10496:
daarin opgenomen besluiten niet te ratificeren. Opvallend is dat de
Hanzedag, en ook Lübeck en de Wendische steden, niet in staat waren dit fenomeen te sanctioneren en zelfs een gedoogpolitiek ontstond. Terwijl veel historici hierin een essentiële zwakte van de Hanze zien, vat Pichierri dit op als een teken van flexibiliteit. Al met al zijn dit enkele kenmerken van een organisatiestructuur die bij sociologen als een netwerk met losse bindingen te boek staat. De verbindingen tussen de verschillende leden van een dergelijke netwerk waren niet star noch daadwerkelijk verplichtend. Het gebrek aan duurzame samenhand vloeide voort uit de grote autonomie van de steden zoals deze besloten lag in het zogenaamde Einungsrecht. Juist doordat de Hanzevergadering vast bleef houden aan het uitgangspunt dat de gemeenschappelijke wil van alle steden afzonderlijk gerespecteerd moest worden, kon een besluit alleen op grond van algemene instemming genomen worden. Volgens de principes van het Einungsrecht was echter geen enkele stad gedwongen zich aan de wil of aan de besluiten van een woordvoerder, in dit geval de Algemene Hanzedag, te onderwerpen. Aan het einde van de besluitvormingsketen was de instemming van de stedelijke gemeenschap doorslaggevend, ongeacht wat er op hogere niveaus was afgesproken. Het kwam derhalve zeer regelmatig voor dat besluiten die raadszendbode vanuit een minderheidspositie stilzwijgend moesten aanvaarden, achteraf door hun stadsbesturen werden afgewezen.
10500:
option of not ratifying the decrees contained therein. It is striking that the
Hanseatic Day, and also Lübeck and the Wendish cities, were unable to sanction this phenomenon and even a policy of condoning arose. While many historians see this as an essential weakness of the Hanseatic League, Pichierri sees this as a sign of flexibility. All in all, these are some characteristics of an organizational structure that sociologists regard as a network with loose connections. The connections between the various members of such a network were neither rigid nor actually binding. The lack of sustainable cohesion arose from the great autonomy of the cities as it was implied in the so-called Einungsrecht. Precisely because the Hanseatic Assembly continued to adhere to the principle that the common will of all individual cities had to be respected, a decision could only be taken on the basis of general consent. According to the principles of Einungsrecht, however, no city was forced to submit to the will or to the decisions of a spokesman, in this case the General Hansedag. At the end of the decision-making chain, the agreement of the urban community was decisive, regardless of what was agreed at higher levels. It therefore happened very regularly that decisions that council messengers had to accept tacitly from a minority position were subsequently rejected by their city councils (
1911:
15992:
86:
712:
5745:
4449:
2078:, Burgund Dutch and Prussian cities increasingly excluded Lübeck from their grain trade in the 15th and 16th century. Burgund Dutch demand for Prussian and Livonian grain grew in the late 15th century. These trade interests differed from Wendish interests, threatening political unity, but also showed a trade where the Hanseatic system was impractical. Hollandish freight costs were much lower than the Hansa's, and the Hansa were excluded as middlemen. After naval wars between Burgundy and the Hanseatic fleets, Amsterdam gained the position of leading port for Polish and Baltic grain from the late 15th century onwards.
9197:
5611:
1884:
9298:
9213:
7102:
6959:
6945:
6830:
6816:
5081:
4660:
4598:
4303:
3300:
5958:
5135:
5007:
4931:
4851:
1581:
6895:
9780:
5537:
2018:
3053:
10532:
hanzeatische handel. Dit bevorderde de efficiëntie van deze handel. Het midden van de veertiende eeuw wordt voor Brugge en Bergen als scharnierpunt in het ontstaan van de
Kantoren gezien omdat ze toen een vastere organisatie en duidelijke regelgeving kregen. Niettemin waren de Kantoren, in tegenstelling tot de Hanze als geheel, wel degelijk rechtsperonen. Als gevolg daarvan voerden ze eigen zegels, hadden ze een eigen administratie, een gemeenschappelijke kas en de machtsmiddelen om het correct naleven van de regels af te dwingen.
9373:
9282:
8705:
805:
15985:
1647:
8255:
7240:
3735:
9093:
8898:
6911:
3520:
650:
186:
2465:
8943:
8115:
7643:
2375:. The Kontor-manager sent a letter to Lübeck appealing for immediate financial assistance for a reconstruction. Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck called for a Hanseatic Day in 1669. Only a few cities participated and those who came were reluctant to contribute financially to the reconstruction. It was the last formal meeting, unbeknownst to any of the parties. This date is often taken in retrospect as the effective end date of the Hansa, but the League never formally disbanded. It silently disintegrated.
10300:
8131:
7829:
7765:
7711:
7657:
7593:
7529:
7368:
7306:
7088:
7036:
4913:
1553:
403:
7515:
7292:
7022:
4584:
4219:
8972:
8145:
8081:
8015:
7961:
7907:
7843:
7779:
7725:
7671:
7607:
7579:
7543:
7489:
7436:
7382:
7320:
7254:
7189:
7116:
7050:
6973:
5766:
5705:
5449:
5353:
5259:
173:
7815:
7987:
7751:
7354:
7226:
3937:
9079:
8958:
8239:
7697:
3286:
2045:
910:
8802:
8171:
7933:
4287:
4005:
1632:
70:
10536:
efficiency of this trade. The middle of the fourteenth century is seen as a pivotal point in the emergence of the
Kontors for Bruges and Bergen, because they were then given a more permanent organization and clear regulations. Nevertheless, unlike the Hanseatic League as a whole, the Kontors were indeed legal persons. As a result, they had their own seals, had their own administration, a common treasury and the means to enforce proper compliance with the rules (
10198:
8067:
8001:
7947:
7893:
7175:
5523:
5337:
5243:
4837:
4075:
2982:
6679:
6622:
6565:
6510:
6450:
6395:
6334:
6275:
6216:
6159:
6063:
5974:
5872:
18179:
10162:
10286:
8540:
6047:
5433:
4646:
3589:
8784:
2581:. Kontors were first established to provide security, but also served to secure privileges and engage in diplomacy. The quality of goods was also examined at Kontors, increasing trade efficiency, and they served as bases to develop connections with local rulers and as sources of economic and political information. Most kontors were also physical locations containing buildings that were integrated and segregated from citylife to different degrees. The
7161:
8434:
3660:
3506:
4141:
8884:
8869:
4789:
4775:
4433:
3447:
3368:
2556:
2138:
465:
10186:
10174:
14745:
8053:
6524:
6230:
6173:
6143:
6077:
5988:
5195:
3883:
3232:
3218:
3161:
3147:
225:
7417:
6693:
6636:
6579:
6464:
6409:
6348:
6289:
5886:
212:
8816:
7469:
5067:
4993:
4708:
4519:
4505:
4155:
4091:
4021:
3953:
3897:
3822:
3749:
3676:
3603:
3433:
9065:
8720:
8595:
8486:
8310:
6739:
6725:
5627:
4376:
4362:
3806:
3354:
8611:
8556:
8502:
8450:
8380:
8326:
8269:
8199:
6844:
6753:
5211:
5149:
5095:
5021:
4945:
4865:
4803:
4736:
4674:
4612:
4533:
4463:
4390:
4317:
3911:
3763:
3690:
3617:
3534:
3461:
3382:
3314:
3246:
3175:
147:
5121:
4722:
9314:
9229:
4233:
199:
5719:
5641:
5551:
5463:
5367:
5273:
4169:
4105:
4035:
3967:
3836:
160:
8734:
5780:
238:
7879:
4205:
1738:
8366:
8352:
5858:
9894:
2129:
Pleskau. When the
Peterhof reopened in 1514, Novgorod was no longer a trade hub. In the same period, the burghers of Bergen tried to develop an independent intermediate trade with the northern population, against the Hansards' obstruction. The League's mere existence and its privileges and monopolies created economic and social tensions that often spilled onto rivalries between League members.
1624:(Hanseatic Diet) – starting either around 1300, or possibly 1356. Many towns chose not to attend nor to send representatives, and decisions were not binding on individual cities if their delegates were not included in the recesses; representatives would sometimes leave the Diet prematurely to give their towns an excuse not to ratify decisions. Only a few Hanseatic cities were
8185:
2448:, these three cities were the only ones that retained the words "Hanseatic City" in their official German names. Hamburg and Bremen continue to style themselves officially as "free Hanseatic cities", with Lübeck named "Hanseatic City". For Lübeck in particular, this anachronistic tie to a glorious past remained important in the 20th century. In 1937, the
871:, initially causing competition with the Westphalians. But the Cologne Hansa and the Wendish Hansa joined in 1282 to form the Hanseatic colony in London, although they didn't completely merge until the 15th century. Novgorod was blockaded in 1268 and 1277/1278. Nonetheless, Westphalian traders continued to dominate trade in London and also
2511:—the premise for league membership was birth to German parents, subjection to German law, and a commercial education. The league served to advance and defend its members' common interests: commercial ambitions such as enhancement of trade, and political ambitions such as ensuring maximum independence from the territorial rulers.
632:) in 1080. In 1120, Gotland gained autonomy from Sweden and admitted traders from its southern and western regions. Thereafter, under a treaty with the Visby Hansa, northern German merchants made regular stops at Gotland. In the first half of the 13th century, they established their own trading station or
9848:
The preoccupation with a strong navy motivated German painters in the 19th century to paint supposedly
Hanseatic ships. They used the traditions of maritime paintings and, not wanting Hanseatic ships to look unimpressive, ignored historical evidence to fictionalise cogs into tall two- or three-masted
2542:
The League was characterised by legal pluralism and the diets could not issue laws. But the cities cooperated to achieve limited trade regulation, such as measures against fraud, or worked together on a regional level. Attempts to harmonise maritime law, yielded a series of ordinances in the 15th and
1788:
Over the 15th century, tensions between the
Prussian region and the "Wendish" cities (Lübeck and its eastern neighbours) increased. Lübeck was dependent on its role as centre of the Hansa; Prussia's main interest, on the other hand, was the export of bulk products such as grain and timber to England,
1482:
Starting with trade in coarse woollen fabrics, the
Hanseatic League increased both commerce and industry in northern Germany. As trade increased, finer woollen and linen fabrics, and even silks, were manufactured in northern Germany. The same refinement of products out of cottage industry occurred in
1061:
Hanseatic trade was not exclusively maritime, or even over water. Most
Hanseatic towns did not have immediate access to the sea and many were linked to partners by river trade or even land trade. These formed an integrated network, while many smaller Hanseatic towns had their main trading activity in
10499:
A notable shortcoming concerned the custom that envoys, who could not accept arrangements that were disadvantageous for them, left the
Hanseatic Day prematurely. In this way they hoped not to be included in the minutes, the so-called Hanseatic recesses. It then provided the city authorities with the
10495:
Een opvalled euvel betrof de gewoonte dat gezanten, die voor hen nadelige afspraken niet konden accepteren, vroegtijdig de Hanzedag verlieten. Op deze wijze hoopten zij niet in de notulen, de zogenaamde Hanzerecessen, te worden opgenomen. Het verschafte de stadsbesturen vervolgens de mogelijkheid de
2128:
at Novgorod in 1494 and deported its merchants to Moscow, in an attempt to reduce Hanseatic influence on Russian trade. At the time, only 49 traders were at the Peterhof. The fur trade was redirected to Leipzig, taking out the Hansards; while the Hanseatic trade with Russia moved to Riga, Reval, and
353:
entities that enjoyed considerable legal autonomy. Hanseatic merchants, commonly referred to as Hansards, operated private companies and were known for their access to commodities, and enjoyed privileges and protections abroad. The League's economic power enabled it to impose blockades and even wage
9844:
From the 19th century, Hanseatic history was often used to promote a national cause in Germany. German liberals built a fictional literature around Jürgen Wullenwever, expressing fierce anti-Danish sentiment. Hanseatic subjects were used to propagate nation building, colonialism, fleet building and
9815:
the conservative nationalist view was discarded, allowing exchanges between German, Swedish and Norwegian historians on the Hanseatic League's role in Sweden and Norway. Views on the League were strongly negative in the Scandinavian countries, especially Denmark, because of associations with German
9791:
Academic historiography of the Hanseatic League is considered to begin with Georg Sartorius, who started writing his first work in 1795 and founded the liberal historiographical tradition about the League. The German conservative nationalist historiographical tradition was first published with F.W.
2956:
mast. Most cogs were privately owned, and were also used as warships. Cogs were built in various sizes and specifications and was used on both the seas and rivers. They could be outfitted with castles starting from the thirteenth century. The cog was depicted on many seals and several coats of arms
1846:
The city of Lübeck faced financial troubles in 1403, leading dissenting craftsmen to establish a supervising committee in 1405. This triggered a governmental crisis in 1408 when the committee rebelled and established a new town council. Similar revolts broke out in Wismar and Rostock, with new town
309:
The League began as a collection of loosely associated groups of German traders and towns aiming to expand their commercial interests, including protection against robbery. Over time, these arrangements evolved into the League, offering traders toll privileges and protection on affiliated territory
10535:
The Kontors built lasting relationships with local ruler. In addition, they were also an indispensable source of information for the Hanseatic cities about local politics and trade. Moreover, the Kontors were places where the quality of goods in the Hanseatic trade was monitored. This promoted the
2100:
in exchange for grain and furs from the east. The Hansa profited from the Nuremberg trade by allowing Nurembergers to settle in Hanseatic towns, which the Franconians exploited by taking over trade with Sweden as well. The Nuremberger merchant Albrecht Moldenhauer was influential in developing the
2475:
The Hanseatic League was a complex, loose-jointed constellation of protagonists pursuing their own interests, which coincided in a shared program of economic domination in the Baltic region, and a by no means monolithic organization or a 'state within a state'. It gradually grew from a network of
1510:
was traded from Bergen in exchange for grain; Hanseatic grain inflows allowed more permanent settlements further north in Norway. The league also traded beer, with beer from Hanseatic towns the most valued, and Wendish cities like Lübeck, Hamburg, Wismar and Rostock developed export breweries for
2538:
if the attendees did not object; those favouring alternative proposals unlikely to get sufficient support remained silent during this procedure. If consensus could not be established on a certain issue, it was found instead in the appointment of league members empowered to work out a compromise.
1733:
Over the 15th century, the League became further institutionalised. This was in part a response to challenges in governance and competition with rivals, but also reflected changes in trade. A slow shift occurred from loose participation to formal recognition/revocation. Another general trend was
2147:
The development of transatlantic trade after the discovery of the Americas caused the remaining kontors' decline, especially in Bruges, because it centred on other ports. It also changed business practice to short-term contracts and obsoleted the Hanseatic model of privileged guaranteed trade.
1527:
Many locals, merchant and noble alike, envied the League's power and tried to diminish it. For example, in London, local merchants exerted continuing pressure for the revocation of privileges. Most foreign cities confined Hanseatic traders to specific trading areas and their trading posts. The
796:
Over the 13th century, older and wealthier long-distance traders increasingly chose to settle in their hometowns as trade leaders, transitioning from their previous roles as landowners. The growing number of settled merchants afforded long-distance traders greater influence over town policies.
10531:
Door de Kantoren werden er duurzame relaties met de machthebbers ter plaatse opgebouwd. Daaarnaast waren ze ook een onmisbare bron van informatie voor de Hanzesteden over de lokale politiek en handel. Bovendien waren de Kantoren plaatsen waar er controle was op de kwaliteit van goederen in de
9871:
From the late 1970s, the Europeanness and cooperation of the Hanseatic League came to prominence in popular culture. It is associated with innovation, entrepreneurism and internationalness in economic circles. In this way it often used for tourism, city branding and commercial marketing. The
1531:
League merchants used their economic power to pressure cities and rulers. They called embargoes, redirected trade away from towns and boycotted entire countries. Blockades were erected against Novgorod in 1268 and 1277/1278. Bruges was pressured by temporarily moving the Hanseatic emporium to
10555:
Around the same time, all settlements were also formally subordinated to the decisions of the Hanseatic League. Since then their representatives had the right to attend the Hanse meetings and to advocate for the interests of the Offices and their merchants. However, they had no voting rights
5579:
and 5000 Poles and 3500 Germans lived within the city proper in the 15th century; Poles steadily rose in the ranks of guild memberships reaching 41% of guild members in 1500. It was very loosely associated with Hansa, and paid no membership fees, nor sent representatives to League meetings.
1540:
in 1436. Boycotts against Norway in 1284 and Flanders in 1358 nearly caused famines. They sometimes resorted to military action. Several Hanseatic cities maintained their own warships and in times of need, repurposed merchant ships. Military action against political powers often involved an
10551:
Rond dezelfde tijd werden ook alle nederzettingen formeel ondergeschikt aan de beslissingen van de Hanzedag. Hun vertegenwoordigers hadden sindsdien het recht om de Hanzevergaderingen bij te wonen en voor de belangen van de Kantoren en hun kooplieden te pleiten. Ze hadden er echter geen
9107:
Antwerp became a major Kontor of the League, particularly after the seaway to Bruges silted up in the 15th century, leading to its fortunes waning in Antwerp's favour, despite Antwerp's refusal to grant special privileges to the League's merchants. Between 1312 and 1406, Antwerp was a
699:
Hansa societies worked to remove trade restrictions for their members. The earliest documentary mention (although without a name) of a specific German commercial federation dates between 1173 and 1175 (commonly misdated to 1157) in London. That year, the merchants of the Hansa in
5169:
In 1488 the Hanseatic cities of the Altmark region rebelled against a beer tax against Elector of Brandenburg John Cicero. They lost and were punished by being forced to leave the Hanseatic League. Salzwedel and Stendal managed to stay in the Hanseatic League until 1518.
5041:
In 1488 the Hanseatic cities of the Altmark region rebelled against a beer tax against Elector of Brandenburg John Cicero. They lost and were punished by being forced to leave the Hanseatic League. Salzwedel and Stendal managed to stay in the Hanseatic League until 1518.
543:. More recent scholarship has deemphasized Lübeck, viewing it as one of several regional trading centers, and presenting the League as the combination of a north German trading system oriented on the Baltic and a Rhinelandic trading system targeting England and Flanders.
887:. Much of the drive for co-operation came from the fragmented nature of existing territorial governments, which did not provide security for trade. Over the next 50 years, the merchant Hansa solidified with formal agreements for co-operation covering the west and east
9824:
became the standard work in the 1960s. At that time, the dominant perspective became Ahasver von Brandt's view of a loosely aligned trading network. Marxist historians in the GDR were split on whether the League was a "late feudal" or "proto-capitalist" phenomenon.
14879:
2332:
Not all states tried to suppress their cities' former Hanseatic links; the Dutch Republic encouraged its eastern former members to maintain ties with the remaining Hanseatic League. The States-General relied on those cities in diplomacy at the time of the
1034:, many of which were important for the Baltic trade and became centres of the textile industry in the late 14th century. Hansards and textile manufacturers coordinated to make fabrics meet local demand and fashion in the traders' hometowns. Outposts in
310:
and trade routes. Economic interdependence and familial connections among merchant families led to deeper political integration and the reduction of trade barriers. This gradual process involved standardizing trade regulations among Hanseatic Cities.
9911:, the Netherlands, Sweden and Norway with historic links to the Hanseatic League to sign the recesses of 1669, at Zwolle's 750 year city rights' anniversary in August of the next year. In 1980, those cities established a "new Hanse" in Zwolle, named
801:, this elevated the status of merchants and enabled them expand to and assert dominance over more cities. This decentralised arrangement was fostered by slow travel speeds: moving from Reval to Lübeck took between 4 weeks and, in winter, 4 months.
9804:. Hanseatic history was used to justify a stronger German navy and conservative historians drew a link between the League and the rise of Prussia as the leading German state. This climate deeply influenced the historiography of the Baltic trade.
6786:
was made main town of the Circle. Cologne also was called "Electorate of Cologne" (German: Kurfürstentum Köln or Kurköln). In June 1669 the last Hanseday was held in the town of Lübeck by the last remaining Hanse members, amongst others Cologne.
11248:. As long as they paid established dues they were to be treated as the king's own men and no fresh charges would be levied on them without their consent. By this time they had some form of corporate organisation with a headquarters in London .
2831:
was modified to reduce the circles' heterogeneity, to enhance the collaboration of the members on a regional level and thus to make the League's decision-making process more efficient. The number of circles rose to four, so they were called
1838:
prevented further cooperation. Consequently, their Hanseatic ties weakened, and their economic focus shifted. Between 1417 and 1432, this economic reorientation became even more pronounced as Holland and Zeeland gradually became part of the
9018:, sealing the peace, led to the League purchasing the Steelyard outright in 1475, with Edward having renewed the League's privileges without insisting on reciprocal rights for English merchants in the Baltic. London merchants persuaded
3853:
Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards); since the 14th century gradually adopted the role of a chief city for the Pomeranian Hanse towns to its east
1720:
The Victual Brothers controlled Gotland in 1398. It was conquered by the Teutonic Order with support from the Prussian towns and its privileges were restored. The grandmaster of the Teutonic Order was often seen as head of the Hanse
1519:
The Hanseatic League, at first the merchant hansas and eventually its cities, relied on power to secure protection and gain and preserve privileges. Bandits and pirates were persistent problems; during wars these could be joined by
2819:. On a more local level, league members also met, and while such regional meetings never crystalized into a Hanseatic institution, they gradually gained importance in the process of preparing and implementing the Diet's decisions.
891:. Cities from the east modern day Low Countries, but also Utrecht, Holland, Zealand, Brabant, Namur and modern Limburg joined in participation over the thirteenth century. This network of Hanseatic trading guilds became called the
14886:
15067:
3002:
The hulk was a bulkier ship that could carry larger cargo; Elbl estimates they could carry up to 500 tons by the 15th century. It could be clinker or carvel-built. No archeological evidence of a hulk has been found.
2360:, preventing their cities from participating in the League, and controlled the Oder, Weser and Elbe, and could levy tolls on their traffic. The league became increasingly irrelevant despite its inclusion in the
1880:. The Sound tolls, and a later attempt of Lübeck to exclude the English and Dutch merchants from Scania harmed the Scanian herring trade when the excluded regions began to develop their own herring industries.
1062:
subregional trade. Internal Hanseatic trade was in fact the Hanse's quantitatively largest and important business. Trade over rivers and land was not tied to specific Hanseatic privileges, but seaports such as
3555:
to 1325. Stralsund joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Stralsund was a member of the
1506:. Lubeck had a vital role in the salt trade; salt was acquired in Lüneburg or shipped from France and Portugal and sold on Central European markets, taken to Scania to salt herring or exported to Russia.
2283:
In 1567, a Hanseatic League agreement reconfirmed previous obligations and rights of league members, such as common protection and defense against enemies. The Prussian Quartier cities of Thorn, Elbing,
676:. It became a transshipment port for trade between the North Sea and the Baltics. Lübeck also granted extensive trade privileges to Russian and Scandinavian traders. It was the main supply port for the
3015:. It was 40 m long and had three masts, one of the largest ships of its time. Danzig adopted carvel construction around 1470. Other cities shifted to carvels starting from this time. An example is the
1524:. Traders could be arrested abroad and their goods could be confiscated. The league sought to codify protection; internal treaties established mutual defence and external treaties codified privileges.
852:
when needed. The Hanseatic cities aided one another, and commercial ships often served to carry soldiers and their arms. The network of alliances grew to include a flexible roster of 70 to 170 cities.
1690:
in 1370. It extended privileges in Scania to the League, including Holland and Zeeland. The treaty marked the height of Hanseatic influence; for this period the League was called a "Northern European
399:. By the mid-16th century, these weak connections left the Hanseatic League vulnerable, and it gradually unraveled as members merged into other realms or departed, ultimately disintegrating in 1669.
2269:
to the position, who worked to protect and extend the diplomatic agreements of the member towns. In 1557 and 1579, revised agreements spelled out the duties of towns and some progress was made. The
2344:
was destructive for the Hanseatic League and members suffered heavily from both the imperials, the Danes and the Swedes. At the beginning, Saxon and Wendish faced attacks because of the desire of
1907:
sought and eventually won free access to the Baltic. Although the blockade of the grain trade hurt Holland and Zeeland more than Hanseatic cities, it was against Prussian interest to maintain it.
1766:
kontor in Novgorod were imprisoned and 36 of them died. Although rare, arrests and seizures in Novgorod were particularly violent. In response, and due to the ongoing war between Novgorod and the
12425:
11301:
in high and late Medieval east Central Europe: III 'Germanisation' of East Central European Law: Towns as conduits of Reception". In Pihlajamäki, Heikki; Dubber, Markus D.; Godfrey, Mark (eds.).
2526:) to represent their local consensus on the issue at the Diet. Not every community sent an envoy; delegates were often entitled to represent multiple communities. Consensus-building on local and
1502:) going in the other direction. Metal ore (principally copper and iron) and herring came south from Sweden, while the Carpathians were another important source of copper and iron, often sold in
14790:
10838:
824:
In 1241, Lübeck, which had access to the Baltic and North seas' fishing grounds, formed an alliance—a precursor to the League—with the trade city of Hamburg, which controlled access to the
3704:
Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Greifswald was a member of the
10273:
novels and video games, a trading alliance of stations called The Commonwealth of the Stations of the Ring Line is also known as the Hanseatic League, usually shortened to Hansa or Hanza.
15135:
The following cities were also connected with the League, but did not have representation in the Diet, nor responsibility: (...) Leghorn, Lisbon, London, Marseilles, Messina,Naples (...)
994:
and were granted legal autonomy to the extent that Burkhardt argues that they resembled a fifth kontor and would be seen as such if not for their early decline. In England, factories in
282:
towns in the late 12th century, the League expanded between the 13th and 15th centuries and ultimately encompassed nearly 200 settlements across eight modern-day countries, ranging from
14943:
3777:
Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Anklam was a member of the
3631:
Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Demmin was a member of the
1785:
via the treaties of Marienburg (the first in 1388, the last in 1409). Their influence increased, while the importance of Hanseatic trade in England decreased over the 15th century.
85:
13945:
9915:(Union of Cities THE HANSA) in German and reinstituted the Hanseatic diets. This league is open to all former Hanseatic League members and cities that share a Hanseatic heritage.
2407:
14506:
2151:
The trends of local feudal lords asserting control over towns and suppressing their autonomy, and of foreign rulers repressing Hanseatic traders continued in the next century.
1861:
levying tolls at the Øresund. Hanseatic cities were divided initially; Lübeck tried to appease Eric while Hamburg supported the Schauenburg counts against him. This led to the
17458:
15075:
8836:
Bryggen was one of the principal Kontore of the League. It was razed by accidental fire in 1476. In 1560, administration of Bryggen was placed under Norwegian administration.
12640:
Boestad, Tobias (2021). "Legitimizing interurban cooperation in the Middle Ages: the legal system of the Hanse". In Aust, Helmut P.; Marcenko, Miha; Nijman, Janne E. (eds.).
2101:
trade with Sweden and Norway, and his sons Wolf and Burghard Moldenhauer established themselves in Bergen and Stockholm, becoming leaders of the local Hanseatic activities.
515:
The Hanseatic League was never formally founded, so it lacks a date of foundation. Historians traditionally traced its origins to the rebuilding of the north German town of
2577:
was a settlement of Hansards organised in the mid-14th century as a private corporation that had its own treasury, court, legislation and seal. They operated like an early
17438:
17221:
2616:
of Bruges modified its statute to ensure an equal representation of League members. To that end, member communities from different regions were pooled into three circles (
12553:
1987:, from 10,000 short tons (9,100 t) per year, in the late 15th century, to over 200,000 short tons (180,000 t) in the 17th century. The Hansa-dominated maritime
2240:, in his words "Lutheran heresy", of Lübeck and other north German cities. This frustrated but did not end the towns' Hanseatic trade and a small resurgence came later.
1713:, who took Bornholm and Visby in his name. They and their descendants threatened maritime trade between 1392 and the 1430s. Under the 1395 release agreement for Albert,
1572:. By 1600 at least 15 lighthouses had been erected along the German and Scandinavian coasts, making it the best lighted coast in the world, largely thanks to the Hansa.
2534:, where consensus was defined as absence of protest: after a discussion, the proposals that gained sufficient support were dictated to the scribe and passed as binding
8912:
Bruges was one of the principal Kontore of the League until the 15th century, when the seaway to the city silted up; trade from Antwerp benefiting from Bruges's loss.
1991:
made Poland one of the main areas of its activity, helping Danzig to become the Hansa's largest city. Polish kings soon began to reduce the towns' political freedoms.
9807:
Issues of social, cultural and economic history became more important in German research after the First World War. But leading historian Fritz Rörig also promoted a
9143:
were significant foreign trading posts of the League in Scania, not cities that were Hanseatic members, they are argued by some to have been similar in status to the
1757:
In Novgorod, after extended conflict since the 1380s, the League regained its trade privileges in 1392, agreeing to Russian trade privileges for Livonia and Gotland.
417:. Expressing diversity in construction, it was depicted on Hanseatic seals and coats of arms. By the end of the Middle Ages, the cog was replaced by types like the
361:. It lacked a permanent administrative body, a treasury, and a standing military force. In the 14th century, the Hanseatic League instated an irregular negotiating
15991:
14864:
18223:
9922:, and 21 Polish cities. No Danish cities had joined the Union although several qualify. The "new Hanse" fosters business links, tourism and cultural exchange.
17463:
17453:
10074:
and Sweden through the signing of a foundational document which set out the countries' "shared views and values in the discussion on the architecture of the
1807:
in 1442 and blocked all Brandenburg towns from participating in Hanseatic diets. For some Brandenburg towns this ended their Hanseatic involvement. In 1488,
17443:
11139:
9860:
were presented as heroes and liberators from economic oppression. This was popular from the end of the First World War into the 1930s, and survives in the
2671:
were subordinated to the Diet's decisions around this time, and their envoys received the right to attend and speak at Diets, albeit without voting power.
2514:
League decisions and actions were taken via a consensus-based procedure. If an issue arose, members were invited to participate in a central meeting, the
12692:
To facilitate trade in foreign countries, the Hansa established counters (Kontore) . The counters operated as the equivalent of an early stock exchange.
