Canada: The United Jewish People's Order
9014:
8114:"Canada's best universities by reputation: Rankings 2021"
7096:. National Observatory on Language Rights. Archived from
6147:
9066:
8712:
Antisemitism in Canada : history and interpretation
7876:"A Note from the Publisher: The Bridge is Now Completed"
7399:
6816:(Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2000) pp 7–8
4029:
both claim to be the voice of the Jewish community. The
8560:"Canada's Richest People: The Complete Top 100 Ranking"
7753:"To our readers: everything has its season. It is time"
6932:
Seeking the Fabled City: The Canadian Jewish Experience
6903:
5084:
4050:
Canadian Parliamentary Coalition to Combat Antisemitism
3670:
active on the cultural scene. In the post-war decades
3480:
Jewish soldiers fought in the Canadian military during
3404:
was founded in 1907. This group was an offshoot of the
9345:
8746:
Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies
7604:
CHRISTOPHER DEWOLF, "A peek inside Yiddish Montreal",
7071:"Canada admits letting in 2,000 Ukrainian SS troopers"
6926:
6924:
6922:
2856:, Jacobs was recorded as the first Jewish resident of
8184:
7023:
7021:
6916:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015 page 251
5697:"Basic Demographics of the Canadian Jewish Community"
5037:
Hundert yor yidishe un hebreyishe literatur in Kanade
3363:
farmers. Eventually the community grew larger as the
2798:. There were no official Jews in Quebec because when
225:(as liturgical language, some as mother tongue)
7650:
The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History
7621:
The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History
7370:
7234:"CanadianParliamentaryCoalitiontoCombatAntisemitism"
6970:
5822:
5527:
5000:) is the historical and cultural language of
2973:
arrived in Montreal with his family, including sons
2199:
2180:
603:
8737:
Contemporary Jewish Writing in Canada: An Anthology
8322:
Canadian Jewish Studies / Études juives canadiennes
8040:"From Immigration To Integration – Chapter Sixteen"
6976:"Archive collects stories of Southern African Jews"
6919:
6712:
Canadian Jewish Studies / Études juives canadiennes
6343:"Doctor was central figure in 1934 hospital strike"
4076:Israeli Canadians and Jewish Canadians celebrating
3253:
Jewish rag picker, Bloor Street West, Toronto, 1911
8917:
8838:Weinfeld, Morton. W. Shaffir, and I. Cotler, eds.
7429:"The Little-Known Story of Afghanistan's Last Jew"
7117:
7115:
7018:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6289:
5392:, though large numbers of Jews began to enter the
4136:community is growing and it is one of the largest
3977:hosting a Toronto Mayoral candidates' debate, 2010
3595:In March 1945, Rabbi Feinberg wrote an article in
8763:(McGill-Queen's University Press; 2011) 352 pages
8223:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
6708:"Jews in the Royal Canadian Air Force, 1940-1945"
6000:The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
3851:. Nearly all Jews in Canada speak one of the two
3082:in the 1880s, and continuing through the growing
10790:
6514:. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE)
6164:
5794:
4181:Percentage of Jewish population in Canada, 2001.
3810:, which was mostly recruited from Ukrainians in
2993:a highly acclaimed Canadian poet and novelist,
7986:. Jafi.org.il. December 2, 2008. Archived from
7377:"Will Jews flee Belgium and France for Quebec?"
7286:"Antisemitism In Canada: Swastikas In Winnipeg"
7112:
6934:, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2018 p.219
6562:. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. September 21, 1926
6385:
6286:
4056:to investigate and combat antisemitism, namely
3992:Hebrew Delicatessen, a popular deli in Montreal
3847:in Canada is maintained by practising Jews and
3583:in Toronto. In 1950, Dorothy Sangster wrote in
3149:to open shops to supply prospectors during the
3054:
3021:Spanish and Portuguese Congregation of Montreal
2934:Most of the early Jewish Canadians were either
8066:"The Institute for International Affairs Page"
7150:. 2.statcan.ca. March 12, 2002. Archived from
6334:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6093:
5749:"JEWISH POPULATION IN THE WORLD AND IN ISRAEL"
5053:Category:Jewish newspapers published in Canada
10453:
9331:
9052:
8315:
7730:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. XIX.
7261:"Anti-Semitic vandalism in motion across GTA"
6230:"Canada's first Jewish mayor dies suddenly".
6223:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6051:"Kitchener Public Library - for Genealogists"
5941:
5939:
5715:
5575:List of Orthodox Jewish communities in Canada
4172:
3273:. Rabbi Joseph Rabin carrying the Torah, 1929
2896:Lieutenant Hart first arrived in Canada from
2651:
8835:(1991), pp 860–81, the basic starting point.
7148:"Statistics canada: 2001 Community Profiles"
6994:
6992:
5613:
5099:relaunched as a digital-only publication at
3519:of Montreal, the wife of the whiskey tycoon
3503:About 17,000 Jewish Canadians served in the
3241:, a predominantly Jewish neighbourhood, 1910
2949:Revolts and protests soon began calling for
2940:Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal
2772:full spectrum of Jewish religious observance
8990:
8715:, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, (1992)
8566:. St. Joseph Communications. Archived from
8355:. St. Joseph Communications. Archived from
8192:"Economic Life | Multicultural Canada"
7642:
7613:
6181:
6024:
3920:was a Montreal icon during the 20th century
3471:
3301:On August 16, 1933, one of the most famous
895:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
233:(by some as mother tongue and as part of a
10460:
10446:
9338:
9324:
9059:
9045:
8898:. Montreal: McGill University Press, 1995.
8316:Frager, Ruth A.; Patrias, Carmela (2015).
8140:"Mcgill University - Hillel College Guide"
8058:
8032:
7563:
6658:Canada, Veterans Affairs (July 24, 2020).
6589:
6269:"Remembering Toronto's Christie Pits Riot"
6188:. Canada: Desbarats & co. p. 53.
6070:
5936:
5403:International Ladies Garment Workers Union
4132:emigrate to Canada to study and work. The
3524:Forces at this time became members of the
3347:colonies were established on the Canadian
3007:first Jewish prayer services were held on
2810:could enter the colony. One exception was
2658:
2644:
62:
8770:(Montreal: Véhicule Press, 1996. 189 pp.)
8395:
7589:
7207:. Statistics Canada. 2005. Archived from
7064:
7062:
7060:
6989:
6824:
6822:
6723:
6675:
6673:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6317:
6234:. 121st Year (403): 15. February 1, 1964.
5988:
5980:Bélanger, Claude, ed. (August 23, 2000).
3838:
3027:a permanent Torah arrived as a gift from
2802:made Canada officially a province of the
2785:
2716:Learn how and when to remove this message
8940:Canada. The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia
8194:. Multiculturalcanada.ca. Archived from
7882:. Canadian Jewish Record. Archived from
7723:
7426:
7342:"The destination of French Jews, Canada"
7040:
6882:
6858:"The Impulsive Crusader of Holy Blossom"
6855:
6849:
6454:
6418:
6416:
6414:
5979:
5475:
5144:
5106:
4189:and United Jewish Federations of Canada
4176:
4071:
3487:
3475:
3419:
3330:
3058:
2981:for High Holy Day services which became
8856:Jewish Calendar with Introductory Essay
8216:
7824:
7773:
7258:
6789:
6767:, Toronto: Dundun Press, 2007 page 149.
6759:
6757:
6738:
6590:Schoenfeld, Stuart (December 3, 2012).
6534:"Sir Wilfrid Laurier and Canada's Jews"
6340:
6266:
5894:Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
3570:
3011:, September 29, 1856, initially with a
316:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
10791:
8894:Godfrey, Sheldon and Godfrey, Judith.
8854:Jacques J. Lyons and Abraham de Sola,
8824:(2008), the standard scholarly history
8698:Brym, Robert J., William Shaffir, and
8666:
8651:
8425:
8377:
8289:Godwin, Matthew (September 12, 2017).
8288:
8084:
7971:There are also numerous Jewish museums
7684:
7569:
7091:
7068:
7057:
6819:
6670:
6657:
6609:
6424:"1: Yiddish culture in Western Canada"
6391:
6299:
6121:
5916:
5672:
3769:were also present during this period.
3499:-Ramsdorf, a Jewish survivor in Canada
3391:is now in the collection of a museum.
2841:, Hananiel Garcia, and Isaac Miramer.
10441:
9319:
9067:History of the Jews in North America
9040:
8915:
8787:Singer, Isidore; Cyrus Adler (1907).
8009:
8007:
8005:
7750:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7674:
7314:
7094:"Why do Montreal Jews speak English?"
6856:Sangster, Dorothy (October 1, 1950).
6705:
6411:
5666:
4023:Centre for Israel and Jewish Advocacy
3320:
2735:in the world, exceeded only by those
8920:Unfinished Journey: the Lewis Family
8590:"Community Profiles - Jewish Canada"
7850:
7259:McQueen, Cynthia (August 12, 2013).
