538:
1958:
1461:. From there he attempted to regain the support of Hamdan's followers, but those in Iraq and Bahrayn refused; Ibn Hawshab in Yemen and Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i in Ifriqiya, however, accepted his authority, and used him as an intermediary with Sa'id in Salamiya. When Sa'id fled from Syria and spent a year in Fustat in 904/905, Abu Ali was responsible for their safety. Following the establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate in 909, Abu Ali visited Sa'id, now caliph, in Ifriqiya, and was sent to spread Islam in
454:. Only in 891/92 did reports from Kufa denouncing this "new religion" and reporting on mounting Qarmatian activity begin to cause concern in Baghdad. However, no action was taken against them at the time. As this group was the first to come to the attention of the Abbasid authorities, the label of "Qarmatians" soon came to be applied by Sunni sources to Ismai'li populations in general, including those were not proselytized by Hamdan.
268:
1930:
1367:
3273:
1944:
1510:
After Hamdan's disappearance, the term "Qarmatians" was retained by all Isma'ilis who refused to recognize the claims of Sa'id, and subsequently of the
Fatimid dynasty. At times it was also applied by non-Isma'ilis in a pejorative sense to the supporters of the Fatimids as well. Abu Muhammad was
259:, who died in 873/74, is known to have written a refutation of "Qarmatian" doctrines. This means that either Hamdan had become active several years before the date recorded in the sources, or alternatively that he took his surname from the sect, rather than the other way round.
1521:
s appointed by Abu
Muhammad then resumed their work, denouncing the claims of Sa'id in Salamiya, and continuing the Qarmatian movement, although Abu Muhammad was often cited as the source of their religious and philosophical works. A Qarmatian movement (the so-called
433:. Although Hamdan corresponded with the Salamiya group, their identity remained a secret, and Hamdan was able to pursue his own policy locally. Thus in 880 his numbers were large enough to make overtures for an alliance with the leader of the Zanj,
498:
was restricted, and only those initiated in the doctrine could access part of it. As a result of these beliefs, the
Qarmatians often abandoned traditional Islamic law and ritual. Contemporary mainstream Islamic sources claim that this led to
1537:
in
November 903; although probably designed to bring about a pro-Fatimid revolution, the large-scale Abbasid reaction it precipitated and the attention it brought on him forced Sa'id to abandon Salamiya for the
1416:, became the leader. Soon, he began making alterations to the doctrine, which worried Hamdan. Abu Muhammad went to Salamiya to investigate the matter, and learned that Sa'id claimed that the expected
3033:
1533:
and lower Iraq, Zakarawayh soon assumed the initiative, at first covertly. Through his sons, Zakarawayh sponsored a great uprising in Syria 902–903, that was brought to an end in the
1563:
by Hamdan and Abu
Muhammad, founded an independent Qarmatian state that became a major threat to the Abbasids in the 10th century. Other Qarmatian groups existed independently in
1490:, he refuted use of philosophy among the anti-Fatimid eastern Isma'ilis (including in the teachings of Abu Muhammad Abdan), and instead "asserted the primacy of the principle of
434:
1428:
s and ordered them to cease the missionary effort. Shortly after this Hamdan "disappeared" from his headquarters at
Kalwadha. The 13th-century anti-Isma'ili writer
2396:
1422:
was not
Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but Sa'id himself. This caused a major rift in the movement, as Hamdan denounced the leadership in Salamiya, gathered the Iraqi
1552:, to lead the last Qarmatian attacks on the Abbasids in Iraq, before being defeated and captured early in the next year. The Qarmatians had more success in
345:
3196:
1468:, where he was captured and imprisoned for five years. After his release he returned to Ifriqiya, where Sa'id's son and heir apparent, the future caliph
2241:
1515:, apparently on the instructions of Salamiya. Hamdan's and Abu Muhammad's followers threatened to kill Zakarawayh, who himself was forced to hide. The
466:
consider it to have been, in all likelihood, the same as that propagated at the time from
Salamiya, and described in the writings of al-Nawbakhti and
3300:
2360:
2808:
116:
2795:
2791:
226:
2800:
1496:, esoteric interpretation, in Isma'ili religious teaching". He died in 933, and his son Abu'l-Hasan Muhammad succeeded him as chief
3063:
1100:
537:
2377:
2371:
2234:
1210:
2383:
448:
For several years following the suppression of the Zanj Revolt in 883, Abbasid authority was not firmly re-established in the
3241:
3068:
2137:
2107:
2018:
939:
639:
285:, and when he died (or left the area), Hamdan assumed the leadership of Isma'ili missionary activity in the rural environs (
3058:
2915:
562:
495:
239:; others suggest that his name meant "short-legged". It is traditionally considered that Hamdan's followers were named the
1599:
was widely used in the esoteric terminology of Isma'ilism for the "leading disciple and authorised representative of the
1395:
188:. He was originally an ox-driver, employed in carrying goods. He enters the historical record with his conversion to the
184:
Hamdan's early life is unknown, except that he came from the village of al-Dur in the district of Furat
Badaqla, east of
2053:
168:), and with his followers broke off from them. Hamdan then disappeared, but his followers continued in existence in the
3276:
3028:
2444:
2420:
2365:
1026:
2416:
2227:
3295:
1446:, given Ibn Hawqal's Fatimid sympathies and friendship with Abu Ali's son, "his information may well be reliable".