2395:
620:, on the island of Gotland, functioned as the leading centre in the Baltic before the Hansa. Sailing east, Visby merchants established a trading post at
14760:
12429:
1662:. Though initially unsuccessful with a Wendish offensive, towns from Prussia and the Netherlands, and eventually joined by Wendish towns, allied in the
1611:
or by their feudal overlords between 1306 and 1319 and the restriction of their autonomy. Assemblies of the Hanse towns met irregularly in Lübeck for a
986:, individual ports with Hanseatic trading outposts or factories had a representative merchant and warehouse. Often they were not permanently manned. In
17473:
14912:
10075:
594:
and wheat brought on barges from the hinterland to port markets. Merchant guilds formed in hometowns and destination ports as medieval corporations (
18238:
17448:
14794:
2056:
A major Hansa economic advantage was its control of the shipbuilding market, mainly in Lübeck and Danzig. The League sold ships throughout Europe.
672:
trading eastward and northward; for them, because of its shorter and easier access route and better legal protections, it was more attractive than
2166:(industrialist in the mining and metal industry) and his unfriendly business take-over attempt. Fugger allied with his financially dependent pope
578:, with the intention of trading with overseas towns, especially in the economically less-developed eastern Baltic. This area could supply timber,
17887:
2022:
598:), and despite competition increasingly cooperated to coalesce into the Hanseatic network of merchant guilds. The dominant language of trade was
18343:
17468:
1717:
was ruled from 1395 to 1398 by a consortium of 7 Hanseatic cities, and enjoyed full Hanseatic trading privileges. It went to Margaret in 1398.
10248:, the human race has colonized multiple planets in the Spiral Arm, most of which are governed by the powerful Terran Hanseatic League (Hansa).
1705:. This was further complicated when Swedish nobles rebelled against Albert and invited Margaret. Albert was taken prisoner in 1389, but hired
14958:
18248:
15784:
15737:
17738:
17238:
16496:
13956:
2292:, Danzig remained neutral and would not allow ships running for Poland into its territory. They had to anchor somewhere else, such as at
2158:
1521–1523, the Hanseatic League was successful in opposition in an economic conflict it had over the trade, mining and metal industry in
762:, after the league's most prominent town. The law provided that they appeal in all legal matters to Lübeck's city council. Others, like
15795:
14765:
18263:
15817:
2432:
Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck remained as the only members until the League's formal end in 1862, on the eve of the 1867 founding of the
2429:
in Antwerp were long impossible to sell. The Steelyard was finally sold in 1852 and the Oostershuis, closed in 1593, was sold in 1862.
2280:
in 1520 and the Hansa attempted to pioneer new routes. However the league proved unable to prevent the growing mercantile competition.
10585:[The displacement of the Middle Low German by the New High German written language]. In Cordes, Gerhard; Möhn, Dieter (eds.).
8655:
were the major foreign trading posts of the League, not cities that were Hanseatic members, and are listed in the hidden table below.
2916:, whereby Lübeck merchants represented the Wendish, Pomeranian Saxon and several Westphalian towns, Cologne merchants represented the
18318:
18243:
14519:
10767:
Martin, Janet (1975). "Les Uškujniki de Novgorod: Marchands ou Pirates?" [The Uškujniki of Novgorod: Merchants or Pirates?].
10328:
10231:
series of trading simulation video games, the player assumes the role of a merchant in any of several cities of the Hanseatic League.
758:), all of which joined the League, and some of which retain Hansa buildings and bear the style of their Hanseatic days. Most adopted
18303:
15272:
2311:
expelled the League from London, and the Steelyard closed and sequestered in 1598. The Kontor returned in 1606 under her successor,
18233:
15984:
10840:
Trading Networks, Monopoly and Economic Development in Medieval Northern Europe: an Agent-Based Simulation of Early Hanseatic Trade
10313:
10270:
5809:
in 1525 after secularisation, a German principality that was a fief of the Polish crown until gaining its independence in the 1660
547:
314:
14976:
2258:
inlet was closing up. Finally, the growing political authority of the German princes constrained the independence of Hanse towns.
2243:
Later in the 16th century, Denmark-Norway took control of much of the Baltic. Sweden had regained control over its own trade, the
18253:
18030:
17204:
5302:
Danzig became an autonomous city under the protection of the Polish Crown until the 18th century when it was annexed by Prussia.
2522:), that may have begun around 1300, and were formalised since 1358 (or possibly 1356). The member communities then chose envoys (
1892:
18100:
17882:
17847:
17112:
14367:
4262:
be joined with Sweden. In 1470, Visby's status was rescinded by the League, with Lübeck razing the city's churches in May 1525.
1910:
15754:
6113:
5924:
5669:, was only loosely connected to the League and paid no membership fees nor did its representatives take part in Hansa meetings
5291:
413:
The League used a variety of vessel types for shipping across the seas and navigating rivers. The most emblematic type was the
3475:
Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards).
1734:
Hanseatic cities' increased legislation of their kontors abroad. Only the Bergen kontor grew more independent in this period.
18308:
15590:
15537:
15476:
15455:
15430:
15313:
15050:
14669:
14638:
14570:
14424:
14281:
14073:
13901:
13859:
13414:
13237:
13208:
13179:
13147:
13072:
13016:
12954:
12720:
12678:
12651:
12624:
12588:
12537:
12384:
12317:
12280:
12242:
12189:
12160:
12131:
12106:
12072:
12038:
12011:
11815:
11788:
11479:
11377:
11352:
11327:
11281:
11230:
11203:
10747:
10670:
10600:
9377:
18338:
17948:
12925:
12556:[All politically independent municipalities with selected characteristics on June 30, 2022 (2nd quarter of 2022)].
10787:
10103:
4965:
4883:
1929:
1872:
Eric of Pomerania was subsequently deposed and in 1438 Lübeck took control of the Øresund toll, which caused tensions with
1862:
1796:
17897:
17605:
12002:
Hansen, Mogens Herman, ed. (2000). "Imperial and Free Towns of the Holy Roman Empire City States in Pre-Modern Germany?".
6005:
On joining the Hanseatic League, Reval was a Danish fief, but was sold in 1346, with the rest of northern Estonia, to the
18313:
17011:
1808:
18040:
17069:
15495:
10348:
9833:
1869:(1428). The Treaty of Vordingborg renewed the League's commercial privileges in 1435, but the Øresund tolls continued.
16865:
15330:
15150:
6105:
5916:
1937:
485:
18154:
14816:
Conybeare, John (1985). "Trade Wars: A Comparative Study of Anglo-Hanse, Franco-Italian, and Hawley-Smoot Conflicts".
12006:. Københavns universitet, Polis centret. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Polis Centre & C.A. Reitzels Forlag. p. 305.
708:
of England to exempt them from all tolls in London and to grant protection to merchants and goods throughout England.
17194:
15628:
15609:
15180:
14325:
14180:
14021:
13648:
13494:
13268:
11986:
11959:
11932:
11849:
10197:
5802:
5572:
5542:
5493:
5401:
1953:
10843:. 9th European Historical Economics Society Conference, Dublin, Ireland. Oakville, Ontario, Canada: Medievalists.net
17169:
16996:
16591:
15419:
Bandle, Oskar; Braunmüller, Kurt; Jahr, Ernst Håkon; Karker, Allan; Nauman, Hans-Peter; Teleman, Ulf, eds. (2005).
8807:
4224:
2171:
1866:
1659:
17827:
17430:
17367:
17164:
15711:
Cowan, Alexander. "Hanseatic League: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide" (Oxford University Press, 2010)
15450:] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum.
8260:
3044:. It served as a merchant ship until it was damaged in 1581 on a return voyage from Lisbon and broken up in 1588.
711:
550:
during the 13th century, and Lübeck became a central node in the seaborne trade that linked the areas around the
18333:
18328:
18323:
18298:
17339:
17122:
17021:
16624:
16489:
15277:
13946:"The Perception and Interpretation of Hanseatic Material Culture in the North Atlantic: Problems and Suggestions"
12914:
Städtebünde im deutschen Spätmittelalter. Eine rechtshistorische Untersuchung zu Begriff, Verfassung und Funktion
11320:
A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649
11143:
1599:
dynasty forced the League to institutionalise a cooperating network of cities with a fluid structure, called the
18159:
18149:
18020:
17842:
1490:
The league primarily traded beeswax, furs, timber, resin (or tar), flax, honey, wheat, and rye from the east to
18228:
18035:
16808:
16641:
16579:
15810:
15254:
12918:
City leagues in the German late Middle Ages. A legal-historical study of the concept, constitution and function
11053:
5822:
715:
The Hanseatic League left a significant cultural and architectural heritage. It is especially renowned for its
17:
17892:
11195:
Traders, ties and tensions: the interactions of Lübeckers, Overijsslers and Hollanders in Late Medieval Bergen
8190:
5086:
4665:
4603:
4308:
3305:
2112:
despite the latent hostility, in part thanks to the significant financial contribution the League made to the
1058:. Trading posts operated in Flanders, Denmark-Norway, the Baltic interior, Upper Germany, Iceland and Venice.
442:
word for a band or troop. This word was applied to bands of merchants traveling between the Hanseatic cities.
18288:
18258:
17985:
17657:
17179:
17016:
16925:
15645:
14247:
14224:
12312:(softcover). Translated by McGeoch, Angus (Illustrated ed.). Martlesham, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer.
10823:
6744:
5290:
Main town of the Prussian, Livonian and Swedish (or East Baltic) Circle. Danzig had been first a part of the
2764:
2384:
2031:
2003:
841:
701:
673:
497:
18015:
17943:
1979:, then the Polish capital, had a loose association with the Hansa. The lack of customs borders on the River
18273:
14920:
14173:
Trade and urban development in Poland. An economic geography of Cracow, from its origins to 1795, Volume 20
11166:
9539:
9416:
5485:
5393:
5299:
3033:
2233:
1961:
1043:
1023:
30:
This article is about the 13th to 17th century trade association. For the modern business association, see
17610:
17570:
8753:, closed the Peterhof; it was reopened a few years later, but the League's Russian trade never recovered.
18293:
17216:
16975:
16970:
16586:
15825:
8072:
8006:
7952:
7898:
7180:
7107:
6964:
5798:
5771:
5710:
5481:
5454:
5389:
5358:
5295:
5264:
2585:
was an exception in this regard; it acquired buildings only as of the 15th century. Like the guilds, the
2390:
Lübeck, Hamburg and Bremen continued to attempt common diplomacy, although interests had diverged by the
2289:
2002:
were in constant conflict over control of the Pomeranian Hanseatic towns. While not successful at first,
1694:". The Confederation lasted until 1385, while the Øresund fortresses were returned to Denmark that year.
1628:
or enjoyed comparable autonomy and liberties, but many temporarily escaped domination by local nobility.
947:
were institutionalised by the first half of the 14th century (for Bergen and Bruges) and, except for the
18010:
12178:
5744:
18213:
18050:
18005:
17031:
17026:
16482:
10687:
10441:
10338:
10227:
10020:
5140:
5012:
4936:
4856:
4454:
2732:
2433:
1687:
833:
368:
18045:
14317:
The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe: The Expansion of Latin Christendom in the Baltic Lands
13978:
3065:
In the table below, the names listed in the column labelled Quarter have been summarised as follows:
18218:
18203:
17965:
17913:
17299:
17243:
17001:
16755:
16716:
15803:
15099:"An Outline History of the Hanseatic League, More Particularly in Its Bearings upon English Commerce"
13640:
10934:
2996:
2441:
2155:
1835:
1528:
refusal of the Hansa to offer reciprocal arrangements to their counterparts exacerbated the tension.
418:
396:
17274:
18208:
17812:
17694:
12782:
12554:"Alle politisch selbständigen Gemeinden mit ausgewählten Merkmalen am 30.06.2022 (2. Quartal 2022)"
10938:
10358:
9856:
In the late 19th century, a social-critical view developed, where opponents of the League like the
9304:
9219:
9015:
3552:
3037:
2109:
1922:
1663:
476:
Exploratory trading ventures, raids, and piracy occurred throughout the Baltic Sea. The sailors of
69:
15223:
13747:
12218:] (hardcover) (in Polish) (1st ed.). Warsaw: Arkady – via catalog.lib.uchicago.edu.
12209:
3525:
1607:
continued to exist. This development was delayed by the conquest of Wendish cities by Danish king
17304:
17248:
17006:
16664:
14372:
14175:. Cambridge studies in historical geography. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71, 100–02.
14157:
13743:
12234:
11035:
208. Special languages and their social and functional dimensions 1: Socially dependent varieties
10353:
10257:
9026:, the advantage never returned. Consulates continued however, providing communication during the
9022:
to rescind the League's privileges on 13 January 1598; while the Steelyard was re-established by
4794:
4448:
3012:
2949:
2609:
in the 15th century. The kontors' statutes were read aloud to the present merchants once a year.
2345:
1900:
18164:
17928:
17802:
17792:
17395:
17062:
15667:
13406:
10663:
Chronologisches Wörterbuch des deutschen Wortschatzes, Vol. 2 Der Wortschatz des 9. Jahrhunderts
9861:
2217:'s victory. Lübeck's attempts at forcing competitors out of the Sound eventually alienated even
18093:
17228:
17142:
17137:
17132:
17127:
17117:
16830:
16659:
15759:
14661:
14655:
13006:
11033:
11013:
10236:
10123:
9853:. This misleading artistic tradition influenced public perception throughout the 20th century.
9845:
warfare, and the League was presented as a bringer of culture and pioneer of German expansion.
9109:
9019:
4727:
2411:
2308:
2187:
2075:
1941:
1883:
1840:
1698:
1675:
775:
689:
603:
422:
17733:
17532:
15527:
15422:
The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages
15042:
15038:
15019:
14726:
14630:
14626:
14622:
14618:
14616:
14606:
14416:
14115:
14065:
14061:
14057:
14053:
13973:
12525:
12475:
12401:
12270:
12028:
11922:
11873:
11837:
11720:
11699:
11533:
11447:
10733:
10582:
9196:
3166:
2417:
Three kontors remained as, often unused, Hanseatic property after the League's demise, as the
2394:. Nonetheless, the Hanseatic Republics were able to jointly perform some diplomacy, such as a
1697:
After Valdemar's heir Olav died, a succession dispute erupted over Denmark and Norway between
723:'s St. Nikolai Church and its City Hall, shown here. The old town of Stralsund, together with
103:
18055:
17958:
17518:
17159:
16910:
16775:
16060:
15169:"Vom öffentlichen Gebrauch der Hansegeschichte und hanseforschung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert"
15168:
14722:
14686:
14412:
14408:
14273:
14269:
13851:
13486:
13482:
13478:
13476:
13470:
13225:
13196:
12892:
12347:
12094:
11976:
11949:
11897:
11805:
11776:
11748:
11589:
11415:
11370:
Of Laws of Ships and Shipmen: Medieval Maritime Law and its Practice in Urban Northern Europe
10992:
9704:
8398:
2414:
in 1871. The three cities also had a common "Hanseatic" representation in Berlin until 1920.
2117:
1702:
990:, Denmark, around 30 Hanseatic seasonal factories produced salted herring, these were called
972:
17358:
17096:
15790:
13955:(Special Volume 1: Archaeologies of the Early Modern North Atlantic): 89–108. Archived from
13889:
12668:
12177:
12148:
9918:
In 2012, the city league had 187 members. This included twelve Russian cities, most notably
9297:
9212:
6866:(1470–74), Dortmund was made the main town of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle.
3078:"Westphalian": Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands (including Flanders) (or Rhineland) quarter
2198:
1074:
where trade retained an open character. Digging canals for trade was uncommon, although the
602:, which had significant impact on the languages spoken in the area, particularly the larger
17380:
17233:
16965:
16960:
16900:
16835:
16740:
16378:
15695:
15197:
15071:
14266:
Crusader castles of the Teutonic Knights: The stone castles of Latvia and Estonia 1185–1560
13108:(1). Heidelberg: Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht.
11840:. In Berg, Sigrun Høgetveit; Bergesen, Rognald Heiseldal; Kristiansen, Roald Ernst (eds.).
10742:]. Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. p. 145.
10161:
10130:, which was a major German shipping company from 1881 until its bankruptcy and takeover by
10047:
10035:
9829:
9784:
9648:
9406:
9003:
7101:
6958:
4255:
3397:
2724:
2445:
2372:
2341:
2105:
2060:
1933:
995:
904:
864:
849:
696:
in 1189. Also in this period Wismar, Rostock, Stralsund and Danzig received city charters.
536:
532:
488:. Scandinavians led the Baltic trade before the League, establishing major trading hubs at
35:
31:
17503:
17087:
15175:. Hansische Studien (in German). Vol. XII. Trier: Porta Alba Verlag. pp. 67–88.
14562:
14552:
12499:
12482:
How the Hansa disappeared and rises on the threshold of the 20th to the 21st century again
12151:
The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged
6944:
6829:
6815:
5080:
4659:
4597:
4302:
3299:
2803:
was the only central institution of the Hanseatic League. However, with the division into
8:
18268:
18128:
18085:
17560:
17488:
17184:
16930:
16860:
16803:
16720:
16546:
16408:
16322:
15282:
14982:
12176:
MacKay, Angus; Ditchburn, David (1997). "Late Medieval Scandinavia: Unity and Disunity".
11094:
10617:
9941:
9873:
9850:
9633:
9502:
9341:
9256:
9011:
8993:
7992:
6863:
6771:
6101:
6093:
6010:
5912:
5610:
3011:
In 1464, Danzig acquired a French carvel ship through a legal dispute and renamed it the
2602:
2453:
2418:
2361:
2027:
1761:
1679:
1015:
968:
940:
884:
728:
705:
669:
639:
350:
17854:
17498:
17483:
17258:
15732:
Szepesi, Istvan. "Reflecting the Nation: The Historiography of Hanseatic Institutions."
13089:
12064:
Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia
11225:(Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 2002). p. 15.
11222:
England and the German Hanse, 1157–1611: A Study of Their Trade and Commercial Diplomacy
10620:[The Hanseatic League - an alliance with tradition] (in German). wendland-net.de
10185:
10173:
6774:(1470–74), when the city was prosecuted in 1475 with temporary trade sanctions (German:
3404:) in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards).
3024:
2987:
2908:
elections), grouped League members in different ways (e.g., the division adopted by the
18114:
18072:
17990:
17864:
17555:
17410:
17314:
17036:
16940:
16724:
16676:
16671:
16574:
16564:
16521:
16513:
16403:
16216:
15847:
15726:
15126:
15118:
14880:"O estabelecimento dos mercadores-banqueiros alemães em Lisboa no início do século XVI"
14841:
14833:
13395:
12774:
12713:
Sea power Germany. The Hanseatic League, Kaiser Wilhelm II and the new Maritime Complex
11114:
10916:
10363:
10091:
10031:
9817:
9643:
9446:
9394:
9337:
9252:
8963:
8889:
8750:
7093:
6779:
5908:
5830:
5666:
5662:
5632:
4160:
4096:
4026:
3958:
3902:
3827:
3754:
3681:
3608:
3041:
2728:
2663:
In 1356, during a Hanseatic meeting in preparation for the first (or one of the first)
2266:
2141:
2121:
2068:
1999:
1854:
1625:
1608:
1584:
1483:
other fields, e.g. etching, wood carving, armour production, engraving of metals, and
1007:
928:
868:
685:
540:
452:
came to mean a society of merchants or a trader guild. Claims that it originally meant
18182:
17874:
17672:
17652:
17647:
17575:
17513:
17324:
17055:
15661:
9883:
8749:
Novgorod was one of the principal Kontore of the League and the easternmost. In 1494,
5134:
5006:
4930:
4850:
4842:
3016:
2928:
and Dutch towns, while Danzig merchants represented the Prussian and Livonian towns).
1565:
325:. It established a network of trading posts in numerous towns and cities, notably the
17728:
17635:
17478:
17390:
17294:
17253:
16915:
16890:
16870:
16850:
16840:
16730:
16712:
16681:
16614:
16531:
16505:
15851:
15671:
15639:
15624:
15605:
15586:
15533:
15472:
15451:
15426:
15391:
15309:
15176:
15130:
15046:
14986:
14845:
14665:
14634:
14566:
14420:
14377:
14321:
14277:
14176:
14069:
14017:
13897:
13855:
13644:
13490:
13410:
13264:
13233:
13204:
13175:
13143:
13109:
13068:
13012:
12950:
12921:
12716:
12674:
12647:
12620:
12584:
12533:
12380:
12313:
12276:
12238:
12185:
12156:
12149:
12127:
12102:
12068:
12034:
12007:
11982:
11955:
11928:
11845:
11811:
11784:
11475:
11373:
11348:
11323:
11277:
11226:
11199:
11118:
10908:
10815:
10789:
Hanseatic Cogs and Baltic Trade: Interrelations Between Trade, Technology and Ecology
10743:
10666:
10596:
10265:
10245:
9779:
8725:
8136:
7834:
7770:
7716:
7662:
7598:
7534:
7373:
7311:
7041:
3052:
2782:
2716:
2645:
2484:
2387:
even requested Lübeck to call a Tagfahrt to rally support for him against the Turks.
2353:
2348:
to control the Elbe and Weser. Pomerania had a major population decline. Sweden took
2194:
pursued independent policies and didn't support Lübeck's effort against Dutch trade.
2017:
1968:
1888:
1850:
1778:
1742:
1635:
681:
677:
657:
of Lübeck, built in 1464, is the only historic gate of the city still standing today.
607:
599:
449:
116:
18107:
17933:
17716:
17662:
17630:
17493:
15382:
14662:[, https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA74 74–75],
10870:
10583:"Die Verdrängung der mittelniederdeutschen durch die neuhochdeutsche Schriftsprache"
9372:
3089:
Territory – the jurisdiction to which the city was subject at the time of the League
2999:
began to replace the cog by 1400 and cogs lost their dominance to them around 1450.
1580:
18278:
18121:
17334:
17149:
16905:
16820:
16765:
16735:
16686:
16646:
16629:
16619:
16554:
16526:
16286:
16040:
15749:
15722:
15110:
15109:. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Vol. 9 (1881), pp. 82–136: 82–136.
14825:
11106:
11068:
10639:
10399:
10368:
10305:
9812:
9084:
8998:
7231:
5576:
5536:
4919:
2755:
2633:
2621:
2582:
2391:
2270:
2248:
2222:
1995:
1983:
after 1466 helped to gradually increase Polish grain exports, transported down the
1782:
1710:
948:
804:
767:
611:
528:
357:
Even at its peak, the Hanseatic League remained a loosely aligned confederation of
295:
279:
17938:
17923:
17750:
17679:
14141:
Hanseatic Sites, Routes and Monuments: A Traveler's Guide to the Past and Present.
13633:
9281:
8704:
5957:
3040:. It was the biggest ship of its day at 78 m long and had four masts, including a
2679:
The league gradually divided the organisation into three constituent parts called
2476:
merchant guilds into a more formal association of cities, but never formed into a
2063:
did not spare the Hansa. Nevertheless, its eventual rivals emerged in the form of
1646:
1568:. Lübeck erected in 1202 what may be northern Europe's first proper lighthouse in
18283:
17918:
17508:
17344:
17309:
17174:
17154:
16945:
16920:
16708:
16691:
16536:
16383:
16327:
15712:
15466:
15441:
15420:
14315:
13254:
13167:
13135:
13062:
12709:
Seemacht Deutschland. Die Hanse, Kaiser Wilhelm II. und der neue Maritime Komplex
12641:
12408:
The city Groningen and the Hanseatic League till the end of the sixteenth century
12062:
11463:
11302:
11261:
11220:
11193:
10942:
10586:
10461:
10343:
10333:
10252:
9801:
9797:
9027:
8710:
8402:
7481:
7428:
6894:
5810:
4554:
2917:
2720:
2625:
2508:
2304:
2202:
1561:
1075:
845:
665:
643:
524:
439:
363:
275:
76:
18000:
17832:
9828:
Two museums in Europe are dedicated to the history of the Hanseatic League: the
3189:
Capital of the Hanseatic League, main town of the Wendish and Pomeranian Circle
2464:
848:
of 1260. The towns raised their own armies, with each guild required to provide
649:
17807:
17755:
17704:
17420:
17415:
17385:
17375:
16895:
16885:
16880:
16875:
16855:
16845:
16760:
16703:
16596:
16559:
16423:
16418:
16368:
16232:
15357:
12477:
Hoe de Hanze verdween en op de drempel van de 20e naar de 21e eeuw weer opleeft
10710:
10477:
10469:
10027:
9877:
9872:
League's unique governance structure has been identified as a precursor to the
9545:
9400:
9381:
9333:
9248:
9023:
8977:
8371:
8357:
8254:
6109:
6013:
6006:
5920:
3029:
2921:
2578:
2444:. Despite its collapse, they cherished the link to the Hanseatic League. Until
2399:
2357:
2312:
2261:
The league attempted to deal with some of these issues: it created the post of
1945:
1767:
1745:
c. 1400. Novgorod created a vast territorial empire and controlled much of the
1027:
1003:
936:
880:
520:
271:
17859:
15425:(hardcover). Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
11263:
Family, Commerce, and Religion in London and Cologne: Anglo-German Emigrants,
10640:"Synonym-Details zu 'Deutsche Hanse · Düdesche Hanse · Hansa Teutonica (lat.)"
9679:
3734:
3519:
1552:
738:
settled in numerous cities on and near the east Baltic coast, such as Elbing (
402:
18197:
17620:
17400:
17284:
16991:
16790:
15501:
15068:"The Operation of International Trade in Iceland and Shetland (c. 1400–1700)"
14756:
14751:
14558:
14049:
13402:
13113:
11783:(hardcover) (1st ed.). Blackwell Publishing Ltd, John Wiley & Sons.
10912:
10378:
10373:
10291:
10115:
8942:
8114:
7642:
6684:
6627:
6570:
6515:
6455:
6400:
6339:
6280:
6221:
6164:
6097:
6068:
5979:
5877:
5806:
5489:
5397:
5385:
2437:
2349:
2214:
2088:
developed an overland route to sell formerly Hansa-monopolised products from
1957:
1903:(1438–1441), a privateer war mostly waged by Wendish towns, the merchants of
1834:
actively participated in the Hansa, but in 1395, their feudal obligations to
1790:
1560:
As an essential part of protecting their investments, League members trained
964:
837:
798:
111:
17797:
17199:
16124:
16053:
8130:
7828:
7764:
7710:
7656:
7592:
7528:
7367:
7305:
7035:
5751:
2285:
1847:
councils established in 1410. The crisis was ended in 1418 by a compromise.
867:
of England granted the Lübeck and Hamburg Hansa a charter for operations in
759:
505:
18079:
17953:
17319:
16950:
16780:
16651:
16569:
16009:
13140:
Maritime Archaeology: A Reader of Substantive and Theoretical Contributions
11110:
10323:
10299:
10205:
9908:
7514:
7291:
7239:
7021:
5904:
5826:
5818:
4583:
4293:
4218:
3095:
From and Until – the dates at which the city joined and/or left the league
2925:
2867:
2477:
2293:
2175:
2163:
2064:
1781:
with the League from the 1370s, English traders gained trade privileges in
1596:
944:
716:
392:
17837:
17625:
17329:
16226:
15908:
15663:
Economic and Social History of Europe in the Later Middle Ages (1300–1530)
13201:
God's Obvious Design: Papers for the Spanish Armada Symposium, Sligo, 1988
10086:
The legacy of the Hansa is reflected in several names: the German airline
9628:
8245:
7578:
6770:
Main town of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle until after the
5765:
5704:
5448:
5352:
5258:
4912:
4651:
3943:
2815:
meeting") to work out common positions which could then be presented at a
2685:
2667:, the League confirmed this statute. All trader settlements including the
2044:
909:
18025:
17787:
17709:
17405:
16935:
16813:
16798:
16770:
16606:
16129:
15779:
14563:[https://books.google.com/books?id=MkAw1f_iSEwC&pg=PA255 255]
11810:(hardcover) (reprint ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames, New York: Routledge.
11535:
De Nederlandse Hanzesteden: scharnieren in de Europese economie 1250–1550
11072:
10241:
10131:
10111:
10071:
10030:
became the first English member of the union of cities. It was joined by
9674:
9663:
9653:
9472:
8150:
8086:
8020:
7966:
7912:
7848:
7814:
7784:
7750:
7730:
7676:
7612:
7548:
7494:
7441:
7387:
7353:
7325:
7259:
7225:
7194:
7121:
7055:
6978:
5814:
5756:
3936:
3452:
3373:
3036:(1563–70), Llaunched in 1566, it was never put to military use after the
2560:
2491:. Not all towns with Low German merchant communities were members (e.g.,
2426:
2237:
2218:
2183:
2179:
2097:
1988:
1914:
1691:
1671:
1631:
1618:
1532:
Aardenburg from 1280 to 1282, from 1307 or 1308 to 1310 and in 1350, to
1484:
1047:
976:
888:
735:
509:
501:
287:
267:
259:
178:
17699:
17585:
15916:
13098:
Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (ZaöRV)
12354:
The Kontors of the Hanseatic League: Bergen, Brugge, London and Novgorod
11015:
135. Language contacts in the Late Middle Ages and in Early Modern Times
10792:(Thesis). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska at Lincoln. pp. 14–25
10520:, the strait between the Danish island of Zealand (Sjælland) and Sweden.
9973:
9729:
9714:
9561:
9078:
8957:
8401:
until acquiring its freedom in 1444–49, after which it aligned with the
8238:
8066:
8000:
7946:
7892:
7696:
7174:
7087:
3291:
3285:
2981:
2496:
1054:
offered the cheaper Bay salt. Ships that plied this trade sailed in the
829:
90:
Northern Europe in the 1400s, showing the extent of the Hanseatic League
17995:
17817:
17289:
17279:
17211:
16698:
15896:
15717:
Harrison, Gordon. "The Hanseatic League in Historical Interpretation."
15675:
15122:
14837:
14341:
12579:
Jahnke, Carsten (2012). Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna; Jenks, Stuart (eds.).
11219:
Lloyd, T. H. (1991). "The winning of the Hanse franchises, 1157–1361".
10951:] (in German). Vol. 2. Hamburg: Friedrich Perthes. p. 94.