7073:. Jewish News of Northern California
6754:
6741:"Canada turned away Jewish refugees"
6739:Beswick, Aaron (December 15, 2013).
6392:Miller, Yvette Alt (July 18, 2021).
6360:
6341:Lazarus, David (November 25, 2010).
6306:Canadian Medical Association Journal
6148:Isidore Singer; Cyrus Adler (1907).
5963:Denis Vaugeois, "Hart, Ezekiel", in
4125:after the United States and Canada.
3741:decided to emigrate to Canada after
3367:, who had gone to South Africa from
3145:A community of about 100 settled in
2669:
96:Regions with significant populations
8262:
7751:Wolfe, Elizabeth (April 13, 2020).
7427:Jalalzai, Freshta (March 8, 2024).
6883:Feinberg, Abraham (March 1, 1945).
6540:. Canada's National History Society
6171:. Funk & Wagnalls. p. 286.
6154:. Funk & Wagnalls. p. 286.
5689:
5409:variety of sectors and industries.
5022:Saidye Bronfman Centre for the Arts
3933:Saint John Jewish Historical Museum
3285:The Canadian Jewish Farm School in
2872:and the following year he was with
24:
9347:Ethnic origins of people in Canada
8957:. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 1992.
8891:. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 1990.
8881:
8847:
8628:Jewish Federations of Canada - UIA
8618:
8504:
8451:
8346:
8263:Kay, Jonathan (January 23, 2019).
8235:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1993.tb01934.x
8002:
7671:
7498:
7031:, Montreal: Black Rose, 2003 p.180
6828:
6679:
6630:
6267:Bitonti, Daniel (August 9, 2013).
5996:"The Jewish Community of Montreal"
5016:, appeared from 1907 to 1988. The
4035:Independent Jewish Voices (Canada)
3644:started a project, spearheaded by
3383:at Edenbridge is now a designated
2831:Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst
25:
10820:
10809:Middle Eastern diaspora in Canada
9008:
8994:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
8821:Canada's Jews: A People's Journey
8531:
8477:
7873:
7292:. August 14, 2013. Archived from
7092:Meland, Matthew (June 10, 2016).
6914:Bora Laskin: Bringing Law to Life
6790:Benazon, Michael (May 30, 2004).
5627:Current Jewish Population Reports
5565:Historic Jewish Quarter, Montreal
5128:
5113:Category:Jewish museums in Canada
4060:. The League for Human Rights of
4025:(CIJA) and the more conservative
3265:Dedication of the new Synagogue,
3161:). This led to the opening of a
2822:, the North American part of the
686:Historical population comparisons
10514:
9180:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
9020:Canadian Jewish Congress Website
9004:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
8980:
8833:Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples
8695:Jewish Publication Society, 1987
8612:
8582:
8552:
8525:
8498:
8471:
8445:
8419:
8371:
8340:
8309:
8282:
8256:
8210:
8158:
8132:
8106:
8015:"Top 60 Jewish Schools - Hillel"
7069:Tugend, Tom (February 7, 1997).
7041:Pugliese, David (May 17, 2018).
5965:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
5802:"The Canadian Jewish Experience"
5723:"Jewish Population of the World"
5544:
5530:
5090:criticism of the State of Israel
4973:
4972:
4940:
4939:
4907:
4906:
4874:
4873:
4841:
4840:
4808:
4807:
4775:
4774:
4742:
4741:
4709:
4708:
4676:
4675:
4643:
4642:
4610:
4609:
4577:
4576:
4486:
4465:
4444:
4423:
4402:
4381:
4360:
4339:
4318:
4297:
4276:
4255:
4234:
4212:
3997:
3982:
3966:
3943:
3925:
3910:
3749:, with the largest community in
3599:charging that there was rampant
3531:In 1939, Canada turned away the
3408:, an outlawed party in Russia's
3303:anti-Semitic incidents in Canada
3278:
3258:
3246:
3231:
3216:
3064:Congregation Emmanu-El Synagogue
3042:Abraham Jacob Franks settled at
2674:
1330:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1244:Historical population by country
296:
182:
162:
142:
122:
102:
77:
8740:(2004). 233 pp. Primary sources
8682:
8480:"Who is Canada's middle class?"
8454:"2018 Survey of Jews in Canada"
8168:. June 28, 2017. Archived from
8142:. June 28, 2017. Archived from
7976:
7948:
7923:
7898:
7867:
7844:
7827:"Jewish media struggle, revive"
7790:
7774:Lazarus, David (May 26, 2020).
7767:
7744:
7717:
7598:
7538:
7510:
7472:
7446:
7420:
7364:
7334:
7308:
7278:
7274:– via The Globe and Mail.
7252:
7226:
7194:
7166:
7140:
7085:
7034:
6964:
6955:
6946:
6937:
6876:
6806:
6783:
6776:Ester Reiter and Roz Usiskin, "
6770:
6732:
6699:
6651:
6583:
6574:
6552:
6526:
6500:
6474:
6448:
6302:"Days of shame, Montreal, 1934"
6282:– via The Globe and Mail.
6260:
6238:
6209:
6175:
6158:
6141:
6043:
6018:
5973:
5957:
5948:
5917:Arnold, Janice (May 28, 2008).
5910:
5897:
5885:
5623:"World Jewish Population, 2013"
5487:Canadian Jewish family dynasty.
4167:
4054:major federal political parties
3415:
3389:Little Synagogue on the Prairie
3341:Jewish Colonization Association
2854:General Sir Frederick Haldimand
318: instead of Hebrew letters.
241: and other languages like
91:1.4% of the Canadian population
8961:Jewish Agency Report on Canada
8876:(Montreal), December 30, 1893.
8831:" in Paul Robert Magocsi, ed.
8676:Jewish People Policy Institute
8661:Jewish People Policy Institute
8068:. Bnaibrith.ca. Archived from
8042:. Bnaibrith.ca. Archived from
7825:Johnson, Pat (June 26, 2020).
7400:The Jewish Agency for Israel.
7315:Shefa, Sheri (March 2, 2015).
6706:Usher, Peter (March 4, 2014).
6300:Wilton, P (December 9, 2003).
5864:
5842:
5816:
5741:
5607:
5210:University of British Columbia
5063:coronavirus pandemic in Canada
5026:Dora Wasserman Yiddish Theatre
4147:
3973:Association of Jewish Seniors/
3885:Most of Canada's Jews live in
3327:Block settlement § Jewish
2806:in 1663, he decreed that only
2792:British conquest of New France
13:
1:
9031:National Film Board of Canada
8924:. Toronto: Summerhill Press.
7691:. Brill | Rodopi. p. 9.
5600:
5367:
5290:University of Western Ontario
3017:Canada’s only other synagogue
901:Christianity and Judaism
9305:United States Virgin Islands
8842:(1981), sociological studies
8594:Jewish Federations of Canada
8426:Nigro, Mario; Mauro, Clare.
7851:Beck, Atara (May 19, 2020).
5804:. Jcpa.org. October 16, 1975
5416:
5133:
4507:
4052:was established by all four
4031:United Jewish People's Order
3561:United Jewish Peoples' Order
3055:Community growth (1862–1939)
7:
7127:www.environicsinstitute.org
7004:Jewish Virtual Encyclopedia
6887:. MacLean's. Archived from
6860:. MacLean's. Archived from
6835:Jewish Virtual Encyclopedia
5880:University of Toronto Press
5523:
3428:opened in Montreal in 1934.
3037:Toronto Holy Blossom Temple
2200:
2181:
1908:Latin America and Caribbean
604:
10:
10825:
10804:Jews and Judaism in Canada
10469:Canadians of Asian descent
9687:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
8840:The Canadian Jewish Mosaic
7880:The Canadian Jewish Record
7724:Margolis, Rebecca (2011).
7654:Cambridge University Press
7625:Cambridge University Press
7236:. Cpcca.ca. Archived from
6182:Hinshelwood, N.M. (1903).
6025:Hinshelwood, N.M. (1903).
5514:
5110:
5050:
4988:
4983:
4173:Provincial and territorial
4156:in August 2021, the final
3733:a new immigration wave of
3324:
3167:Victoria, British Columbia
3147:Victoria, British Columbia
3074:With the beginning of the
3068:Victoria, British Columbia
2944:oldest synagogue in Canada
2766:. A number of converts to
2513:Jewish political movements
2210:Conversion to Judaism
10677:
10624:
10571:
10523:
10512:
10476:
10407:
10311:
10273:
10212:
10154:
10128:
10077:
10068:
9967:
9914:
9852:
9802:
9764:
9755:
9696:Central and South America
9695:
9644:
9623:
9616:
9579:
9558:
9537:
9487:
9461:
9452:
9353:
9280:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
9198:
9072:
8818:Tulchinsky, Gerald J. J.