999:
1526:) survived in lower Iraq for several decades thereafter, with their teachings ascribed largely to Abu Muhammad.
3053:
2297:
1256:
944:
3325:
3210:
3038:
2588:
2462:
2433:
1450:
1120:
974:
904:
462:
No direct information on the doctrine preached by Hamdan and Abu
Muhammad is known, but modern scholars like
313:. At the same time, the mainstream Twelver Shi'a adherent were becoming increasingly dissatisfied due to the
3023:
2355:
2272:
1469:
1231:
924:
3320:
3013:
2905:
2638:
2573:
2522:
1602:
1553:
899:
711:
567:
377:
355:
314:
3215:
3191:
3048:
2813:
2553:
2099:
1306:
1275:
929:
662:
3315:
200:) al-Husayn al-Ahwazi. According to the medieval sources about his life, this took place in or around
3305:
3231:
3203:
2971:
2603:
2478:
2402:
2327:
2282:
2267:
2036:
1241:
1202:
1004:
744:
723:
707:
3018:
2760:
1963:
1512:
1409:
1284:
1226:
1192:
1095:
385:
161:
3134:
3073:
2259:
1388:
1236:
1197:
934:
909:
471:
369:
419:
Hamdan's agents collected taxes from the converts, including a one-fifth tax on all income (the
2776:
2648:
2593:
2473:
2410:
2312:
1266:
857:
649:
634:
407:
105:
3181:
2976:
2833:
2643:
2514:
2467:
2449:
2292:
2087:
1251:
1155:
731:
3236:
3121:
3043:
2981:
2959:
2658:
2653:
2633:
2568:
2532:
2510:
2482:
1303:
1080:
914:
877:
807:
797:
619:
500:
293:) of Kufa and southern Iraq. He soon moved his residence to the town of Kalwadha, south of
8:
3310:
3251:
3171:
2723:
2613:
2302:
1315:
1261:
979:
964:
322:
256:
3256:
3146:
2964:
2732:
2718:
2623:
2121:
1381:
1341:
1187:
1141:
1136:
823:
770:
763:
517:
503:
among them, but this is not trustworthy given their hostile stance towards Qarmatians.
3096:
2780:
2752:
2250:
2207:
2199:
2190:
2169:
2161:
2133:
2103:
2071:
2067:
2014:
1992:
1984:
1975:
1413:
1332:
1322:
1182:
1131:
1085:
872:
852:
397:
326:
317:
of their leadership, as well as by the vacuum left by the death of the eleventh imam
302:
153:
2152:
2818:
2748:
2738:
2708:
2628:
2527:
2495:
2438:
2277:
2181:
2147:
2117:
2083:
2063:
2032:
2028:
1957:
1949:
1594:
1443:
1350:
1115:
862:
607:
252:
2195:
2157:
1980:
3156:
2338:
2125:
2008:
1068:
1036:
959:
778:
486:
would proclaim a new law, superseding Islam, and reveal the "hidden" or "inner" (
318:
96:
3186:
2608:
2307:
2287:
2091:
2048:
2044:
2004:
1534:
1458:
1432:
reports the rather unreliable information that he was killed in Baghdad, while
1270:
1246:
1172:
1061:
1046:
969:
752:
463:
165:
64:
1442:
for the Fatimid cause under the name of Abu Ali Hasan ibn Ahmad. According to
582:
348:, who "enjoyed a high degree of independence" (Daftary) and appointed his own
3289:
2952:
2924:
2920:
2890:
2843:
2704:
2698:
2490:
2211:
2173:
2075:
2040:
1996:
1530:
1337:
1218:
1177:
1167:
1051:
1031:
949:
738:
644:
577:
572:
528:
489:
404:
330:
306:
230:
215:
origin. Various forms and meanings are recorded in the sources: according to
169:
141:
74:
1408:
In 899, following the death of the previous leader of the sect at Salamiya,
3246:
3166:
3161:
2876:
2859:
2583:
2219:
1935:
1436:, who wrote in the 970s, claims that he reconciled with Sa'id and became a
1371:
1110:
984:
757:
629:
592:
467:
440:
201:
954:
3176:
3139:
3117:
3091:
3008:
2838:
1346:
1328:
1310:
1090:
894:
788:
783:
373:
310:
189:
2942:
2828:
2185:
1484:). In this post, he composed works explaining Fatimid doctrine; in the
1465:
1433:
1056:
919:
818:
205:
173:
129:
84:
1546:. Zakarawayh himself emerged into the open in 906, claiming to be the
2766:
2728:
2457:
2390:
2132:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 634–635.