10211:
10119:
10099:
10095:
9965:
9689:
9658:
9467:
9457:
9426:
8801:
8170:
8121:
7932:
7648:
4381:
4286:
4004:
3666:
2970:
2953:
2945:
2747:
2629:
2449:
2334:
2159:
1667:
1595:
The weakening of imperial power and imperial protection under the late
1521:
1499:
1495:
876:
825:
654:
555:
414:
407:
358:
322:
127:
17822:
17684:
17550:
17545:
17540:
16221:
16100:
15926:
10920:
10896:
10517:
10285:
9497:
8176:
6678:
6669:
6621:
6564:
6555:
6509:
6449:
6394:
6333:
6274:
6215:
6158:
6062:
5973:
5871:
5695:
5617:
5522:
5336:
5242:
4836:
4074:
4011:
2425:
was sold to Norwegian owners in 1754. The Steelyard in London and the
1683:
512:) originally formed part of the Scandinavian-led Baltic trade-system.
17779:
17743:
17689:
17667:
17640:
17590:
16745:
16347:
16310:
16211:
16013:
15960:
15955:
15258:
11838:"The Trading Networks of the High North during the Sixteenth Century"
10897:"The Lubeck Uprising of 1408 and the Decline of the Hanseatic League"
10318:
10260:
designed by Andreas Steding and published by Argentum Verlag in 2009.
10143:
10127:
10107:
10087:
10067:
9993:
9981:
9957:
9933:
9800:
ideology and came to predominate from the 1850s until the end of the
9734:
9724:
9719:
9638:
9618:
9512:
9436:
9288:
8949:
8539:
8439:
8058:
7986:
7245:
6440:
6046:
5432:
4998:
4774:
4645:
4439:
3588:
3511:
2958:
2871:
2751:
2555:
2469:
2368:
2137:
2089:
2085:
2081:
1918:
1904:
1816:
1746:
1714:
1706:
1588:
1569:
1533:
1507:
1079:
1055:
1006:, which featured the sole remaining Hanseatic warehouse in England),
960:
856:
720:
551:
464:
334:
318:
131:
17078:
16474:
16136:
16116:
16083:
15942:
15876:
15764:
15114:
15098:
14829:
14688:
Das See-Recht und die Fluß-Schifffahrt nach den Preußischen Gesetzen
12231:
God's playground. A history of Poland, Volume 1: The Origins to 1795
12126:(softcover) (1st reprinted ed.). London: Taylor & Francis.
11540:
The Dutch Hanseatic cities: Pivots in the European economy 1250–1550
11054:"The Origins of Stems of Standard Estonian – A Statistical Overview"
9969:
9926:
8783:
8433:
7160:
5528:
5343:
5249:
4081:
3659:
3505:
3152:
2969:. Several shipwrecks have been found. The most notable wreck is the
2962:
2857:
2737:
2178:
of Denmark/Norway. Both sides made costly investments in support of
2037:
2011:
1976:
1949:
809:
739:
661:
516:
469:
299:
99:
17721:
17600:
17580:
17565:
17189:
16955:
16750:
16449:
were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.
16446:
16206:
16195:
15950:
15934:
15769:
14612:
14237:
14089:
12901:] (in German). Berlin: F Henschel – via books.google.com.
10595:] (in German). Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag. pp. 119–181.
10147:
9937:
9919:
9884:
Modern transnational organisations named after the Hanseatic League
9849:
ships. The depictions were widely reproduced, such as on plates of
9606:
9556:
9411:
8883:
8868:
7520:
7474:
7422:
7297:
7027:
6950:
6835:
6821:
6783:
6612:
6496:
6149:
5292:
Duchy of Pomerelia with a Kashubian and a growing German population
4992:
4788:
4432:
4146:
4140:
3888:
3812:
3446:
3367:
2760:
2637:
2594:
2229:
1972:
1858:
1613:
1491:
1039:
860:
771:
621:
481:
346:
17047:
16352:
16160:
15549:
The Hanseatic Control of Norwegian Commerce During the Middle Ages
14750:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
13172:
Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia
12673:. Vol. 2 (Reprint ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
11297:
Korpiola, Mia (2018). "18. Customary Law and the Influence of the
9865:
9534:
9329:
9244:
9203:
8052:
6265:
6206:
6142:
5439:
5194:
3882:
3231:
3217:
3160:
3146:
3072:"Saxon": Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg (or just Saxon) quarter
1804:
1503:
743:
570:
appeared in a document in 1267, in different cities began to form
16825:
16636:
16453:
16442:
16413:
16398:
16373:
16299:
16274:
16238:
16187:
16144:
15921:
15902:
15471:. Brill's Companions to European History. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
14514:
11276:(revised ed.). Cambridge University Press (published 2003).
10059:
10055:
10051:
9989:
9977:
9945:
9759:
9694:
9684:
9576:
9571:
9529:
9507:
9452:
9421:
9098:
9070:
9007:
8903:
8793:
8616:
8561:
8545:
8507:
8455:
8385:
8331:
8274:
8204:
7584:
7468:
7416:
6916:
6859:
6849:
6758:
6730:
6529:
6385:
6324:
6235:
6178:
6082:
5993:
5964:
5216:
5200:
5154:
5126:
5120:
5100:
5066:
5026:
4950:
4870:
4808:
4741:
4707:
4679:
4617:
4589:
4538:
4518:
4504:
4468:
4395:
4322:
4259:
4154:
4090:
4020:
3952:
3916:
3896:
3821:
3768:
3748:
3695:
3675:
3622:
3602:
3539:
3466:
3438:
3432:
3387:
3319:
3251:
3237:
3223:
3180:
3075:"Baltic": Prussian, Livonian and Swedish (or East Baltic) quarter
2909:
2892:
2778:
2774:
2641:
2598:
2422:
2325:
2277:
2210:
2191:
2113:
2093:
2007:
1984:
1980:
1877:
1873:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1655:
1639:
1537:
1019:
1011:
999:
952:
932:
872:
813:
786:
747:
693:
477:
291:
283:
230:
191:
152:
12941:
Fritze, Konrad; Schildhauer, J.; Stark, W.; et al. (1985).
12528:. In Historische Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen (ed.).
12403:
De stad Groningen en de Hanze tot het eind van de zestiende eeuw
11752:
The Hanseatic League and the European economy in the Middle Ages
9389:
9064:
8719:
8594:
8485:
8309:
6738:
6724:
5626:
4375:
4361:
3805:
3353:
2652:
chose two aldermen and six members of the Eighteen Men Council (
1971:
through family connections and by military assistance under the
16457:
16388:
16315:
16292:
16279:
16265:
16243:
16046:
16035:
16029:
16023:
15970:
15891:
15886:
15443:
Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk
14719:
Collected Papers Historical, Literary, Travel and Miscellaneous
14244:
Wrocław History: From Prehistory to the end of the Habsburg era
13092:[The international law of the German Hanseatic League]
11095:"Spuren des Mittelniederdeutschen in den lettischen Eigennamen"
10588:
Handbuch zur niederdeutschen Sprach – und Literaturwissenschaft
10139:
10063:
10001:
9997:
9961:
9953:
9949:
9904:
9808:
9709:
9699:
9669:
9566:
9487:
9482:
9462:
9319:
9234:
8874:
8821:
8789:
8739:
8651:
8600:
7820:
7756:
7359:
7166:
6900:
6698:
6641:
6584:
6500:
6469:
6414:
6353:
6294:
5891:
5785:
5724:
5646:
5556:
5468:
5372:
5278:
5072:
4968:
caused all the Brandenburg cities to leave the League in 1442.
4886:
caused all the Brandenburg cities to leave the League in 1442.
4721:
4713:
4524:
4510:
4367:
4251:
4238:
4174:
4110:
4040:
3972:
3841:
3740:
3594:
3359:
3056:
Map of the Hanseatic League, showing principal Hanseatic cities
2966:
2881:
2807:, the members of the respective subdivisions frequently held a
2573:
2564:
2518:(Hanseatic Diet, "meeting ride", sometimes also referred to as
2500:
2488:
2262:
2206:
2049:
1800:
1750:
1737:
1070:
dominated trade on their rivers. This was not possible for the
1063:
1051:
1035:
987:
924:
919:
790:
763:
724:
634:
571:
493:
342:
338:
330:
326:
303:
243:
217:
204:
165:
14240:
Historia Wrocławia: Od pradziejów do końca czasów habsburskich
12670:
Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present
10019:
Each year one of the member cities of the New Hansa hosts the
8992:
The Steelyard was one of the principal Kontore of the League.
7878:
4204:
2601:, a special case, had a Hanseatic and an English alderman. In
2543:
16th centuries. The most extensive maritime ordinance was the
2456:. Since 1990, 24 other German cities have adopted this title.
17760:
17615:
17595:
16393:
16108:
15965:
11750:
7. De Hanze en de Europese economie in the middeleeuwen [
11244:
grant of about 1157 conferred perpetual protection upon the
9985:
9893:
9752:
9745:
9612:
9586:
9551:
9523:
9492:
9477:
9441:
9431:
8491:
8315:
7884:
7702:
6053:
4780:
4210:
3019:, later sold to England for use as a warship and slave ship.
2787:
2504:
2492:
2288:
and Riga and Dorpat also signed. When pressed by the King of
2167:
1650:
Military situation in Denmark (1370) after foreign invasions.
1071:
755:
617:
587:
583:
489:
263:
14217:Życie codzienne mieszczan wrocławskich w dobie średniowiecza
12500:"Hanseatic Republics* – Countries – Office of the Historian"
12349:
De Kantoren van de Hanze: Bergen, Brugge, Londen en Nowgorod
12208:
Blumówna, Helena; et al. (1965). Dąbrowski, Jan (ed.).
8365:
8351:
2383:
The Hanseatic League, however, lived on in the public mind.
16461:
16428:
16152:
15565:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806
15448:
Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network
15418:
15173:
Ausklang und Nachklang der Hanse im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert
15012:
Die Niederlande: ihre Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, Volume 2
14550:
12899:
The Hanseatic League as a German maritime and trading power
12373:
Där brast ett ädelt hjärta: Kung Kristian II och hans värld
11040:
11020:
10933:
10417:
10135:
10050:
was established in February 2018 by finance ministers from
10008:
cities (the German cities' car license plates are prefixed
9739:
9623:
9581:
9517:
7938:
5863:
5857:
5078:
4657:
4595:
4373:
4300:
3297:
3229:
3158:
3092:
Now – the modern nation-state in which the city is located
3069:"Wendish": Wendish and Pomeranian (or just Wendish) quarter
2791:
2255:
1067:
1031:
975:. It grew into a walled community with its own warehouses,
751:
680:, improving its standing with various Popes. Lübeck gained
14221:
Everyday life of citizens of Wrocław during medieval times
12667:
Northrup, Cynthia Clark, ed. (2015) . "Hanseatic League".
12377:
There a noble heart broke. King Christian II and his world
11005:
4478:
Main town of the Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle
4333:
Main town of the Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle
2162:(the main mining area of Sweden in the 16th century) with
1917:
from Danzig, 34-year-old German Hanseatic merchant at the
15780:
Hanseatic League related sources in the German Wikisource
15337:. Estonian Ministry of Finance. (PDF at "Read more here")
14738:
14736:
14608:
Frommer's Belgium, Holland & Luxembourg, 11th Edition
13261:
The Hanseatic League: Traders, kings, cities & states
13170:. In Friedman, John Block; Figg, Kristen Mossler (eds.).
12264:
12262:
12260:
12258:
12256:
12254:
10944:
Urkundliche Geschichte des Ursprunges der deutschen Hanse
10593:
Handbook on Low German Linguistics and Literature Studies
10429:
10423:
10408:
2402:; later the United States established a consulate to the
591:
579:
500:
by the 9th century CE. The later Hanseatic ports between
15774:
15331:"Shared views and values on the architecture of the EMU"
14398:
14360:
14238:
Buśko, Cezary; Włodzimierz Suleja; Teresa Kulak (2001).
14198:Życie codzienne w średniowiecznym Krakowie: wiek XIII–XV
10837:
Ewert, Ulf Christian; Sunder, Marco (2 September 2011).
9796:
of 1853/1854. The conservative view was associated with
5384:
Elbing had originally been part of the territory of the
2507:). However, Hansards also came from settlements without
1891:
was a limited elective monarchy composed of hundreds of
879:, while Baltic and Wendish traders concentrated between
14978:
Mathematical Education in Iceland in Historical Context
14944:"The Hanseatic trading site at Gunnister Voe, Shetland"
14941:
12779:
Encyclopedia of Baltic History (group research project)
11807:
Upwave: City Dynamics and the Coming Capitalist Revival
11474:. Translated by Reynolds, Siân. London: Phoenix Press.
10455:
10449:
8184:
5763:
5702:
5446:
5350:
5256:
4910:
376:
56:
14791:"HANSA: The Hanseatic Expansion in the North Atlantic"
14733:
13626:
13624:
13622:
13620:
13618:
13616:
13614:
13612:
13610:
13608:
13606:
13604:
13602:
13600:
13598:
13596:
13594:
13592:
13590:
13588:
13586:
13584:
13582:
13580:
13578:
13576:
13574:
13572:
13570:
13568:
13566:
13564:
13562:
13560:
13558:
13556:
13554:
13552:
13550:
13548:
13546:
13544:
13542:
13540:
13538:
13536:
13534:
13532:
13530:
13528:
13526:
13392:
12940:
12251:
12169:
10949:
History of the origin of the German Hanse in documents
10935:
Sartorius Von Waltershausen, Georg-Friedrich-Christoph
9594:
8987:
8982:
8831:
8826:
8392:
7126:
6985:
6765:
5998:
5896:
5790:
5656:
5651:
5566:
5561:
5473:
5377:
5283:
5164:
5159:
5036:
5031:
4960:
4955:
4877:
4746:
4548:
4543:
4400:
4245:
3846:
3544:
15830:
by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League
15683:
Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna; Jenks, Stuart, eds. (2013).
15026:
14968:
13524:
13522:
13520:
13518:
13516:
13514:
13512:
13510:
13508:
13506:
13138:. In Babits, Lawrence E.; Tilburg, van, Hans (eds.).
12341:
12339:
12337:
12335:
12333:
12331:
12329:
11777:"The Business of Shipping: An Historical Perspective"
11061:
Trames. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences
11025:
10871:"Hanseatic League | Definition, History, & Facts"
10690:[Hanseatic League] (in German). Planet Wissen
10432:
10414:
10411:
10402:
4284:
3101:
Ref. – one or more references to works about the city
2944:
The most used type, and the most emblematic, was the
1853:
succeeded Margaret in 1412 and sought to expand into
1799:, tried to assert authority over the Hanseatic towns
1654:
Between 1361 and 1370, League members fought against
793:; all of its major towns were members of the League.
14935:
14691:. Leipzig: JC Hinrichsschen Buchhandlung. p. 17
14653:
13102:
Journal for foreign public law and international law
12920:] (in German). Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann.
12140:
10426:
10281:
9030:, and the Hanseatic interest was only sold in 1853.
5132:
5004:
4928:
4848:
3444:
3365:
2014:, curtailing the region's economy and independence.
1603:, but it never became a formal organisation and the
15755:
30th International Hansa Days 2010 in Parnu-Estonia
15682:
15583:
Seafarers, Merchants and Pirates in the Middle Ages
15226:[Hanseatic reunion in celebrating Zwolle].
14202:
Everyday life in medieval Krakow: 13th–15th century
13136:"The Technical Importance of Shipwreck Archaeology"
12526:"Hanseaten und das Hanseatische im 20. Jahrhundert"
12426:"Agreement of the Hanseatic League at Lübeck, 1557"
12310:
Seafarers, Merchants and Pirates in the Middle ages
12115:
11978:
The World's Lighthouses: From Ancient Times to 1820
11422:
The organisational strength of the Hanseatic Cities
10420:
10405:
8112:
7640:
6322:
5742:
4002:
3657:
3028:was constructed by Lübeck for military use against
561:
16183:
14546:
14544:
14542:
14540:
14538:
14536:
14534:
14532:
14518:(2): 16–25, particularly 20 and 21. Archived from
13632:
13503:
13397:The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World
13394:
12469:
12467:
12326:
12147:Stearns, Peter N; Langer, William Leonard (2001).
11927:. Britanncia Educational Publishing. p. 186.
10986:
10984:
10982:
10980:
10978:
10830:
10114:; Hanze oil production platform, Netherlands; the
9279:
8431:
8252:
8236:
8050:
7237:
7223:
6667:
4990:
4643:
4446:
4430:
4152:
4088:
4018:
3950:
3894:
3819:
3746:
3673:
3600:
3503:
2878:Prussia, Livonia and Sweden – or East Baltic
1770:, the League blockaded Novgorod and abandoned the
558:. Lübeck hegemony peaked during the 15th century.
18064:
16006:
15375:
14885:. Universidade Atlântica (Lisbon). Archived from
14143:Uppsala: Gotland Centre for Baltic Studies, 1994.
13896:(in German). Lang. pp. 137–48, here p. 142.
13263:]. Walburg Pers, Amsterdam University Press.
12949:] (in German). Berlin: Das Europäische Buch.
12643:Research Handbook on International Law and Cities
12465:
12463:
12461:
12459:
12457:
12455:
12453:
12451:
12449:
12447:
12004:A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures
11345:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500
10976:
10974:
10972:
10970:
10968:
10966:
10964:
10962:
10960:
10958:
10901:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
10685:
9384:is the only surviving League building in England.
9362:
9002:in 1303. The Steelyard was destroyed in 1469 and
8881:
8717:
8702:
8128:
7826:
7762:
7708:
7654:
7590:
7526:
7512:
7466:
7414:
7365:
7303:
7289:
7033:
7019:
6942:
6827:
6813:
6495:
4882:Brandenburg was raised to an Electorate in 1356.
4138:
3880:
3283:
27:1200s–1669 trade confederation in Northern Europe
18195:
15637:
14784:
14782:
14780:
14778:
14776:
14500:
14498:
14496:
14494:
14492:
14490:
14488:
14486:
14484:
14482:
14480:
14478:
14476:
14474:
14472:
14470:
14468:
14466:
14464:
14462:
14460:
14458:
14456:
13256:De Hanze: Kooplui, koningen, steden & staten
12606:
12604:
12602:
12600:
11770:
11768:
11086:
10813:
9295:
9210:
9076:
9062:
8955:
8537:
8182:
8168:
8064:
7998:
7984:
7944:
7890:
7576:
7172:
7099:
6956:
6736:
6722:
6676:
6619:
6562:
6507:
6447:
6392:
6331:
6272:
6213:
6156:
6060:
5971:
5869:
5624:
5608:
5192:
5118:
4581:
3934:
3803:
3430:
3215:
2096:to Poland and Russia, trading Flemish cloth and
917:The League succeeded in establishing additional
17888:Monument to the Fallen Shipyard Workers of 1970
15278:Borough Council of King's Lynn and West Norfolk
15059:
15016:The Netherlands: its past and present, Volume 2
14529:
14454:
14452:
14450:
14448:
14446:
14444:
14442:
14440:
14438:
14436:
14208:
12532:. Vol. 92. Wallstein Verlag. p. 189.
12530:Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte
12379:] (in Swedish). Lyckeby: Arakne Förlag AB.
12207:
12175:
11875:The Hanseatic League in the Early Modern Period
11417:De bestuurlijke slagkracht van de 'Stedenhanze'
11347:. University of Washington Press. p. 328.
11198:. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 111.
8940:
8866:
8799:
8781:
8592:
7812:
7748:
7351:
7158:
7085:
6892:
6610:
6553:
6438:
6263:
6204:
6140:
6044:
5534:
5520:
5334:
5240:
5064:
4834:
4786:
4705:
4516:
4502:
4359:
4216:
3732:
3586:
3351:
3144:
2356:(including Stralsund, Greifswald, Rostock) and
1545:coalition of stakeholders, called an alliance (
832:. These cities gained control over most of the
736:German colonists in the 12th and 13th centuries
16460:became inaccessible due to the silting of the
15555:Halliday, Stephen. "The First Common Market?"
15198:"Hanseatic League | The first European Union?"
14214:
13939:
13937:
13935:
13933:
13894:Oder-Odra. Blicke auf einen europäischen Strom
13199:. In GALLAGHER, P.; CRUICKSHANK, D.W. (eds.).
13011:. New York: Smithmark Publishing. p. 33.
13004:
12444:
12345:
11797:
11468:Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th century
11191:
10955:
10557:
10537:
9194:
8483:
8363:
8349:
8307:
7876:
7694:
5955:
5430:
4772:
4719:
4202:
4072:
3517:
3082:The remaining column headings are as follows:
2952:ship with carvel bottom, a stern rudder and a
1952:(Danzig), Thorn and Elbing became part of the
1091:Imports and exports, 18 Mar 1368 – 10 Mar 1369
859:such as Cologne enjoyed trading privileges in
18224:Early modern history of the Holy Roman Empire
17063:
16490:
16081:
15811:
15685:The Hanse in Medieval and Early Modern Europe
15297:
15265:
15249:
15247:
15245:
15145:
15143:
14773:
13931:
13929:
13927:
13925:
13923:
13921:
13919:
13917:
13915:
13913:
13232:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 86–87.
12715:] (in German). Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag.
12610:
12597:
12581:The Hanse in Medieval and Early Modern Europe
12146:
11901:The coming into being of the Hanseatic League
11831:
11829:
11827:
11781:The Blackwell Companion to Maritime Economics
11765:
11742:
11740:
11693:
11691:
11689:
11687:
11685:
11683:
11681:
11679:
11677:
11675:
11673:
11671:
11669:
11667:
11665:
11663:
11661:
11659:
11657:
11655:
11653:
11651:
11649:
11647:
11645:
11643:
11641:
11639:
11637:
11635:
11633:
11631:
11629:
11627:
11625:
11623:
11621:
11583:
11581:
11579:
11577:
11575:
11573:
11441:
11439:
11437:
11435:
11409:
11304:The Oxford Handbook of European Legal History
10665:(in German). Walter de Gruyter. p. 388.
10102:, one of the biggest theme parks in Germany;
9868:, founded as the Rügenfestspiele by the GDR.
7930:
6383:
5855:
5693:
5388:, until the 1230s when it became part of the
2973:. It could carry a cargo of about 125 tons.
2900:This division was however not adopted by the
2074:When Flanders and Holland became part of the
1682:, to grant tax exemptions and influence over
1514:
262:commercial and defensive network of merchant
15103:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
14769:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
14600:
14598:
14596:
14594:
14592:
14590:
14588:
14586:
14584:
14582:
14551:ver Berkmoes, Ryan; Karla Zimmerman (2010).
14433:
14259:
14257:
14108:
14039:
14037:
14035:
14033:
13966:
13892:. In Schlögel, Karl; Halicka, Beata (eds.).
13729:
13727:
13725:
13723:
13721:
13719:
13717:
13715:
13713:
13711:
13709:
13707:
13705:
13703:
13701:
13699:
13697:
13695:
13693:
13691:
13689:
13687:
13472:A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation
12894:Die Hansa als deutsche See- und Handelsmacht
12775:"The Hanseatic League in the Eastern Baltic"
12121:
11619:
11617:
11615:
11613:
11611:
11609:
11607:
11605:
11603:
11601:
11571:
11569:
11567:
11565:
11563:
11561:
11559:
11557:
11555:
11553:
11407:
11405:
11403:
11401:
11399:
11397:
11395:
11393:
11391:
11389:
11099:Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik
11092:
10809:
10807:
9888:
9147:, and are listed in the hidden table below.
2991: – the world's largest ship in its time
2547:of 1614, but it may not have been enforced.
2254:had become effectively moribund because the
1967:Poland in turn was heavily supported by the
443:
433:
386:
50:
17239:Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig
15322:
14399:Könnecke, Jochen; Vladislav Rubzov (2005).
14007:
14005:
14003:
14001:
13999:
13997:
13883:
13881:
13879:
13877:
13875:
13873:
13871:
13837:
13835:
13833:
13831:
13829:
13827:
13825:
13823:
13821:
13819:
13817:
13815:
13813:
13811:
13809:
13807:
13805:
13803:
13801:
13799:
13797:
13795:
13793:
13791:
13789:
13787:
13785:
13783:
13781:
13779:
13777:
13685:
13683:
13681:
13679:
13677:
13675:
13673:
13671:
13669:
13667:
13464:
13462:
13460:
13458:
13456:
13454:
13452:
13450:
13448:
13446:
13388:
13386:
13384:
13382:
13380:
13378:
13376:
13374:
13372:
13370:
13368:
13366:
13364:
13362:
13360:
13358:
13356:
13354:
13352:
13350:
13348:
13346:
13344:
13342:
13340:
13338:
13336:
13334:
13332:
13330:
13328:
13326:
13324:
13322:
13320:
13318:
13316:
13314:
13312:
13310:
13308:
13306:
13304:
13302:
13300:
13056:
13054:
13052:
13050:
13048:
13000:
12998:
12996:
12994:
12992:
12990:
12988:
12986:
12702:
12700:
12211:Kraków jego dzieje i sztuka: Praca zbiorowa
12203:
12201:
12054:
11891:
11889:
11372:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 108.
11045:
10836:
10686:Delvaux de Fenffe, Gregor (11 March 2018).
10580:
10549:
10529:
10493:
10203:
10134:in 1980; the district of New Hanza City in
6104:in 1581, Dorpat fell under the rule of the
2530:levels followed the Low Saxon tradition of
2452:revoked its imperial immediacy through the
2108:reconfirmed the league's privileges in the
1725:), both abroad and by some League members.
913:Main trading routes of the Hanseatic League
290:in the west, and extended inland as far as
17070:
17056:
16497:
16483:
15818:
15804:
15242:
15140:
14309:
14307:
14305:
14303:
14301:
14299:
14297:
14295:
14293:
13910:
13775:
13773:
13771:
13769:
13767:
13765:
13763:
13761:
13759:
13757:
13444:
13442:
13440:
13438:
13436:
13434:
13432:
13430:
13428:
13426:
13298:
13296:
13294:
13292:
13290:
13288:
13286:
13284:
13282:
13280:
13046:
13044:
13042:
13040:
13038:
13036:
13034:
13032:
13030:
13028:
13005:Natkiel, Richard; Preston, Antony (1989).
12984:
12982:
12980:
12978:
12976:
12974:
12972:
12970:
12968:
12966:
12122:Pulsiano, Phillip; Wolf, Kirsten (2019) .
12088:
12086:
12084:
11824:
11803:
11737:
11527:
11525:
11523:
11521:
11519:
11517:
11515:
11513:
11511:
11432:
11317:
10864:
10862:
10860:
10858:
10731:
9952:, and a number of German cities including
2236:. Charles, a strict Catholic, objected to
1749:with Europe. The city was one of the main
939:(Norway), and London (England) beside the
797:Coupled with an increased presence in the
15750:29th International Hansa Days in Novgorod
15618:
15571:
15525:
15439:
15032:
14852:
14815:
14657:Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary
14579:
14392:
14254:
14030:
13630:
13393:Jotischky, Andrew; Caroline Hull (2005).
13087:
13081:
12886:
12884:
12882:
12880:
12878:
12876:
12874:
12872:
12870:
12868:
12866:
12864:
12862:
12860:
12858:
12856:
12854:
12852:
12850:
12848:
12846:
12844:
12842:
12840:
12838:
12836:
12834:
12832:
12830:
12828:
12826:
12824:
12822:
12820:
12818:
12816:
12814:
12812:
12768:
12766:
12764:
12762:
12760:
12758:
12756:
12754:
12752:
12487:
12473:
12413:
12359:
12268:
12216:Krakow's history and art: Collective work
12026:
12020:
11974:
11909:
11760:
11732:
11722:Handel en transport over land en rivieren
11598:
11550:
11545:
11509:
11507:
11505:
11503:
11501:
11499:
11497:
11495:
11493:
11491:
11427:
11386:
10990:
10804:
10755:
10735:Handel en transport over land en rivieren
10574:
10501:
10329:Company of Merchant Adventurers of London
3098:Notes – additional details about the city
3086:City – the city's name, with any variants
354:war against kingdoms and principalities.
15659:
15303:
15090:
14942:Gardiner, Mark; Natascha Mehler (2010).
14858:
14755:
14712:
14710:
14708:
14706:
14604:
14334:
14263:
14011:
13994:
13887:
13868:
13850:]. Reprint-Verlag-Leipzig. pp.
13733:
13664:
12810:
12808:
12806:
12804:
12802:
12800:
12798:
12796:
12794:
12792:
12750:
12748:
12746:
12744:
12742:
12740:
12738:
12736:
12734:
12732:
12706:
12697:
12666:
12303:
12301:
12299:
12198:
11886:
11867:
11865:
11863:
11861:
11774:
11727:Trade and transport over land and rivers
11591:The 'Golden Age' of the Hanseatic League
11296:
11164:
10740:Trade and transport over land and rivers
10609:
10384:
9925:The headquarters of the New Hansa is in
9892:
9778:
9371:
3051:
2980:
2554:
2463:
2136:
2061:economic crises of the late 15th century
2043:
2016:
1909:
1882:
1736:
1645:
1630:
1579:
1551:
908:
803:
710:
648:
463:
401:
126:Various cities across the region of the
34:. For the intra-EU political group, see
18239:Early modern history of the Netherlands
15791:The Lost Port of Sutton: Maritime trade
15770:Hanseatic League Historical Re-enactors
15691:
15500:. Hanse Research Center. Archived from
15464:
15440:Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010).
15304:Richards, Paul (2017). "Introduction".
15096:
14647:
14290:
14189:
14164:
14043:
13841:
13754:
13734:Barthold, Dr Friedrich Wilhelm (1862).
13475:. Princeton University Press. pp.
13468:
13423:
13277:
13252:
13161:
13159:
13067:. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
13060:
13025:
12963:
12911:
12905:
12639:
12523:
12370:
12092:
12081:
11920:
11881:
11842:The Protracted Reformation in the North
11707:
11462:
11367:
11260:Huffman, Joseph P. (13 November 2003).
11259:
11140:"The Chronicle of the Hanseatic League"
11051:
11011:
11000:
10855:
10660:
10041:
3781:with Stralsund, Greifswald and Demmin.
3635:with Stralsund, Greifswald and Anklam.
