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the outcomes of making. These include: 1) Expanding what counts as making; 2) Design of makerspaces that foster an open, flexible and welcoming atmosphere to youth; 3) Maker space programs and pedagogies that support an equitable culture of making, the incorporation of participantsâ cultural knowledge and practices, a focus on new literacies; and valuing multiple iterations and failing-forward; and 4) Expanding the outcomes of making to include agency, identity, and the after-life of maker projects. Cutting across these areas are specific attention to gender and computer science, indigenous epistemologies and maker activities, and how makerspaces may ground STEM-rich making in the lived experiences and wisdom of youth of color and their families and communities.
264:, opened in Shanghai in 2010. Thereafter a network of hackerspaces emerged, nourishing an emerging maker culture. By designing open technologies and developing new businesses, Chinese makers make use of the system, make fun of it, altering it and provoking it. DIY makers often bring and align contradictory ideas together, such as copycat and open source, manufacturing and DIY, individual empowerment and collective change. In doing so, they craft a subject position beyond the common rhetoric that Chinese citizens lack creativity. As a site of individual empowerment, hackerspace and DIY making enable people to remake the very societal norms and material infrastructures that undergird their work and livelihood.
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501:) persist for youth growing up in poverty, and in particular for African American and Latino youth, and have become a focus of STEM-rich Making. The evolving maker movement has generated interest for its potential role in opening up access to learning and attainment in STEM, with advocates arguing for its âdemocratizing effects" â with access to a makerspace, âanyone can make... anyone can change the worldâ. Makerspaces potentially offer opportunities for young people to engage in STEM knowledge and practices in creative and playful ways, where âlearning is and for the makingâ.
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a hackerspace, they generally follow a âhacker ethicâ, which âinclude freedom, in the sense of autonomy as well as of free access and circulation of information; distrust of authority, that is, opposing the traditional, industrial top-down style of organization; embracing the concept of learning by doing and peer-to-peer learning processes as opposed to formal modes of learning; sharing, solidarity and cooperationâ.
602:, formed in 1994, was a budding nonprofit hackerspace in Grand Rapids, Michigan that had a large following and internet presence. There were various chapters around the United States. Their main focus was as an opensource hackerspace to increase STEM education accessibility and one day become an accredited institution of higher education.
133:, Austria, and became its founding director. In 2007 he and others started Hackerspaces.org, a wiki-based website that maintains a list of many hackerspaces and documents patterns on how to start and run them. As of September 2015 the community list included 1967 hackerspaces with 1199 active sites and 354 planned sites.
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with the growth of community-based makerspaces, users of these spaces tend to be white adult men. The median salary for those involved in the maker movement in the US is $ 103,000, with 97% of those who go to Maker Faires having college degrees (and 70% have graduate degrees). Only 11% of the contributions to
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Hackerspaces are widely defined on hackerspaces.org as âcommunity-operated physical places, where people can meet and work on their projectsâ. The exact functioning of the space varies from place to place and is determined by its members and while there is no blueprint or set of guidelines to create
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Emerging research has begun to address how the maker movement might address equity concerns broadly. There is recent research in this area, which is challenging the field to consider new directions in the design of maker spaces, in maker space programming and pedagogies, and in how to make sense of
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The specific tools and resources available at hackerspaces vary from place to place. They typically provide space for members to work on their individual projects, or to collaborate on group projects with other members. Hackerspaces may also operate computer tool lending libraries, or physical tool
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However, an explicit equity-agenda has been fairly absent in the maker movement, especially as it relates to sustained engagement in making. The movement remains an adult, white, middle-class pursuit, led by those with the leisure time, technical knowledge, experience, and resources to make. Even
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There is a loose, informal tradition at many hackerspaces of welcoming visitors from other similar organizations, whether across town or internationally. Free exchange of ideas, skills, and knowledge are encouraged, especially at periodic gatherings sometimes called "build nights", "open door" or
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Dallas
Makerspace (DMS) was founded by members of the Dallas Personal Robotics Group (DPRG) in 2010. As of summer of 2017, it has a paying membership base of 1500, "making it one of the largest, if not the largest, nonprofit, volunteer-run makerspaces in the country" according to Dallas Morning
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Universities around the world have at different rates embraced educational possibilities of these spaces. Makerspaces provide colleges and universities with an inspirational environment where innovative connections between technology and curriculum can be utilized for experiential teaching and
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3 status (or the equivalent in their jurisdiction), while others have chosen to forgo tax exempt status. University-affiliated hackerspaces often do not charge an explicit fee, but are generally limited to students, staff, or alumni, although visiting guests from other hackerspaces are usually
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structures to expand the range of media represented in their spaces to include digital fabrication tools. There are also community-based makerspaces focused on open-access to allow community members to address community-based problems. For example, to share resources and access to critical
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manufacturing equipment. Makerspaces could also be seen as spaces for the co-production of convivial tools that âfoster conviviality to the extent to which they can be easily used, by anybody, as often or as seldom as desired, for the accomplishment of a purpose chosen by the userâ.