8596:. JFC-UIA. Archived from
8538:The Canadian Encyclopedia
8511:The Canadian Encyclopedia
8297:. The Broadbent Institute
8094:. Hillel. January 8, 2008
6792:"Forum on Jewish Dissent"
6686:The Canadian Encyclopedia
6596:The Canadian Encyclopedia
6248:. Ontario Jewish Archives
6165:Singer and Adler (1907).
6128:The Canadian Encyclopedia
5852:. Statistics Canada. 2011
5471:
5079:October 31, 2020, at the
4997:
4519:
4516:
4410:Newfoundland and Labrador
3937:Saint John, New Brunswick
3305:took place, known as the
3203:who came from either the
2886:Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu
916:Hinduism and Judaism
285:
280:
273:
268:
205:
200:
180:
160:
140:
120:
100:
95:
75:
70:
61:
48:
37:
18:History of Jews in Canada
9300:Turks and Caicos Islands
8734:Greenstein, Michael ed.
8718:Goldberg, David Howard.
8645:
8269:The Canadian Jewish News
8217:Hiebert, Daniel (1993).
7935:The Canadian Jewish News
7910:The Canadian Jewish News
7802:The Canadian Jewish News
7591:10.25071/1916-0925.40029
6725:10.25071/1916-0925.36059
6347:The Canadian Jewish News
6067:Kitchener Public Library
5677:. Berman Jewish Databank
5673:Shahar, Charles (2011).
5560:Middle Eastern Canadians
5425:Annual household income
5046:
4113:and from other parts of
4106:Belgian-Jewish community
3889:and Quebec, followed by
3805:14th Waffen SS Division
3526:Royal Canadian Air Force
3472:World War II (1939–1945)
3449:Canadian Jewish Congress
3296:Canadian Jewish Congress
3130:. When elected mayor of
3096:Canadian Pacific Railway
742:Temple in Jerusalem
435:Bar and bat mitzvah
10799:Jewish Canadian history
10162:Nordic and Scandinavian
9001:The Jewish Encyclopedia
8916:Smith, Cameron (1989).
8505:Curtis, Christopher G.
8378:Abella, Irving (2000).
7577:Canadian Jewish Studies
7570:Troper, Harold (2017).
7006:. Encyclopaedia Judaica
6837:. Encyclopaedia Judaica
5984:. Marianopolis College.
5621:; Sheskin, Ira (eds.).
3820:Simon Wiesenthal Center
3753:, followed by those in
3642:Jewish Labour Committee
3426:Jewish General Hospital
3313:strike, nicknamed the "
2971:Isaac Gottschalk Ascher
2942:, Shearith Israel, the
2888:. Because he married a
704:Twelve Tribes of Israel
217:(among Québécois)
9230:British Virgin Islands
8889:A Coat of Many Colours
8868:People of Lower Canada
8793:. Funk & Wagnalls.
8783:(1939; reprinted 1993)
8773:Rosenberg, Louis, and
7831:The Jewish Independent
7755:. Canadian Jewish News
7550:www.jewishdatabank.org
7505:Berman Jewish Databank
6639:. Encyclopedia Judacia
6637:Jewish Virtual Library
6512:Jewish Virtual Library
6455:Goldsborough, Gordon.
5872:Bell, Winthrop Pickard
5782:Cite journal requires
5727:Jewish Virtual Library
5585:Antisemitism in Canada
5488:
5226:University of Waterloo
5154:
5074:Canadian Jewish Record
4182:
4085:
3855:, although most speak
3839:Modernity (since 2001)
3609:
3601:antisemitism in Canada
3517:Saidye Rosner Bronfman
3500:
3485:
3429:
3336:
3171:fraternal organization
3071:
2983:only the second temple
2951:responsible government
2786:Settlement (1783–1897)
304:This article contains
9170:Saint Kitts and Nevis
8942:Rockland, Md.: 2001.
8726:May 27, 2012, at the
7960:World Jewish Congress
7956:"Community in Canada"
6974:(September 2, 2014).
6912:Girard, Philip
6831:"Abraham L. Feinberg"
6682:"The Bronfman Family"
6680:Curtis, Christopher.
5754:. CBS. Archived from
5580:List of Canadian Jews
5479:
5194:University of Toronto
5172:Reputation Rankings (
5151:University of Toronto
5148:
5107:Museums and monuments
4473:Northwest Territories
4196:Province or territory
4180:
4075:
3781:1968, the Liberal MP
3605:
3590:Le Cardinal des Juifs
3505:Canadian Armed Forces
3491:
3479:
3423:
3381:Beth Israel Synagogue
3334:
3062:
2955:Louis-Joseph Papineau
2868:. In 1758, he was at
2820:French and Indian War
1450:São Tomé and Príncipe
1445:Republic of the Congo
839:Second Temple Judaism
710:Kingdom of Judah
681:Modern historiography
281:Related ethnic groups
9026:The Jews of Winnipeg
9015:Canadian Jewish News
8953:Tulchinsky, Gerald.
8458:Environics Institute
8359:on December 16, 2021
8349:"No Jews Need Apply"
7664:, 9781139917148. p.
7635:, 9781139917148. p.
7608:, February 23, 2008.
7373:Canadian Jewish News
7154:on December 22, 2005
6972:Canadian Jewish News
6812:Franklin Bialystok,
6122:Schoenfeld, Stuart.
5615:DellaPergola, Sergio
5462:Don't know/No answer
5338:University of Ottawa
5322:Concordia University
5097:Canadian Jewish News
5059:Canadian Jewish News
4554:Greater Toronto Area
4431:Prince Edward Island
3571:Post war (1945–1997)
3543:. The leader of the
3541:1944 Quebec election
3495:for Rudi Terhoch in
3187:Member of Parliament
3092:Government of Canada
2833:attacked and seized
2780:Halifax, Nova Scotia
2552:World Agudath Israel
1693:United Arab Emirates
780:Second Temple period
770:Babylonian captivity
88:404,015 (as of 2021)
9185:Trinidad and Tobago
9080:Antigua and Barbuda
8896:Search Out the Land
8827:Weinfeld, Morton. "
8570:on October 23, 2019
7855:. World Israel News
7705:on October 30, 2021
7408:on February 3, 2014
7265:Theglobeandmail.com
7214:on October 30, 2008
6273:Theglobeandmail.com
5829:www12.statcan.gc.ca
5761:on October 26, 2011
5703:on December 2, 2013
5631:Storrs, Connecticut
5483:is a member of the
5426:
5258:McMaster University
5088:provide legitimate
3950:A sign at Siegel's
3765:. Smaller waves of
3634:Holocaust survivors
3618:John Keiller MacKay
3581:Holy Blossom Temple
3432:By the outbreak of
3287:Georgetown, Ontario
2918:official opposition
2900:as Commissariat to
845:Hellenistic Judaism
423:Land of Israel
382:Principles of faith
34:
9390:Canadian ethnicity
9120:Dominican Republic
8704:The Jews in Canada
8540:. Historica Canada
8534:"Reichmann Family"
8513:. Historica Canada
8486:. CBC Radio-Canada
8478:Hogan, Stephanie.
8198:on August 13, 2011
7886:on August 31, 2021
7656:, March 27, 2014.
7648:Spolsky, Bernard.
7627:, March 27, 2014.
7619:Spolsky, Bernard.
7507:jewishdatabank.org
7486:. October 29, 2021
7460:. October 29, 2021
7433:New Lines Magazine
7352:on October 6, 2016
7296:on August 21, 2016
6864:on August 16, 2021
6664:www.veterans.gc.ca
6633:"Montreal, Canada"
6592:"Jewish Canadians"
6232:The Ottawa Citizen
6124:"Jewish Canadians"
6057:on August 27, 2006
5590:Religion in Canada
5489:
5424:
5306:Ryerson University
5274:Queen's University
5185:% of Student Body
5155:
4818:Kitchener-Waterloo
4183:
4086:
4027:B'nai Brith Canada
4004:Jewish members of
3853:official languages
3739:South African Jews
3501:
3486:
3430:
3410:Pale of Settlement
3406:Jewish Labour Bund
3387:. In Alberta, the
3365:South African Jews
3337:
3321:Westward expansion
3307:Christie Pits Riot
3155:Klondike Gold Rush
3128:St. Lawrence River
3088:Pale of Settlement
3072:
3023:. A year later in
2963:Kitchener, Ontario
2406:Jewish Koine Greek
1948:Dominican Republic
1229:Judaism by country
908:Jews and Christmas
763:Assyrian captivity
32:
10786:
10785:
10737:
10730:
10723:
10716:
10709:
10702:
10695:
10471:by area of origin
10435:
10434:
10403:
10402:
10064:
10063:
9751:
9750:
9612:
9611:
9313:
9312:
9202:other territories
8972:Menkis, Richard.
8965:Glass, Joseph B.
8908:Leonoff, Cyril.
8804:Srebrnik, Henry.
8797:Srebrnik, Henry.
8619:Shahar, Charles.