2912:in London in 1554 grouped members into
2315:, but it could not recover. The Bergen
1994:Beginning in the mid-15th century, the
1728:
998:(the outpost was also called Stalhof),
898:
14:
18196:
17739:Żabianka-Wejhera-Jelitkowo-Tysiąclecia
15562:
15516:
15328:
15065:
14871:
14793:. University of Vienna. Archived from
14788:
14678:
14504:
14313:
14231:
14195:
14170:
14012:Buchholz, Werner; et al. (1999).
13943:
13194:
12934:
12578:
12572:
12228:
12060:
12001:
11835:
11718:
11488:
11342:
10766:
10713:(in German). Innsbruck: Gerhard Köbler
10711:"Mittelniederdeutsches Wörterbuch: H."
10708:
10543:
10523:
10487:
9368:List of ports with Hansa trading posts
6778:) for some years for having supported
2889:Rhine, Westphalia and the Netherlands
2406:from 1857 to 1862. Britain maintained
1494:and England with cloth, in particular
664:soon became a base for merchants from
531:, after he had captured the area from
313:During its time, the Hanseatic League
18344:12th-century establishments in Europe
17051:
16504:
16478:
15873:
15799:
15621:The German Hansa and Bergen 1100–1600
15580:
15493:
15385:Hidden Empire: The Saga of Seven Suns
15224:"Hanze-reünie in feestvierend Zwolle"
15221:
15003:
14877:
14703:
14684:
14204:]. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
14082:
13223:
13133:
13090:"Das Völkerrecht der deutschen Hanse"
12890:
12789:
12772:
12729:
12619:] (in German). Munich: C H Beck.
12583:. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
12307:
12296:
12155:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
12124:Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia
11954:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 35.
11947:
11858:
11697:
11587:
11218:
10785:
10615:
10219:
5801:, it accepted the sovereignty of the
2396:joint delegation to the United States
1944:rose up against the dominance of the
1928:In 1454, the year of the marriage of
1699:Albert of Mecklenburg, King of Sweden
820:) in the Hamburg city right from 1497
17949:Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge
15599:
15546:
15497:Baltic Sea Trade: Baltic Connections
15355:
15166:
15009:
14910:
14407:]. DuMont Reiseverlag. pp.
13165:
13156:
12428:. Baltic Connections. Archived from
12275:. London & New York: Routledge.
12184:. London & New York: Routledge.
11105:(2). Franz Steiner Verlag: 229–243.
11093:Siliņa-Piņķe, Renāte (August 2019).
10894:
10769:Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique
10314:Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400–1800)
10104:Hanze University of Applied Sciences
9182:
8690:
3560:with Greifswald, Demmin and Anklam.
3134:
1956:, (from 1466 to 1569 referred to as
1797:Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg
1093:(in thousands of Port Lübeck marks)
1085:
18249:Economic history of the Netherlands
17077:
17012:History of the Mediterranean region
15765:Hanseatic Cities in the Netherlands
15705:
15468:A Companion to the Hanseatic League
15171:. In Graßmann, Antjekathrin (ed.).
14016:(in German). Siedler. p. 120.
13742:]. Leizig: TD Weigel. pp.
12947:The History of the Hanseatic League
12399:
11318:Feldbrugge, Ferdinand J.M. (2017).
11165:Pletneva, Olga (20 December 2006).
10868:
10775:. The Hague: Mouton & Co: 5–18.
10618:"Die Hanse - Bündnis mit Tradition"
10146:in Estonia, which was rebranded as
9600:Other cities with a Hansa community
9595:Other cities with a Hansa community
9247:(Scania) was Danish until ceded to
6100:(Livonian confederation). With the
6096:had increasing autonomy within the
5492:, including Toruń, was part of the
5400:, including Elbląg was part of the
3708:with Stralsund, Demmin and Anklam.
3047:
2132:
1809:John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg
1760:In 1424, all German traders of the
1564:and erected lighthouses, including
808:Foundation of the alliance between
692:during the Danish dominion, as had
406:Ubena von Bremen, a replica of the
24:
18031:Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art
15760:Chronology of the Hanseatic League
15727:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1971.tb01514.x
15638:Schulte Beerbühl, Margrit (2012).
15602:The Hansa: Its History and Romance
15487:
15195:
11746:
11531:
11445:
11031:
10816:"Networks of the Hanseatic League"
10814:Schulte Beerbühl, Margrit (2012).
10153:
9296:
9280:
9211:
9195:
9077:
9063:
8956:
8941:
8882:
8867:
8800:
8782:
8718:
8703:
8593:
8538:
8484:
8432:
8364:
8350:
8308:
8253:
8237:
8183:
8169:
8129:
8113:
8065:
8051:
7999:
7985:
7945:
7931:
7891:
7877:
7827:
7813:
7763:
7749:
7709:
7695:
7655:
7641:
7591:
7577:
7527:
7513:
7467:
7415:
7366:
7352:
7304:
7290:
7238:
7224:
7173:
7159:
7100:
7086:
7034:
7020:
6957:
6943:
6893:
6828:
6814:
6737:
6723:
6677:
6620:
6563:
6508:
6448:
6393:
6332:
6273:
6214:
6157:
6141:
6061:
6045:
5972:
5956:
5870:
5856:
5797:Königsberg was the capital of the
5764:
5743:
5703:
5625:
5609:
5535:
5521:
5447:
5431:
5351:
5335:
5257:
5241:
5193:
5133:
5119:
5079:
5065:
5005:
4991:
4929:
4911:
4849:
4835:
4787:
4773:
4720:
4706:
4658:
4644:
4596:
4582:
4517:
4503:
4447:
4431:
4374:
4360:
4301:
4285:
4217:
4203:
4153:
4139:
4089:
4073:
4019:
4003:
3951:
3935:
3895:
3881:
3820:
3804:
3747:
3733:
3674:
3658:
3601:
3587:
3518:
3504:
3445:
3431:
3366:
3352:
3298:
3284:
3230:
3216:
3159:
3145:
2936:Various types of ships were used.
2931:
2864:Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg
456:, or "on the sea", are incorrect.
25:
18355:
18264:International trade organizations
15743:
15660:Thompson, James Westfall (1931).
15356:Bett, Richard (22 January 2011).
15273:"King's Lynn Hanse Festival 2009"
15066:Mehler, Natascha (October 2010).
14660:. Merriam-Webster, Inc. pp.
13064:Regions and regionalism in Europe
12785:– via depts.washington.edu.
11871:
11413:
10709:Köbler, Gerhard (3 August 2014).
9774:
2985:Modern, faithful painting of the
2487:-speaking, with the exception of
2408:diplomats to the Hanseatic Cities
2319:continued until 1754; of all the
2213:and lost influence in 1536 after
546:German cities speedily dominated
421:, which later gave way to larger
18319:1862 disestablishments in Europe
18244:Economy of the Holy Roman Empire
18178:
18177:
17170:Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)
16997:Bibliography of European history
16592:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
15990:
15983:
15641:Networks of the Hanseatic League
15519:The Germans in England 1066–1598
15465:Harreld, Donald J., ed. (2015).
15349:
15308:. Cromer: Poppyland Publishing.
15222:Lelsz, Jac. (22 December 1979).
15215:
15189:
15160:
14904:
14809:
14743:
14716:
12346:Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna (2010).
11895:
11192:Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna (2008).
10398:
10349:Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene
10298:
10284:
10196:
10184:
10172:
10160:
9839:
9834:Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene
9312:
9227:
9091:
8970:
8896:
8814:
8751:Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow
8732:
8609:
8554:
8500:
8448:
8378:
8324:
8267:
8197:
8143:
8079:
8013:
7959:
7905:
7841:
7777:
7723:
7669:
7605:
7541:
7487:
7434:
7380:
7318:
7252:
7187:
7114:
7048:
6971:
6909:
6842:
6751:
6691:
6634:
6577:
6522:
6462:
6407:
6346:
6287:
6228:
6171:
6075:
5986:
5884:
5778:
5717:
5639:
5549:
5484:from 1233 until 1466. After the
5461:
5365:
5298:from 1308 until 1457. After the
5271:
5209:
5147:
5093:
5019:
4943:
4863:
4801:
4734:
4672:
4610:
4531:
4461:
4388:
4315:
4231:
4167:
4103:
4033:
3965:
3909:
3834:
3761:
3688:
3615:
3532:
3459:
3380:
3312:
3244:
3173:
2904:, who, for their purposes (like
2689:), as shown in the table below.
2605:the aldermen were replaced by a
2421:had closed in the 16th century.
2352:(excluding the city of Bremen),
2307:, closed in 1593. In 1597 Queen
2247:in Novgorod had closed, and the
2232:were obstructed in the 1530s by
2172:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
971:, on the site later occupied by
562:Foundation and early development
480:sailed up rivers as far away as
236:
223:
210:
197:
184:
171:
158:
145:
84:
68:
18234:Early modern history of Germany
18155:Gdańsk University of Technology
17022:History of Western civilization
16625:Christianity in the Middle Ages
15687:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV.
15306:Six Essays in Hanseatic History
14878:Pohle, Jürgen (December 2010).
14789:Mehler, Natascha (April 2009).
14215:Gilewska-Dubis, Janina (2000).
14146:
14133:
14092:[Why is Visby ruined].
13246:
13217:
13188:
13127:
12660:
12633:
12546:
12517:
12492:
12418:
12393:
12364:
12222:
12033:. Routledge. pp. 341–343.
11995:
11968:
11941:
11914:
11899:Het ontstaan van de Hanze [
11712:
11456:
11361:
11336:
11311:
11290:
11253:
11212:
11208:– via books.google.co.uk.
11185:
11167:"Ancient Rus: Trade and Crafts"
11158:
11132:
10927:
10888:
10779:
10616:Blank, Angelika (1 June 2008).
10507:
6108:until the city was captured by
5919:until the city was captured by
3060:
3022:The galleonlike carvel warship
2459:
2182:to win the war. After the war,
1948:and asked Casimir IV for help.
1686:fortresses for 15 years in the
18254:History of international trade
18150:Academy of Fine Arts in Gdańsk
18036:Museum of the Second World War
16866:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
16809:Christianity in the modern era
16580:Christianity in late antiquity
15532:. Routledge. pp. 341–43.
15329:Suutre, Siiri (6 March 2018).
14975:Bjarnadóttir, Kristín (2006),
14268:. Osprey Publishing. pp.
13736:Geschichte der Deutschen Hanse
12690:– via books.google.com.
12067:. Cambridge University Press.
10786:Smith, Jillian R. (May 2010).
10760:
10725:
10721:– via koeblergerhard.de.
10702:
10679:
10654:
10632:
10391:
9794:Geschichte der Deutschen Hansa
9363:Ports with Hansa trading posts
6114:Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)
6106:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
5925:Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)
5917:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
5571:Kraków was the capital of the
3106:List of cities in Hansa Proper
2948:. The cog was a multi-purpose
2648:Drittel). Merchants from each
1793:and later on Spain and Italy.
468:Hanseatic Seal of Elbing (now
286:in the north and east, to the
13:
1:
18304:History of the Øresund Region
17986:Baltic Days of Jewish Culture
17180:Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia
17165:History of the Jews in Gdańsk
17017:History of the European Union
15646:Institute of European History
15574:An Economic History of Sweden
14654:Merriam-Webster, Inc (1997).
14507:"Hansefahrer im hohen Norden"
13953:Journal of the North Atlantic
13890:"Die Hansestädte an der Oder"
13230:Warships of the World to 1900
13203:. Tamesis Books. p. 62.
13166:Elbl, Martin Malcolm (2020).
13077:– via books.google.com.
12292:– via books.google.com.
11779:. In Talley, Wayne K. (ed.).
11264:
10824:Institute of European History
10567:
8261:Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück
5575:, 1038–1596/1611. It adopted
2827:From 1554, the division into
2771:Gothlandian-Livonian-Swedish
2436:and the 1871 founding of the
1078:was built between Lübeck and
979:, church, offices and homes.
779:
18309:History of the Baltic states
18160:Medical University of Gdańsk
18021:Gdańsk Sports Center Stadium
17606:Orunia Górna-Gdańsk Południe
15785:Colchester: a Hanseatic port
15600:Nash, Elizabeth Gee (1929).
15563:Israel, I. Jonathan (1995).
15033:Dollinger, Philippe (2000).
14913:"The Old Burghs Of Aberdeen"
14264:Turnbull, Stephen R (2004).
13631:Dollinger, Philippe (2000).
12773:Mills, Jennifer (May 1998).
12707:Pfeiffer, Hermannus (2009).
12611:Hammel-Kiesow, Rolf (2008).
12269:Dollinger, Philippe (2000).
12095:"The Origins of the Junkers"
11924:Denmark, Finland, and Sweden
11472:The Perspective of the World
11246:homines et cives Colonienses
10016:– for "Hansestadt Bremen").
9907:invited over 40 cities from
5486:Second Peace of Thorn (1466)
5394:Second Peace of Thorn (1466)
5300:Second Peace of Thorn (1466)
2378:
2234:Charles II, Duke of Guelders
1703:Margaret I, Queen of Denmark
1676:Valdemar IV, King of Denmark
816:in the part about ship law (
428:
7:
18339:Medieval history of Germany
16976:Russian invasion of Ukraine
16587:Crisis of the Third Century
15097:Walford, Cornelius (1881).
14957:(2): 347–49. Archived from
14859:Grimwade, Patricia (2019).
14171:Carter, Francis W. (1994).
13848:The German Hanseatic League
13740:History of the German Hansa
12912:Distler, Eva-Marie (2006).
12891:Falke, Dr Johannes (1863).
12646:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
12371:Skantze, Margareta (2019).
11975:Stevenson, D. Alan (2013).
11173:. Moscow: Garant-InfoCentre
11052:Soosaar, Sven-Erik (2013).
10581:Gabrielsson, Artur (1983).
10277:
8397:The city was a part of the
8191:Prince-Bishopric of Münster
5823:People's Republic of Poland
5482:State of the Teutonic Order
5390:State of the Teutonic Order
5296:State of the Teutonic Order
5087:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
4666:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
4604:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
4309:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
3306:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
2822:
1960:, region of Poland) by the
855:In the West, cities of the
278:Europe. Growing from a few
10:
18360:
18314:Medieval history of Poland
18143:Universities and academies
18051:Polish Baltic Philharmonic
18016:Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre
18006:European Solidarity Centre
17883:John III Sobieski Monument
17439:Franciszek Kotus-Jankowski
17032:Military history of Europe
17027:Maritime history of Europe
15734:Waterloo Historical Review
15619:Nedkvinte, Arnved (2013).
15567:. Oxford University Press.
15411:
13253:Kuipers, Jan J.B. (2020).
13224:Paine, Lincoln P. (2000).
13134:Baker, William A. (2013).
13123:– via www.zaoerv.de.
11836:Hansen, Lars Ivar (2020).
11470:(softcover). Vol. 3:
11307:. Oxford University Press.
10339:Hanseatic Days of New Time
10244:novels by American writer
10021:Hanseatic Days of New Time
9332:was Danish until ceded to
9272:
9187:
9112:, independent of Brabant.
9055:
9010:merchants, leading to the
8933:
8859:
8774:
8695:
8642:
8588:
8532:
8478:
8426:
8344:
8302:
8231:
8163:
8107:
8045:
7979:
7925:
7871:
7807:
7743:
7689:
7635:
7571:
7507:
7462:
7410:
7346:
7284:
7218:
7153:
7080:
7014:
6937:
6887:
6808:
6717:
6662:
6605:
6548:
6490:
6433:
6378:
6317:
6258:
6199:
6135:
6039:
6009:. In 1561, Reval became a
5950:
5850:
5737:
5688:
5603:
5515:
5425:
5329:
5235:
5187:
5141:Margraviate of Brandenburg
5113:
5059:
5013:Margraviate of Brandenburg
4985:
4937:Margraviate of Brandenburg
4905:
4857:Margraviate of Brandenburg
4829:
4767:
4700:
4638:
4576:
4497:
4455:Archbishopric of Magdeburg
4425:
4354:
4279:
4256:Magnus III, King of Sweden
4197:
4133:
4067:
3997:
3929:
3875:
3798:
3727:
3652:
3581:
3498:
3425:
3346:
3278:
3210:
3139:
2957:of Hanseatic cities, like
2674:
2660:for a set period of time.
2550:
2545:Ship Ordinance and Sea Law
2434:North German Confederation
2323:, only its buildings, the
2071:were imported from Italy.
1515:Economic power and defense
902:
729:UNESCO World Heritage Site
638:in Novgorod, known as the
459:
29:
18173:
18142:
17978:
17906:
17873:
17778:
17771:
17611:Orunia-Św. Wojciech-Lipce
17571:Krakowiec-Górki Zachodnie
17531:
17429:
17366:
17357:
17300:Academic Gymnasium Danzig
17267:
17244:East Pomeranian offensive
17095:
17086:
17002:Genetic history of Europe
16984:
16789:
16605:
16545:
16512:
16437:
16361:
16338:
16263:
16256:
16176:
16074:
15999:
15981:
15866:
15835:
14974:
14951:Post-Medieval Archaeology
14861:Ipswich: A Hanseatic Port
14685:Miruß, Alexander (1838).
14605:McDonald, George (2009).
14505:Mehler, Natascha (2011).
14196:Jelicz, Antonina (1966).
14090:"Varför ruinerades Visby"
13944:Mehler, Natascha (2009).
13641:Stanford University Press
13088:Reibstein, Ernst (1956).
13061:Keating, Michael (2004).
13008:Atlas of Maritime History
11804:Montgomery, John (2016).
10081:
9889:Union of Cities THE HANSA
9816:privilege and supremacy.
9769:
9132:
6836:Imperial City of Dortmund
5907:(1558–83), Riga became a
4254:, the League agreed with
3034:Northern Seven Years' War
3006:
2404:Hanseatic and Free Cities
2156:Swedish War of Liberation
2040:(Danzig), today in Poland
1867:Bombardment of Copenhagen
1836:Albert I, Duke of Bavaria
1688:peace treaty of Stralsund
1680:Haakon VI, King of Norway
1575:
1536:in 1358 and 1388, and to
1324:Wendish & Pomeranian
982:In addition to the major
391:) that operated based on
137:
122:
110:
95:
83:
65:
45:
18041:National Maritime Museum
16452:The kontor was moved to
15572:Magnusson, Lars (2000).
15018:]. Wigand. pp.
14717:Ward, Adolphus William.
14368:"Collector Coin Koknese"
14346:Koknese official website
14320:. Taylor & Francis.
14314:Murray, Alan V. (2017).
14248:Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie
14225:Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie
13888:Wernicke, Horst (2007).
13021:– via archive.org.
12943:Die Geschichte der Hanse
12783:University of Washington
12194:– via archive.org.
12180:Atlas of Medieval Europe
12165:– via archive.org.
12099:Essays in German History
11343:Sedlar, Jean W. (1994).
10895:Rotz, Rhiman A. (1977).
10732:Weststrate, Job (2010).
10359:History of Bremen (City)
10023:international festival.
6745:Imperial City of Cologne
5821:was divided between the
3551:Rügen was a fief of the
2593:("eldermen", or English
1753:of the Hanseatic League.
1664:Confederation of Cologne
785:incorporated modern-day
596:universitates mercatorum
519:in 1159 by the powerful
315:dominated maritime trade
17305:Danzig Research Society
17249:Polish protests of 1970
17007:History of Christianity
15775:Hanseatic Towns Network
15692:Zimmern, Helen (1889).
15517:Colvin, Ian D. (1915).
15335:rahandusministeerium.ee
15255:"City League The HANSE"
14766:Encyclopædia Britannica
14373:National Bank of Latvia
14158:Jagiellonian University
14120:Encyclopædia Britannica
13979:Encyclopædia Britannica
12558:Statistisches Bundesamt
12235:Oxford University Press
12229:Davies, Norman (1982).
12093:Carsten, F. L. (1985).
11981:. Courier Corporation.
11775:Heidrink, Ingo (2012).
10875:Encyclopedia Britannica
10820:European History Online
10661:Seebold, Elmar (2008).
10456:
10450:
10445:
10354:Hildebrand Veckinchusen
9932:Dutch cities including
9811:perspective. After the
6862:was excluded after the
6685:Terra Mariana (Livonia)
6628:Terra Mariana (Livonia)
6571:Terra Mariana (Livonia)
6516:Terra Mariana (Livonia)
6456:Terra Mariana (Livonia)
6401:Terra Mariana (Livonia)
6340:Terra Mariana (Livonia)
6281:Terra Mariana (Livonia)
6222:Terra Mariana (Livonia)
6165:Terra Mariana (Livonia)
6069:Terra Mariana (Livonia)
5980:Terra Mariana (Livonia)
5878:Terra Mariana (Livonia)
5813:. The city was renamed
5661:Breslau, a part of the
4795:Archbishopric of Bremen
4525:Imperial City of Goslar
2976:
2854:Wendish and Pomeranian
2636:Drittel as well as the
2346:Christian IV of Denmark
2228:The Hanseatic towns of
2221:. Its influence in the
1921:, painted in London by
1002:, Bishop's Lynn (later
766:from 1295 onwards, had
684:privileges to become a
590:, and furs, along with
377:
372:
57:
18334:16th century in Europe
18329:15th century in Europe
18324:14th century in Europe
18299:History of Scandinavia
18094:Tajemnica Westerplatte
17898:St. Catherine's Church
17229:Battle of Westerplatte
16831:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
15840:Chief cities shown in
15604:. Barnes & Noble.
15547:Gade, John A. (1951).
15521:. The National Review.
15383:"Fiction Book Review:
15037:. Routledge. pp.
14917:Aberdeen Civic Society
14865:Ipswich Maritime Trust
14044:Bedford, Neil (2008).
13469:Holborn, Hajo (1982).
12061:Martin, Janet (2004).
12027:Dollinger, P. (2000).
11948:Ebelt, Thomas (2018).
11701:'Kontors' and Outposts
11368:Frankot, Edda (2012).
11322:. Brill. p. 230.
11111:10.25162/ZDL-2019-0009
10869:Hibbert, Arthur Boyd.
10550:
10530:
10494:
10481:
10473:
10465:
10204:
10124:Hanseatic Trade Center
9900:
9788:
9385:
9301:
9285:
9216:
9200:
9082:
9068:
8961:
8946:
8887:
8872:
8805:
8787:
8723:
8708:
8598:
8543:
8489:
8437:
8372:Imperial City of Soest
8369:
8355:
8313:
8258:
8242:
8188:
8174:
8134:
8118:
8070:
8056:
8004:
7990:
7950:
7936:
7896:
7882:
7832:
7818:
7768:
7754:
7714:
7700:
7660:
7646:
7596:
7582:
7532:
7518:
7472:
7420:
7371:
7357:
7309:
7295:
7243:
7229:
7178:
7164:
7105:
7091:
7039:
7025:
6962:
6948:
6898:
6833:
6819:
6775:
6742:
6728:
6682:
6625:
6568:
6513:
6453:
6398:
6337:
6278:
6219:
6162:
6146:
6066:
6050:
5977:
5961:
5875:
5861:
5769:
5748:
5708:
5630:
5614:
5540:
5526:
5480:Toruń was part of the
5452:
5436:
5356:
5340:
5262:
5246:
5198:
5138:
5124:
5084:
5070:
5010:
4996:
4934:
4916:
4854:
4840:
4792:
4778:
4728:Archbishopric of Mainz
4725:
4711:
4663:
4649:
4601:
4587:
4522:
4508:
4452:
4436:
4379:
4365:
4306:
4290:
4222:
4208:
4158:
4144:
4094:
4078:
4024:
4008:
3956:
3940:
3900:
3886:
3825:
3809:
3752:
3738:
3679:
3663:
3606:
3592:
3523:
3509:
3450:
3436:
3371:
3357:
3303:
3289:
3235:
3221:
3164:
3150:
3057:
2992:
2939:
2842:Quartier (since 1554)
2568:
2472:
2412:unification of Germany
2309:Elizabeth I of England
2197:However, Lübeck under
2144:
2053:
2041:
2006:eventually subjugated
1942:Prussian Confederation
1925:
1896:
1754:
1709:in 1392, the socalled
1651:
1643:
1592:
1557:
1556:Kõpu tuletorn Hiiumaal
1498:, (and, increasingly,
914:
863:and England. In 1266,
836:trade, especially the
821:
776:Livonian Confederation
732:
690:Valdemar II of Denmark
658:
604:Scandinavian languages
486:major Rus trade centre
473:
444:
434:
410:
387:
382:
51:
18229:Former confederations
17519:Aleksandra Dulkiewicz
17160:Sevenfold Sun miracle
16911:Industrial Revolution
16041:Frankfurt an der Oder
15694:The Hansa Towns (The
15526:Dollinger, P (2000).
15494:Brand, Hanno (2006).
15358:"Patrician IV Review"
15167:Hill, Thomas (2001).
15010:Wild, Albert (1862).
12488:Brand & Egge 2010
12474:Hammel-Kiesow, Rolf.
12414:Brand & Egge 2010
12360:Brand & Egge 2010
11951:Lighthouses of Europe
11921:McKenna, Amy (2013).
11910:Brand & Egge 2010
11844:. Walter de Gruyter.
11761:Brand & Egge 2010
11733:Brand & Egge 2010
11546:Brand & Egge 2010
11428:Brand & Egge 2010
10991:Hammel-Kiesow, Rolf.
10756:Brand & Egge 2010
10502:Brand & Egge 2010
10385:Explanatory footnotes
9896:
9782:
9375:
9300:
9284:
9215:
9199:
9081:
9067:
8960:
8945:
8886:
8871:
8804:
8786:
8722:
8707:
8597:
8542:
8488:
8436:
8399:Electorate of Cologne
8368:
8354:
8312:
8257:
8241:
8187:
8173:
8133:
8117:
8069:
8055:
8003:
7989:
7949:
7935:
7895:
7881:
7831:
7817:
7767:
7753:
7713:
7699:
7659:
7645:
7595:
7581:
7531:
7517:
7471:
7419:
7370:
7356:
7308:
7294:
7242:
7228:
7177:
7163:
7104:
7090:
7038:
7024:
6961:
6947:
6897:
6832:
6818:
6741:
6727:
6681:
6624:
6567:
6512:
6452:
6397:
6336:
6277:
6218:
6161:
6145:
6065:
6049:
5976:
5960:
5915:ceded Livonia to the
5874:
5860:
5768:
5747:
5707:
5629:
5613:
5539:
5525:
5451:
5435:
5355:
5339:
5261:
5245:
5197:
5137:
5123:
5083:
5069:
5009:
4995:
4933:
4915:
4853:
4839:
4791:
4777:
4724:
4710:
4662:
4648:
4600:
4586:
4553:Goslar was a fief of
4521:
4507:
4451:
4435:
4378:
4364:
4305:
4289:
4221:
4207:
4157:
4143:
4093:
4077:
4023:
4007:
3955:
3939:
3899:
3885:
3824:
3808:
3751:
3737:
3678:
3662:
3605:
3591:
3526:Principality of Rügen
3522:
3508:
3449:
3435:
3402:Rostocker Landfrieden
3370:
3356:
3302:
3288:
3234:
3220:
3163:
3149:
3055:
2984:
2744:Westphalian-Prussian
2558:
2467:
2303:, moribund after the
2140:
2124:closed the Hanseatic
2118:the Wars of the Roses
2047:
2020:
1962:Second Peace of Thorn
1913:
1886:
1740:
1678:, and his son-in-law
1649:
1634:
1583:
1555:
973:Cannon Street station
951:, became significant
912:
903:Further information:
807:
714:
652:
566:Well before the term
467:
405:
18289:Northern Renaissance
18259:Free imperial cities
18165:University of Gdańsk
17966:Wisłoujście Fortress
17396:Clemens von Delbrück
17381:Adrian von der Linde
17234:Battle of Danzig Bay
16966:European debt crisis
16961:European integration
16901:Age of Enlightenment
16741:Republic of Florence
15848:Free Imperial Cities
15696:Story of the Nations
15581:Meier, Dirk (2009).
15072:University of Vienna
14380:on 26 September 2011
14342:"History of Koknese"
12617:The Hanseatic League
12524:Seegers, Lu (2021).
12308:Meier, Dirk (2009).
11073:10.3176/tr.2013.3.04
10090:(lit. "Air Hansa");
10048:New Hanseatic League
10042:New Hanseatic League
10004:now call themselves
9913:Städtebund Die Hanse
9898:German language logo
9862:Störtebeker Festival
9830:European Hansemuseum
9785:European Hansemuseum
9449:(Kingston upon Hull)
7108:Bishopric of Utrecht
6965:Bishopric of Utrecht
4966:Elector Frederick II
4884:Elector Frederick II
3453:Duchy of Mecklenburg
3398:Rostock Peace Treaty
3374:Duchy of Mecklenburg
3238:Free City of Hamburg
2656:) to administer the
2589:were usually led by
2483:League members were
2446:German reunification
2373:Great Fire of London
2265:in 1556 and elected
2201:overextended in the
2106:Edward IV of England
2048:Hanseatic museum in
2036:in the port city of
1934:Casimir IV Jagiellon
1930:Elisabeth of Austria
1865:(1426-1435) and the
1863:Danish-Hanseatic War
1729:Rise of rival powers
1660:Danish-Hanseatic War
1626:free imperial cities
905:Baltic Slavic piracy
899:Commercial expansion
537:Count of Schauenburg
296:the Prussian regions
36:New Hanseatic League
32:Hanseatic Parliament
18274:Brandenburg-Prussia
18129:Walesa: Man of Hope
18011:Gdańsk City Stadium
17734:Wzgórze Mickiewicza
17695:Ujeścisko-Łostowice
17489:Kazimierz Rynkowski
17205:government in exile
17185:Free City of Danzig
16931:Revolutions of 1848
16861:Early modern France
16642:Anglo-Saxon England
16547:Classical antiquity
15721:33 (1971): 385–97.
14983:Roskilde University
13842:Schäfer, D (2010).
13195:Martin, C. (1990).
13104:] (in German).
12484:]. p. 191.
12410:]. p. 184.
11878:. pp. 101–124.
11729:]. p. 145.
11704:. pp. 127–161.
11588:Sarnowsky, Jürgen.
11466:(17 January 2002).
11452:. pp. 194–240.
11012:Braunmüller, Kurt.