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selected by active members in good standing. Elected officers may serve predetermined terms, and help direct decision-making with regards to purchasing new equipment, recruiting new members, formulating policy, conforming to safety requirements, and other administrative issues.
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was established in
Shanghai in the fall of 2010. Thereafter hackerspaces have grown in numerous cities including Beijing, Shenzhen, Ningbo, Hangzhou and Guangzhou. Chinese makers became internationally visible when the first Maker Carnival was hosted in Beijing in
509:(the periodical credited with launching the Maker Movement) are female. Thus, as the maker movement has become formalized, the powerful knowledge and practices of communities of color or of low-income communities have not yet become central to its discourse.
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was the first chain of commercial hackerspaces. It was launched in
October 2006. As of October 2012, there were six TechShop locations in the US: three in California and one each in North Carolina, Michigan, and Texas, the last a partnership with the
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One emerging area of studies examines the production of an equitable culture in making, including in-depth longitudinal cases of youth makers in community settings, how youth and community co-design for equitable learning opportunities and outcomes.
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Worldwide, a large number of hackerspace or makerspace facilities have been founded. Nicole Lou and Katie Peek reported that from 2006 to 2016 the number of active or planned spaces increased to 1,393, fourteen times as many as in 2006.
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Most recent studies of hackerspace in Chinaâwhere
Internet access is heavily censoredâsuggest that new businesses and organized tech conferences there serve to intervene in the status quo "from within". The first hackerspace in China,
746:, the Mz Baltazar's Laboratory, a start-up organization and feminist hackspace in Vienna, the Anarchafeminist Hackerhive in San Francisco, the Hacktory in Philadelphia and the Miss Despionas in Tasmania, Australia, and myriad others.
722:. For example, Chattanooga's 4th floor may have been the first use of a library as laboratory and playground for its community. The User Experience (UX) is another public laboratory and educational facility. Or according to
1194:"Better loving through technology: a day at the sex-toy hackathon Sound-controlled vibrators, 3D-printed clitorises and 'Michael Gove' as a safe word: coders and inventors try to find the future of sex in south London"
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welcome. Some hackerspaces accept volunteer labor in lieu of membership fees, especially from financially limited participants. In addition, some hackerspaces earn income from sponsoring and staffing high-tech
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Public
Libraries have long been a place to share resources for learning. Lately some have reconsidered their roles to include providing resources for hacking and making. Those generally call themselves
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published the much debated pamphlet "Hacking the Spaces", that dealt with exclusionist tendencies in the hackerspaces movement. Grenzfurther extended his critique through lectures at the 2012 and 2014
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Over the years, many hackerspaces have grown significantly in membership, operational budgets, and local media attention. Many have also helped establish other hackerspaces in nearby locations.