8564:Canadian Business
8507:"Bronfman Family"
8120:. October 8, 2020
8072:on March 30, 2012
8046:on March 30, 2012
7778:. Times of Israel
7737:978-0-7735-3812-2
7698:978-90-04-37941-1
7458:Irish Independent
7123:"Project Details"
7000:"Louis Rasminsky"
6829:Menkis, Richard.
6763:Knowles, Valerie
6195:978-0-226-49407-4
5619:Dashefsky, Arnold
5570:Israeli Canadians
5469:
5468:
5365:
5364:
5242:McGill University
5095:In May 2021, the
5018:Monument National
4981:
4980:
4620:Greater Vancouver
4505:
4504:
4187:Statistics Canada
3816:Oakville, Ontario
3716:Miriam Waddington
3692:Joseph Rosenblatt
3676:Wayne and Shuster
3654:displaced persons
3549:Maurice Duplessis
3239:The Ward, Toronto
3183:Henry Nathan, Jr.
3151:Cariboo Gold Rush
3140:David Oppenheimer
2922:James Henry Craig
2818:records from the
2804:Kingdom of France
2776:Edward Cornwallis
2741:the United States
2726:
2725:
2718:
2668:
2667:
2617:
2616:
2365:
2364:
2112:Reconstructionist
2056:
2055:
1208:
1207:
1015:
1014:
852:Jewish–Roman wars
800:Hasmonean dynasty
716:Kingdom of Israel
620:
619:
312:rendering support
292:
291:
287:Israeli Canadians
40:Juifs canadiens (
16:(Redirected from
10816:
10733:
10726:
10719:
10712:
10705:
10698:
10691:
10518:
10462:
10455:
10448:
10439:
10438:
10213:Southeast Europe
10075:
10074:
9762:
9761:
9621:
9620:
9459:
9458:
9395:French Canadians
9340:
9333:
9326:
9317:
9316:
9270:Saint Barthélemy
9200:Dependencies and
9073:Sovereign states
9061:
9054:
9047:
9038:
9037:
9005:
8984:
8983:
8935:
8923:
8887:Abella, Irving.
8858:, Montreal, 1854
8811:Troper, Harold.
8794:
8759:Lipinsky, Jack.
8709:Davies, Alan T.
8689:Brown, Michael.
8670:Data based on a
8669:
8655:Data based on a
8654:
8639:
8638:
8636:
8634:
8625:
8616:
8610:
8609:
8607:
8605:
8586:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8556:
8550:
8549:
8547:
8545:
8529:
8523:
8522:
8520:
8518:
8502:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8491:
8475:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8464:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8438:
8423:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8412:
8399:
8397:10.7202/031129ar
8375:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8347:Berton, Pierre.
8344:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8333:
8313:
8307:
8306:
8304:
8302:
8286:
8280:
8279:
8277:
8275:
8260:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8249:
8214:
8208:
8207:
8205:
8203:
8188:
8182:
8181:
8179:
8177:
8172:on June 28, 2017
8162:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8151:
8146:on June 28, 2017
8136:
8130:
8129:
8127:
8125:
8110:
8104:
8103:
8101:
8099:
8088:
8082:
8081:
8079:
8077:
8062:
8056:
8055:
8053:
8051:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8025:
8011:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7995:
7984:"Jews of Canada"
7980:
7974:
7973:
7968:
7966:
7952:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7941:
7927:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7916:
7902:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7891:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7848:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7837:
7822:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7808:
7794:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7783:
7771:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7760:
7748:
7742:
7741:
7721:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7710:
7701:. Archived from
7682:
7669:
7646:
7640:
7617:
7611:
7606:Spacing Montreal
7602:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7567:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7546:"Search results"
7542:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7525:Jewish Data Bank
7522:
7514:
7508:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7491:
7476:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7450:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7439:
7424:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7404:. Archived from
7397:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7368:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7348:. Archived from
7338:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7282:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7256:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7245:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7213:
7206:
7198:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7187:
7178:
7170:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7159:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7119:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7100:on June 24, 2021
7089:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7066:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7045:. Ottawa Citizen
7038:
7032:
7025:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7011:
6996:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6968:
6962:
6959:
6953:
6950:
6944:
6941:
6935:
6928:
6917:
6910:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6896:
6891:on June 26, 2020
6880:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6826:
6817:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6787:
6781:
6774:
6768:
6761:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6736:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6677:
6668:
6667:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6631:Waller, Harold.
6628:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6587:
6581:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6538:Canada's History
6530:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6436:on July 16, 2011
6435:
6429:. Archived from
6428:
6420:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6321:
6297:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6119:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6053:. Archived from
6047:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6006:on June 25, 2018
6002:. Archived from
5992:
5986:
5985:
5977:
5971:
5961:
5955:
5952:
5946:
5943:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5914:
5908:
5901:
5895:
5892:Brandeau, Esther
5889:
5883:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5785:
5780:
5778:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5760:
5753:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5657:
5652:
5650:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5611:
5554:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5540:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5454:$ 150k and above
5433:Weighted sample
5427:
5423:
5182:Jewish Students
5169:
5168:
4999:
4976:
4975:
4943:
4942:
4910:
4909:
4877:
4876:
4844:
4843:
4811:
4810:
4778:
4777:
4745:
4744:
4712:
4711:
4679:
4678:
4646:
4645:
4613:
4612:
4587:Greater Montreal
4580:
4579:
4512:
4511:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4284:British Columbia
4282:
4280:
4279:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4192:
4191:
4138:Israeli diaspora
4134:Israeli Canadian
4128:A population of
4090:antisemitic acts
4058:new antisemitism
4008:2009 Parade for
4001:
3986:
3970:
3956:Granville Island
3947:
3929:
3914:
3891:British Columbia
3724:Stuart Rosenberg
3680:Mordecai Richler
3646:Kalmen Kaplansky
3638:Workmen's Circle
3613:Re Drummond Wren
3611:In 1945, in the
3577:Abraham Feinberg
3402:Workmen's Circle
3282:
3262:
3250:
3235:
3220:
3175:British Columbia
3113:landsmenschaften
2965:), a village in
2928:Emancipation Act
2878:Richelieu valley
2852:on the staff of
2824:Seven Years' War
2794:, Jews lived in
2733:Jewish community
2721:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2509:
2508:
2390:
2211:
2205:
2186:
2150:
2149:
2097:
2044:New Zealand
1996:
1959:El Salvador
1949:
1881:Northern America
1873:
1467:
1223:
1222:
1134:Crimean Karaites
1030:
1029:
1008:
1006:
927:
925:
917:
911:
902:
890:Rabbinic Judaism
871:
865:
859:
847:
835:
801:
794:Maccabean Revolt
771:
764:
758:
750:
743:
737:
729:
711:
635:
634:
609:
504:
503:
436:
424:
323:
322:
300:
235:language revival
188:
186:
185:
168:
166:
165:
150:British Columbia
148:
146:
145:
128:
126:
125:
108:
106:
105:
83:
81:
80:
71:Total population
66:
50:
35:
31:
21:
10824:
10823:
10819:
10818:
10817:
10815:
10814:
10813:
10789:
10788:
10787:
10782:
10673:
10620:
10567:
10519:
10510:
10472:
10466:
10436:
10431:
10399:
10307:
10274:Southern Europe
10269:
10208:
10155:Northern Europe
10150:
10124:
10060:
9963:
9910:
9848:
9798:
9747:
9691:
9640:
9608:
9575:
9559:Southern Africa
9554:
9533:
9483:
9448:
9439:Irish Canadians
9349:
9344:
9314:
9309:
9203:
9201:
9194:
9068:
9065:
9011:
8992:Singer, Isidore
8981:
8932:
8901:Jedwab, Jack.
8884:
8882:Further reading
8879:
8850:
8848:Primary sources
8845:
8775:Morton Weinfeld
8766:Martz, Fraidi.
8728:Wayback Machine
8700:Morton Weinfeld
8685:
8648:
8643:
8642:
8632:
8630:
8623:
8617:
8613:
8603:
8601:
8600:on July 9, 2021
8588:
8587:
8583:
8573:
8571:
8558:
8557:
8553:
8543:
8541:
8530:
8526:
8516:
8514:
8503:
8499:
8489:
8487:
8476:
8472:
8462:
8460:
8452:Neuman, Keith.
8450:
8446:
8436:
8434:
8424:
8420:
8410:
8408:
8376:
8372:
8362:
8360:
8345:
8341:
8331:
8329:
8314:
8310:
8300:
8298:
8287:
8283:
8273:
8271:
8261:
8257:
8247:
8245:
8215:
8211:
8201:
8199:
8190:
8189:
8185:
8175:
8173:
8164:
8163:
8159:
8149:
8147:
8138:
8137:
8133:
8123:
8121:
8112:
8111:
8107:
8097:
8095:
8090:
8089:
8085:
8075:
8073:
8064:
8063:
8059:
8049:
8047:
8038:
8037:
8033:
8023:
8021:
8013:
8012:
8003:
7993:
7991:
7982:
7981:
7977:
7964:
7962:
7954:
7953:
7949:
7939:
7937:
7929:
7928:
7924:
7914:
7912:
7904:
7903:
7899:
7889:
7887:
7874:Cohen, Andrew.