10558:Wubs-Mrozewicz 2010
10538:Wubs-Mrozewicz 2010
9874:supranational model
9851:Norddeutscher Lloyd
9378:Hanseatic Warehouse
9342:Second Northern War
9257:Second Northern War
9012:Anglo-Hanseatic War
6864:Anglo-Hanseatic War
6772:Anglo-Hanseatic War
6102:Treaty of Drohiczyn
6094:Bishopric of Dorpat
5913:Treaty of Drohiczyn
5805:in 1466. It became
5294:, then part of the
4382:Free City of Bremen
3396:Joined the 10-year
3167:Free City of Lübeck
2454:Greater Hamburg Act
2362:Peace of Westphalia
2120:of 1455–1487. Tsar
1940:, the towns of the
1932:to King-Grand Duke
1901:Dutch–Hanseatic War
1893:state-like entities
1783:the Prussian region
1774:from 1443 to 1448.
1103:Origin, Destination
1094:
1082:from 1391 to 1398.
1016:Newcastle upon Tyne
969:Upper Thames Street
943:in Novgorod. These
895:in historiography.
885:Newcastle upon Tyne
844:joined them in the
770:or its derivative,
719:monuments, such as
548:trade in the Baltic
18294:History of Prussia
18065:In popular culture
18056:St. Dominic's Fair
17991:Baltic State Opera
17979:Culture and events
17944:Ronald Reagan Park
17828:Neptune's Fountain
17729:Wyspa Sobieszewska
17411:Hermann Rauschning
17315:SS Heimwehr Danzig
17217:Polish Post Office
17037:Crusading movement
16941:Russian Revolution
16776:Hundred Years' War
16672:Maritime republics
16575:Early Christianity
16565:Hellenistic period
16522:Paleolithic Europe
15700:. T. Fisher Unwin.
15261:on 17 August 2010.
14892:on 13 January 2016
14160:. 2008. p. 6.
13844:Die deutsche Hanse
12356:]. p. 91.
11594:. pp. 64–100.
11424:]. p. 36.
11067:(3). TRAMES: 273.
11041:Bandle et al. 2005
11032:Laurén, Christer.
11021:Bandle et al. 2005
10504:, pp. 36–39).
10369:Peasants' Republic
10364:Maritime republics
10237:Saga of Seven Suns
10220:In popular culture
10118:in Bergen and the
10092:F.C. Hansa Rostock
9901:
9832:in Lübeck and the
9818:Philippe Dollinger
9809:National Socialist
9789:
9395:Berwick-upon-Tweed
9386:
9338:Treaty of Roskilde
9305:Kingdom of Denmark
9302:
9286:
9253:Treaty of Roskilde
9220:Kingdom of Denmark
9217:
9201:
9083:
9069:
8964:Kingdom of England
8962:
8947:
8890:County of Flanders
8888:
8873:
8806:
8788:
8724:
8709:
8599:
8544:
8490:
8438:
8370:
8356:
8314:
8259:
8243:
8189:
8175:
8135:
8119:
8071:
8057:
8005:
7991:
7951:
7937:
7897:
7883:
7833:
7819:
7769:
7755:
7715:
7701:
7661:
7647:
7597:
7583:
7533:
7519:
7473:
7421:
7372:
7358:
7310:
7296:
7244:
7230:
7179:
7165:
7106:
7092:
7040:
7026:
6963:
6949:
6899:
6834:
6820:
6743:
6729:
6683:
6626:
6569:
6514:
6454:
6399:
6338:
6279:
6220:
6163:
6147:
6067:
6051:
5978:
5962:
5909:Free imperial city
5876:
5862:
5831:Potsdam Conference
5770:
5749:
5709:
5667:Kingdom of Bohemia
5633:Kingdom of Bohemia
5631:
5615:
5577:Magdeburg town law
5541:
5527:
5453:
5437:
5357:
5341:
5263:
5247:
5199:
5139:
5125:
5085:
5071:
5011:
4997:
4935:
4917:
4855:
4841:
4793:
4779:
4726:
4712:
4664:
4650:
4602:
4588:
4523:
4509:
4453:
4437:
4380:
4366:
4307:
4291:
4223:
4209:
4161:Duchy of Pomerania
4159:
4145:
4097:Duchy of Pomerania
4095:
4079:
4027:Duchy of Pomerania
4025:
4009:
3959:Duchy of Pomerania
3957:
3941:
3903:Duchy of Pomerania
3901:
3887:
3828:Duchy of Pomerania
3826:
3810:
3755:Duchy of Pomerania
3753:
3739:
3682:Duchy of Pomerania
3680:
3664:
3609:Duchy of Pomerania
3607:
3593:
3524:
3510:
3451:
3437:
3372:
3358:
3304:
3290:
3236:
3222:
3165:
3151:
3058:
3042:bonaventure mizzen
2993:
2569:
2473:
2468:Hanseatic Seal of
2267:Heinrich Sudermann
2225:began to decline.
2199:Jürgen Wullenwever
2145:
2142:Heinrich Sudermann
2122:Ivan III of Russia
2092:via Nuremberg and
2069:vehicles of credit
2065:territorial states
2054:
2042:
1926:
1897:
1779:extended conflicts
1755:
1652:
1644:
1636:Town Hall of Reval
1593:
1585:Stargard Mill Gate
1558:
1500:manufactured goods
1444:Small Baltic ports
1090:
915:
822:
733:
686:free imperial city
659:
474:
411:
18214:Former monopolies
18191:
18190:
18138:
18137:
17974:
17973:
17843:St. Mary's Church
17636:Przymorze Wielkie
17527:
17526:
17504:Franciszek Jamroż
17479:Andrzej Kaznowski
17464:Stanisław Schmidt
17454:Stanisław Schmidt
17391:Gottlieb Hufeland
17353:
17352:
17295:Marienbrunn Abbey
17254:21 demands of MKS
17088:History of Gdańsk
17045:
17044:
16971:COVID-19 pandemic
16916:French Revolution
16891:Habsburg monarchy
16871:Cossack Hetmanate
16851:Portuguese Empire
16841:Absolute monarchy
16836:Thirty Years' War
16731:Holy Roman Empire
16656:Bulgarian Empire
16615:Early Middle Ages
16532:Bronze Age Europe
16506:History of Europe
16472:
16471:
16252:
16251:
16172:
16171:
16070:
16069:
15979:
15978:
15852:Holy Roman Empire
15623:. Böhlau Verlag.
15592:978-1-84383-5-127
15585:. Boydell Press.
15559:59 (2009): 31–37.
15539:978-0-415-19073-2
15478:978-90-04-28288-9
15457:978-90-8704-165-6
15432:978-3-1101-7149-5
15392:Publishers Weekly
15315:978-1-909796-33-1
15052:978-0-415-19073-2
14923:on 12 August 2011
14671:978-0-87779-546-9
14640:978-0-470-38227-1
14572:978-1-74104-925-1
14426:978-3-7701-6386-1
14348:. 10 January 2011
14283:978-1-84176-712-3
14075:978-1-74104-479-9
13903:978-3-631-56149-2
13861:978-3-8262-1933-7
13643:. pp. ix–x.
13416:978-0-14-101449-4
13239:978-0-395-98414-7
13226:"Jesus of Lübeck"
13210:978-1-855660-00-7
13181:978-1-135-59094-9
13149:978-1-4899-0084-5
13074:978-0-8317-0485-8
13018:978-0-8317-0485-8
12956:978-3-8843-6142-9
12722:978-3-86153-513-3
12680:978-0-7656-8058-7
12653:978-1-78897-328-1
12626:978-3-406-58352-0
12590:978-90-0421-252-7
12539:978-3-8353-4510-2
12504:history.state.gov
12432:on 4 January 2009
12400:Benders, Jeroen.
12386:978-91-9786-813-6
12319:978-1-84383-5-127
12282:978-0-415-19073-2
12244:978-0-19-925339-5
12191:978-0-415-12231-3
12162:978-0-395-65237-4
12133:978-1-138-06302-0
12108:978-1-4411-3272-7
12101:. A&C Black.
12074:978-0-521-54811-3
12040:978-0-415-19073-2
12013:978-8-7787-6177-4
11817:978-1-317-00409-7
11790:978-1-4443-3024-3
11747:Jahnke, Carsten.
11719:Weststrate, Job.
11698:Burkhardt, Mike.
11481:978-1-84212-289-1
11446:Jahnke, Carsten.
11379:978-0-7486-6807-6
11354:978-0-295-97290-9
11329:978-90-0435-214-8
11283:978-0-521-52193-2
11232:978-0-521-52214-4
11205:978-90-8704-041-3
10997:. pp. 15–63.
10939:Lappenberg, J. M.
10749:978-90-8704-165-6
10672:978-3-11-020502-2
10602:978-3-503-01645-7
10442:Middle Low German
10258:German board game
10246:Kevin J. Anderson
9358:
9357:
9128:
9127:
9016:Treaty of Utrecht
8808:Kingdom of Norway
8726:Novgorod Republic
8638:
8637:
5573:Kingdom of Poland
5543:Kingdom of Poland
5494:Kingdom of Poland
5402:Kingdom of Poland
4225:Kingdom of Sweden
3038:Treaty of Stettin
2898:
2897:
2797:
2796:
2654:Achtzehnmännerrat
2499:), Viborg (today
2354:Swedish Pomerania
2342:Thirty Years' War
2110:Treaty of Utrecht
2076:Duchy of Burgundy
1969:Holy Roman Empire
1954:Kingdom of Poland
1889:Holy Roman Empire
1851:Eric of Pomerania
1743:Novgorod Republic
1591:, today in Poland
1480:
1479:
1086:Major trade goods
799:ministerial class
678:Northern Crusades
600:Middle Low German
450:Middle Low German
369:Middle Low German
252:
251:
117:Middle Low German
77:Hanseatic pennant
16:(Redirected from
18351:
18219:Trade monopolies
18204:Hanseatic League
18181:
18180:
18122:Zero Dark Thirty
18101:Live from Gdańsk
18062:
18061:
17893:Preachers' House
17776:
17775:
17499:Jacek Starościak
17484:Jerzy Młynarczyk
17444:Bolesław Nowicki
17431:Mayors of Gdańsk
17368:Mayors of Danzig
17364:
17363:
17259:Gdańsk Agreement
17175:Region of Danzig
17150:Danzig rebellion
17105:Hanseatic League
17093:
17092:
17072:
17065:
17058:
17049:
17048:
16906:Great Divergence
16821:Age of Discovery
16766:Late Middle Ages
16736:High Middle Ages
16647:Byzantine Empire
16630:Christianization
16620:Migration Period
16555:Classical Greece
16527:Neolithic Europe
16499:
16492:
16485:
16476:
16475:
16331:
16319:
16305:
16304:
16295:
16287:Kontor of Bruges
16283:
16199:
16191:
16181:
16180:
16164:
16156:
16148:
16140:
16133:
16120:
16112:
16104:
16092:
16091:
16086:
16079:
16078:
16016:
16004:
16003:
15994:
15987:
15946:
15938:
15930:
15912:
15880:
15871:
15870:
15843:
15828:Hanseatic League
15820:
15813:
15806:
15797:
15796:
15701:
15688:
15679:
15656:
15654:
15652:
15634:
15615:
15596:
15577:
15568:
15552:
15543:
15529:The German Hansa
15522:
15513:
15511:
15509:
15504:on 18 April 2015
15482:
15461:
15436:
15405:
15404:
15402:
15400:
15379:
15373:
15372:
15370:
15368:
15353:
15347:
15346:
15344:
15342:
15326:
15320:
15319:
15301:
15295:
15294:
15292:
15290:
15281:. Archived from
15269:
15263:
15262:
15257:. Archived from
15251:
15240:
15239:
15237:
15235:
15219:
15213:
15212:
15210:
15208:
15193:
15187:
15186:
15164:
15158:
15157:
15155:
15147:
15138:
15137:
15094:
15088:
15087:
15085:
15083:
15074:. Archived from
15063:
15057:
15056:
15035:The German Hansa
15030:
15024:
15023:
15007:
15001:
15000:
14999:
14997:
14991:
14985:, archived from
14972:
14966:
14965:
14964:on 24 July 2011.
14963:
14948:
14939:
14933:
14932:
14930:
14928:
14919:. Archived from
14911:Mitchell, Alex.
14908:
14902:
14901:
14899:
14897:
14891:
14884:
14875:
14869:
14868:
14856:
14850:
14849:
14813:
14807:
14806:
14804:
14802:
14786:
14771:
14770:
14761:Hanseatic League
14749:
14747:
14746:
14740:
14731:
14730:
14714:
14701:
14700:
14698:
14696:
14682:
14676:
14675:
14651:
14645:
14644:
14602:
14577:
14576:
14548:
14527:
14526:
14525:on 24 July 2011.
14524:
14511:
14502:
14431:
14430:
14396:
14390:
14389:
14387:
14385:
14376:. Archived from
14364:
14358:
14357:
14355:
14353:
14338:
14332:
14331:
14311:
14288:
14287:
14261:
14252:
14251:
14235:
14229:
14228:
14212:
14206:
14205:
14193:
14187:
14186:
14168:
14162:
14161:
14150:
14144:
14137:
14131:
14130:
14128:
14126:
14112:
14106:
14105:
14103:
14101:
14086:
14080:
14079:
14041:
14028:
14027:
14009:
13992:
13991:
13989:
13987:
13970:
13964:
13963:
13962:on 24 July 2011.
13961:
13950:
13941:
13908:
13907:
13885:
13866:
13865:
13839:
13752:
13751:
13731:
13662:
13661:
13659:
13657:
13638:
13635:The German Hansa
13628:
13501:
13500:
13466:
13421:
13420:
13400:
13390:
13275:
13274:
13250:
13244:
13243:
13221:
13215:
13214:
13192:
13186:
13185:
13163:
13154:
13153:
13131:
13125:
13124:
13122:
13120:
13095:
13085:
13079:
13078:
13058:
13023:
13022:
13002:
12961:
12960:
12938:
12932:
12931:
12927:978-34-6504001-9
12909:
12903:
12902:
12888:
12787:
12786:
12770:
12727:
12726:
12704:
12695:
12694:
12689:
12687:
12664:
12658:
12657:
12637:
12631:
12630:
12608:
12595:
12594:
12576:
12570:
12569:
12567:
12565:
12550:
12544:
12543:
12521:
12515:
12514:
12512:
12510:
12496:
12490:
12485:
12471:
12442:
12441:
12439:
12437:
12422:
12416:
12411:
12397:
12391:
12390:
12368:
12362:
12357:
12343:
12324:
12323:
12305:
12294:
12293:
12291:
12289:
12272:The German Hansa
12266:
12249:
12248:
12226:
12220:
12219:
12205:
12196:
12195:
12183:
12173:
12167:
12166:
12154:
12144:
12138:
12137:
12119:
12113:
12112:
12090:
12079:
12078:
12058:
12052:
12051:
12049:
12047:
12030:The German Hansa
12024:
12018:
12017:
11999:
11993:
11992:
11972:
11966:
11965:
11945:
11939:
11938:
11918:
11912:
11907:
11893:
11884:
11879:
11872:North, Michael.
11869:
11856:
11855:
11833:
11822:
11821:
11801:
11795:
11794:
11772:
11763:
11758:
11744:
11735:
11730:
11716:
11710:
11705:
11695:
11596:
11595:
11585:
11548:
11543:
11529:
11486:
11485:
11464:Braudel, Fernand
11460:
11454:
11453:
11449:The Baltic Trade
11443:
11430:
11425:
11411:
11384:
11383:
11365:
11359:
11358:
11340:
11334:
11333:
11315:
11309:
11308:
11294:
11288:
11287:
11273:
11269:
11266:
11257:
11251:
11250:
11241:
11239:
11216:
11210:
11209:
11189:
11183:
11182:
11180:
11178:
11162:
11156:
11155:
11153:
11151:
11142:. Archived from
11136:
11130:
11129:
11127:
11125:
11090:
11084:
11083:
11081:
11079:
11058:
11049:
11043:
11039:
11029:
11023:
11019:
11009:
11003:
10998:
10994:The Early Hansas
10988:
10953:
10952:
10931:
10925:
10924:
10892:
10886:
10885:
10883:
10881:
10866:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10848:
10834:
10828:
10827:
10811:
10802:
10801:
10799:
10797:
10783:
10777:
10776:
10764:
10758:
10753:
10729:
10723:
10722:
10720:
10718:
10706:
10700:
10699:
10697:
10695:
10683:
10677:
10676:
10658:
10652:
10651:
10649:
10647:
10636:
10630:
10629:
10627:
10625:
10613:
10607:
10606:
10578:
10561:
10554:
10547:
10541:
10534:
10527:
10521:
10511:
10505:
10498:
10491:
10485:
10459:
10453:
10439:
10438:
10435:
10434:
10431:
10428:
10425:
10422:
10419:
10416:
10413:
10410:
10407:
10404:
10395:
10308:
10306:Transport portal
10303:
10302:
10294:
10289:
10288:
10271:post-apocalyptic
10209:
10200:
10188:
10176:
10164:
10098:or Hansa-Kogge;
9822:The German Hansa
9813:Second World War
9318:
9316:
9315:
9308:
9307:
9292:
9291:
9233:
9231:
9230:
9223:
9222:
9207:
9206:
9184:
9158:
9157:
9097:
9095:
9094:
9087:
9085:Duchy of Brabant
9073:
8999:Carta Mercatoria
8989:
8984:
8976:
8974:
8973:
8966:
8952:
8902:
8900:
8899:
8892:
8878:
8833:
8828:
8820:
8818:
8817:
8810:
8796:
8738:
8736:
8735:
8728:
8714:
8692:
8666:
8665:
8615:
8613:
8612:
8603:
8560:
8558:
8557:
8548:
8506:
8504:
8503:
8494:
8454:
8452:
8451:
8442:
8394:
8384:
8382:
8381:
8374:
8360:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8318:
8273:
8271:
8270:
8263:
8249:
8248:
8203:
8201:
8200:
8193:
8179:
8149:
8147:
8146:
8139:
8125:
8124:
8085:
8083:
8082:
8075:
8061:
8019:
8017:
8016:
8009:
7995:
7965:
7963:
7962:
7955:
7941:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7901:
7887:
7847:
7845:
7844:
7837:
7823:
7783:
7781:
7780:
7773:
7759:
7729:
7727:
7726:
7719:
7705:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7665:
7651:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7601:
7587:
7547:
7545:
7544:
7537:
7523:
7493:
7491:
7490:
7478:
7440:
7438:
7437:
7425:
7386:
7384:
7383:
7376:
7362:
7324:
7322:
7321:
7314:
7300:
7258:
7256:
7255:
7248:
7234:
7193:
7191:
7190:
7183:
7169:
7128:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7110:
7096:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7044:
7030:
6987:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6967:
6953:
6915:
6913:
6912:
6903:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6838:
6824:
6767:
6757:
6755:
6754:
6747:
6733:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6687:
6673:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6630:
6616:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6573:
6559:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6518:
6504:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6458:
6444:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6403:
6389:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6342:
6328:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6283:
6269:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6224:
6210:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6167:
6153:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6071:
6057:
6000:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5982:
5968:
5898:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5880:
5866:
5792:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5774:
5760:
5754:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5713:
5699:
5663:Duchy of Breslau
5658:
5653:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5635:
5621:
5568:
5563:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5545:
5531:
5475:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5457:
5443:
5379:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5361:
5347:
5285:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5267:
5253:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5203:
5166:
5161:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5143:
5129:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5089:
5075:
5038:
5033:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5015:
5001:
4962:
4957:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4939:
4925:
4922:
4879:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4859:
4845:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4797:
4783:
4748:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4730:
4716:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4668:
4654:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4606:
4592:
4550:
4545:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4527:
4513:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4443:
4442:
4402:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4384:
4370:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4311:
4297:
4296:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4227:
4213:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4163:
4149:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4099:
4085:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4029:
4015:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3961:
3947:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3905:
3891:
3848:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3830:
3816:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3743:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3670:
3669:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3597:
3546:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3514:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3441:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3362:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3294:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3226:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3155:
3136:
3110:
3109:
3048:Hanseatic cities
3025:Adler von Lübeck
3013:Peter von Danzig
2988:Adler von Lübeck
2839:
2838:
2692:
2691:
2620:("third "): the
2583:kontor of Bruges
2442:Kaiser Wilhelm I
2398:in 1827, led by
2392:Peace of Ryswick
2305:fall of the city
2290:Poland–Lithuania
2223:Nordic countries
2133:End of the Hansa
2035:
1938:Poland-Lithuania
1841:Burgundian State
1811:did the same to
1711:Victual Brothers
1666:in 1368, sacked
1622:
1095:
1089:
1026:, Yarmouth (now
963:, stood west of
949:Kontor of Bruges
784:
781:
447:
437:
390:
380:
351:extraterritorial
256:Hanseatic League
242:
240:
239:
229:
227:
226:
216:
214:
213:
203:
201:
200:
190:
188:
187:
177:
175:
174:
164:
162:
161:
151:
149:
148:
96:Informal capital
88:
72:
60:
54:
47:Hanseatic League
43:
42:
21:
18359:
18358:
18354:
18353:
18352:
18350:
18349:
18348:
18209:Northern Europe
18194:
18193:
18192:
18187:
18169:
18134:
18060:
18046:National Museum
17970:
17919:Oliwa Cathedral
17902:
17869:
17865:Uphagen's House
17813:Great Synagogue
17767:
17523:
17514:Paweł Adamowicz
17509:Tomasz Posadzki
17459:Julian Cybulski
17425:
17349:
17325:Gdańsk Shipyard
17310:Polish Corridor
17263:
17155:Battle of Oliwa
17082:
17076:
17046:
17041:
16980:
16946:Interwar period
16921:Napoleonic Wars
16785:
16756:Mongol invasion
16709:Crown of Aragon
16601:
16541:
16537:Iron Age Europe
16508:
16503:
16473:
16468:
16467:
16433:
16357:
16334:
16325:
16313:
16302:
16298:
16291:
16277:
16259:
16258:
16248:
16200:
16193:
16192:
16185:
16168:
16162:
16154:
16146:
16138:
16127:
16118:
16110:
16102:
16094:
16089:
16088:
16087:
16084:
16066:
16017:
16012:
16008:
15995:
15989:
15988:
15975:
15944:
15936:
15928:
15910:
15874:
15862:
15861:
15841:
15831:
15826:Members of the
15824:
15787: – Gresham
15746:
15708:
15650:
15648:
15631:
15612:
15593:
15540:
15507:
15505:
15490:
15488:Further reading
15485:
15479:
15458:
15433:
15414:
15409:
15408:
15398:
15396:
15381:
15380:
15376:
15366:
15364:
15354:
15350:
15340:
15338:
15327:
15323:
15316:
15302:
15298:
15288:
15286:
15271:
15270:
15266:
15253:
15252:
15243:
15233:
15231:
15220:
15216:
15206:
15204:
15196:Morris, Chris.
15194:
15190:
15183:
15165:
15161:
15153:
15149:
15148:
15141:
15115:10.2307/3677937
15095:
15091:
15081:
15079:
15078:on 24 July 2011
15064:
15060:
15053:
15031:
15027:
15008:
15004:
14995:
14993:
14989:
14973:
14969:
14961:
14946:
14940:
14936:
14926:
14924:
14909:
14905:
14895:
14893:
14889:
14882:
14876:
14872:
14857:
14853:
14830:10.2307/2010354
14814:
14810:
14800:
14798:
14797:on 27 July 2014
14787:
14774:
14759:, ed. (1911). "
14744:
14742:
14741:
14734:
14715:
14704:
14694:
14692:
14683:
14679:
14672:
14652:
14648:
14641:
14603:
14580:
14573:
14554:The Netherlands
14549:
14530:
14522:
14509:
14503:
14434:
14427:
14397:
14393:
14383:
14381:
14366:
14365:
14361:
14351:
14349:
14340:
14339:
14335:
14328:
14312:
14291:
14284:
14262:
14255:
14236:
14232:
14213:
14209:
14194:
14190:
14183:
14169:
14165:
14152:
14151:
14147:
14139:Westholm, Gun.
14138:
14134:
14124:
14122:
14114:
14113:
14109:
14099:
14097:
14088:
14087:
14083:
14076:
14042:
14031:
14024:
14010:
13995:
13985:
13983:
13972:
13971:
13967:
13959:
13948:
13942:
13911:
13904:
13886:
13869:
13862:
13840:
13755:
13732:
13665:
13655:
13653:
13651:
13629:
13504:
13497:
13467:
13424:
13417:
13391:
13278:
13271:
13251:
13247:
13240:
13222:
13218:
13211:
13193:
13189:
13182:
13164:
13157:
13150:
13132:
13128:
13118:
13116:
13093:
13086:
13082:
13075:
13059:
13026:
13019:
13003:
12964:
12957:
12939:
12935:
12928:
12910:
12906:
12889:
12790:
12781:. Seattle, WA:
12771:
12730:
12723:
12705:
12698:
12685:
12683:
12681:
12665:
12661:
12654:
12638:
12634:
12627:
12609:
12598:
12591:
12577:
12573:
12563:
12561:
12552:
12551:
12547:
12540:
12522:
12518:
12508:
12506:
12498:
12497:
12493:
12472:
12445:
12435:
12433:
12424:
12423:
12419:
12398:
12394:
12387:
12369:
12365:
12344:
12327:
12320:
12306:
12297:
12287:
12285:
12283:
12267:
12252:
12245:
12227:
12223:
12206:
12199:
12192:
12174:
12170:
12163:
12145:
12141:
12134:
12120:
12116:
12109:
12091:
12082:
12075:
12059:
12055:
12045:
12043:
12041:
12025:
12021:
12014:
12000:
11996:
11989:
11973:
11969:
11962:
11946:
11942:
11935:
11919:
11915:
11894:
11887:
11870:
11859:
11852:
11834:
11825:
11818:
11802:
11798:
11791:
11773:
11766:
11745:
11738:
11717:
11713:
11696:
11599:
11586:
11551:
11530:
11489:
11482:
11461:
11457:
11444:
11433:
11412:
11387:
11380:
11366:
11362:
11355:
11341:
11337:
11330:
11316:
11312:
11295:
11291:
11284:
11271:
11267:
11258:
11254:
11237:
11235:
11233:
11217:
11213:
11206:
11190:
11186:
11176:
11174:
11163:
11159:
11149:
11147:
11146:on 7 March 2012
11138:
11137:
11133:
11123:
11121:
11091:
11087:
11077:
11075:
11056:
11050:
11046:
11038:. p. 1933.