1462:
1429:
843:
557:
333:
of the Isma'ilis, who preached the imminent return of the messiah or
282:
216:
137:
133:
470:. In essence they heralded the imminent return of the seventh imam,
2756:
2712:
2618:
2578:
2505:
2501:
2427:
2322:
2317:
1572:
1543:
1523:
1280:
989:
867:
828:
393:
157:
506:
336:
2869:
2694:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2563:
2332:
1539:
1319:
1127:
1041:
1021:
847:
813:
669:
602:
587:
298:
294:
212:
195:
147:
297:, and rapidly won many new converts among the peasantry and the
281:
al-Husayn al-Ahwazi had been sent by the Ismai'li leadership at
3272:
3129:
2864:
2823:
2742:
2663:
1505:
1454:
1105:
624:
389:
359:
267:
1556:, where Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi, who had been sent to the region
3151:
2993:
2947:
2910:
2770:
2598:
1610:
1564:
1016:
994:
684:
679:
674:
612:
597:
552:
521:
422:
401:
381:
288:
1894:
344:
His most prominent disciple and aide was his brother-in-law
1882:
1568:
694:
689:
185:
2013:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1870:
1787:
1763:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
445:) was established by Hamdan for his supporters near Kufa.
1848:
1846:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1804:
1802:
1751:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1674:
1162:
437:, who rebuffed the offer. In 890/91, a fortified refuge (
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1664:
1662:
301:. His success was aided by the turmoil of the time. The
211:
His surname "Qarmat" is considered as being probably of
156:, in 899 he quarreled with the movement's leadership at
1906:
1831:
1628:
494:) truths of the religion to his followers. Until then,
2130:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XI/6: Ḥājj Sayyāḥ–Harem I
1843:
1814:
1799:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1711:
1775:
1686:
1659:
1925:
1858:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1547:
1516:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1437:
1423:
1417:
487:
481:
475:
449:
438:
428:
420:
416:
active in southern Persia, was a brother of Hamdan.
411:
363:
349:
334:
286:
276:
246:
240:
234:
220:
193:
145:
110:
1728:
2189:
2151:
1974:
480:, and thus the start of a new era of justice; the
1607:", and was awarded to the leaders of the Fatimid
3287:
1511:murdered in the same year at the instigation of
362:. Among the men trained and sent to missions as
341:, was very attractive to dissatisfied Twelvers.
507:Split with Salamiya and possible reconciliation
396:and opened the way to the establishment of the
2235:
1389:
2249:
2180:
2010:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines
1653:
1542:, where he would found the Fatimid state in
1506:Subsequent history of the Qarmatian movement
251:), "men of Qarmat", after him. However, the
144:. Originally the chief Isma'ili missionary (
1972:
1837:
2242:
2228:
2088:"The Fatimids and the Qarmatīs of Bahrayn"
2054:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1396:
1382:
2809:Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi
2062:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 660–665.