7872:
7868:
7858:
7856:
7849:
7845:
7835:
7833:
7823:
7816:
7806:
7804:
7796:
7795:
7791:
7781:
7779:
7772:
7768:
7758:
7756:
7749:
7745:
7738:
7722:
7718:
7708:
7706:
7699:
7683:
7672:
7647:
7643:
7618:
7614:
7603:
7599:
7568:
7564:
7554:
7552:
7544:
7543:
7539:
7529:
7527:
7520:
7516:
7515:
7511:
7503:
7499:
7489:
7487:
7478:
7477:
7473:
7463:
7461:
7452:
7451:
7447:
7437:
7435:
7425:
7421:
7411:
7409:
7398:
7391:
7381:
7379:
7369:
7365:
7355:
7353:
7340:
7339:
7335:
7325:
7323:
7313:
7309:
7299:
7297:
7284:
7283:
7279:
7269:
7267:
7257:
7253:
7243:
7241:
7240:on July 6, 2011
7232:
7231:
7227:
7217:
7215:
7211:
7204:
7200:
7199:
7195:
7185:
7183:
7176:
7172:
7171:
7167:
7157:
7155:
7146:
7145:
7141:
7131:
7129:
7121:
7120:
7113:
7103:
7101:
7090:
7086:
7076:
7074:
7067:
7058:
7048:
7046:
7039:
7035:
7026:
7019:
7009:
7007:
6998:
6997:
6990:
6980:
6978:
6969:
6965:
6960:
6956:
6951:
6947:
6942:
6938:
6929:
6920:
6911:
6904:
6894:
6892:
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6488:. July 12, 2013
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5905:Morton Weinfeld
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5608:
5603:
5550:
5545:
5543:
5536:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5517:
5481:Samuel Bronfman
5474:
5438:Less than $ 75k
5419:
5370:
5354:York University
5136:
5131:
5115:
5109:
5081:Wayback Machine
5055:
5049:
5014:Hirsch Wolofsky
4991:
4986:
4510:
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4403:
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4277:
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4256:
4254:
4235:
4233:
4213:
4211:
4175:
4170:
4150:
4048:. In 2009, the
4013:
4002:
3993:
3987:
3978:
3971:
3962:
3948:
3939:
3930:
3921:
3915:
3841:
3798:Parti Québécois
3774:Louis Rasminsky
3767:Zimbabwean Jews
3672:Peter C. Newman
3573:
3553:Adélard Godbout
3545:Union Nationale
3521:Samuel Bronfman
3474:
3465:Samuel Bronfman
3418:
3329:
3323:
3290:
3283:
3274:
3263:
3254:
3251:
3242:
3236:
3227:
3221:
3209:Russian empires
3153:(and later the
3109:Abraham de Sola
3057:
3029:Albert Ascher's
2902:Jeffery Amherst
2890:French Canadian
2870:Fort Cumberland
2812:Esther Brandeau
2808:Roman Catholics
2788:
2722:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2691:
2685:has an unclear
2679:
2675:
2664:
2619:
2618:
2506:
2496:
2495:
2486:Judeo-Malayalam
2466:Judaeo-Georgian
2386:
2377:
2367:
2366:
2267:Yiddish theatre
2209:
2147:
2137:
2136:
2095:
2068:
2058:
2057:
1994:
1947:
1871:
1465:
1249:Genetic studies
1220:
1210:
1209:
1027:
1017:
1016:
1004:
1003:
923:
922:
915:
905:
900:
882:and Middle Ages
880:Rabbinic period
867:
861:
854:
842:
813:
799:
769:
762:
753:
745:
741:
732:
727:in Judaism
724:
709:
632:
622:
621:
501:
491:
490:
434:
422:
367:
321:
320:
319:
310:Without proper
301:
263:Moroccan Arabic
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90:
78:
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10573:Southeast Asia
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10129:Eastern Europe
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9545:South Sudanese
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9463:
9462:Horn of Africa
9456:
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9447:
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9444:Black Loyalist
9441:
9436:
9434:Newfoundlander
9431:
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9409:
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9290:Sint Eustatius
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9009:External links
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8864:, Quebec, 1857
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8752:Jedwab, Jack.
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8532:Niosi, Jorge.
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8229:(2): 243–271.
8209:
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8001:
7990:on May 8, 2012
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7290:Jewsnews.co.il
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5552:Judaism portal
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5129:Socioeconomics
5127:
5123:Jewish history
5119:Jewish culture
5108:
5105:
5048:
5045:
5033:Chaim Leib Fox
5002:Ashkenazi Jews
4990:
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4152:Following the
4149:
4146:
4142:Ethiopian Jews
4111:Argentine Jews
4078:Yom Ha'atzmaut
4015:
4014:
4003:
3996:
3994:
3988:
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3972:
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3845:Jewish culture
3840:
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3828:Jerusalem Post
3626:Beach O' Pines
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3053:
3015:borrowed from
2999:Chess Champion
2906:Trois-Rivières
2800:King Louis XIV
2787:
2784:
2752:Ashkenazi Jews
2724:
2723:
2687:citation style
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2547:Territorialism
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2431:Judaeo-Spanish
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2426:Judaeo-Iranian
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5448:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5422:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5384:
5383:entrepreneurs
5380:
5376:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5147:
5143:
5141:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5091:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5041:Vivian Felsen
5038:
5034:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5010:Kanader Adler
5005:
5003:
4995:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4514:
4513:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:New Brunswick
4379:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4179:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4154:Fall of Kabul
4145:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4115:Latin America
4112:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4069:dignitaries.
4066:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4011:
4007:
4006:Toronto Pride
4000:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3833:
3832:Irving Abella
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3801:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3712:Adele Wiseman
3709:
3708:Henry Kreisel
3705:
3701:
3697:
3696:Irving Layton
3693:
3689:
3685:
3684:Leonard Cohen
3681:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3622:Noble v Alley
3619:
3614:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3568:
3564:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3513:Ben Dunkelman
3510:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3427:
3422:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3385:heritage site
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3361:South African
3359:, started by
3358:
3354:
3353:East European
3350:
3346:
3342:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3315:Days of Shame
3310:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3297:
3288:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3267:Kirkland Lake
3261:
3256:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3224:Benjamin Hart
3219:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3179:Confederation
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3107:such man was
3105:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3084:anti-Semitism
3081:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:Rosh HaShanah
3006:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2898:New York City
2894:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2790:Prior to the
2783:
2781:
2778:to establish
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:Sephardi Jews
2753:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2717:
2709:
2706:December 2022
2699:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2683:This article
2681:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Judeo-Aramaic
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:Judeo-Italian
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:Ghardaïa Sign
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:Denominations
2062:
2061:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:United States
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:Guinea-Bissau
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:Lists of Jews
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1009:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
993:The Holocaust
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
954:
953:
949:
948:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
920:
918:
913:
909:
903:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
886:
885:
881:
878:
877:
870:
864:
858:
853:
850:
846:
840:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
785:
784:
781:
778:
777:
772:
767:
765:
760:
756:
752:
749:
744:
739:
735:
731:
728:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
707:
705:
702:
701:
700:
699:
696:
693:
692:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
642:
641:
637:
636:
631:
626:
625:
614:
611:
608:
607:
602:
600:
597:
595:
594:Mishneh Torah
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
580:
579:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
564:
563:
560:
557:
556:
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
541:
540:
537:
534:
533:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
513:
512:
509:
506:
505:
500:
495:
494:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
432:
430:
427:
425:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
392:
388:
385:
383:
380:
377:
373:
370:
369:
366:
361:
360:
355:
354:Who is a Jew?