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Kostakis, Vasilis; Niaros, Vasilis; Giotitsas, Christos (September 2015). "Production and governance in hackerspaces: A manifestation of
Commons-based peer production in the physical realm?".
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533:, was shut down by the city after an inspection in 2011. The main issues involved ventilation of heat and toxic fumes; the space was reopened after improvements were made to the building.
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434:, in which people receive the authority over a task by doing it. This model is often combined with other structures such as elected boards or consensus-driven meetings, as is the case in
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Lindtner, Silvia (2014), "Hackerspaces and the
Internet of Things in China: How makers are reinventing industrial production, innovation, and the self", China Information 28(2): 145-167.
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Tucker-Raymond, Eli; Gravel, Brian E.; Wagh, Aditi; Wilson, Naeem (2016). "Making It Social: Considering the
Purpose of Literacy to Support Participation in Making and Engineering".
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culture that sees hackerspaces as "male" spaces, Seattle Attic was founded in the summer of 2013, as the first
Feminist Hackerspace in the United States. They were soon followed by
187:, in the form of workshops, presentations, and lectures. They usually also offer social activities for their members, such as game nights and parties. Hackerspaces can be viewed as
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The US federal government has started adopting the concept of fully open makerspaces within its agencies as of 2015, the first of which (SpaceShop Rapid
Prototyping Lab) resides at
869:(or Biomakerspace or BioMaker Space), encouraging a free flow of ideas, creativity, and entrepreneurship between Bioengineering students and students throughout the university.
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makerspace organized a school makerspace inside Shenzhen American International School in 2014, and SZ DIY makerspace organized a school makerspace inside Harbour School.
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The building or facility the hackerspace occupies provides physical infrastructure that members need to complete their projects. In addition to, most hackerspaces provide
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Kafai, Yasmin; Fields, Deborah; Searle, Kristin (December 2014). "Electronic Textiles as Disruptive Designs: Supporting and Challenging Maker Activities in Schools".
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became the first school to have a school makerspace in the United Kingdom. "Spark" was designed for students and the community being the first of its kind in the UK.
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events without permanent facilities, though they are often sponsored by organizations such as public libraries, schools, or universities. The emphasis is on basic
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was developed as the first open makerspace within the US Federal Government. It has trained thousands of Federal employees on emerging rapid-prototyping equipment.
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In August 2007, a group of North American hackers visited Europe "to get a sense for the potential of European 'hacker spaces'", and upon their return, the groups
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generally lack a shared space for making or hacking things, but instead serve as a repository of tools people can borrow for use in their own respective spaces.
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Ryoo, J. Bulalacao, N., Kekelis, L., McLeod, E., & Henriquez, B., J (2015). "Tinkering with "failure": Equity, learning, and the iterative design process".
742:, in San Francisco. Their founding came as a result of The Ada Initiative, and their AdaCamp conferences. Which has also led to the formation of FouFem in
2822:"From Course Instruction to Bio-MakerSpace: Creating a Lab Space for Independent Investigation and Innovation: American Society for Engineering Education"
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Lindtner, Silvia (2014), "Hackerspaces and the Internet of Things in China: How makers are reinventing industrial production, innovation, and the self",
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include cost, space, liability, and availability of personnel. Many makerspaces struggle to sustain viable business models in support of their missions.
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From a justice perspective, the open access is important because many makerspaces are pay-to-play. Examples of community-based making spaces include
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movement and implementation of similar spaces in universities around the world. Non-Fab-Lab-associated Maker and Hackerspaces are also common.
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356:), electronic components and raw materials for hacking, and various other tools for electronics fabrication and creating things. Specialized
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writes that "European groups, particularly in Germany, have a long tradition of this kind of activity". Another known German hackerspace is
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is recognized as one of the first independent, stand-alone hackerspaces in the world, not affiliated with a school, university, or company.