2146:
2116:
2082:
2027:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1864:
1808:
1745:
1722:
266:
2003:
1876:
1852:
1825:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1705:
1680:
1668:
3288:
2096:Mediaeval Isma'ili History and Thought
262:
3242:Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi
2223:
3301:9th century in the Abbasid Caliphate
271:Map of Iraq in the later 9th century
1449:Abu Ali Hasan claimed descent from
1281:ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ḥāfiz li-Dīn Allāh
100:
13:
1478:, with the title "Gate of Gates" (
368:s by Hamdan and Abu Muhammad were
16:9th century Iraqi religious leader
14:
3337:
3271:
2198:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
2160:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
2068:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0451
1983:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
1956:
1942:
1928:
1365:
1257:ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir li-iʿzāz Dīn Allāh
536:
400:. According to the 11th-century
3069:al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
1585:
1198:Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl ash-Shākir
388:, who later helped convert the
329:, in 874. In this climate, the
3059:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
3054:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
2206:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
2168:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1991:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1276:Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām’il-Lāh
1267:Nizār al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn’il-Lāh
1:
3211:Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque
2463:Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya
2423:Qarmatian invasions (971–974)
2356:Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya
1622:
1557:
1451:Muslim ibn Aqil ibn Abi Talib
1193:Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar al-Mubārak
121:
3024:Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi
2528:End of the Fatimid Caliphate
1973:Bayhom-Daou, Tamima (2010).
1578:
1412:, the future founder of the
1252:Manṣūr al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh
1242:Maʿad al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh
1227:ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī bi'l-Lāh
192:doctrine by the missionary (
112:Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ ibn al-Ashʿath
93:Hamdan Qarmat ibn al-Ash'ath
25:Hamdan Qarmat ibn al-Ash'ath
7:
3014:Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani
2523:Crusader invasions of Egypt
2298:al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah
1609:
1601:
1593:
1548:
1517:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1438:
1424:
1418:
1262:Maʿad al-Mustanṣir bi'l-Lāh
488:
482:
476:
457:
450:
439:
429:
421:
412:
378:Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani
364:
350:
335:
287:
277:
247:
241:
235:
221:
194:
160:after it was taken over by
146:
111:
10:
3342:
3192:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya
3039:Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman
2814:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi
2589:Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i
2100:Cambridge University Press
1921:
1271:Aḥmad al-Mustāʿlī bi'l-Lāh
975:Hassan Ala Zikrihi's Salam
427:), to be reserved for the
3269:
3232:Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi
3224:
3116:
3109:
3082:
2992:
2935:
2898:
2889:
2852:
2790:
2687:
2604:Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan
2552:
2543:
2450:Bedouin alliance uprising
2348:
2258:
1472:, appointed him as chief
1005:Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai
208:) or AH 264 (877/78 CE).
80:
70:
60:
52:
42:
37:
30:
23:
1964:Fatimid Caliphate portal
1654:Madelung & Halm 2016
1513:Zakarawayh ibn Mihrawayh
309:was in chaos due to the
31:
3296:9th-century Arab people
3225:Literature and learning
3216:Shrine of Husayn's Head
3135:Great Mosque of Mahdiya
3074:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
3049:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
2403:Conquest of Egypt (969)
1247:Nizār al-ʿAzīz biʾllāh,
900:ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani
325:" of the twelfth imam,
233:provide the diminutive
179:
3204:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque
2936:Branches and offshoots
2649:Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh
2594:Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri
2328:al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah
2313:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah
2283:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
2204:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2166:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2153:"ʿAbdān, Abū Muḥammad"
1989:Encyclopaedia of Islam
408:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
372:(Persia and Bahrayn),
272:
3182:Fatimid Great Palaces
3019:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i
2834:Anushtakin al-Dizbari
2644:al-Adil ibn al-Sallar
2639:al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi
2468:Mustansirite Hardship
2407:Expansion into Syria
2378:2nd invasion of Egypt
2372:1st invasion of Egypt
2323:al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah
2318:al-Hafiz li-Din Allah
2293:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
2273:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah
1470:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah
1285:Abu'l-Qāsim al-Tayyib
960:Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi
895:ibn Faraj ibn Ḥawshab
386:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i
270:
176:for several decades.
3326:9th-century Ismailis
2634:Ridwan ibn Walakhshi
2533:Battle of the Blacks
2333:al-Adid li-Din Allah
1903:, pp. 661, 662.
1772:, pp. 108, 109.
1221:(ar-Raḍī ʿAbd Allāh)
1081:Palace of Queen Arwa
915:Abu Tahir al-Jannabi
910:Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi
878:Nizari Ismaili state
501:lascivious behaviour
472:Muhammad ibn Isma'il
370:Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi
101:حمدان قرمط بن الأشعث
32:حمدان قرمط بن الأشعث
3252:al-Azhar University
2614:al-Afdal Shahanshah
2445:Muffarij b. Daghfal
2397:Conquest of Morocco
2384:2nd Sicilian revolt
2366:1st Sicilian revolt
2303:al-Mustansir Billah
1891:, pp. 660–661.