352:
350:
347:
346:
345:
344:
341:
337:
334:
333:
329:
325:
324:
317:
313:
309:
307:
299:
288:
284:
279:
276:
272:
267:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
196:
193:
191:
179:
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116:
113:
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86:
74:
69:
65:
60:
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33:Canadian Jews
27:
19:
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10478:Central Asia
10395:Luxembourger
10346:Scotch-Irish
10038:
9872:Anglo-Indian
9766:Central Asia
9682:Puerto Rican
9488:North Africa
9295:Sint Maarten
9275:Saint Martin
9099:
9025:
8999:
8979:
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8895:
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8690:
8683:Bibliography
8675:
8667:
8660:
8652:
8631:. Retrieved
8627:
8614:
8602:. Retrieved
8598:the original
8593:
8584:
8572:. Retrieved
8568:the original
8563:
8554:
8542:. Retrieved
8537:
8527:
8515:. Retrieved
8510:
8500:
8488:. Retrieved
8483:
8473:
8461:. Retrieved
8457:
8447:
8437:December 16,
8435:. Retrieved
8431:
8421:
8411:December 16,
8409:. Retrieved
8387:
8383:
8373:
8363:December 16,
8361:. Retrieved
8357:the original
8352:
8342:
8332:December 16,
8330:. Retrieved
8328:(1): 143–160
8325:
8321:
8311:
8301:December 16,
8299:. Retrieved
8294:
8284:
8274:December 16,
8272:. Retrieved
8268:
8258:
8248:December 16,
8246:. Retrieved
8226:
8222:
8212:
8202:November 22,
8200:. Retrieved
8196:the original
8186:
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8170:the original
8160:
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8144:the original
8134:
8122:. Retrieved
8117:
8108:
8096:. Retrieved
8086:
8076:November 20,
8074:. Retrieved
8070:the original
8060:
8050:November 20,
8048:. Retrieved
8044:the original
8034:
8022:. Retrieved
8018:
7994:November 22,
7992:. Retrieved
7988:the original
7978:
7970:
7963:. Retrieved
7950:
7940:December 18,
7938:. Retrieved
7934:
7925:
7915:December 18,
7913:. Retrieved
7909:
7900:
7890:December 18,
7888:. Retrieved
7884:the original
7879:
7869:
7857:. Retrieved
7846:
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7830:
7805:. Retrieved
7801:
7792:
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7769:
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7746:
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7709:February 16,
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7703:the original
7687:
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7549:
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7380:. Retrieved
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7350:the original
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7320:
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7228:
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7196:
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7180:
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7152:the original
7142:
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7126:
7104:November 11,
7102:. Retrieved
7098:the original
7087:
7075:. Retrieved
7047:. Retrieved
7036:
7028:
7008:. Retrieved
7003:
6981:November 15,
6979:. Retrieved
6966:
6957:
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6939:
6931:
6913:
6893:. Retrieved
6889:the original
6878:
6866:. Retrieved
6862:the original
6851:
6839:. Retrieved
6834:
6813:
6808:
6796:. Retrieved
6785:
6772:
6764:
6746:November 24,
6744:. Retrieved
6734:
6715:
6711:
6701:
6689:. Retrieved
6685:
6663:
6653:
6641:. Retrieved
6636:
6599:. Retrieved
6595:
6585:
6580:Smith, p.123
6576:
6564:. Retrieved
6554:
6542:. Retrieved
6537:
6528:
6516:. Retrieved
6511:
6502:
6490:. Retrieved
6476:
6464:. Retrieved
6460:
6450:
6438:. Retrieved
6431:the original
6401:. Retrieved
6397:
6387:
6375:. Retrieved
6371:
6362:
6350:. Retrieved
6346:
6336:
6312:(12): 1329.
6309:
6305:
6276:. Retrieved
6272:
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6225:
6211:
6199:. Retrieved
6184:
6177:
6167:
6160:
6150:
6143:
6131:. Retrieved
6127:
6061:September 9,
6059:. Retrieved
6055:the original
6045:
6033:. Retrieved
6027:
6020:
6008:. Retrieved
6004:the original
5990:
5975:
5964:
5959:
5950:
5926:. Retrieved
5922:
5912:
5899:
5887:
5866:
5856:September 9,
5854:. Retrieved
5844:
5832:. Retrieved
5828:
5818:
5808:November 22,
5806:. Retrieved
5796:
5775:cite journal
5765:November 22,
5763:. Retrieved
5756:the original
5743:
5733:September 9,
5731:. Retrieved
5726:
5717:
5707:September 9,
5705:. Retrieved
5701:the original
5691:
5681:September 9,
5679:. Retrieved
5668:
5635:. Retrieved
5626:
5609:
5518:
5490:
5446:$ 75k-$ 150k
5420:
5411:
5407:
5399:
5387:
5371:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5137:
5116:
5100:
5094:
5071:
5056:
5036:
5030:
5006:
4992:
4368:Saskatchewan
4210:
4184:
4168:Demographics
4151:
4130:Israeli Jews
4127:
4087:
4067:
4062:B'nai B'rith
4046:Ernst Zündel
4043:
4039:
4020:
4016:
3903:Language Law
3884:
3872:Conservative
3869:
3849:secular Jews
3842:
3827:
3823:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3771:
3743:South Africa
3728:
3722:, and Rabbi
3688:Barbara Frum
3666:
3662:
3659:
3631:
3610:
3606:
3596:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3574:
3565:
3558:
3544:
3534:
3530:
3509:World War II
3502:
3493:Stolperstein
3482:World War II
3460:
3458:
3452:
3442:
3431:
3416:Organization
3393:
3357:Saskatchewan
3343:, 15 Jewish
3338:
3311:
3300:
3293:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3144:
3117:
3112:
3101:
3073:
3041:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3004:
3003:
2982:
2970:
2967:Upper Canada
2959:Ezekiel Hart
2948:
2933:
2927:
2914:Lower Canada
2895:
2850:British Army
2846:Commissariat
2843:
2816:British Army
2789:
2760:Mizrahi Jews
2749:
2727:
2712:
2703:
2684:
2610:Post-Zionism
2481:Judeo-Berber
2476:Judeo-Arabic
2436:Judeo-Gascon
2183:Pidyon haben
2102:Conservative
1888:
1648:Saudi Arabia
1466:South Africa
1455:Sierra Leone
1277:Israeli Jews
1191:Mosaic Arabs
1144:Kaifeng Jews
1005:Arab–Israeli
978:Emancipation
857:Great Revolt
666:Anti-Judaism
661:Antisemitism
656:Name "Judea"
451:Baal teshuva
303:
238:
226:
218:
210:
194:
174:
154:
134:
114:
87:
49:יהודים קנדים
29:Ethnic group
26:
10753:Azerbaijani
10714:Palestinian
10634:Bangladeshi
10606:Singaporean
10250:Montenegrin
10029:Azerbaijani
9997:Palestinian
9949:Singaporean
9862:Bangladeshi
9580:West Africa
9538:East Africa
9265:Puerto Rico
9175:Saint Lucia
9125:El Salvador
9033:documentary
8955:Taking Root
8938:Schreiber.
8390:(1): 3–15.
8118:Macleans.ca
8098:December 9,
7859:October 31,
7836:October 31,
7807:October 31,
7782:October 31,
7759:October 31,
6794:. Vcn.bc.ca
5834:October 26,
5637:October 26,
5394:blue-collar
5375:fur traders
5111:Main page:
5051:Main page:
4546:Percentage
4537:Percentage
4531:Population
4347:Nova Scotia
4205:Percentage
4162:Afghanistan
4148:Afghan Jews
4094:French Jews
3843:Today, the
3791:David Lewis
3787:Bora Laskin
3778:Rideau Club
3720:Naim Kattan
3650:Moshe Lewis
3603:, stating:
3434:World War I
3049:Beth Israel
3044:Quebec City
3013:Sefer Torah
2997:A Canadian
2936:fur traders
2866:Nova Scotia
2826:. In 1760,
2796:Nova Scotia
2764:Bene Israel
2605:Revisionist
2595:Neo-Zionism
2202:Zeved habat
1995:Puerto Rico
1821:Netherlands
1653:South Korea
1638:Philippines
1518:Afghanistan
1385:Ivory Coast
1159:Crypto-Jews
1124:Bnei Anusim
1103:Bene Israel
1068:Beta Israel
1025:Communities
932:Middle Ages
671:Persecution
446:Bereavement
306:Hebrew text
10793:Categories
10659:Sri Lankan
10626:South Asia
10616:Vietnamese
10591:Indonesian
10417:Australian
10291:Portuguese
10245:Macedonian
10204:Lithuanian
10136:Belarusian
9959:Vietnamese
9934:Indonesian
9906:Sri Lankan
9854:South Asia
9743:Venezuelan
9733:Salvadoran
9723:Guatemalan
9571:Zimbabwean
9361:Indigenous
9260:Montserrat
9255:Martinique
9250:Guadeloupe
9105:Costa Rica
7931:"Podcasts"
7798:"About Us"
7662:1139917145
7633:1139917145
7346:I24news.fr
7326:August 18,
7321:Cjnews.com
7300:August 18,
7270:August 18,
7218:August 25,
6718:: 93–114.