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A lot of places share values similar to those purported by hackspaces, whether or not they use that nomenclature. A few examples follow:
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Barton, Angela Calabrese; Tan, Edna (2017). "Equity-oriented STEM-rich making among youth from historically marginalized communities".
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1389:. Paper presented in: 5th LAEMOS (Latin American and European Meeting on Organization Studies) Colloquium, Havana Cuba, 2â5 April 2014
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The individual character of a hackerspace is determined by its members. There is a lot of variety in how hackerspaces are organised.
1620:"Towards Critical Justice: Exploring Intersectionality in Community-based STEM-rich Making with Youth from Non-dominant Communities"
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or other planning regulations, which may not be designed to handle their scope of activities. For example, a new hackerspace in
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Barajas-LĂłpez, Filiberto; Bang, Megan (2018-01-02). "Indigenous Making and Sharing: Claywork in an Indigenous STEAM Program".
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is a Dutch hackerspace founded in 2009. A regular of its IRC channel perpetrated a DDoS attack on VISA and MasterCard in 2010.
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repairs rather than building new things, but there is a similar informal atmosphere of exploration and learning new skills.
148:(who had previously worked on a hackerspace documentary) and others used such tools to bring the hackerspace concept to the
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427:(BDFL). This is a common governance structure for hackerspaces which are founded by a single person on their own property.
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Some public schools in the US now also include hackerspaces. The first high school to open a true MakerSpace was in
144:(founded 2009) has put the tools required to build hackerspaces within reach of an even wider audience. For example,
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Production and governance in hackerspaces: A manifestation of Commons-based peer production in the physical realm?
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to include engineering spaces for all undergraduate & graduate degrees as part of their new Coll curricula.
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has also pioneered Makerist and Hacker curriculum to great success. The Bioengineering Department at the
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Sheridan, K. M., Halverson, E. R., Brahms, L., Litts, B. K., Jacobs-Priebe, L., & Owens, T. (2014).
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2676:"Beyond global versus local: illuminating a cosmolocal framework for convivial technology development"
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Hackerspace culture may have more demonstrable challenges than the spaces themselves. For more, see:
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A place where anyone can use different professional kitchen equipment and try culinary experiments.
2215:"Report: TechShop Shuts Down, Files For Bankruptcy Amid Heavy Losses, Unsustainable Business Model"
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A directory is maintained at the hackerspaces.org wiki. For some other notable examples, see:
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1952:"MakeIt Labs, the new 'hackerspace' in Nashua, closed by the city for permits, other issues"
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has now opened up their own MakerSpace with a class called "Makers and Hackers". In 2018
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An artist gives a tour of one of the two machine shops in Xanadu, a makerspace under the
2628:"Penketh High becomes first state school in the country to build dedicated 'makerspace'"
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is an example of a makerspace in a rural German town with a declining population.
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may be available for members to use. Some hackerspaces provide food storage and
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2424:"In Somerville and Lowell, do-it-yourselfers making it work - The Boston Globe"
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Empowering the hacker in us: a comparison of fab lab and hackerspace ecosystems
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There are many community art spaces share values with hackerspaces. Some, like
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2296:"Creators find camaraderie â and lifelong learning â at the Dallas Makerspace"
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can come together to share resources and knowledge to build and make things.
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is one school pioneering new Hacker and Maker curriculums and spaces, as is
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George H. Stephenson Foundation Educational Laboratory & Bio-MakerSpace
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1219:"People Doing Strange Things With Soldering Irons: A Visit to Hackerspace"
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combines their educational lab space with an open Bio-MakerSpace in their
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on May 22, 2014. By one account, it is "the country's largest such space".
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2406:"Building Stompy the Giant Robot Inside the World's Biggest Hackerspace"
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Hacking Diversity: The Politics of Inclusion in Open Technology Cultures
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STEM-rich maker learning : designing for equity with youth of color
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Hackerspaces have also been described as physical manifestations of the
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home improvement chain. As of May 2019, the company had declared
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Kostakis, Vasilis; Niaros, Vasilis; Giotitsas, Chris (2023-09-01).