1879:, pp. 122–123.
1796:, pp. 116–117.
1760:, pp. 108–109.
1683:, pp. 107–108.
1410:Sa'id ibn al-Husayn
980:Rashid ad-Din Sinan
905:ibn Mansur al-Yaman
305:was enfeebled, and
263:Missionary activity
257:al-Fadl ibn Shadhan
162:Sa'id ibn al-Husayn
3321:9th-century births
3257:House of Knowledge
2624:Hasan ibn al-Hafiz
2308:al-Musta'li Billah
2194:. In Fleet, Kate;
2156:. In Fleet, Kate;
2102:. pp. 21–73.
1979:. In Fleet, Kate;
1976:"Bāb (in Shīʿism)"
1342:Mufaddal Saifuddin
1213:(al-Taqī Muhammad)
1137:House of Knowledge
1027:Nizārī strongholds
758:Atba-i-Malak Bohra
346:Abu Muhammad Abdan
321:and the supposed "
315:political quietism
273:
164:(the future first
3283:
3282:
3265:
3264:
3237:al-Qadi al-Nu'man
3105:
3104:
3097:Baghdad Manifesto
3044:al-Qadi al-Nu'man
3029:Abu Hatim al-Razi
2885:
2884:
2724:Sharifs of Medina
2659:Ruzzik ibn Tala'i
2654:Tala'i ibn Ruzzik
2569:Ya'qub ibn Killis
2504:and accession of
2251:Fatimid Caliphate
2182:Madelung, Wilferd
2148:Madelung, Wilferd
2139:978-0-933273-70-2
2118:Madelung, Wilferd
2109:978-0-521-00310-0
2084:Madelung, Wilferd
2029:Madelung, Wilferd
2020:978-0-521-61636-2
1457:, the capital of
1414:Fatimid Caliphate
1406:
1405:
1333:Haatim Zakiyuddin
1297:Incumbent leaders
1132:Baghdad Manifesto
1086:Queen Arwa Mosque
853:Fatimid Caliphate
398:Fatimid Caliphate
327:Muhammad al-Mahdi
303:Abbasid Caliphate
109:
90:
89:
3333:
3306:People from Kufa
3275:
3114:
3113:
2896:
2895:
2719:Sharifs of Mecca
2688:Vassal dynasties
2629:Bahram al-Armani
2550:
2549:
2496:Siege of Ascalon
2278:al-Mansur Billah
2244:
2237:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2193:
2177:
2155:
2143:
2126:Yarshater, Ehsan
2113:
2079:
2024:
2000:
1978:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1950:Biography portal
1947:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1841:
1838:Bayhom-Daou 2010
1835:
1829:
1823:
1812:
1806:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
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1684:
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1672:
1666:
1657:
1651:
1616:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1589:
1562:
1559:
1551:
1520:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1487:Ummahāt al-Islām
1483:
1477:
1444:Wilferd Madelung
1441:
1427:
1421:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1372:Islam portal
1370:
1369:
1368:
1351:Taher Fakhruddin
1316:Musta'li Ismaili
965:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa
873:Hamdanid dynasty
863:Sulayhid dynasty
540:
531:
525:
524:
511:
510:
493:
485:
479:
453:
444:
435:Ali ibn Muhammad
432:
426:
415:
367:
353:
340:
292:
280:
250:
244:
238:
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151:
128:
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21:
20:
3341:
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3330:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3261:
3220:
3197:Portable mihrab
3157:Al-Hakim Mosque
3101:
3084:
3078:
2997:and theologians
2996:
2988:
2931:
2881:
2848:
2798:
2786:
2683:
2556:
2545:
2539:
2344:
2268:al-Mahdi Billah
2254:
2248:
2218:
2200:Rowson, Everett
2191:"Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ"
2162:Rowson, Everett
2140:
2122:"ḤAMDĀN QARMAṬ"
2110:
2092:Daftary, Farhad
2049:Bosworth, C. E.