6466:August 18,
6278:August 18,
6201:January 1,
6035:January 1,
5928:August 18,
5923:Cjnews.com
5656:|url=
5601:References
5507:, and the
5505:Reichmanns
5368:Employment
5179:University
5035:published
4624:1,967,480
4600:3,824,221
4591:3,380,645
4558:5,081,826
4540:Population
4158:Afghan Jew
3990:Schwartz's
3918:Ben's Deli
3824:60 Minutes
3729:Since the
3704:A.M. Klein
3700:Eli Mandel
3461:Ashkenazim
3453:Ashkenazim
3438:sweatshops
3397:homesteads
3377:Edenbridge
3373:Anglicized
3325:See also:
3200:Ashkenazim
3191:Ashkenazim
3132:Alexandria
3066:(1863) in
2969:. In 1841
2839:Aaron Hart
2698:footnoting
2590:Maximalism
2542:Secularism
2522:Autonomism
2339:Literature
2132:Humanistic
1736:Azerbaijan
1698:Uzbekistan
1673:Tajikistan
1593:Kyrgyzstan
1578:Kazakhstan
1425:Mozambique
1400:Madagascar
1320:Cape Verde
1272:New Yishuv
1267:Old Yishuv
1218:Population
1196:Subbotniks
1154:Samaritans
1093:Romanyotim
1036:Ashkenazim
983:Old Yishuv
963:Sabbateans
950:Modern era
942:Golden Age
869:Bar Kokhba
589:Beit Yosef
456:Philosophy
251:Lithuanian
10700:Jordanian
10679:West Asia
10649:Pakistani
10601:Malaysian
10581:Cambodian
10558:Taiwanese
10553:Mongolian
10538:Hong Kong
10525:East Asia
10383:Québécois
10230:Bulgarian
10182:Norwegian
10177:Icelandic
10146:Ukrainian
10115:Slovenian
10100:Hungarian
9987:Jordanian
9969:West Asia
9944:Malaysian
9924:Cambodian
9889:Pakistani
9839:Taiwanese
9834:Mongolian
9817:Hong Kong
9804:East Asia
9738:Uruguayan
9718:Colombian
9708:Brazilian
9703:Argentine
9662:Dominican
9652:Barbadian
9645:Caribbean
9474:Ethiopian
9405:Québécois
9245:Greenland
9160:Nicaragua
9135:Guatemala
8406:154741819
8353:Maclean's
7530:August 1,
7490:April 11,
7464:April 11,
7438:April 11,
6508:"Alberta"
6461:Mhs.mb.ca
5497:Belzbergs
5493:Bronfmans
5417:Economics
5379:merchants
5174:Maclean's
5134:Education
5101:thecjn.ca
4666:1,096,833
4633:2,313,328
4567:6,054,191
4508:Municipal
4160:still in
4119:Argentina
3960:Vancouver
3783:Herb Gray
3667:bourgeois
3663:bourgeois
3597:Maclean's
3585:Macleans'
3535:St. Louis
3369:Lithuania
3181:, a Jew,
3163:synagogue
3122:, 131 in
3005:Toronto’s
2737:in Israel
2600:Religious
2456:Zarphatic
2446:Bukharian
2416:Judeo-Tat
2401:Yeshivish
2375:Languages
2330:Sephardic
2320:Israelite
2310:Ethiopian
2300:Ashkenazi
2239:Religious
2029:Australia
2011:Venezuela
1917:Argentina
1899:Greenland
1811:Lithuania
1663:Sri Lanka
1658:Singapore
1583:Kurdistan
1548:Indonesia
1538:Hong Kong
1491:Abayudaya
1415:Mauritius
1149:Igbo Jews
1139:Krymchaks
1058:Sephardim
926:relations
820:Sadducees
816:Pharisees
806:Sanhedrin
721:Jerusalem
481:Synagogue
349:Etymology
247:Ukrainian
201:Languages
51: (
10758:Georgian
10748:Assyrian
10743:Armenian
10707:Lebanese
10586:Filipino
10543:Japanese
10422:Hawaiian
10373:Acadians
10351:Scottish
10265:Yugoslav
10255:Romanian
10235:Croatian
10220:Albanian
10194:Estonian
10085:Austrian
10024:Assyrian
10019:Armenian
9992:Lebanese
9929:Filipino
9824:Japanese
9728:Peruvian
9677:Jamaican
9667:Guyanese
9631:American
9617:Americas
9592:Nigerian
9587:Ghanaian
9550:Sudanese
9527:Egyptian
9515:Tunisian
9510:Moroccan
9500:Algerian
9469:Eritrean
9422:Scottish
9400:Acadians
9210:Anguilla
9145:Honduras
9115:Dominica
9090:Barbados
8996:"Canada"
8874:The Star
8724:Archived
8176:June 26,
8150:June 26,
8124:June 29,
8024:June 26,
7965:June 12,
7555:June 29,
7181:Jfgv.org
7132:June 29,
7077:June 29,
7049:June 30,
7010:June 30,
6895:June 23,
6868:June 23,
6841:June 23,
6691:June 30,
6643:June 29,
6566:June 12,
6544:June 12,
6518:June 12,
6486:CBC News
6403:July 21,
6377:July 21,
6352:July 21,
6328:14662683
6133:June 29,
6010:June 25,
5647:cite web
5617:(2013).
5524:See also
5509:Shermans
5501:Diamonds
5485:Bronfman
5390:peddlers
5140:Yeshivot
5077:Archived
5067:COVID-19
5031:In 1980
4954:208,402
4917:Victoria
4888:336,539
4855:355,945
4822:495,845
4789:490,270
4785:Hamilton
4756:619,540
4752:Winnipeg
4723:666,105
4719:Edmonton
4690:795,250
4657:943,315
4561:179,100
4326:Manitoba
4123:Americas
3895:Manitoba
3876:Orthodox
3807:Galizien
3772:In 1961
3763:Kingston
3755:Hamilton
3511:. Major
3375:name of
3349:prairies
3205:Austrian
3124:Hamilton
2882:Seigneur
2835:Montreal
2782:(1749).
2729:Canadian
2694:citation
2627:Category
2585:Kahanism
2532:Feminism
2504:Politics
2388:Biblical
2358:American
2305:Bukharan
2295:American
2195:Shidduch
2171:Clothing
2127:Haymanot
2073:Orthodox
2001:Suriname
1984:Paraguay
1937:Colombia
1836:Portugal
1746:Bulgaria
1683:Thailand
1633:Pakistan
1613:Mongolia
1608:Malaysia
1528:Cambodia
1502:Zimbabwe
1477:Tanzania
1355:Eswatini
1345:Ethiopia
1335:Djibouti
1315:Cameroon
1310:Botswana
1239:Diaspora
1201:Noahides
1174:Marranos
1098:Cochinim
1083:Bukharim
1073:Gruzinim
1063:Teimanim
1053:Mizrahim
1041:Galician
1007:conflict
968:Hasidism
958:Haskalah
863:Diaspora
734:timeline
646:Timeline
559:Rabbinic
466:Kabbalah
441:Marriage
417:Tzedakah
407:Holidays
365:Religion
328:a series
326:Part of
269:Religion
190:Manitoba
10778:Turkish
10768:Israeli
10763:Iranian
10654:Punjabi
10596:Laotian
10563:Tibetan
10533:Chinese
10409:Oceania
10341:English
10336:Cornish
10331:British
10324:Flemish
10319:Belgian
10296:Spanish
10286:Maltese
10281:Italian
10260:Serbian
10225:Bosnian
10199:Latvian
10187:Swedish
10172:Finnish
10141:Russian
10056:Turkish
10051:Kurdish
10044:Israeli
10034:Iranian
9939:Laotian
9894:Punjabi
9844:Tibetan
9812:Chinese
9713:Chilean
9672:Haitian
9636:Mexican
9417:English
9412:British
9371:by band
9240:Curaçao
9225:Bonaire
9220:Bermuda
9150:Jamaica
9130:Grenada
9085:Bahamas
9029:a 1973
8989::
8912:. 1978.
8678:(JPPI).
8663:(JPPI).
8633:July 4,
8604:July 4,
8463:July 4,
8243:2563495
8019:Default
7484:AP News
7412:June 7,
7382:June 7,
7356:July 1,
7244:May 18,
7186:May 18,
7158:May 18,
6798:May 18,
6601:May 29,
6492:May 18,
6440:May 18,
6398:aishcom
6372:imjm.ca
6252:July 1,
5907:. 1993.