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are usually the main income of a hackerspace, but some also accept
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In general, hackerspaces function as centers for peer learning and
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The difficulties with opening hackerspaces and makerspaces within
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equipment, and may teach courses in basic or advanced cooking.
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2541:"The Rise of Feminist Hackerspaces and How to Make Your Own"
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Many hackerspaces participate in the use and development of
2090:. Princeton Studies in Culture and Technology. p. 59.
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The Hackerspace Blueprint: Empowering people to be awesome
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There are also more anarchist governance models such as a
19:"Makerspace" redirects here. For library makerspaces, see
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Beyond the Makerspace: Making and Relational Rhetorics
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connectivity. Well-equipped hackerspaces may provide
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1914:. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. pp. 1â4.
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2268:"Hackers rally around Dutch WikiLeaks DDoS suspect"
1759:Calabrese Barton, Angela; Tan, Edna (August 2018).
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is one of the principal contributors to this space.
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Large opportunity gaps in science and engineering (
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2331:"Columbus Idea Foundry becomes a work in progress"
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1618:Tan, Edna; Calabrese Barton, Angela (2018-01-02).
1550:K. Peppler, E. Halvorsen., & Y. Kafai (2016).
1233:"How To Start A Hackerspace: Part 4 â Get It Done"
2740:"IMAGINE Network - Wheaton College Massachusetts"
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990:"How To Find And Get Involved With A Hackerspace"
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2769:"Making matters - Wheaton College Massachusetts"
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2039:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 1â158.
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1398:Kostakis, V.; Niaros, V.; Giotitsas, C. (2014):
1164:"Freeside Atlanta makes space for local hackers"
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301:lending libraries, up to and including creative
2240:"DIY Freaks Flock to 'Hacker Spaces' Worldwide"
1552:Makeology: Makerspaces as Learning Environments
1293:"Organisation/Trustees - London Hackspace Wiki"
465:Makerspaces are increasingly being included as
2492:"First Public Library to Create a Maker Space"
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1487:"Manufacturing space for inclusive innovation"
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2907:"A Space For DIY People To Do Their Business"
2587:. Feminist Journal of Art and Digital Culture
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1978:"7 Things You Should Know About Maker Spaces"
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1067:"By The Numbers: The Rise Of The Makerspace"
525:Hackerspaces can run into difficulties with
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65:where people with common interests, such as
2164:"Metalab, Extroverted Viennese Hackerspace"
673:Ames Research Center Rapid Prototyping Lab
662:moved into a 65,000-square-foot factory in
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1848:Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy
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2190:"TechShop Closes Doors, Files Bankruptcy"
2116:""Hacker space" movement sought for U.S."
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1709:Angela, Calabrese Barton (27 July 2018).
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1406:International Journal of Cultural Studies
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1251:International Journal of Cultural Studies
1045:"Baghdad Community Hackerspace Workshops"
863:School of Engineering and Applied Science
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2585:"Feminist Hackerspaces as Safer Spaces?"
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2194:Make: DIY Projects and Ideas for Makers
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2010:"In London, makers face gentrification"
1345:Sebrechts, Merlijn; Gent, Hackerspace.
1317:"Benevolent Dictator - HackerspaceWiki"
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1140:"In China, Lessons of a 'Hackerspace'"
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3083:Boston Open Source Science Laboratory
2921:
2845:Brinkman, Camilla (7 February 2012).
2187:
2181:
2161:
1765:American Educational Research Journal
1416:
1244:
1242:
1216:
1162:Williams, Wyatt (November 30, 2009).
1119:
956: â Convention of DIY enthusiasts
922:
2870:
2403:
2059:
1975:
1805:Equity & Excellence in Education
1627:Equity & Excellence in Education
832:Laser cutter in a university library
473:, and other educational facilities.