2021:
2005:Daftary, Farhad
1985:Rowson, Everett
1962:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1899:
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1667:
1660:
1652:
1629:
1625:
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1619:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1560:
1508:
1453:and settled at
1402:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1323:Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs
1304:Nizārī Ismā'īlī
1298:
1290:
1289:
1205:(al-Wāfī Ahmad)
1188:Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq
1158:
1147:
1146:
1069:Qalaat al-Madiq
1000:Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs
868:Zurayid dynasty
835:
779:Sulaymani Bohra
714:
700:
699:
665:
655:
654:
548:
527:
526:
515:
514:
509:
460:
410:, al-Ma'mun, a
319:Hasan al-Askari
265:
219:, his name was
182:
136:founder of the
124:
119:
48:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3339:
3329:
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3318:
3313:
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3259:
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3228:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3187:Juyushi Mosque
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
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3159:
3149:
3144:
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3137:
3126:
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2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2609:Badr al-Jamali
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2547:
2541:
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2536:
2535:
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2520:
2519:
2518:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:Struggle with
2424:
2414:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
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2343:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2288:al-Aziz Billah
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2217:
2216:
2196:Krämer, Gudrun
2178:
2158:Krämer, Gudrun
2144:
2138:
2114:
2108:
2080:
2037:van Donzel, E.
2025:
2019:
2001:
1981:Krämer, Gudrun
1969:
1968:
1967:
1953:
1939:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1915:, p. 661.
1905:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1855:, p. 117.
1842:
1830:
1828:, p. 120.
1813:
1798:
1786:
1784:, p. 109.
1774:
1762:
1750:
1727:
1725:, p. 660.
1710:
1708:, p. 108.
1685:
1673:
1671:, p. 107.
1658:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1535:Battle of Hama
1507:
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987:
982:
977:
972:
970:Hasan-i Sabbah
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
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932:
927:
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802:
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792:
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786:
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776:
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755:
753:Hebtiahs Bohra
750:
749:
748:
719:
717:Branches/sects
715:
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698:
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549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
533:
532:
508:
505:
496:this knowledge
464:Farhad Daftary
459:
456:
384:), as well as
264:
261:
225:, "red-eyed";
181:
178:
166:Fatimid Caliph
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
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44:
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34:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3338:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:Ismaili da'is
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3278:
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3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Hamdan Qarmat
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2953:Hamza ibn Ali
2951:
2950:
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2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2914:
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2909:
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2901:
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2894:
2892:
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2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2844:Qadi al-Fadil
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2744:
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2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
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2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
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2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
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2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
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2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
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2577:
2575:
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2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2542:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:First Crusade
2489:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:Uprisings of
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:Rebellion of
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:Establishment
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
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2257:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1940:
1937:
1926:
1914:
1913:Madelung 1978
1909:
1902:
1901:Madelung 1978
1897:
1890:
1889:Madelung 1978
1885:
1878:
1873:
1866:
1865:Madelung 2007
1861:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1811:, p. 24.
1810:
1809:Madelung 1996
1805:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1746:Madelung 2003
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1723:Madelung 1978
1719:
1717:
1715:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1596:
1591:The title of
1588:
1584:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561: 886/87
1555:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1531:Syrian Desert
1527:
1525:
1519:
1514:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1338:Dawoodi Bohra
1336:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1293:
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1279:
1277:
1274:
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1268:
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1263:
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1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
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1157:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1116:Jama'at Khana
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1087:
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1079:
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1067:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1023:
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988:
986:
983:
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978:
976:
973:
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968:
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950:Nasir Khusraw
948:
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923:
921:
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890:Hamdan Qarmat
888:
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869:
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864:
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827:
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768:
766:
765:
761:
760:
759:
756:
754:
751:
747:
746:
742:
741:
740:
739:Dawoodi Bohra
737:
736:
735:
734:
733:
728:
727:
726:
725:
721:
720:
718:
713:
709:
704:
703:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
664:
663:Seven Pillars
659:
658:
651:
648:
646:
645:Reincarnation
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
614:
611:
609:
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455:
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436:
431:
425:
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417:
414:
409:
406:
405:heresiologist
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
361:
358:and southern
357:
352:
347:
342:
339:
338:
332:
331:millennialism
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
290:
284:
279:
269:
260:
258:
254:
253:Twelver Shi'a
249:
243:
237:
232:
231:Nizam al-Mulk
228:
223:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
198:
197:
191:
187:
177:
175:
171:
170:Syrian Desert
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
149:
143:
139:
135:
131:
113:
107:
98:
94:
86:
83:
79:
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73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:Furat Badaqla
45:
41:
36:
29:
22:
19:
3247:al-Musabbihi
3167:Bab al-Futuh
3162:Aqmar Mosque
3122:architecture
3083:Anti-Fatimid
3003:
2994:Missionaries
2877:Fatimid navy
2860:Fatimid army
2584:Sitt al-Mulk
2546:and military
2411:Alexandretta
2337:
2260:Imam-Caliphs
2203:
2165:
2129:
2095:
2059:
2052:
2009:
1988:
1936:Islam portal
1908:
1896:
1884:
1877:Daftary 2007
1872:
1860:
1853:Daftary 2007
1833:
1826:Daftary 2007
1794:Daftary 2007
1789:
1782:Daftary 2007
1777:
1770:Daftary 2007
1765:
1758:Daftary 2007
1753:
1706:Daftary 2007
1681:Daftary 2007
1676:
1669:Daftary 2007
1587:
1528:
1509:
1481:bāb al-abwāb
1448:
1407:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1203:ʿAbad Allāh
1096:Constitution
1074:
1073:
1010:
1009:
985:Pir Sadardin
945:al-Naysaburi
930:al-Sijistani
889:
883:
882:
837:
836:
806:
796:
795:
769:
762:
743:
730:
729:
722:
716:
468:Ibn Babawayh
461:
447:
441:dār al-hijra
418:
343:
274:
227:al-Nawbakhti
210:
204:261 (874/75
183:
92:
91:
71:Denomination
56:899 or later
18:
3177:Bab Zuweila
3172:Bab al-Nasr
3140:Skifa Kahla
3092:Akhu Muhsin
3009:Ibn Hawshab
2916:Esotericism
2839:al-Basasiri
2557:and regents
2186:Halm, Heinz
2045:Pellat, Ch.
1347:Qutbi Bohra
1329:Alavi Bohra
1311:Aga Khan IV
789:Qutbi Bohra
784:Alavi Bohra
745:Progressive
374:Ibn Hawshab
354:s in Iraq,
323:occultation
311:Zanj Revolt
65:Shi'a Islam
3311:Qarmatians
3290:Categories
3034:Abu Tammam
2943:Qarmatians
2891:Isma'ilism
2829:Manjutakin
2544:Government
2500:Regime of
2472:Revolt of
2456:Revolt of
2058:Volume IV:
1623:References
1466:Asia Minor
1434:Ibn Hawqal
1101:Delegation
1057:Maymun-Diz
940:al-Shirazi
935:al-Kirmani
920:Qadi Numan
819:Qarmatians
708:Musta'lism
695:Pilgrimage
635:Numerology
529:Isma'ilism
245:(singular
174:al-Bahrayn
154:lower Iraq
142:Isma'ilism
132:) was the
125: 874
85:Qarmatians
75:Isma'ilism
3147:Mansuriya
2965:Assassins
2899:Doctrines
2796:governors
2792:Officials
2767:Banu Kanz
2753:Hamdanids
2749:Sulayhids
2739:Mirdasids
2733:Palestine
2729:Jarrahids
2709:Hammadids
2574:Ibn Ammar
2458:Abu Rakwa
2430:(974–978)
2399:(958–960)
2393:(943–947)
2391:Abu Yazid
2386:(937–941)
2380:(919–921)
2374:(914–915)
2368:(913–917)
2212:1873-9830
2174:1873-9830
2076:758278456
2041:Lewis, B.
2033:"Ḳarmaṭī"
1997:1873-9830
1579:Footnotes
1463:Byzantine
1430:Ibn Malik
1237:al-Manṣūr
1178:al-Sajjad
1111:Holy Du'a
990:Aga Khans
925:al-Nasafi
846:state of
844:Qarmatian
824:Assassins
558:Batiniyya
236:Qarmāṭūya
217:al-Tabari
138:Qarmatian
134:eponymous
106:romanized
3085:movement
3064:Abdallah
2972:Musta'li
2853:Military
2801:generals
2757:Zurayids
2713:Ifriqiya
2619:Kutayfat
2579:Barjawan
2506:al-Hafiz
2502:Kutayfat
2479:Musta'li
2428:Alptakin
2202:(eds.).
2188:(2016).
2164:(eds.).
2150:(2007).
2120:(2003).
2086:(1996).
2060:Iran–Kha
2051:(eds.).
2031:(1978).
2007:(2007).
1987:(eds.).
1573:Khurasan
1544:Ifriqiya
1524:Baqliyya
1232:al-Qāʾim
1183:al-Baqir
1037:Atashgah
829:Satpanth
814:Seveners
724:Musta'li
712:Nizarism
640:Theology
547:Concepts
518:a series
516:Part of
458:Doctrine
394:Ifriqiya
380:(to the
283:Salamiya
255:scholar
242:Qarāmiṭa
222:Karmītah
190:Isma'ili
158:Salamiya
140:sect of
61:Religion
38:Personal
3130:Mahdiya
3110:Culture
2977:Tayyibi
2906:Imamate
2870:Ghilman
2695:Kalbids
2679:Saladin
2674:Shirkuh
2669:Dirgham
2564:Jawdhar
2554:Viziers
2515:Tayyibi
2349:History
2339:Dynasty
2128:(ed.).