5876:Toronto
5658:value (
5515:Poverty
5085:TheJ.ca
4994:Yiddish
4989:Yiddish
4984:Culture
4963:210,891
4950:Windsor
4921:74,125
4897:366,151
4864:390,096
4851:Halifax
4831:507,096
4798:519,949
4765:663,617
4759:14,760
4732:812,201
4699:883,390
4693:13,130
4653:Calgary
4627:22,590
4603:90,780
4594:92,975
4570:188,710
4494:Nunavut
4305:Alberta
4246:226,610
4242:Ontario
4225:391,665
4082:Toronto
3899:Alberta
3887:Ontario
3857:English
3812:Galicia
3751:Toronto
3747:Ontario
3579:of the
3507:during
3271:Ontario
3173:. When
3157:in the
3120:Toronto
3104:kehilla
3076:pogroms
3019:, the
2991:Isidore
2979:Toronto
2910:Ezekiel
2862:Halifax
2848:to the
2828:General
2768:Judaism
2570:General
2561:Zionism
2537:Leftism
2527:Bundism
2451:Knaanic
2411:Yevanic
2396:Yiddish
2353:Yiddish
2348:Israeli
2325:Mizrahi
2315:Israeli
2286:Cuisine
2262:Ancient
2244:Secular
2190:Kashrut
2166:Wedding
2153:Customs
2145:Culture
2122:Science
2117:Renewal
2107:Karaite
2088:Hasidic
2020:Oceania
2006:Uruguay
1974:Jamaica
1954:Ecuador
1922:Bolivia
1866:Ukraine
1841:Romania
1816:Moldova
1796:Hungary
1786:Germany
1781:Georgia
1771:Finland
1766:Estonia
1761:Denmark
1756:Czechia
1741:Belarus
1731:Austria
1726:Armenia
1703:Vietnam
1618:Myanmar
1603:Lebanon
1523:Bahrain
1482:Tunisia
1460:Somalia
1435:Nigeria
1430:Namibia
1420:Morocco
1350:Eritrea
1295:Algeria
1179:Neofiti
1088:Italkim
1078:Juhurim
988:Zionism
937:Khazars
832:Sicarii
828:Zealots
824:Essenes
811:Schisms
676:Leaders
638:General
630:History
573:Tosefta
568:Midrash
545:Mishnah
527:Ketuvim
522:Nevi'im
471:Customs
402:Shabbat
397:Halakha
389: (
387:Mitzvot
374: (
340:Judaism
275:Judaism
243:Russian
237:)
231:Yiddish
207:English
170:Alberta
135:125,300
115:272,400
110:Ontario
10773:Jewish
10735:Yemeni
10728:Syrian
10669:Sindhi
10644:Nepali
10639:Indian
10548:Korean
10491:Kazakh
10486:Afghan
10378:Breton
10368:French
10301:Basque
10167:Danish
10110:Slovak
10105:Polish
10095:German
10070:Europe
10039:Jewish
10012:Yemeni
10007:Syrian
9901:Romani
9884:Nepali
9867:Indian
9829:Korean
9779:Kazakh
9774:Afghan
9602:Yoruba
9522:Coptic
9505:Libyan
9495:Berber
9479:Somali
9454:Africa
9354:Canada
9165:Panama
9155:Mexico
9100:Canada
9095:Belize
8946:
8928:
8905:(2010)
8870:, 1860
8815:(2010)
8808:(2008)
8801:(2011)
8756:(2010)
8731:(1990)
8706:(1993)
8432:CanLII
8404:
8241:
7734:
7695:
7660:
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6326:
6319:280601
6316:
6192:
5969:online
5882:, 1961
5729:. 2012
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5499:, the
5495:, the
5472:Wealth
5430:Income
5381:, and
5310:1,650
5230:1,200
4957:1,525
4930:80,017
4924:2,595
4911:16.8%
4891:2,290
4884:London
4858:1,985
4825:1,950
4792:4,675
4768:13,690
4746:12.8%
4726:4,920
4702:14,010
4686:Ottawa
4660:7,950
4647:16.2%
4636:26,255
4523:Trend
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4288:35,005
4281:
4267:93,625
4263:Quebec
4260:
4239:
4220:Canada
4217:
4102:Quebec
4098:Israel
4012:pride
3952:Bagels
3880:Reform
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3874:, 17%
3865:Quebec
3861:French
3759:London
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3080:Russia
2987:Canada
2975:Albert
2858:Quebec
2762:, and
2745:France
2632:Portal
2491:Domari
2421:Shassi
2382:Hebrew
2277:Humour
2221:Hiloni
2216:Aliyah
2176:Niddah
2161:Minyan
2096:Reform
2083:Haredi
2078:Modern
1979:Mexico
1964:Guyana
1927:Brazil
1889:Canada
1861:Sweden
1851:Serbia
1846:Russia
1831:Poland
1826:Norway
1806:Latvia
1791:Greece
1776:France
1751:Cyprus
1717:Europe
1688:Turkey
1678:Taiwan
1588:Kuwait
1573:Jordan
1563:Israel
1497:Zambia
1487:Uganda
1405:Malawi
1375:Guinea
1365:Gambia
1300:Angola
1286:Africa
1169:Dönmeh
1164:Anusim
1108:Berber
1046:Litvak
998:Israel
904:
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723:
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550:Gemara
536:Talmud
508:Tanakh
461:Ethics
412:Prayer
259:German
255:Polish
239:·
227:·
223:Hebrew
221:
219:·
215:French
213:
211:·
209:
195:18,000
187:
175:20,000
167:
155:62,120
147:
130:Quebec
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42:French
10721:Saudi
10693:Iraqi
10664:Tamil
10506:Uzbek
10501:Tajik
10496:Tatar
10390:Irish
10363:Dutch
10356:Welsh
10240:Greek
10120:Swiss
10090:Czech
10002:Saudi
9982:Iraqi
9877:Tamil
9794:Uzbek
9789:Tatar
9784:Tajik
9657:Cuban
9427:Welsh
9383:Métis
9378:Inuit
9215:Aruba
9140:Haiti
8672:study
8657:study
8646:Notes
8624:(PDF)
8402:S2CID
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7521:(PDF)
7212:(PDF)
7205:(PDF)
7177:(PDF)
6434:(PDF)
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5759:(PDF)
5752:(PDF)
5358:4,000
5326:1,125
5294:3,250
5278:2,000
5246:3,550
5214:1,000
5198:3,000
5047:Press
4998:יידיש
4977:0.7%
4969:0.7%
4966:1,515
4960:0.7%
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4903:0.7%
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4812:9.3%
4804:1.0%
4801:5,110
4795:1.0%
4779:7.2%
4771:2.0%
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4738:0.7%
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4696:1.7%
4680:4.8%
4672:0.8%
4669:8,335
4663:0.8%
4639:1.1%
4630:1.1%
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4606:2.4%
4597:2.8%
4581:5.4%
4573:3.1%
4564:3.5%
4534:Jews
4528:City
4520:2011
4517:2001
4501:0.1%
4480:0.1%
4459:0.4%
4452:Yukon
4438:0.1%
4417:0.0%
4396:0.1%
4375:0.2%
4372:1,905
4354:0.3%
4351:2,910
4333:1.2%
4312:0.4%
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4270:1.2%
4249:1.8%
4228:1.2%
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3859:over
3731:1960s
3497:Velen
3445:sects
3159:Yukon
2995:Jacob
2926:1832
2874:Wolfe
2580:Labor
2575:Green
2272:Dance
2230:Music
2049:Palau
1969:Haiti
1932:Chile
1856:Spain
1801:Italy
1708:Yemen
1668:Syria
1643:Qatar
1623:Nepal
1568:Japan
1543:India
1533:China
1472:Sudan
1395:Libya
1390:Kenya
1370:Ghana
1360:Gabon
1340:Egypt
1325:Benin
1184:Xueta
1129:Lemba
748:First
613:Zohar
517:Torah
499:Texts
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476:Rites
376:names
229:
10687:Arab
10611:Thai
9977:Arab
9954:Thai
9757:Asia
9597:Igbo
9285:Saba
9110:Cuba
8944:ISBN
8926:ISBN
8829:Jews
8635:2021
8606:2021
8576:2021
8546:2021
8519:2021
8492:2021
8465:2021
8439:2021
8413:2021
8365:2021
8334:2021
8303:2021
8276:2021
8250:2021
8204:2011
8178:2021
8152:2021
8126:2021
8100:2011
8078:2011
8052:2011
8026:2021
7996:2011
7967:2024
7942:2021
7917:2021
7892:2021
7861:2020
7838:2020
7809:2020
7784:2020
7761:2020
7732:ISBN
7711:2022
7693:ISBN
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7629:ISBN
7557:2019
7532:2023
7492:2024
7466:2024
7440:2024
7414:2015
7384:2015
7371:The
7358:2015
7328:2017
7302:2017
7272:2017
7246:2011
7220:2010
7188:2011
7160:2011
7134:2021
7106:2019
7079:2020
7051:2020
7012:2020
6983:2015
6897:2020
6870:2020
6843:2020
6800:2011
6748:2016
6693:2020
6645:2020
6603:2020
6568:2024
6546:2024
6520:2024
6494:2016
6468:2017
6442:2011
6405:2021
6379:2021
6354:2021
6324:PMID
6280:2017
6254:2014
6203:2012
6190:ISBN
6135:2020
6063:2006
6037:2012
6012:2018
5930:2017
5858:2014
5836:2022
5810:2011
5788:help
5767:2011
5735:2014
5709:2014
5683:2014
5660:help
5639:2022
5465:32%
5457:22%
5449:24%
5441:21%
5342:850
5297:10%
5262:900
5249:10%
5121:and
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4201:Jews
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3294:The
3136:1914
3094:and
3025:1857
2880:and
2743:and
2696:and
2039:Guam
2034:Fiji
1989:Peru
1942:Cuba
1628:Oman
1598:Laos
1558:Iraq
1553:Iran
1510:Asia
1439:Igbo
1410:Mali
429:Brit
338:and
336:Jews
8674:by
8659:by
8484:CBC
8392:doi
8231:doi
7666:226
7637:227
7586:doi
6720:doi
6314:PMC
6310:169
5361:7%
5350:20
5345:2%
5334:18
5329:3%
5318:17
5313:3%
5302:15
5281:7%
5265:3%
5233:3%
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4456:145
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