3078:Baltimore Underground Science Space
2716:"Developing Experiential Curricula"
1685:10.17763/haer.84.4.46m7372370214783
1485:Vinodrai, Nader, Zavarella (2021).
1450:10.17763/haer.84.4.brr34733723j648u
1043:Ghalib, Bilal (September 1, 2012).
968: â school in the United States
791:
449:. Some hackerspaces in the US have
13:
2294:Bustillos, Esteban (9 June 2017).
2206:
2162:Brugh, Willow (January 16, 2012).
1239:
802:Haystack Mountain School of Crafts
493:Equity and justice-centered making
407:Some hackerspaces are governed by
14:
3487:
2905:Kalish, Jon (November 28, 2010).
2892:
2114:Borland, John (August 11, 2007).
2086:Dunbar-Hester, Christina (2020).
939: â Subculture of individuals
251:demonstrating how to configure a
2355:Thompson, Derek (23 June 2015).
2266:Winter, Brenno de (2010-12-10).
2238:Tweney, Dylan (March 29, 2009).
911:
750:Public school maker/hackerspaces
2947:
2864:
2814:
2790:
2761:
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2259:
2188:Woods, Dan (15 November 2017).
2155:
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1338:
1309:
1285:
1225:
1210:
1192:Campbell, Hayley (2017-12-10).
1120:Saini, Angela (June 19, 2009).
880:
634:were set up in late 2007, with
387:
2212:
2062:"A Print Magazine for Hackers"
1155:
1146:
1132:
1113:
1083:
1059:
981:
651:The first Chinese hackerspace
561:conferences in New York City.
175:Many hackerspaces support the
1:
2871:Marx, Ilona (December 2018).
2773:Wheaton College Massachusetts
2744:Wheaton College Massachusetts
1817:10.1080/10665684.2018.1437847
1639:10.1080/10665684.2018.1439786
975:
853:with spaces like its "CEID".
824:University maker/hackerspaces
704:
267:
166:
3128:Liberating Ourselves Locally
2520:. Journal of Peer Production
2467:"Making Room for Innovation"
2374:Mazhari, Alex (2017-06-28).
2033:Shivers-McNair, Ann (2021).
1554:. Routledge. pp. 15â29.
1419:The maker movement manifesto
1297:wiki.london.hackspace.org.uk
1217:Roush, Wade (May 22, 2009).
1090:Mazhari, Alex (2015-02-26).
425:Benevolent Dictator For Life
284:(Idaho Burners Alliance) in
7:
3383:Musical Electronics Library
3218:FĂŒrstenberg (Havel) station
2144:. Heise.de. 21 October 2012
1713:. Tan, Edna. New York, NY.
930:
873:is rapidly expanding their
776:
713:Public library hackerspaces
694:FĂŒrstenberg (Havel) station
10:
3492:
2873:"The high-tech playground"
2693:10.1007/s11625-023-01378-1
1673:Harvard Educational Review
1438:Harvard Educational Review
1421:. McGraw-Hill. p. 10.
988:Alan Henry (23 May 2012).
859:University of Pennsylvania
568:
194:incorporating elements of
112:
18:
3394:
3367:
3304:
3260:
3236:
3200:
3193:
3055:
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3032:
3009:
2983:
2962:
2955:
2298:. The Dallas Morning News
1504:10.1177/02690942211013532
1017:Hackerspaces.org (n.d.).
786:Center for Bits and Atoms
683:Somerville, Massachusetts
549:Maker Culture#Criticisms.
521:Difficulties and critique
296:Example makerspace layout
161:NASA Ames Research Center
123:Street Performer Protocol
2655:. V&A. 9 August 2016
1778:10.3102/0002831218758668
1597:10.2505/4/sc18_055_07_76
1383:Cameron Guthrie (2014):
1263:10.1177/1367877913519310
596:, organizer of Trollcon.