11030:
11026:
11010:
11006:
10989:
10956:
10932:
10928:
10893:
10889:
10879:
10877:
10867:
10856:
10846:
10844:
10835:
10831:
10812:
10805:
10795:
10793:
10784:
10780:
10765:
10761:
10750:
10730:
10726:
10716:
10714:
10707:
10703:
10693:
10691:
10684:
10680:
10673:
10659:
10655:
10645:
10643:
10642:. openthesaurus
10638:
10637:
10633:
10623:
10621:
10614:
10610:
10603:
10579:
10575:
10570:
10565:
10564:
10548:
10544:
10528:
10524:
10512:
10508:
10492:
10488:
10482:Hansa Teutonica
10401:
10397:
10396:
10392:
10387:
10344:Hanseatic flags
10334:Hanseatic Cross
10304:
10297:
10290:
10283:
10280:
10266:Metro franchise
10253:Hansa Teutonica
10222:
10215:
10201:
10192:
10189:
10180:
10177:
10168:
10165:
10156:
10154:Historical maps
10094:, nickamed the
10084:
10044:
9899:
9891:
9886:
9842:
9802:First World War
9777:
9772:
9767:
9766:
9765:
9601:
9597:
9592:
9591:
9399:Bishop's Lynn (
9369:
9365:
9360:
9359:
9354:
9313:
9311:
9303:
9287:
9269:
9228:
9226:
9218:
9202:
9155:
9137:
9130:
9129:
9124:
9092:
9090:
9052:
9028:Napoleonic Wars
9014:(1470–74). The
8971:
8969:
8930:
8897:
8895:
8856:
8815:
8813:
8771:
8733:
8731:
8663:
8647:
8640:
8639:
8634:
8610:
8608:
8585:
8555:
8553:
8529:
8501:
8499:
8475:
8449:
8447:
8423:
8403:Duchy of Cleves
8379:
8377:
8325:
8323:
8299:
8268:
8266:
8244:
8228:
8198:
8196:
8144:
8142:
8137:Jülich-Guelders
8120:
8104:
8080:
8078:
8042:
8014:
8012:
7960:
7958:
7906:
7904:
7868:
7842:
7840:
7835:Jülich-Guelders
7804:
7778:
7776:
7771:Jülich-Guelders
7724:
7722:
7717:Jülich-Guelders
7670:
7668:
7663:Jülich-Guelders
7632:
7606:
7604:
7599:Jülich-Guelders
7568:
7542:
7540:
7535:Jülich-Guelders
7488:
7486:
7459:
7435:
7433:
7407:
7381:
7379:
7374:Jülich-Guelders
7343:
7319:
7317:
7312:Jülich-Guelders
7281:
7253:
7251:
7215:
7188:
7186:
7150:
7115:
7113:
7077:
7049:
7047:
7042:Jülich-Guelders
7011:
6972:
6970:
6934:
6910:
6908:
6884:
6843:
6841:
6805:
6752:
6750:
6714:
6692:
6690:
6659:
6635:
6633:
6602:
6578:
6576:
6545:
6523:
6521:
6487:
6463:
6461:
6430:
6408:
6406:
6375:
6347:
6345:
6314:
6288:
6286:
6255:
6229:
6227:
6196:
6172:
6170:
6132:
6076:
6074:
6036:
5987:
5985:
5947:
5911:until the 1581
5885:
5883:
5847:
5811:Treaty of Oliva
5779:
5777:
5750:
5718:
5716:
5685:
5640:
5638:
5600:
5550:
5548:
5512:
5462:
5460:
5422:
5366:
5364:
5326:
5272:
5270:
5232:
5210:
5208:
5184:
5148:
5146:
5094:
5092:
5056:
5020:
5018:
4982:
4944:
4942:
4920:
4918:
4902:
4864:
4862:
4826:
4802:
4800:
4764:
4735:
4733:
4697:
4673:
4671:
4635:
4611:
4609:
4573:
4532:
4530:
4494:
4462:
4460:
4438:
4422:
4389:
4387:
4351:
4316:
4314:
4292:
4276:
4232:
4230:
4194:
4168:
4166:
4130:
4104:
4102:
4064:
4034:
4032:
3994:
3966:
3964:
3910:
3908:
3872:
3835:
3833:
3795:
3762:
3760:
3724:
3689:
3687:
3665:
3649:
3616:
3614:
3578:
3533:
3531:
3495:
3460:
3458:
3422:
3381:
3379:
3343:
3313:
3311:
3275:
3245:
3243:
3207:
3174:
3172:
3107:
3063:
3050:
3017:Jesus of Lübeck
3009:
2979:
2942:
2934:
2932:Hanseatic ships
2825:
2677:
2553:
2509:German town law
2495:, Memel (today
2462:
2381:
2135:
2025:
1731:
1616:
1578:
1566:Kõpu Lighthouse
1517:
1325:
1265:Prussian towns:
1244:Gotland, Sweden
1185:Reval (Tallinn)
1145:Livonian towns:
1092:
1088:
1076:Stecknitz Canal
907:
901:
818:Van schiprechte
782:
688:in 1226, under
628:(also known as
564:
462:
440:Old High German
431:
349:, which became
248:
237:
235:
224:
222:
211:
209:
198:
196:
185:
183:
172:
170:
159:
157:
146:
144:
91:
79:
74:
73:
61:
55:
48:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18357:
18347:
18346:
18341:
18336:
18331:
18326:
18321:
18316:
18311:
18306:
18301:
18296:
18291:
18286:
18281:
18276:
18271:
18266:
18261:
18256:
18251:
18246:
18241:
18236:
18231:
18226:
18221:
18216:
18211:
18206:
18189:
18188:
18186:
18185:
18174:
18171:
18170:
18168:
18167:
18162:
18157:
18152:
18146:
18144:
18140:
18139:
18136:
18135:
18133:
18132:
18125:
18118:
18111:
18108:Live in Gdańsk
18104:
18097:
18090:
18089:
18088:
18076:
18068:
18066:
18059:
18058:
18053:
18048:
18043:
18038:
18033:
18028:
18023:
18018:
18013:
18008:
18003:
17998:
17993:
17988:
17982:
17980:
17976:
17975:
17972:
17971:
17969:
17968:
17963:
17962:
17961:
17951:
17946:
17941:
17936:
17934:Port of Gdańsk
17931:
17926:
17921:
17916:
17914:Abbot's Palace
17910:
17908:
17904:
17903:
17901:
17900:
17895:
17890:
17885:
17879:
17877:
17871:
17870:
17868:
17867:
17862:
17857:
17852:
17851:
17850:
17840:
17835:
17830:
17825:
17820:
17815:
17810:
17808:Granary Island
17805:
17800:
17795:
17790:
17784:
17782:
17773:
17769:
17768:
17766:
17765:
17764:
17763:
17756:Zaspa-Rozstaje
17753:
17748:
17747:
17746:
17736:
17731:
17726:
17725:
17724:
17717:Wrzeszcz Górny
17714:
17713:
17712:
17705:Wrzeszcz Dolny
17702:
17697:
17692:
17687:
17682:
17677:
17676:
17675:
17670:
17665:
17663:Biskupia Górka
17655:
17650:
17645:
17644:
17643:
17633:
17631:Przymorze Małe
17628:
17623:
17618:
17613:
17608:
17603:
17598:
17593:
17588:
17583:
17578:
17573:
17568:
17563:
17558:
17553:
17548:
17543:
17537:
17535:
17529:
17528:
17525:
17524:
17522:
17521:
17516:
17511:
17506:
17501:
17496:
17494:Jerzy Pasiński
17491:
17486:
17481:
17476:
17471:
17466:
17461:
17456:
17451:
17449:Piotr Stolarek
17446:
17441:
17435:
17433:
17427:
17426:
17424:
17423:
17421:Albert Forster
17418:
17416:Arthur Greiser
17413:
17408:
17403:
17398:
17393:
17388:
17386:Daniel Gralath
17383:
17378:
17376:Conrad Letzkau
17372:
17370:
17361:
17355:
17354:
17351:
17350:
17348:
17347:
17342:
17337:
17332:
17327:
17322:
17317:
17312:
17307:
17302:
17297:
17292:
17287:
17282:
17277:
17271:
17269:
17265:
17264:
17262:
17261:
17256:
17251:
17246:
17241:
17236:
17231:
17226:
17225:
17224:
17222:Postal history
17214:
17209:
17208:
17207:
17202:
17197:
17192:
17182:
17177:
17172:
17167:
17162:
17157:
17152:
17147:
17146:
17145:
17140:
17135:
17130:
17125:
17120:
17115:
17107:
17101:
17099:
17090:
17084:
17083:
17075:
17074:
17067:
17060:
17052:
17043:
17042:
17040:
17039:
17034:
17029:
17024:
17019:
17014:
17009:
17004:
16999:
16994:
16988:
16986:
16982:
16981:
16979:
16978:
16973:
16968:
16963:
16958:
16953:
16948:
16943:
16938:
16933:
16928:
16923:
16918:
16913:
16908:
16903:
16898:
16896:Russian Empire
16893:
16888:
16886:British Empire
16883:
16881:Dutch Republic
16878:
16876:Swedish Empire
16873:
16868:
16863:
16858:
16856:Spanish Empire
16853:
16848:
16846:Ottoman Empire
16843:
16838:
16833:
16828:
16823:
16818:
16817:
16816:
16806:
16801:
16795:
16793:
16787:
16786:
16784:
16783:
16778:
16773:
16768:
16763:
16761:Serbian Empire
16758:
16753:
16748:
16743:
16738:
16733:
16728:
16706:
16701:
16696:
16695:
16694:
16689:
16684:
16679:
16669:
16668:
16667:
16662:
16654:
16649:
16644:
16639:
16634:
16633:
16632:
16622:
16617:
16611:
16609:
16603:
16602:
16600:
16599:
16597:Late antiquity
16594:
16589:
16584:
16583:
16582:
16572:
16567:
16562:
16560:Roman Republic
16557:
16551:
16549:
16543:
16542:
16540:
16539:
16534:
16529:
16524:
16518:
16516:
16510:
16509:
16502:
16501:
16494:
16487:
16479:
16470:
16469:
16466:
16465:
16450:
16439:
16438:
16435:
16434:
16432:
16431:
16426:
16421:
16416:
16411:
16406:
16401:
16396:
16391:
16386:
16381:
16376:
16371:
16365:
16363:
16359:
16358:
16356:
16355:
16350:
16344:
16342:
16336:
16335:
16333:
16332:
16320:
16308:
16307:
16306:
16296:
16284:
16271:
16269:
16261:
16260:
16257:
16254:
16253:
16250:
16249:
16247:
16246:
16241:
16236:
16229:
16224:
16219:
16214:
16209:
16203:
16201:
16184:
16178:
16174:
16173:
16170:
16169:
16167:
16166:
16158:
16150:
16142:
16134:
16122:
16114:
16106:
16097:
16095:
16082:
16076:
16072:
16071:
16068:
16067:
16065:
16064:
16057:
16050:
16043:
16038:
16033:
16026:
16020:
16018:
16007:
16001:
15997:
15996:
15982:
15980:
15977:
15976:
15974:
15973:
15968:
15963:
15958:
15953:
15948:
15940:
15932:
15924:
15919:
15914:
15906:
15899:
15894:
15889:
15883:
15881:
15868:
15864:
15863:
15860:
15859:
15845:
15837:
15836:
15833:
15832:
15823:
15822:
15815:
15808:
15800:
15794:
15793:
15788:
15782:
15777:
15772:
15767:
15762:
15757:
15752:
15745:
15744:External links
15742:
15741:
15740:
15730:
15715:
15707:
15706:Historiography
15704:
15703:
15702:
15689:
15680:
15657:
15635:
15629:
15616:
15610:
15597:
15591:
15578:
15569:
15560:
15553:
15544:
15538:
15523:
15514:
15489:
15486:
15484:
15483:
15477:
15462:
15456:
15437:
15431:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15407:
15406:
15374:
15348:
15321:
15314:
15296:
15285:on 13 May 2010
15264:
15241:
15214:
15188:
15181:
15159:
15139:
15089:
15058:
15051:
15025:
15002:
14992:on 24 May 2016
14967:
14934:
14903:
14870:
14851:
14824:(1): 147–172.
14818:World Politics
14808:
14772:
14757:Chisholm, Hugh
14732:
14702:
14677:
14670:
14646:
14639:
14578:
14571:
14528:
14432:
14425:
14391:
14359:
14333:
14326:
14289:
14282:
14253:
14250:. p. 152.
14230:
14227:. p. 160.
14207:
14188:
14181:
14163:
14145:
14132:
14107:
14081:
14074:
14029:
14022:
13993:
13965:
13909:
13902:
13867:
13860:
13753:
13663:
13649:
13502:
13495:
13422:
13415:
13276:
13269:
13245:
13238:
13216:
13209:
13187:
13180:
13155:
13148:
13126:
13080:
13073:
13024:
13017:
12962:
12955:
12933:
12926:
12904:
12788:
12728:
12721:
12696:
12679:
12659:
12652:
12632:
12625:
12596:
12589:
12571:
12545:
12538:
12516:
12491:
12443:
12417:
12392:
12385:
12363:
12325:
12318:
12295:
12281:
12250:
12243:
12221:
12197:
12190:
12168:
12161:
12139:
12132:
12114:
12107:
12080:
12073:
12053:
12039:
12019:
12012:
11994:
11987:
11967:
11960:
11940:
11933:
11913:
11896:Henn, Volker.
11885:
11857:
11850:
11823:
11816:
11796:
11789:
11764:
11736:
11711:
11597:
11549:
11532:Looper, Bert.
11487:
11480:
11455:
11431:
11414:Brand, Hanno.
11385:
11378:
11360:
11353:
11335:
11328:
11310:
11289:
11282:
11252:
11231:
11211:
11204:
11184:
11157:
11131:
11085:
11044:
11024:
11004:
10954:
10926:
10887:
10854:
10829:
10803:
10778:
10759:
10748:
10724:
10701:
10678:
10671:
10653:
10631:
10608:
10601:
10572:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10563:
10562:
10560:, p. 91).
10542:
10540:, p. 91).
10522:
10506:
10486:
10466:Deutsche Hanse
10451:Düdesche Hanse
10389:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10382:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10310:
10309:
10295:
10279:
10276:
10275:
10274:
10261:
10249:
10232:
10221:
10218:
10217:
10216:
10202:
10195:
10193:
10191:Europe in 1470
10190:
10183:
10181:
10179:Europe in 1430
10178:
10171:
10169:
10167:Europe in 1097
10166:
10159:
10155:
10152:
10083:
10080:
10043:
10040:
9897:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9878:European Union
9841:
9838:
9776:
9775:Historiography
9773:
9771:
9768:
9764:
9763:
9756:
9749:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9687:
9682:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9634:Grundarfjörður
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9609:
9603:
9602:
9599:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9590:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9546:Great Yarmouth
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9397:
9392:
9370:
9367:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9356:
9355:
9353:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9309:
9293:
9277:
9271:
9270:
9268:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9224:
9208:
9192:
9186:
9185:
9180:
9177:
9174:
9171:
9168:
9165:
9162:
9156:
9151:List of Hansa
9150:
9149:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9125:
9123:
9122:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9105:
9103:
9101:
9088:
9074:
9060:
9054:
9053:
9051:
9050:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9042:
9040:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8978:United Kingdom
8967:
8953:
8938:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8928:
8926:
8924:
8922:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8906:
8893:
8879:
8877:: Hanzekantoor
8864:
8858:
8857:
8855:
8854:
8852:
8850:
8848:
8846:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8811:
8797:
8779:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8769:
8767:
8765:
8763:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8729:
8715:
8700:
8694:
8693:
8688:
8685:
8682:
8679:
8676:
8673:
8670:
8664:
8659:List of Hansa
8658:
8657:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8635:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8606:
8604:
8590:
8587:
8586:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8568:
8566:
8564:
8551:
8549:
8535:
8531:
8530:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8510:
8497:
8495:
8481:
8477:
8476:
8474:
8473:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8462:
8460:
8458:
8445:
8443:
8429:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8419:
8417:
8415:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8395:
8390:
8388:
8375:
8361:
8347:
8343:
8342:
8340:
8338:
8336:
8334:
8321:
8319:
8305:
8301:
8300:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8293:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8264:
8250:
8234:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8226:
8224:
8222:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8211:
8209:
8207:
8194:
8180:
8166:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8157:
8155:
8153:
8140:
8126:
8110:
8106:
8105:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8076:
8062:
8048:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8027:
8025:
8023:
8010:
7996:
7982:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7973:
7971:
7969:
7956:
7942:
7928:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7919:
7917:
7915:
7902:
7888:
7874:
7870:
7869:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7855:
7853:
7851:
7838:
7824:
7810:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7791:
7789:
7787:
7774:
7760:
7746:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7737:
7735:
7733:
7720:
7706:
7692:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7666:
7652:
7638:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7615:
7602:
7588:
7574:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7553:
7551:
7538:
7524:
7510:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7499:
7497:
7484:
7479:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7431:
7426:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7377:
7363:
7349:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7315:
7301:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7262:
7249:
7235:
7221:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7184:
7170:
7156:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7124:
7111:
7097:
7083:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7045:
7031:
7017:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6983:
6981:
6968:
6954:
6940:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6906:
6904:
6890:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6839:
6825:
6811:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6768:
6763:
6761:
6748:
6734:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6688:
6674:
6665:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6631:
6617:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6574:
6560:
6551:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6519:
6505:
6493:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6459:
6445:
6436:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6404:
6390:
6381:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6343:
6329:
6320:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6284:
6270:
6261:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6225:
6211:
6202:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6168:
6154:
6138:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6072:
6058:
6042:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6007:Teutonic Order
6003:
6001:
5996:
5983:
5969:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5901:
5899:
5894:
5881:
5867:
5853:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5817:in 1946 after
5799:Teutonic Order
5795:
5793:
5788:
5775:
5772:Teutonic Order
5761:
5740:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5714:
5711:Teutonic Order
5700:
5691:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5636:
5622:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5546:
5532:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5478:
5476:
5471:
5458:
5455:Teutonic Order
5444:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5382:
5380:
5375:
5362:
5359:Teutonic Order
5348:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5288:
5286:
5281:
5268:
5265:Teutonic Order
5254:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5206:
5204:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5144:
5130:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5090:
5076:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5016:
5002:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4940:
4926:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4880:
4875:
4873:
4860:
4846:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4798:
4784:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4744:
4731:
4717:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4669:
4655:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4607:
4593:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4528:
4514:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4458:
4444:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4398:
4385:
4371:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4312:
4298:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4248:
4243:
4241:
4228:
4214:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4164:
4150:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4100:
4086:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4030:
4016:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3962:
3948:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3906:
3892:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3844:
3831:
3817:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:Vierstädtebund
3775:
3773:
3771:
3758:
3744:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:Vierstädtebund
3702:
3700:
3698:
3685:
3671:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:Vierstädtebund
3629:
3627:
3625:
3612:
3598:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:Vierstädtebund
3549:
3547:
3542:
3529:
3515:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3456:
3442:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3377:
3363:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3309:
3295:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3241:
3227:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3170:
3156:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3062:
3059:
3049:
3046:
3008:
3005:
2978:
2975:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2824:
2821:
2795:
2794:
2785:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2758:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2714:
2713:Wendish-Saxon
2710:
2709:
2702:
2699:
2676:
2673:
2579:stock exchange
2552:
2549:
2524:Ratssendeboten
2461:
2458:
2400:Vincent Rumpff
2380:
2377:
2371:burned in the
2358:Swedish Wismar
2186:'s Sweden and
2134:
2131:
1946:Teutonic Order
1768:Livonian Order
1730:
1727:
1609:Eric VI Menved
1605:Kaufmannshanse
1577:
1574:
1516:
1513:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:London/Hamburg
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1087:
1084:
1066:, Hamburg and
1028:Great Yarmouth
900:
897:
893:Kaufmannshanse
865:King Henry III
754:, and Dorpat (
563:
560:
525:Duke of Saxony
521:Henry the Lion
484:, which was a
461:
458:
430:
427:
333:(known as the
250:
249:
247:
246:
233:
220:
207:
194:
181:
168:
155:
141:
139:
135:
134:
124:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
97:
93:
92:
89:
81:
80:
75:
67:
66:
63:
62:
49:
46:
26:
18:Hanseatic city
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18356:
18345:
18342:
18340:
18337:
18335:
18332:
18330:
18327:
18325:
18322:
18320:
18317:
18315:
18312:
18310:
18307:
18305:
18302:
18300:
18297:
18295:
18292:
18290:
18287:
18285:
18282:
18280:
18277:
18275:
18272:
18270:
18267:
18265:
18262:
18260:
18257:
18255:
18252:
18250:
18247:
18245:
18242:
18240:
18237:
18235:
18232:
18230:
18227:
18225:
18222:
18220:
18217:
18215:
18212:
18210:
18207:
18205:
18202:
18201:
18199:
18184:
18176:
18175:
18172:
18166:
18163:
18161:
18158:
18156:
18153:
18151:
18148:
18147:
18145:
18141:
18131:
18130:
18126:
18124:
18123:
18119:
18117:
18116:
18112:
18110:
18109:
18105:
18103:
18102:
18098:
18096:
18095:
18091:
18087:
18084:
18083:
18082:
18081:
18077:
18075:
18074:
18070:
18069:
18067:
18063:
18057:
18054:
18052:
18049:
18047:
18044:
18042:
18039:
18037:
18034:
18032:
18029:
18027:
18024:
18022:
18019:
18017:
18014:
18012:
18009:
18007:
18004:
18002:
17999:
17997:
17994:
17992:
17989:
17987:
17984:
17983:
17981:
17977:
17967:
17964:
17960:
17957:
17956:
17955:
17952:
17950:
17947:
17945:
17942:
17940:
17939:Przekop Wisły
17937:
17935:
17932:
17930:
17927:
17925:
17924:Ostrów Island
17922:
17920:
17917:
17915:
17912:
17911:
17909:
17905:
17899:
17896:
17894:
17891:
17889:
17886:
17884:
17881:
17880:
17878:
17876:
17872:
17866:
17863:
17861:
17858:
17856:
17853:
17849:
17846:
17845:
17844:
17841:
17839:
17836:
17834:
17831:
17829:
17826:
17824:
17821:
17819:
17816:
17814:
17811:
17809:
17806:
17804:
17801:
17799:
17796:
17794:
17791:
17789:
17786:
17785:
17783:
17781:
17777:
17774:
17770:
17762:
17759:
17758:
17757:
17754:
17752:
17751:Zaspa-Młyniec
17749:
17745:
17742:
17741:
17740:
17737:
17735:
17732:
17730:
17727:
17723:
17720:
17719:
17718:
17715:
17711:
17708:
17707:
17706:
17703:
17701:
17698:
17696:
17693:
17691:
17688:
17686:
17683:
17681:
17678:
17674:
17671:
17669:
17668:Główne Miasto
17666:
17664:
17661:
17660:
17659:
17656:
17654:
17651:
17649:
17646:
17642:
17639:
17638:
17637:
17634:
17632:
17629:
17627:
17624:
17622:
17621:Piecki-Migowo
17619:
17617:
17614:
17612:
17609:
17607:
17604:
17602:
17599:
17597:
17594:
17592:
17589:
17587:
17584:
17582:
17579:
17577:
17574:
17572:
17569:
17567:
17564:
17562:
17559:
17557:
17554:
17552:
17549:
17547:
17544:
17542:
17539:
17538:
17536:
17534:
17530:
17520:
17517:
17515:
17512:
17510:
17507:
17505:
17502:
17500:
17497:
17495:
17492:
17490:
17487:
17485:
17482:
17480:
17477:
17475:
17474:Jan Nikołajew
17472:
17470:
17467:
17465:
17462:
17460:
17457:
17455:
17452:
17450:
17447:
17445:
17442:
17440:
17437:
17436:
17434:
17432:
17428:
17422:
17419:
17417:
17414:
17412:
17409:
17407:
17404:
17402:
17401:Heinrich Sahm
17399:
17397:
17394:
17392:
17389:
17387:
17384:
17382:
17379:
17377:
17374:
17373:
17371:
17369:
17365:
17362:
17360:
17356:
17346:
17343:
17341:
17338:
17336:
17333:
17331:
17328:
17326:
17323:
17321:
17318:
17316:
17313:
17311:
17308:
17306:
17303:
17301:
17298:
17296:
17293:
17291:
17288:
17286:
17285:Danzig gulden
17283:
17281:
17278:
17276:
17273:
17272:
17270:
17266:
17260:
17257:
17255:
17252:
17250:
17247:
17245:
17242:
17240:
17237:
17235:
17232:
17230:
17227:
17223:
17220:
17219:
17218:
17215:
17213:
17210:
17206:
17203:
17201:
17198:
17196:
17193:
17191:
17188:
17187:
17186:
17183:
17181:
17178:
17176:
17173:
17171:
17168:
17166:
17163:
17161:
17158:
17156:
17153:
17151:
17148:
17144:
17141:
17139:
17136:
17134:
17131:
17129:
17126:
17124:
17121:
17119:
17116:
17114:
17111:
17110:
17108:
17106:
17103:
17102:
17100:
17098:
17094:
17091:
17089:
17085:
17080:
17073:
17068:
17066:
17061:
17059:
17054:
17053:
17050:
17038:
17035:
17033:
17030:
17028:
17025:
17023:
17020:
17018:
17015:
17013:
17010:
17008:
17005:
17003:
17000:
16998:
16995:
16993:
16992:Art of Europe
16990:
16989:
16987:
16983:
16977:
16974:
16972:
16969:
16967:
16964:
16962:
16959:
16957:
16954:
16952:
16949:
16947:
16944:
16942:
16939:
16937:
16934:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16917:
16914:
16912:
16909:
16907:
16904:
16902:
16899:
16897:
16894:
16892:
16889:
16887:
16884:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16859:
16857:
16854:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16842:
16839:
16837:
16834:
16832:
16829:
16827:
16824:
16822:
16819:
16815:
16812:
16811:
16810:
16807:
16805:
16802:
16800:
16797:
16796:
16794:
16792:
16791:Modern period
16788:
16782:
16779:
16777:
16774:
16772:
16769:
16767:
16764:
16762:
16759:
16757:
16754:
16752:
16749:
16747:
16744:
16742:
16739:
16737:
16734:
16732:
16729:
16726:
16722:
16718:
16714:
16710:
16707:
16705:
16702:
16700:
16697:
16693:
16690:
16688:
16685:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16675:
16674:
16673:
16670:
16666:
16663:
16661:
16658:
16657:
16655:
16653:
16650:
16648:
16645:
16643:
16640:
16638:
16635:
16631:
16628:
16627:
16626:
16623:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16613:
16612:
16610:
16608:
16604:
16598:
16595:
16593:
16590:
16588:
16585:
16581:
16578:
16577:
16576:
16573:
16571:
16568:
16566:
16563:
16561:
16558:
16556:
16553:
16552:
16550:
16548:
16544:
16538:
16535:
16533:
16530:
16528:
16525:
16523:
16520:
16519:
16517:
16515:
16511:
16507:
16500:
16495:
16493:
16488:
16486:
16481:
16480:
16477:
16463:
16459:
16455:
16451:
16448:
16444:
16441:
16440:
16436:
16430:
16427:
16425:
16422:
16420:
16417:
16415:
16412:
16410:
16407:
16405:
16402:
16400:
16397:
16395:
16392:
16390:
16387:
16385:
16382:
16380:
16377:
16375:
16372:
16370:
16369:Bishop's Lynn
16367:
16366:
16364:
16360:
16354:
16351:
16349:
16346:
16345:
16343:
16341:
16337:
16329:
16324:
16321:
16317:
16312:
16309:
16301:
16297:
16294:
16290:
16289:
16288:
16285:
16281:
16276:
16273:
16272:
16270:
16268:
16267:
16262:
16255:
16245:
16242:
16240:
16237:
16235:
16234:
16230:
16228:
16225:
16223:
16220:
16218:
16215:
16213:
16210:
16208:
16205:
16204:
16202:
16198:
16197:
16190:
16189:
16182:
16179:
16175:
16165:
16159:
16157:
16151:
16149:
16143:
16141:
16135:
16131:
16126:
16123:
16121:
16115:
16113:
16107:
16105:
16099:
16098:
16096:
16093:
16080:
16077:
16073:
16063:
16062:
16058:
16056:
16055:
16051:
16049:
16048:
16044:
16042:
16039:
16037:
16034:
16032:
16031:
16027:
16025:
16022:
16021:
16019:
16015:
16011:
16005:
16002:
15998:
15993:
15986:
15972:
15969:
15967:
15964:
15962:
15959:
15957:
15954:
15952:
15949:
15947:
15941:
15939:
15933:
15931:
15925:
15923:
15920:
15918:
15915:
15913:
15907:
15905:
15904:
15900:
15898:
15895:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15878:
15872:
15869:
15865:
15857:
15853:
15849:
15846:
15839:
15838:
15834:
15829:
15821:
15816:
15814:
15809:
15807:
15802:
15801:
15798:
15792:
15789:
15786:
15783:
15781:
15778:
15776:
15773:
15771:
15768:
15766:
15763:
15761:
15758:
15756:
15753:
15751:
15748:
15747:
15739:
15735:
15731:
15728:
15724:
15720:
15719:The Historian
15716:
15714:
15710:
15709:
15699:
15697:
15690:
15686:
15681:
15677:
15673:
15669:
15665:
15664:
15658:
15647:
15643:
15642:
15636:
15632:
15630:9783412216825
15626:
15622:
15617:
15613:
15611:1-56619-867-4
15607:
15603:
15598:
15594:
15588:
15584:
15579:
15575:
15570:
15566:
15561:
15558:
15557:History Today
15554:
15551:. E.J. Brill.
15550:
15545:
15541:
15535:
15531:
15530:
15524:
15520:
15515:
15503:
15499:
15498:
15492:
15491:
15480:
15474:
15470:
15469:
15463:
15459:
15453:
15449:
15445:
15444:
15438:
15434:
15428:
15424:
15423:
15417:
15416:
15395:. 1 July 2002
15394:
15393:
15388:
15386:
15378:
15363:
15359:
15352:
15336:
15332:
15325:
15317:
15311:
15307:
15300:
15284:
15280:
15279:
15274:
15268:
15260:
15256:
15250:
15248:
15246:
15229:
15225:
15218:
15203:
15199:
15192:
15184:
15182:3-933701-02-3
15178:
15174:
15170:
15163:
15152:
15146:
15144:
15136:
15132:
15128:
15124:
15120:
15116:
15112:
15108:
15104:
15100:
15093:
15077:
15073:
15069:
15062:
15054:
15048:
15044:
15040:
15036:
15029:
15021:
15017:
15013:
15006:
14988:
14984:
14980:
14979:
14971:
14960:
14956:
14952:
14945:
14938:
14922:
14918:
14914:
14907:
14888:
14881:
14874:
14866:
14862:
14855:
14847:
14843:
14839:
14835:
14831:
14827:
14823:
14819:
14812:
14796:
14792:
14785:
14783:
14781:
14779:
14777:
14768:
14767:
14762:
14758:
14753:
14752:public domain
14739:
14737:
14728:
14724:
14720:
14713:
14711:
14709:
14707:
14690:
14689:
14681:
14673:
14667:
14663:
14659:
14658:
14650:
14642:
14636:
14632:
14628:
14624:
14620:
14617:
14614:
14610:
14609:
14601:
14599:
14597:
14595:
14593:
14591:
14589:
14587:
14585:
14583:
14574:
14568:
14564:
14560:
14559:Lonely Planet
14556:
14555:
14547:
14545:
14543:
14541:
14539:
14537:
14535:
14533:
14521:
14517:
14516:
14508:
14501:
14499:
14497:
14495:
14493:
14491:
14489:
14487:
14485:
14483:
14481:
14479:
14477:
14475:
14473:
14471:
14469:
14467:
14465:
14463:
14461:
14459:
14457:
14455:
14453:
14451:
14449:
14447:
14445:
14443:
14441:
14439:
14437:
14428:
14422:
14418:
14414:
14410:
14406:
14402:
14395:
14379:
14375:
14374:
14369:
14363:
14347:
14343:
14337:
14329:
14327:9781351884839
14323:
14319:
14318:
14310:
14308:
14306:
14304:
14302:
14300:
14298:
14296:
14294:
14285:
14279:
14275:
14271:
14267:
14260:
14258:
14249:
14245:
14241:
14234:
14226:
14222:
14218:
14211:
14203:
14199:
14192:
14184:
14182:0-521-41239-0
14178:
14174:
14167:
14159:
14155:
14149:
14142:
14136:
14121:
14117:
14111:
14095:
14091:
14085:
14077:
14071:
14067:
14063:
14059:
14055:
14051:
14050:Lonely Planet
14047:
14040:
14038:
14036:
14034:
14025:
14023:3-88680-272-8
14019:
14015:
14008:
14006:
14004:
14002:
14000:
13998:
13981:
13980:
13975:
13969:
13958:
13954:
13947:
13940:
13938:
13936:
13934:
13932:
13930:
13928:
13926:
13924:
13922:
13920:
13918:
13916:
13914:
13905:
13899:
13895:
13891:
13884:
13882:
13880:
13878:
13876:
13874:
13872:
13863:
13857:
13853:
13849:
13845:
13838:
13836:
13834:
13832:
13830:
13828:
13826:
13824:
13822:
13820:
13818:
13816:
13814:
13812:
13810:
13808:
13806:
13804:
13802:
13800:
13798:
13796:
13794:
13792:
13790:
13788:
13786:
13784:
13782:
13780:
13778:
13776:
13774:
13772:
13770:
13768:
13766:
13764:
13762:
13760:
13758:
13749:
13745:
13741:
13737:
13730:
13728:
13726:
13724:
13722:
13720:
13718:
13716:
13714:
13712:
13710:
13708:
13706:
13704:
13702:
13700:
13698:
13696:
13694:
13692:
13690:
13688:
13686:
13684:
13682:
13680:
13678:
13676:
13674:
13672:
13670:
13668:
13652:
13650:0-8047-0742-1
13646:
13642:
13637:
13636:
13627:
13625:
13623:
13621:
13619:
13617:
13615:
13613:
13611:
13609:
13607:
13605:
13603:
13601:
13599:
13597:
13595:
13593:
13591:
13589:
13587:
13585:
13583:
13581:
13579:
13577:
13575:
13573:
13571:
13569:
13567:
13565:
13563:
13561:
13559:
13557:
13555:
13553:
13551:
13549:
13547:
13545:
13543:
13541:
13539:
13537:
13535:
13533:
13531:
13529:
13527:
13525:
13523:
13521:
13519:
13517:
13515:
13513:
13511:
13509:
13507:
13498:
13496:0-691-00795-0
13492:
13488:
13484:
13480:
13477:
13474:
13473:
13465:
13463:
13461:
13459:
13457:
13455:
13453:
13451:
13449:
13447:
13445:
13443:
13441:
13439:
13437:
13435:
13433:
13431:
13429:
13427:
13418:
13412:
13408:
13404:
13403:Penguin Books
13399:
13398:
13389:
13387:
13385:
13383:
13381:
13379:
13377:
13375:
13373:
13371:
13369:
13367:
13365:
13363:
13361:
13359:
13357:
13355:
13353:
13351:
13349:
13347:
13345:
13343:
13341:
13339:
13337:
13335:
13333:
13331:
13329:
13327:
13325:
13323:
13321:
13319:
13317:
13315:
13313:
13311:
13309:
13307:
13305:
13303:
13301:
13299:
13297:
13295:
13293:
13291:
13289:
13287:
13285:
13283:
13281:
13272:
13270:9789462495609
13266:
13262:
13258:
13257:
13249:
13241:
13235:
13231:
13227:
13220:
13212:
13206:
13202:
13198:
13191:
13183:
13177:
13174:. Routledge.