2094:(ed.).
1922:Sources
1554:Bahrayn
1540:Maghreb
1529:In the
1320:Taiyabi
1219:Ḥusayn
1156:leaders
1128:Abbasid
1062:Rudkhan
1047:Lambsar
1042:Gerdkuh
1032:Alamut
1022:Anjudan
1011:Centers
955:Pamiris
848:Bahrayn
732:Tayyibi
690:Fasting
685:Charity
670:Walayah
568:Imamate
474:as the
356:Bahrayn
299:Bedouin
295:Baghdad
248:Qarmaṭī
213:Aramaic
120:
108::
2982:Hafizi
2960:Nizari
2865:Kutama
2824:Bakjur
2819:Jawhar
2781:Multan
2755:, and
2743:Aleppo
2705:Zirids
2699:Sicily
2664:Shawar
2517:schism
2511:Hafizi
2485:schism
2483:Nizari
2439:Apamea
2434:Aleppo
2253:topics
2210:
2172:
2136:
2106:
2074:
2047:&
2017:
1995:
1571:, and
1493:taʾwil
1455:Fustat
1211:Ahmad
1173:Husayn
1154:Early
1121:Qiyama
1106:Ginans
1091:Nizārī
1052:Masyaf
995:Khojas
884:People
858:Multan
838:States
808:Nizari
798:Hafizi
680:Prayer
675:Purity
650:Titles
625:Taqiya
563:Ta'wil
390:Kutama
360:Persia
97:Arabic
3277:Media
3152:Cairo
2948:Druze
2925:Zahir
2921:Batin
2911:Hujja
2771:Nubia
2761:Yemen
2599:Rasad
2474:Nizar
2413:(971)
2124:. In
2090:. In
2035:. In
1611:dāʿwa
1565:Yemen
1549:mahdī
1459:Egypt
1419:mahdī
1168:Hasan
1142:Women
1075:Other
1017:Cairo
771:Vakil
764:Badar
613:Hujja
598:Daʿwa
578:Bātin
573:Ẓāhir
553:Quran
522:Islam
490:bāṭin
483:mahdī
477:mahdī
451:sawād
430:mahdī
423:khums
402:Sunni
382:Yemen
337:mahdī
289:sawād
152:) in
3120:and
2923:and
2799:and
2777:Lodi
2707:and
2419:and
2208:ISSN
2170:ISSN
2134:ISBN
2104:ISBN
2072:OCLC
2015:ISBN
1993:ISSN
1603:Imām
1569:Rayy
1518:dā'ī
1499:dāʿi
1475:dāʿi
1439:dā'ī
1425:dā'ī
1307:Imām
710:and
620:Satr
603:Dāʿī
593:ʿIlm
588:'Aql
413:dā'ī
376:and
365:dā'ī
351:dā'ī
307:Iraq
278:dā'ī
275:The
229:and
196:dā'ī
186:Kufa
180:Life
172:and
148:dā'ī
127:–899
81:Sect
53:Died
43:Born
3118:Art
2421:2nd
2417:1st
2064:doi
1595:bāb
1163:Ali
630:Pīr
608:Bāb
583:Nūr
520:on
392:in
117:fl.
3292::
2794:,
2751:,
2184:;
2098:.
2070:.
2056:.
2043:;
2039:;
1845:^
1816:^
1801:^
1730:^
1713:^
1688:^
1661:^
1630:^
1575:.
1567:,
1558:c.
1502:.
1349::
1340::
1331::
1325::
1309::
1283:/
1269:/
206:CE
202:AH
130:CE
122:c.
115:;
103:,
99::
2783:)
2779:(
2773:)
2769:(
2763:)
2759:(
2745:)
2741:(
2735:)
2731:(
2715:)
2711:(
2701:)
2697:(
2513:–
2481:–
2243:e
2236:t
2229:v
2214:.
2176:.
2142:.
2112:.
2078:.
2066::
2023:.
1999:.
1867:.
1840:.
1748:.
1656:.
1615:.
1397:e
1390:t
1383:v
1318:-
1130:-
95:(
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