13173:
13169:
13162:
13160:
13151:
13145:
13141:
13137:
13130:
13115:
13111:
13107:
13103:
13099:
13091:
13084:
13076:
13070:
13066:
13065:
13057:
13055:
13053:
13051:
13049:
13047:
13045:
13043:
13041:
13039:
13037:
13035:
13033:
13031:
13029:
13020:
13014:
13010:
13009:
13001:
12999:
12997:
12995:
12993:
12991:
12989:
12987:
12985:
12983:
12981:
12979:
12977:
12975:
12973:
12971:
12969:
12967:
12958:
12952:
12948:
12944:
12937:
12929:
12923:
12919:
12915:
12908:
12900:
12896:
12895:
12887:
12885:
12883:
12881:
12879:
12877:
12875:
12873:
12871:
12869:
12867:
12865:
12863:
12861:
12859:
12857:
12855:
12853:
12851:
12849:
12847:
12845:
12843:
12841:
12839:
12837:
12835:
12833:
12831:
12829:
12827:
12825:
12823:
12821:
12819:
12817:
12815:
12813:
12811:
12809:
12807:
12805:
12803:
12801:
12799:
12797:
12795:
12793:
12784:
12780:
12776:
12769:
12767:
12765:
12763:
12761:
12759:
12757:
12755:
12753:
12751:
12749:
12747:
12745:
12743:
12741:
12739:
12737:
12735:
12733:
12724:
12718:
12714:
12710:
12703:
12701:
12693:
12682:
12676:
12672:
12671:
12663:
12655:
12649:
12645:
12644:
12636:
12628:
12622:
12618:
12614:
12607:
12605:
12603:
12601:
12592:
12586:
12582:
12575:
12559:
12555:
12549:
12541:
12535:
12531:
12527:
12520:
12505:
12501:
12495:
12489:
12483:
12479:
12478:
12470:
12468:
12466:
12464:
12462:
12460:
12458:
12456:
12454:
12452:
12450:
12448:
12431:
12427:
12421:
12415:
12409:
12405:
12404:
12396:
12388:
12382:
12378:
12374:
12367:
12361:
12355:
12351:
12350:
12342:
12340:
12338:
12336:
12334:
12332:
12330:
12321:
12315:
12311:
12304:
12302:
12300:
12284:
12278:
12274:
12273:
12265:
12263:
12261:
12259:
12257:
12255:
12246:
12240:
12236:
12232:
12225:
12217:
12213:
12212:
12204:
12202:
12193:
12187:
12182:
12181:
12172:
12164:
12158:
12153:
12152:
12143:
12135:
12129:
12125:
12118:
12110:
12104:
12100:
12096:
12089:
12087:
12085:
12076:
12070:
12066:
12065:
12057:
12042:
12036:
12032:
12031:
12023:
12015:
12009:
12005:
11998:
11990:
11988:9780486157085
11984:
11980:
11979:
11971:
11963:
11961:9781472958754
11957:
11953:
11952:
11944:
11936:
11934:9781615309955
11930:
11926:
11925:
11917:
11911:
11906:. p. 19.
11905:
11904:
11900:
11892:
11890:
11883:
11877:
11876:
11868:
11866:
11864:
11862:
11853:
11851:9783110686210
11847:
11843:
11839:
11832:
11830:
11828:
11819:
11813:
11809:
11808:
11800:
11792:
11786:
11782:
11778:
11771:
11769:
11762:
11757:. p. 45.
11756:
11755:
11751:
11743:
11741:
11734:
11728:
11724:
11723:
11715:
11709:
11703:
11702:
11694:
11692:
11690:
11688:
11686:
11684:
11682:
11680:
11678:
11676:
11674:
11672:
11670:
11668:
11666:
11664:
11662:
11660:
11658:
11656:
11654:
11652:
11650:
11648:
11646:
11644:
11642:
11640:
11638:
11636:
11634:
11632:
11630:
11628:
11626:
11624:
11622:
11620:
11618:
11616:
11614:
11612:
11610:
11608:
11606:
11604:
11602:
11593:
11592:
11584:
11582:
11580:
11578:
11576:
11574:
11572:
11570:
11568:
11566:
11564:
11562:
11560:
11558:
11556:
11554:
11547:
11541:
11537:
11536:
11528:
11526:
11524:
11522:
11520:
11518:
11516:
11514:
11512:
11510:
11508:
11506:
11504:
11502:
11500:
11498:
11496:
11494:
11492:
11483:
11477:
11473:
11469:
11465:
11459:
11451:
11450:
11442:
11440:
11438:
11436:
11429:
11423:
11419:
11418:
11410:
11408:
11406:
11404:
11402:
11400:
11398:
11396:
11394:
11392:
11390:
11381:
11375:
11371:
11364:
11356:
11350:
11346:
11339:
11331:
11325:
11321:
11314:
11306:
11305:
11300:
11293:
11285:
11279:
11275:
11274:
11256:
11249:
11247:
11234:
11228:
11224:
11223:
11215:
11207:
11201:
11197:
11196:
11188:
11172:
11171:russia-ic.com
11168:
11161:
11145:
11141:
11135:
11120:
11116:
11112:
11108:
11104:
11101:(in German).
11100:
11096:
11089:
11074:
11070:
11066:
11062:
11055:
11048:
11042:
11037:
11036:
11028:
11022:
11017:
11016:
11008:
11002:
10996:
10995:
10987:
10985:
10983:
10981:
10979:
10977:
10975:
10973:
10971:
10969:
10967:
10965:
10963:
10961:
10959:
10950:
10946:
10945:
10940:
10936:
10930:
10922:
10918:
10914:
10910:
10906:
10902:
10898:
10891:
10876:
10872:
10865:
10863:
10861:
10859:
10842:
10841:
10833:
10825:
10821:
10817:
10810:
10808:
10791:
10790:
10782:
10774:
10771:(in French).
10770:
10763:
10757:
10751:
10745:
10741:
10737:
10736:
10728:
10712:
10705:
10689:
10682:
10674:
10668:
10664:
10657:
10641:
10635:
10619:
10612:
10604:
10598:
10594:
10590:
10589:
10584:
10577:
10573:
10559:
10553:
10546:
10539:
10533:
10526:
10519:
10515:
10510:
10503:
10497:
10490:
10483:
10479:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10463:
10462:Modern German
10458:
10452:
10447:
10443:
10437:
10394:
10390:
10380:
10379:Thalassocracy
10377:
10375:
10374:Schiffskinder
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10311:
10307:
10301:
10296:
10293:
10292:Oceans portal
10287:
10282:
10272:
10268:
10267:
10262:
10259:
10255:
10254:
10250:
10247:
10243:
10239:
10238:
10233:
10230:
10229:
10224:
10223:
10214:region (1539)
10213:
10208:
10207:
10199:
10194:
10187:
10182:
10175:
10170:
10163:
10158:
10157:
10151:
10149:
10145:
10141:
10137:
10133:
10129:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10116:Hansa Brewery
10113:
10109:
10105:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10089:
10079:
10077:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10057:
10053:
10049:
10039:
10037:
10033:
10029:
10024:
10022:
10017:
10015:
10011:
10007:
10003:
9999:
9995:
9991:
9987:
9983:
9979:
9975:
9971:
9967:
9963:
9959:
9955:
9951:
9947:
9943:
9939:
9935:
9930:
9928:
9923:
9921:
9916:
9914:
9910:
9906:
9895:
9881:
9879:
9875:
9869:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9854:
9852:
9846:
9840:Popular views
9837:
9835:
9831:
9826:
9823:
9819:
9814:
9810:
9805:
9803:
9799:
9798:Little German
9795:
9786:
9781:
9761:
9757:
9754:
9751:Weißenstein (
9750:
9747:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9644:Hafnarfjörður
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9614:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9604:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9547:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9525:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9402:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9387:
9383:
9379:
9374:
9351:
9349:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9340:, during the
9339:
9335:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9310:
9306:
9299:
9294:
9290:
9283:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9266:
9264:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9255:, during the
9254:
9250:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9225:
9221:
9214:
9209:
9205:
9198:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9181:
9178:
9175:
9172:
9169:
9166:
9163:
9160:
9159:
9154:
9148:
9146:
9142:
9135:
9121:
9119:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9106:
9104:
9102:
9100:
9089:
9086:
9080:
9075:
9072:
9066:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9043:
9041:
9039:
9037:
9035:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9005:
9001:
9000:
8995:
8994:King Edward I
8991:
8986:
8981:
8979:
8968:
8965:
8959:
8954:
8951:
8944:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8927:
8925:
8923:
8921:
8919:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8907:
8905:
8894:
8891:
8885:
8880:
8876:
8870:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8847:
8845:
8843:
8841:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8823:
8812:
8809:
8803:
8798:
8795:
8791:
8785:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8768:
8766:
8764:
8762:
8760:
8758:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8741:
8730:
8727:
8721:
8716:
8712:
8706:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8689:
8686:
8683:
8680:
8677:
8674:
8671:
8668:
8667:
8662:
8656:
8654:
8653:
8645:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8626:
8624:
8622:
8620:
8618:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8596:
8591:
8589:
8582:
8580:
8578:
8576:
8574:
8573:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8565:
8563:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8541:
8536:
8533:
8526:
8524:
8522:
8520:
8519:
8517:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8487:
8482:
8479:
8472:
8470:
8468:
8467:
8465:
8463:
8461:
8459:
8457:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8435:
8430:
8427:
8420:
8418:
8416:
8414:
8412:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8391:
8389:
8387:
8376:
8373:
8367:
8362:
8359:
8353:
8348:
8345:
8341:
8339:
8337:
8335:
8333:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8311:
8306:
8303:
8296:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8288:
8287:
8285:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8265:
8262:
8256:
8251:
8247:
8240:
8235:
8232:
8225:
8223:
8221:
8219:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8212:
8210:
8208:
8206:
8195:
8192:
8186:
8181:
8178:
8172:
8167:
8164:
8160:
8158:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8141:
8138:
8132:
8127:
8123:
8116:
8111:
8108:
8101:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8077:
8074:
8068:
8063:
8060:
8054:
8049:
8046:
8039:
8037:
8035:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8028:
8026:
8024:
8022:
8011:
8008:
8002:
7997:
7994:
7988:
7983:
7980:
7976:
7974:
7972:
7970:
7968:
7957:
7954:
7948:
7943:
7940:
7934:
7929:
7926:
7922:
7920:
7918:
7916:
7914:
7903:
7900:
7894:
7889:
7886:
7880:
7875:
7872:
7865:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7850:
7839:
7836:
7830:
7825:
7822:
7816:
7811:
7808:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7790:
7788:
7786:
7775:
7772:
7766:
7761:
7758:
7752:
7747:
7744:
7740:
7738:
7736:
7734:
7732:
7721:
7718:
7712:
7707:
7704:
7698:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7678:
7667:
7664:
7658:
7653:
7650:
7644:
7639:
7636:
7629:
7627:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7603:
7600:
7594:
7589:
7586:
7580:
7575:
7572:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7539:
7536:
7530:
7525:
7522:
7516:
7511:
7508:
7504:
7502:
7500:
7498:
7496:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7476:
7470:
7465:
7463:
7456:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7424:
7418:
7413:
7411:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7378:
7375:
7369:
7364:
7361:
7355:
7350:
7347:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7316:
7313:
7307:
7302:
7299:
7293:
7288:
7285:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7250:
7247:
7241:
7236:
7233:
7227:
7222:
7219:
7212:
7210:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7185:
7182:
7176:
7171:
7168:
7162:
7157:
7154:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7130:
7125:
7123:
7112:
7109:
7103:
7098:
7095:
7089:
7084:
7081:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7057:
7046:
7043:
7037:
7032:
7029:
7023:
7018:
7015:
7008:
7006:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6969:
6966:
6960:
6955:
6952:
6946:
6941:
6938:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6918:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6896:
6891:
6888:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6840:
6837:
6831:
6826:
6823:
6817:
6812:
6809:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6749:
6746:
6740:
6735:
6732:
6726:
6721:
6718:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6700:
6689:
6686:
6680:
6675:
6671:
6666:
6663:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6632:
6629:
6623:
6618:
6614:
6609:
6606:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6575:
6572:
6566:
6561:
6557:
6552:
6549:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6520:
6517:
6511:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6491:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6460:
6457:
6451:
6446:
6442:
6437:
6434:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6405:
6402:
6396:
6391:
6387:
6382:
6379:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6344:
6341:
6335:
6330:
6326:
6321:
6318:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6285:
6282:
6276:
6271:
6267:
6262:
6259:
6252:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6226:
6223:
6217:
6212:
6208:
6203:
6200:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6169:
6166:
6160:
6155:
6151:
6144:
6139:
6136:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6098:Terra Mariana
6095:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6073:
6070:
6064:
6059:
6055:
6048:
6043:
6040:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6002:
5997:
5995:
5984:
5981:
5975:
5970:
5966:
5959:
5954:
5951:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5900:
5895:
5893:
5882:
5879:
5873:
5868:
5865:
5859:
5854:
5851:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5807:Ducal Prussia
5804:
5800:
5796:
5794:
5789:
5787:
5776:
5773:
5767:
5762:
5758:
5753:
5746:
5741:
5738:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5715:
5712:
5706:
5701:
5697:
5692:
5689:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5648:
5637:
5634:
5628:
5623:
5619:
5612:
5607:
5604:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5558:
5547:
5544:
5538:
5533:
5530:
5524:
5519:
5516:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5490:Royal Prussia
5487:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5472:
5470:
5459:
5456:
5450:
5445:
5441:
5434:
5429:
5426:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5398:Royal Prussia
5395:
5391:
5387:
5386:Old Prussians
5383:
5381:
5376:
5374:
5363:
5360:
5354:
5349:
5345:
5338:
5333:
5330:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5287:
5282:
5280:
5269:
5266:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5239:
5236:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5196:
5191:
5188:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5156:
5145:
5142:
5136:
5131:
5128:
5122:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5091:
5088:
5082:
5077:
5074:
5068:
5063:
5060:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5028:
5017:
5014:
5008:
5003:
5000:
4994:
4989:
4986:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4952:
4941:
4938:
4932:
4927:
4924:
4914:
4909:
4906:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4861:
4858:
4852:
4847:
4844:
4838:
4833:
4830:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4799:
4796:
4790:
4785:
4782:
4776:
4771:
4768:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4745:
4743:
4732:
4729:
4723:
4718:
4715:
4709:
4704:
4701:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4670:
4667:
4661:
4656:
4653:
4647:
4642:
4639:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4608:
4605:
4599:
4594:
4591:
4585:
4580:
4577:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4540:
4529:
4526:
4520:
4515:
4512:
4506:
4501:
4498:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4459:
4456:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4429:
4426:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4386:
4383:
4377:
4372:
4369:
4363:
4358:
4355:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4313:
4310:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4283:
4280:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4229:
4226:
4220:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4201:
4198:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4165:
4162:
4156:
4151:
4148:
4142:
4137:
4134:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4101:
4098:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4071:
4068:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4031:
4028:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3963:
3960:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3907:
3904:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3884:
3879:
3876:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3843:
3832:
3829:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3802:
3799:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3759:
3756:
3750:
3745:
3742:
3736:
3731:
3728:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3686:
3683:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3656:
3653:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3613:
3610:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3590:
3585:
3582:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3457:
3454:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3364:
3361:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3242:
3239:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3054:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2954:square rigged
2951:
2950:clinker-built
2947:
2937:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2884:(now Gdańsk)
2883:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:Drittel, the
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2466:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2438:German Empire
2435:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2367:In 1666, the
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:Bremen-Verden
2347:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2215:Christian III
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2023:Harbour Crane
2019:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1958:Royal Prussia
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1791:Low Countries
1786:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1751:trading posts
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:, and forced
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1512:
1511:hopped beer.
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
965:London Bridge
962:
958:
955:. The London
954:
950:
946:
945:trading posts
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:
911:
906:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:Scania Market
835:
831:
827:
819:
815:
811:
806:
802:
800:
794:
792:
789:and parts of
788:
777:
774:. Later, the
773:
769:
768:Magdeburg law
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
709:
707:
706:King Henry II
703:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
656:
651:
647:
645:
644:river Volkhov
641:
637:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
559:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
508:(present-day
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
471:
466:
457:
455:
451:
446:
441:
436:
426:
424:
420:
416:
409:
404:
400:
398:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
370:
366:
365:
360:
355:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
245:
234:
232:
221:
219:
208:
206:
195:
193:
182:
180:
169:
167:
156:
154:
143:
142:
140:
138:Today part of
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
115:
113:
112:Lingua franca
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
87:
82:
78:
71:
64:
59:
53:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18127:
18120:
18113:
18106:
18099:
18092:
18080:The Tin Drum
18078:
18071:
18001:Forum Gdańsk
17954:Westerplatte
17833:Nowa Motława
17673:Stare Miasto
17469:Tadeusz Bejm
17320:Danzig Cross
17275:Coat of arms
17104:
16951:World War II
16804:Early modern
16781:Kalmar Union
16652:Papal States
16570:Roman Empire
16339:
16264:
16231:
16194:
16186:
16059:
16052:
16045:
16028:
15901:
15875:
15855:
15827:
15733:
15718:
15693:
15684:
15662:
15649:. Retrieved
15640:
15620:
15601:
15582:
15576:. Routledge.
15573:
15564:
15556:
15548:
15528:
15518:
15506:. Retrieved
15502:the original
15496:
15467:
15447:
15442:
15421:
15397:. Retrieved
15390:
15384:
15377:
15365:. Retrieved
15361:
15351:
15339:. Retrieved
15334:
15324:
15305:
15299:
15287:. Retrieved
15283:the original
15276:
15267:
15259:the original
15232:. Retrieved
15227:
15217:
15205:. Retrieved
15201:
15191:
15172:
15162:
15134:
15106:
15102:
15092:
15080:. Retrieved
15076:the original
15061:
15034:
15028:
15015:
15011:
15005:
14994:, retrieved
14987:the original
14977:
14970:
14959:the original
14954:
14950:
14937:
14925:. Retrieved
14921:the original
14916:
14906:
14894:. Retrieved
14887:the original
14873:
14860:
14854:
14821:
14817:
14811:
14799:. Retrieved
14795:the original
14764:
14718:
14693:. Retrieved
14687:
14680:
14656:
14649:
14607:
14553:
14520:the original
14513:
14404:
14400:
14394:
14382:. Retrieved
14378:the original
14371:
14362:
14350:. Retrieved
14345:
14336:
14316:
14265:
14243:
14239:
14233:
14220:
14216:
14210:
14201:
14197:
14191:
14172:
14166:
14153:
14148:
14140:
14135:
14123:. Retrieved
14119:
14110:
14098:. Retrieved
14096:(in Swedish)
14094:Goteinfo.com
14093:
14084:
14045:
14013:
13984:. Retrieved
13977:
13968:
13957:the original
13952:
13893:
13847:
13843:
13739:
13735:
13654:. Retrieved
13634:
13471:
13396:
13260:
13255:
13248:
13229:
13219:
13200:
13190:
13171:
13142:. Springer.
13139:
13129:
13117:. Retrieved
13105:
13101:
13097:
13083:
13063:
13007:
12946:
12942:
12936:
12917:
12913:
12907:
12898:
12893:
12778:
12712:
12708:
12691:
12684:. Retrieved
12669:
12662:
12642:
12635:
12616:
12612:
12580:
12574:
12562:. Retrieved
12557:
12548:
12529:
12519:
12507:. Retrieved
12503:
12494:
12481:
12476:
12434:. Retrieved
12430:the original
12420:
12407:
12402:
12395:
12376:
12372:
12366:
12353:
12348:
12309:
12286:. Retrieved
12271:
12230:
12224:
12215:
12210:
12179:
12171:
12150:
12142:
12123:
12117:
12098:
12063:
12056:
12044:. Retrieved
12029:
12022:
12003:
11997:
11977:
11970:
11950:
11943:
11923:
11916:
11902:
11898:
11882:Harreld 2015
11874:
11841:
11806:
11799:
11780:
11753:
11749:
11726:
11721:
11714:
11708:Harreld 2015
11700:
11590:
11539:
11534:
11471:
11467:
11458:
11448:
11421:
11416:
11369:
11363:
11344:
11338:
11319:
11313:
11303:
11298:
11292:
11262:
11255:
11245:
11243:
11236:. Retrieved
11221:
11214:
11194:
11187:
11175:. Retrieved
11170:
11160:
11148:. Retrieved
11144:the original
11134:
11122:. Retrieved
11102:
11098:
11088:
11076:. Retrieved
11064:
11060:
11047:
11034:
11027:
11014:
11007:
11001:Harreld 2015
10993:
10948:
10943:
10929:
10904:
10900:
10890:
10878:. Retrieved
10874:
10845:. Retrieved
10839:
10832:
10819:
10794:. Retrieved
10788:
10781:
10772:
10768:
10762:
10739:
10734:
10727:
10715:. Retrieved
10704:
10692:. Retrieved
10681:
10662:
10656:
10644:. Retrieved
10634:
10622:. Retrieved
10611:
10592:
10587:
10576:
10545:
10525:
10516:here is the
10513:
10509:
10489:
10393:
10324:Brick Gothic
10264:
10251:
10235:
10226:
10206:Carta marina
10126:in Hamburg;
10122:in Rostock;
10085:
10045:
10034:in 2012 and
10025:
10018:
10013:
10009:
10005:
9931:
9924:
9917:
9912:
9909:West Germany
9902:
9870:
9857:
9855:
9847:
9843:
9827:
9821:
9806:
9793:
9790:
9680:Kumbaravogur
9336:by the 1658
9274:
9251:by the 1658
9189:
9152:
9144:
9140:
9138:
9133:
9057:
8997:
8935:
8861:
8776:
8697:
8660:
8650:
8648:
8643:
8534:Westphalian
8480:Westphalian
8428:Westphalian
8346:Westphalian
8304:Westphalian
8233:Westphalian
8165:Westphalian
8109:Westphalian
8047:Westphalian
7981:Westphalian
7927:Westphalian
7873:Westphalian
7809:Westphalian
7745:Westphalian
7691:Westphalian
7637:Westphalian
7573:Westphalian
7509:Westphalian
7348:Westphalian
7286:Westphalian
7220:Westphalian
7155:Westphalian
7082:Westphalian
7016:Westphalian
6939:Westphalian
6889:Westphalian
6810:Westphalian
6719:Westphalian
6323:Kokenhusen (
5905:Livonian War
5827:Soviet Union
5819:East Prussia
5803:Polish crown
5567:c. 1500
5562:c. 1370
5392:. After the
4557:until 1280.
4294:Braunschweig
4010:Rügenwalde (
3778:
3705:
3632:
3557:
3553:Danish crown
3401:
3081:
3064:
3061:Hansa Proper
3023:
3021:
3010:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2943:
2935:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2846:
2845:Chief city (
2836:(quarters):
2833:
2828:
2826:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2705:
2704:Chief city (
2698:(1356–1554)
2695:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2617:
2613:
2612:In 1347 the
2611:
2606:
2590:
2586:
2572:
2571:A Hanseatic
2570:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2482:
2478:legal person
2474:
2460:Organization
2431:
2416:
2403:
2389:
2382:
2366:
2339:
2331:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2300:
2299:The Antwerp
2298:
2282:
2272:
2260:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2227:
2203:Count's Feud
2196:
2176:Christian II
2164:Jakob Fugger
2153:
2150:
2146:
2125:
2116:side during
2103:
2080:
2073:
2058:
2055:
2021:View of the
1993:
1966:
1927:
1923:Hans Holbein
1898:
1871:
1849:
1845:
1826:Until 1394,
1825:
1795:
1787:
1776:
1771:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1732:
1723:caput Hansae
1722:
1719:
1696:
1653:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1597:Hohenstaufen
1594:
1559:
1546:
1542:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1489:
1485:wood-turning
1481:
1060:
991:
983:
981:
956:
918:
916:
892:
889:trade routes
854:
828:routes from
823:
817:
795:
734:
717:Brick Gothic
698:
660:
633:
629:
625:
616:
595:
575:
567:
565:
545:
514:
475:
453:
432:
412:
393:deliberation
362:
356:
312:
308:
280:North German
268:market towns
255:
253:
104:Free City of
40:
18026:Hala Olivia
17929:Port Island
17860:Ulica Długa
17848:Archdiocese
17803:Golden Gate
17788:Artus Court
17710:Nowe Szkoty
17658:Śródmieście
17406:Ernst Ziehm
17335:Lech Wałęsa
16936:World War I
16926:Nationalism
16814:Reformation
16799:Renaissance
16771:Black Death
16704:Kievan Rus'
16607:Middle Ages
16177:Westphalian
16130:Kaliningrad
15927:Rügenwalde
15911:(Kołobrzeg)
15666:. pp.
15399:21 November
15151:"Cultus.hk"
14896:28 December
14863:. Ipswich:
14721:. pp.
14615:. pp.
14116:"Göttingen"
14052:. pp.
13986:28 December
13974:"Stralsund"
13405:. pp.
12686:19 February
12560:(in German)
11299:ius commune
11272: 1300
11268: 1000
11150:10 December
11124:24 February
11078:24 February
10907:(1): 1–45.
10242:space opera
10132:Hapag-Lloyd
10112:Netherlands
10072:Netherlands
10062:, Ireland,
10028:King's Lynn
9968:, Hamburg,
9929:, Germany.
9858:likedeelers
9836:in Bergen.
9792:Barthold's
9758:Wesenberg (
9675:Krambatangi
9664:Hindeloopen
9654:Haroldswick
9540:Scarborough
9473:La Rochelle
9401:King's Lynn
9382:King's Lynn
9324:15th cent.
9239:15th cent.
9110:margraviate
9020:Elizabeth I
8279:12th cent.
8151:Netherlands
8087:Netherlands
8021:Netherlands
7967:Netherlands
7913:Netherlands
7849:Netherlands
7785:Netherlands
7731:Netherlands
7677:Netherlands
7613:Netherlands
7549:Netherlands
7495:Netherlands
7442:Netherlands
7388:Netherlands
7326:Netherlands
7260:Netherlands
7195:Netherlands
7122:Netherlands
7056:Netherlands
6979:Netherlands
6668:Goldingen (
6011:dominion of
5903:During the
5815:Kaliningrad
5757:Kaliningrad
4923:an der Oder
4473:13th cent.
4330:17th cent.
4327:13th cent.
4250:In 1285 at
3032:during the
2906:Ältermänner
2809:Dritteltage
2733:Brandenburg
2725:Mecklenburg
2638:Gothlandian
2630:Westphalian
2591:Ältermänner
2561:Oostershuis
2427:Oostershuis
2329:, survive.
2238:Lutheranism
2219:Gustav Vasa
2188:Frederick I
2184:Gustav Vasa
2180:mercenaries
2098:French wine
2026: [
1989:grain trade
1915:Georg Giese
1692:great power
1672:Helsingborg
1617: [
1601:Städtehanse
1048:La Rochelle
1024:Scarborough
1004:King's Lynn
977:weigh house
881:King's Lynn
783: 1582
778:of 1435 to
556:Baltic seas
510:Kaliningrad
502:Mecklenburg
359:city-states
323:Baltic Seas
288:Netherlands
179:Netherlands
18269:Baltic Sea
18198:Categories
17996:Ergo Arena
17907:Metro area
17818:Green Gate
17798:Długi Targ
17793:City walls
17340:Solidarity
17290:Goldwasser
17280:Kashubians
17212:Danzig law
17190:Parliament
16699:Viking Age
16514:Prehistory
16125:Königsberg
16061:Nordhausen
16054:Mühlhausen
15937:(Szczecin)
15897:Greifswald
15736:7 (2015).
15676:B000NX1CE2
15651:24 January
15367:18 October
15234:30 January
15230:(in Dutch)
14561:. p.
14156:. Kraków:
14154:Alma Mater
11270: – c.
11238:2 February
10847:18 January
10568:References
10552:stemrecht.
10240:series of
10212:Baltic Sea
10120:Hanse Sail
10100:Hansa-Park
9966:Greifswald
9705:Nordhausen
9690:Lunna Wick
9659:Hildesheim
9544:Yarmouth (
9468:Landskrona
9458:Kalundborg
9427:Copenhagen
9167:Territory
8996:granted a
8713:: Peterhof
8675:Territory
8122:Zaltbommel
7649:Harderwijk
5752:Königsberg
5616:Breslau, (
3667:Greifswald
3119:Territory
2971:Bremen cog
2748:Westphalia
2567:in Antwerp
2485:Low German
2450:Nazi Party
2410:until the
2335:Kalmar War
2286:Königsberg
2160:Bergslagen
2004:Bogislav X
1707:privateers
1668:Copenhagen
1642:, Estonia)
1547:tohopesate
1522:privateers
1496:broadcloth
1056:salt fleet
877:Colchester
826:salt-trade
760:Lübeck law
746:), Reval (
742:), Thorn (
704:convinced
670:Westphalia
655:Holstentor
506:Königsberg
408:Bremen cog
381:; German:
132:North Seas
123:Membership
17855:Town Hall
17838:Ołowianka
17780:Main City
17772:Landmarks
17744:Jelitkowo
17690:Suchanino
17641:Przymorze
17626:Przeróbka
17591:Nowy Port
17533:Districts
17330:SS Sołdek
17123:1655–1660
16746:Feudalism
16717:Catalonia
16409:Newcastle
16362:Factories
16348:Falsterbo
16311:Steelyard
16227:Osnabrück
16212:Groningen
16147:(Tallinn)
16103:(Wrocław)
16014:Magdeburg
16010:Brunswick
15961:Stralsund
15956:Stockholm
15929:(Darłowo)
15854:shown in
15842:smallcaps
15644:. Mainz:
15341:1 October
15289:23 August
15131:155018451
14846:154401136
14405:Lithuania
13114:0044-2348
12613:Die Hanse
11119:239339448
10913:0003-049X
10822:. Mainz:
10624:1 October
10514:The Sound
10319:Bay Fleet
10228:Patrician
10144:Hansabank
10128:DDG Hansa
10108:Groningen
10088:Lufthansa
10068:Lithuania
10038:in 2016.
10026:In 2006,
9994:Stralsund
9982:Salzwedel
9958:Buxtehude
9934:Groningen
9903:In 1979,
9787:in Lübeck
9735:Trondheim
9725:Stockholm
9720:Scalloway
9649:Harlingen
9639:Gunnister
9629:Grindavík
9619:Avaldsnes
9522:Pleskau (
9513:Nuremberg
9503:Newcastle
9437:Frankfurt
9417:Bourgneuf
9289:Falsterbo
9006:exempted
9004:Edward IV
8950:Steelyard
8440:Paderborn
8246:Osnabrück
8059:Oldenzaal
7246:Friesland
7232:Groningen
6441:Ventspils
4999:Salzwedel
4921:Frankfurt
4652:Göttingen
4440:Magdeburg
3944:Kołobrzeg
3942:Kolberg (
3811:Stettin (
3512:Stralsund
2959:Stralsund
2872:Magdeburg
2868:Brunswick
2834:Quartiere
2752:Rhineland
2729:Pomerania
2607:hofknecht
2470:Stralsund
2385:Leopold I
2379:Aftermath
2369:Steelyard
2276:moved to
2252:in Bruges
2090:Frankfurt
2086:Franconia
2082:Nuremberg
2000:Pomerania
1998:dukes of
1973:Habsburgs
1919:Steelyard
1905:Amsterdam
1855:Schleswig
1817:Salzwedel
1763:Petershof
1747:fur trade
1715:Stockholm
1589:Pomerania
1570:Falsterbo
1508:Stockfish
1366:Stralsund
1080:Lauenburg
1044:Bourgneuf
961:Steelyard
857:Rhineland
834:salt-fish
721:Stralsund
674:Schleswig
642:, up the
498:Schleswig
429:Etymology
397:consensus
335:Steelyard
18183:Category
17959:Monument
17875:Old Town
17722:Wrzeszcz
17700:VII Dwór
17601:Olszynka
17586:Młyniska
17581:Matarnia
17566:Kokoszki
17359:Politics
17097:Timeline
17081:articles
16985:See also
16956:Cold War
16751:Crusades
16721:Valencia
16464:channel.
16447:Dortmund
16424:Yarmouth
16328:Novgorod
16323:Peterhof
16207:Deventer
16196:Dortmund
16139:(Kraków)
16119:(Elbląg)
16101:Breslau
16090:(Gdańsk)
15951:Stargard
15945:(Słupsk)
15935:Stettin
15917:Lüneburg
15909:Kolberg
15362:PC Gamer
15202:BBC News
14613:Frommers
14401:Lettland
14100:30 April
13119:30 April
12288:30 April
12046:30 April
11177:20 March
10937:(1830).
10717:9 August
10278:See also
10148:Swedbank
10012:, e.g. –
9974:Lüneburg
9938:Deventer
9920:Novgorod
9820:'s book
9730:Tórshavn
9715:Nyköping
9666:(Hylpen)
9607:Aberdeen
9562:Tønsberg
9557:Smolensk
9412:Bordeaux
9161:Quarter
8948:London:
8711:Novgorod
8669:Quarter
7521:Doesburg
7477:(Starum)
7475:Stavoren
7423:Bolsward
7298:Roermond
7028:Nijmegen
6951:Deventer
6822:Dortmund
6784:Dortmund
6776:Verhanst
6613:Valmiera
6611:Wolmar (
6554:Lemsal (
6497:Haapsalu
6439:Windau (
6264:Wenden (
6205:Pernau (
6150:Viljandi
6148:Fellin (
6052:Dorpat (
5825:and the
5665:and the
5342:Elbing (
5248:Danzig (
4147:Stargard
4135:Wendish
4069:Wendish
3999:Wendish
3931:Wendish
3889:Pasewalk
3877:Wendish
3813:Szczecin
3800:Wendish
3729:Wendish
3654:Wendish
3583:Wendish
3500:Wendish
3427:Wendish
3348:Wendish
3292:Lüneburg
3280:Wendish
3212:Wendish
3141:Wendish
3113:Quarter
2914:Dritteln
2823:Quarters
2817:Hansetag
2801:Hansetag
2790:, later
2763:, later
2761:Dortmund
2717:Holstein
2701:Regions
2683:(German
2665:Tagfahrt
2642:Livonian
2634:Prussian
2603:Novgorod
2595:aldermen
2528:Tagfahrt
2520:Hansetag
2516:Tagfahrt
2497:Klaipėda
2419:Peterhof
2296:(Puck).
2230:Guelders
2052:, Norway
1859:Holstein
1772:Peterhof
1614:Hansetag
1492:Flanders
1040:Bordeaux
953:enclaves
941:Peterhof
929:Flanders
861:Flanders
830:Lüneburg
772:Culm law
682:imperial
640:Peterhof
630:Gotenhof
626:Gutagard
622:Novgorod
608:Estonian
541:Holstein
533:Adolf II
494:Haithabu
482:Novgorod
388:Hansetag
383:Tagfahrt
373:dachvart
347:Novgorod
276:Northern
260:medieval
18279:Gotland
18073:The Jew
17823:Motława
17685:Strzyża
17653:Siedlce
17648:Rudniki
17576:Letnica
17551:Brzeźno
17546:Brętowo
17541:Aniołki
17345:Tricity
17268:Related
17109:Sieges
16826:Baroque
16725:Majorca
16637:Francia
16454:Antwerp
16443:Cologne
16414:Polotsk
16399:Herford
16384:Ipswich
16374:Bristol
16300:Antwerp
16275:Bryggen
16266:Kontore
16239:Zutphen
16222:Münster
16188:Cologne
16163:(Toruń)
16137:Cracow
16117:Elbing
16111:(Tartu)
16109:Dorpat
15922:Rostock
15903:Hamburg
15867:Wendish
15856:italics
15850:of the
15698:series)
15412:Sources
15387:Book 1"
15207:18 June
15123:3677937
14838:2010354
14754::
14246:].
14223:].
14014:Pommern
12564:17 July
10941:(ed.).
10880:18 June
10688:"Hanse"
10518:Øresund
10263:In the
10234:In the
10225:In the
10210:of the
10060:Finland
10056:Estonia
10052:Denmark
9990:Stendal
9978:Rostock
9946:Zutphen
9876:of the
9760:Rakvere
9695:Messina
9685:Leghorn
9577:Vitebsk
9572:Vilnius
9530:Polotsk
9508:Norwich
9498:Næstved
9453:Ipswich
9422:Bristol
9145:kontors
9099:Belgium
9071:Antwerp
9024:James I
9008:Cologne
8904:Belgium
8794:Bryggen
8661:kontore
8652:kontore
8644:Kontore
8617:Germany
8562:Germany
8546:Herford
8508:Germany
8456:Germany
8386:Germany
8332:Germany
8275:Germany
8205:Germany
8177:Münster
8073:Utrecht
8007:Utrecht
7993:Hasselt
7953:Utrecht
7899:Utrecht
7585:Zutphen
7181:Utrecht
6917:Belgium
6860:Cologne
6850:Germany
6780:England
6759:Germany
6731:Cologne
6670:Kuldīga
6664:Baltic
6607:Baltic
6556:Limbaži
6550:Baltic
6530:Estonia
6492:Baltic
6435:Baltic
6386:Straupe
6380:Baltic
6325:Koknese
6319:Baltic
6260:Baltic
6236:Estonia
6201:Baltic
6179:Estonia
6137:Baltic
6112:in the
6083:Estonia
6041:Baltic
5994:Estonia
5965:Tallinn
5963:Reval (
5952:Baltic
5923:in the
5852:Baltic
5829:at the
5739:Baltic
5696:Chełmno
5690:Baltic
5618:Wrocław
5605:Baltic
5517:Baltic
5438:Thorn (
5427:Baltic
5331:Baltic
5237:Baltic
5217:Germany
5201:Hamelin
5155:Germany
5127:Stendal
5101:Germany
5027:Germany
4951:Germany
4871:Germany
4809:Germany
4742:Germany
4680:Germany
4618:Germany
4590:Hanover
4539:Germany
4469:Germany
4396:Germany
4323:Germany
4260:Gotland
4258:, that
4199:Baltic
4080:Stolp (
4012:Darłowo
3917:Germany
3769:Germany
3696:Germany
3623:Germany
3540:Germany
3467:Germany
3439:Rostock
3388:Germany
3320:Germany
3252:Germany
3224:Hamburg
3181:Germany
2910:Stalhof
2902:Kontore
2893:Cologne
2829:Drittel
2813:Drittel
2805:Drittel
2779:Livonia
2775:Gotland
2765:Cologne
2756:Prussia
2696:Drittel
2681:Drittel
2675:Drittel
2669:Kontors
2650:Drittel
2646:Swedish
2622:Wendish
2618:Drittel
2599:Stalhof
2597:). The
2587:Kontore
2551:Kontors
2503:), and
2423:Bryggen
2326:Bryggen
2321:Kontore
2313:James I
2294:Pautzke
2278:Antwerp
2271:Bruges
2211:Denmark
2192:Denmark
2154:In the
2114:Yorkist
2094:Leipzig
2008:Stettin
1996:Griffin
1985:Vistula
1981:Vistula
1899:In the
1878:Zeeland
1874:Holland
1832:Zeeland
1828:Holland
1821:Altmark
1819:in the
1813:Stendal
1684:Øresund
1658:in the
1656:Denmark
1640:Tallinn
1538:Antwerp
1385:Rostock
1347:Stettin
1106:Exports
1098:Imports
1030:), and
1020:Norwich
1012:Ipswich
1000:Bristol
984:Kontors
933:Bryggen
920:Kontors
873:Ipswich
869:England
842:Cologne
814:Hamburg
787:Estonia
748:Tallinn
727:, is a
702:Cologne
694:Hamburg
624:called
612:Latvian
529:Bavaria
478:Gotland
460:History
438:is the
425:ships.
327:Kontors
317:in the
292:Cologne
284:Estonia
272:Central
231:Estonia
192:Belgium
153:Germany
18284:Guilds
18115:Strike
17561:Jasień
17200:anthem
17195:Senate
17079:Gdańsk
16713:Aragon
16692:Amalfi
16677:Venice
16665:Second
16458:Bruges
16389:Kaunas
16379:Boston
16340:Vitten
16316:London
16303:
16293:Bruges
16280:Bergen
16244:Zwolle
16217:Kampen
16161:Thorn
16155:(Rīga)
16145:Reval
16085:Danzig
16075:Baltic
16047:Goslar
16036:Erfurt
16030:Bremen
16024:Berlin
15971:Wismar
15943:Stolp
15892:Demmin
15887:Anklam
15877:Lübeck
15738:online
15713:online
15674:
15627:
15608:
15589:
15536:
15508:30 May
15475:
15454:
15429:
15312:
15179:
15129:
15121:
15082:15 May
15049:
14844:
14836:
14801:15 May
14748:
14668:
14637:
14631:432–38
14569:
14423:
14384:15 May
14352:15 May
14324:
14280:
14179:
14072:
14046:Poland
14020:
13982:. 2011
13900:
13858:
13748:496–97
13656:15 May
13647:
13493:
13413:
13407:122–23
13267:
13236:
13207:
13197:"Hulk"
13178:
13168:"Hulk"
13146:
13112:
13071:
13015:
12953:
12924:
12719:
12677:
12650:
12623:
12587:
12536:
12509:10 May
12383:
12316:
12279:
12241:
12188:
12159:
12130:
12105:
12071:
12037:
12010:
11985:
11958:
11931:
11848:
11814:
11787:
11542:].
11478:
11376:
11351:
11326:
11280:
11229:
11202:
11117:
10921:986565
10919:
10911:
10796:1 July
10746:
10694:9 June
10669:
10646:9 June
10599:
10142:; and
10140:Latvia
10082:Others
10070:, the
10064:Latvia
10036:Boston
10002:Wismar
9998:Uelzen
9970:Lübeck
9962:Demmin
9954:Bremen
9950:Zwolle
9942:Kampen
9927:Lübeck
9905:Zwolle
9770:Legacy
9744:Walk (
9710:Nyborg
9700:Naples
9670:Kalmar
9567:Venice
9488:Nantes
9483:Lisbon
9463:Kaunas
9407:Boston
9334:Sweden
9320:Sweden
9317:
9249:Sweden
9235:Sweden
9232:
9179:Notes
9176:Until
9153:vitten
9141:vitten
9134:Vitten
9096:
9058:Kontor
8975:
8936:Kontor
8901:
8875:Bruges
8862:Kontor
8822:Norway
8819:
8790:Bergen
8777:Kontor
8746:1500s
8740:Russia
8737:
8698:Kontor
8687:Notes
8684:Until
8614:
8601:Minden
8559:
8505:
8453:
8383:
8329:
8272:
8202:
8148:
8084:
8018:
7964:
7910:
7846:
7821:Elburg
7782:
7757:Hattem
7728:
7674:
7610:
7546:
7492:
7482:Frisia
7439:
7429:Frisia
7385:
7360:Arnhem
7323:
7257:
7192:
7167:Zwolle
7119:
7094:Kampen
7053:
6976:
6914:
6901:Dinant
6858:After
6847:
6756:
6699:Latvia
6696:
6642:Latvia
6639:
6585:Latvia
6582:
6527:
6501:Hapsal
6470:Latvia
6467:
6415:Latvia
6412:
6384:Roop (
6354:Latvia
6351:
6295:Latvia
6292:
6233:
6176:
6110:Sweden
6087:1280s
6080:
6014:Sweden
5991:
5921:Sweden
5892:Latvia
5889:
5786:Russia
5783:
5725:Poland
5722:
5694:Culm (
5647:Poland
5644:
5557:Poland
5554:
5529:Kraków
5469:Poland
5466:
5373:Poland
5370:
5344:Elbląg
5279:Poland
5276:
5250:Gdańsk
5214:
5189:Saxon
5152:
5115:Saxon
5098:
5073:Uelzen
5061:Saxon
5024:
4987:Saxon
4948:
4907:Saxon
4868:
4843:Berlin
4831:Saxon
4806:
4769:Saxon
4739:
4714:Erfurt
4702:Saxon
4677:
4640:Saxon
4615:
4578:Saxon
4555:Saxony
4536:
4511:Goslar
4499:Saxon
4466:
4427:Saxon
4393:
4368:Bremen
4356:Saxon
4320:
4281:Saxon
4252:Kalmar
4239:Sweden
4236:
4175:Poland
4172:
4111:Poland
4108:
4082:Słupsk
4041:Poland
4038:
3973:Poland
3970:
3914:
3842:Poland
3839:
3766:
3741:Anklam
3693:
3620:
3595:Demmin
3537:
3464:
3385:
3360:Wismar
3317:
3249:
3178:
3153:Lübeck
3131:Notes
3128:Until
3030:Sweden
3007:Carvel
2967:Wismar
2963:Elbląg
2918:Cleves
2882:Danzig
2858:Lübeck
2847:Vorort
2783:Sweden
2738:Lübeck
2721:Saxony
2706:Vorort
2686:thirds
2658:Kontor
2614:Kontor
2574:Kontor
2565:kontor
2536:Rezess
2532:Einung
2501:Vyborg
2489:Dinant
2440:under
2317:Kontor
2301:Kontor
2273:Kontor
2263:syndic
2250:Kontor
2245:Kontor
2207:Scania
2126:Kontor
2067:. New
2050:Bergen
2038:Gdańsk
2012:Köslin
1977:Kraków
1950:Gdańsk
1801:Berlin
1777:After
1576:Zenith
1562:pilots
1543:ad hoc
1423:Bergen
1404:Wismar
1326:towns:
1305:Elbing
1286:Danzig
1223:Scania
1204:Pernau
1064:Bremen
1052:Nantes
1036:Lisbon
996:Boston
992:vitten
988:Scania
959:, the
957:Kontor
937:Bergen
925:Bruges
850:levies
810:Lübeck
791:Latvia
764:Danzig
740:Elbląg
725:Wismar
666:Saxony
662:Lübeck
635:Kontor
610:, and
588:resins
576:hansas
572:guilds
517:Lübeck
496:, and
470:Elbląg
454:An-See
423:carvel
345:, and
343:Bergen
339:Bruges
331:London
304:Poland
300:Kraków
264:guilds
258:was a
244:Russia
241:
228:
218:Latvia
215:
205:Sweden
202:
189:
176:
166:Poland
163:
150:
128:Baltic
100:Lübeck
17761:Zaspa
17680:Stogi
17616:Osowa
17596:Oliwa
17556:Chełm
16682:Genoa
16660:First
16456:once
16419:Pskov
16394:Leith
16353:Malmö
16233:Soest
16153:Riga
16000:Saxon
15966:Visby
15670:–79.
15446:[
15228:Trouw
15154:(PDF)
15127:S2CID
15119:JSTOR
15014:[
14996:2 May
14990:(PDF)
14962:(PDF)
14947:(PDF)
14927:1 May
14890:(PDF)
14883:(PDF)
14842:S2CID
14834:JSTOR
14695:2 May
14523:(PDF)
14510:(PDF)
14403:[
14242:[
14219:[
14200:[
14125:2 May
13960:(PDF)
13949:(PDF)
13846:[
13738:[
13487:80–82
13259:[
13100:[
13094:(PDF)
12945:[
12916:[
12897:[
12711:[
12615:[
12480:[
12436:5 May
12406:[
12375:[
12352:[
12214:[
11903:]
11754:]
11725:[
11538:[
11420:[
11115:S2CID
11057:(PDF)
10947:[
10917:JSTOR
10738:[
10591:[
10478:Latin
10474:Hanze
10470:Dutch
10457:Hansa
10446:Hanse
10256:is a
10096:Kogge
10006:Hanse
9986:Stade
9866:Rügen
9753:Paide
9746:Valka
9613:Turku
9611:Åbo (
9587:Ystad
9552:Sluis
9535:Rønne
9524:Pskov
9493:Narva
9478:Leith
9442:Ghent
9432:Damme
9330:Skåne
9275:Vitte
9245:Skåne
9204:Malmö
9190:Vitte
9173:From
9164:City
8681:From
8672:City
8492:Lemgo
8358:Soest
8316:Wesel
7885:Ommen
7703:Venlo
7199:1294
6266:Cēsis
6207:Pärnu
6054:Tartu
5440:Toruń
4781:Stade
4211:Visby
3125:From
3116:City
2788:Visby
2626:Saxon
2505:Narva
2493:Emden
2168:Leo X
2104:King
2034:]
1805:Cölln
1638:(now
1621:]
1534:Dordt
1504:Thorn
1473:545.8
1468:206.9
1465:Total
1460:338.9
1255:14.9
1156:17.4
1135:34.4
1111:Total
1072:Rhine
967:near
756:Tartu
744:Toruń
618:Visby
584:amber
574:, or
568:Hanse
554:and
552:North
504:and
490:Birka
445:Hanse
435:Hanse
319:North
58:Hansa
52:Hanse
18086:film
17143:1945
17138:1813
17133:1807
17128:1734
17118:1577
17113:1308
16687:Pisa
16462:Zwin
16445:and
16429:York
16404:Hull
15672:ASIN
15653:2012
15625:ISBN
15606:ISBN
15587:ISBN
15534:ISBN
15510:2015
15473:ISBN
15452:ISBN
15427:ISBN
15401:2013
15369:2020
15343:2021
15310:ISBN
15291:2010
15236:2023
15209:2021
15177:ISBN
15084:2011
15047:ISBN
14998:2011
14929:2011
14898:2015
14803:2011
14697:2011
14666:ISBN
14635:ISBN
14567:ISBN
14515:epoc
14421:ISBN
14413:26–7
14386:2011
14354:2011
14322:ISBN
14278:ISBN
14177:ISBN
14127:2011
14102:2011
14070:ISBN
14064:and
14018:ISBN
13988:2011
13898:ISBN
13856:ISBN
13746:and
13658:2011
13645:ISBN
13491:ISBN
13411:ISBN
13265:ISBN
13234:ISBN
13205:ISBN
13176:ISBN
13144:ISBN
13121:2010
13110:ISSN
13069:ISBN
13013:ISBN
12951:ISBN
12922:ISBN
12717:ISBN
12688:2018
12675:ISBN
12648:ISBN
12621:ISBN
12585:ISBN
12566:2022
12534:ISBN
12511:2022
12438:2009
12381:ISBN
12314:ISBN
12290:2011
12277:ISBN
12239:ISBN
12186:ISBN
12157:ISBN
12128:ISBN
12103:ISBN
12069:ISBN
12048:2011
12035:ISBN
12008:ISBN
11983:ISBN
11956:ISBN
11929:ISBN
11846:ISBN
11812:ISBN
11785:ISBN
11476:ISBN
11374:ISBN
11349:ISBN
11324:ISBN
11278:ISBN
11240:2020
11227:ISBN
11200:ISBN
11179:2019
11152:2011
11126:2023
11080:2023
10909:ISSN
10882:2021
10849:2023
10798:2019
10744:ISBN
10719:2020
10696:2018
10667:ISBN
10648:2018
10626:2021
10597:ISBN
10136:Riga
10046:The
10032:Hull
10000:and
9948:and
9783:The
9740:Tver
9624:Brae
9582:York
9518:Oslo
9447:Hull
9390:Åhus
9376:The
9183:Ref.
9170:Now
9139:The
8988:1853
8983:1303
8832:1775
8827:1360
8691:Ref.
8678:Now
8649:The
8393:1609
7939:Tiel
7127:1441
6986:1500
6766:1669
6092:The
5999:1285
5897:1282
5864:Riga
5791:1340
5657:1474
5652:1387
5474:1280
5378:1358
5284:1358
5165:1518
5160:1358
5037:1518
5032:1263
4961:1442
4956:1430
4878:1442
4747:1430
4549:1566
4544:1267
4401:1260
4246:1470
3847:1278
3545:1293
3135:Ref.
3122:Now
2997:hulk
2995:The
2977:Hulk
2965:and
2926:Berg
2922:Mark
2799:The
2792:Riga
2644:and
2632:and
2624:and
2563:, a
2559:The
2340:The
2256:Zwin
2209:and
2174:and
2059:The
2010:and
1887:The
1876:and
1857:and
1830:and
1815:and
1803:and
1789:the
1741:The
1701:and
1670:and
1476:100
1455:0.8
1434:0.8
1337:7.8
1334:42.4
1329:25.2
1319:17.2
1291:22.8
1276:8.9
1273:48.5
1268:29.5
1252:81.4
1247:29.4
1226:32.6
1218:49.4
1209:22.7
1190:14.3
1166:Riga
1068:Riga
1050:and
1032:York
1008:Hull
883:and
875:and
846:Diet
812:and
752:Riga
668:and
653:The
539:and
527:and
419:hulk
395:and
378:dach
364:diet
321:and
298:and
274:and
266:and
254:The
130:and
15723:doi
15668:146
15111:doi
15043:352
15039:128
15020:250
14826:doi
14763:".
14727:391
14627:397
14623:176
14619:134
14417:161
14066:476
14062:452
14058:436
14054:403
12486:in
12412:in
12358:in
11908:in
11880:in
11759:in
11731:in
11706:in
11544:in
11426:in
11107:doi
11069:doi
10999:in
10905:121
10754:in
10269:of
10106:in
10078:".
10076:EMU
9864:on
9380:in
2946:cog
2940:Cog
2205:in
2190:'s
2084:in
1936:of
1549:).
1452:4.2
1447:1.2
1431:4.3
1418:4.3
1409:6.1
1401:5.5
1390:4.6
1382:2.2
1371:7.5
1344:5.5
1310:6.6
1234:15
1132:188
1119:150
935:in
931:),
923:in
750:),
592:rye
580:wax
448:in
415:cog
385:or
375:or
337:),
329:in
270:in
18200::
16723:,
16719:,
16715:,
15389:.
15360:.
15333:.
15275:.
15244:^
15200:.
15142:^
15133:.
15125:.
15117:.
15105:.
15101:.
15070:.
15045:.
15041:,
14981:,
14955:44
14953:.
14949:.
14915:.
14840:.
14832:.
14822:38
14820:.
14775:^
14735:^
14725:,
14723:95
14705:^
14664:.
14633:.
14629:,
14625:,
14621:,
14611:.
14581:^
14565:.
14557:.
14531:^
14512:.
14435:^
14419:.
14415:,
14411:,
14409:23
14370:.
14344:.
14292:^
14276:.
14274:60
14272:,
14270:20
14256:^
14118:.
14068:.
14060:,
14056:,
14048:.
14032:^
13996:^
13976:.
13951:.
13912:^
13870:^
13854:.
13852:37
13756:^
13744:35
13666:^
13639:.
13505:^
13489:.
13485:,
13483:74
13481:,
13479:32
13425:^
13409:.
13401:.
13279:^
13228:.
13158:^
13106:17
13096:.
13027:^
12965:^
12791:^
12777:.
12731:^
12699:^
12599:^
12502:.
12446:^
12328:^
12298:^
12253:^
12237:.
12233:.
12200:^
12097:.
12083:^
11888:^
11860:^
11826:^
11767:^
11739:^
11600:^
11552:^
11490:^
11434:^
11388:^
11265:c.
11242:.
11169:.
11113:.
11103:86
11097:.
11065:17
11063:.
11059:.
10957:^
10915:.
10903:.
10899:.
10873:.
10857:^
10818:.
10806:^
10773:16
10480::
10476:;
10472::
10468:;
10464::
10460:;
10454:,
10448:,
10444::
10440:.
10150:.
10138:,
10110:,
10066:,
10058:,
10054:,
10014:HB
9996:,
9992:,
9988:,
9984:,
9980:,
9976:,
9972:,
9964:,
9960:,
9956:,
9944:,
9940:,
9936:,
9880:.
9344:.
9259:.
8792::
8405:.
6782:;
6116:.
6016:.
5927:.
5833:.
5496:.
5488:,
5404:.
5396:,
2961:,
2924:,
2920:,
2870:,
2849:)
2811:("
2781:,
2777:,
2754:,
2750:,
2731:,
2727:,
2723:,
2719:,
2708:)
2640:,
2480:.
2364:.
2337:.
2170:,
2032:pl
2030:;
2028:de
1975:.
1964:.
1843:.
1823:.
1619:de
1587:,
1487:.
1283:16
1260:19
1239:52
1231:82
1182:34
1171:14
1163:10
1153:95
1148:51
1140:44
1127:38
1114:%
1046:,
1042:,
1038:,
1022:,
1018:,
1014:,
1010:,
840:;
780:c.
646:.
614:.
606:,
586:,
582:,
535:,
523:,
492:,
371::
341:,
306:.
302:,
294:,
17071:e
17064:t
17057:v
16727:)
16711:(
16498:e
16491:t
16484:v
16330:)
16326:(
16318:)
16314:(
16282:)
16278:(
16132:)
16128:(
15858:.
15844:.
15819:e
15812:t
15805:v
15729:.
15725::
15678:.
15655:.
15633:.
15614:.
15595:.
15542:.
15512:.
15481:.
15460:.
15435:.
15403:.
15371:.
15345:.
15318:.
15293:.
15238:.
15211:.
15185:.
15156:.
15113::
15107:9
15086:.
15055:.
15022:.
14931:.
14900:.
14867:.
14848:.
14828::
14805:.
14729:.
14699:.
14674:.
14643:.
14575:.
14429:.
14388:.
14356:.
14330:.
14286:.
14185:.
14129:.
14104:.
14078:.
14026:.
13990:.
13906:.
13864:.
13750:.
13660:.
13499:.
13419:.
13273:.
13242:.
13213:.
13184:.
13152:.
12959:.
12930:.
12725:.
12656:.
12629:.
12593:.
12568:.
12542:.
12513:.
12440:.
12389:.
12322:.
12247:.
12136:.
12111:.
12077:.
12050:.
12016:.
11991:.
11964:.
11937:.
11854:.
11820:.
11793:.
11484:.
11382:.
11357:.
11332:.
11286:.
11181:.
11154:.
11128:.
11109::
11082:.
11071::
11018:.
10923:.
10884:.
10851:.
10826:.
10800:.
10752:.
10698:.
10675:.
10650:.
10628:.
10605:.
10556:(
10484:.
10436:/
10433:k
10430:ɪ
10427:t
10424:æ
10421:ˈ
10418:i
10415:s
10412:n
10409:æ
10406:h
10403:ˌ
10400:/
10010:H
9762:)
9755:)
9748:)
9615:)
9548:)
9526:)
9403:)
6672:)
6615:)
6558:)
6503:)
6499:(
6443:)
6388:)
6327:)
6268:)
6209:)
6152:)
6056:)
5967:)
5759:)
5755:(
5698:)
5620:)
5442:)
5346:)
5252:)
4084:)
4014:)
3946:)
3815:)
3400:(
1895:.
1721:(
1439:3
1426:–
1363:4
1352:7
1302:3
1201:-
927:(
731:.
472:)
367:(
106:)
102:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