538:non-profit organizations
476:
3466:Educational environment
3451:501(c)(3) organizations
3417:Hackerspace Global Grid
1920:10.1145/3141798.3141809
1581:Angela Calabrese Barton
1019:"List of Hacker Spaces"
943:Hackerspace Global Grid
638:following in fall 2008.
559:Hackers on Planet Earth
61:in the United States),
46:(also referred to as a
2680:Sustainability Science
2357:"A World Without Work"
1365:. Pumpinstationone.org
833:
756:Sebastopol, California
555:Johannes Grenzfurthner
540:, such as schools and
423:, are led by a single
400:
297:
289:
256:
180:
39:
16:Community organization
3138:Mothership HackerMoms
3073:Baltimore Hackerspace
2607:"White Hill Robotics"
2376:"NASA Ames SpaceShop"
1321:wiki.hackerspaces.org
1092:"NASA Ames SpaceShop"
831:
730:Feminist hackerspaces
698:Daniel Domscheit-Berg
660:Columbus Idea Foundry
571:Category:Hackerspaces
531:Nashua, New Hampshire
399:promoting makerspaces
395:
358:large-format printers
295:
288:which is open to all.
275:
247:
174:
29:
3375:Gold Coast Techspace
3168:Port City Makerspace
2543:. Model View Culture
1585:Science and Children
1351:. Merlijn Sebrechts.
917:Bicycle cooperatives
892:Repair cafe / clinic
875:makerspace resources
837:learning activities
820:, both in Michigan.
565:Notable hackerspaces
3422:Power Racing Series
2632:Warrington Guardian
2213:Su, Jean Baptiste.
2060:Niarchos, Nicolas.
1235:. 15 November 2012.
769:In Shenzhen, China
764:Penketh High School
760:Fairfax, California
720:Library makerspaces
462:"open house" days.
340:, audio equipment,
305:in some instances.
239:university campuses
3412:Library makerspace
3093:Eli Whitney Museum
2634:. 22 February 2018
2404:Flaherty, Joseph.
923:Cooking makerspace
871:William & Mary
841:has pioneered the
834:
401:
298:
290:
257:
181:
40:
21:Library makerspace
3435:
3434:
3363:
3362:
3189:
3188:
3028:
3027:
2720:Lone Star College
2318:China Information
2097:978-0-691-19288-8
2046:978-0-472-90241-5
1417:Hatch, M (2014).
994:lifehacker.com.au
447:external sponsors
378:water jet cutters
354:signal generators
223:alternative media
185:knowledge sharing
3483:
3387:
3379:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3336:Kitchen Budapest
3332:
3324:
3316:
3297:
3283:London Hackspace
3248:
3198:
3197:
3182:
3063:Artisan's Asylum
3037:
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2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2775:. Archived from
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2746:. Archived from
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2686:(5): 2309â2322.
2671:
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2640:
2639:
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2618:
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2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2583:Toupin, Sophie.
2580:
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2569:
2559:
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2552:
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2548:
2536:
2530:
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2516:Toupin, Sophie.
2513:
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2446:chattlibrary.org
2438:
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2414:
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2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2382:. Archived from
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1983:. Archived from
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1956:Nashua Telegraph
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1323:. Archived from
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1289:
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1246:
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1170:. Archived from
1168:Creative Loafing
1159:
1153:
1150:
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1129:
1117:
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1098:. Archived from
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985:
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966:Tinkering School
792:Community spaces
679:Artisan's Asylum
542:public libraries
471:learning commons
419:Others, such as
414:London Hackspace
382:food preparation
342:video projectors
314:computer servers
310:electrical power
3491:
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3278:Leigh Hackspace
3256:
3246:
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3185:
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3019:
3005:
2979:
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2946:
2899:HackerspaceWiki
2895:
2890:
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2865:
2856:
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2828:
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2798:"CEID Homepage"
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2471:Library Journal
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2428:bostonglobe.com
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2361:theatlantic.com
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2320:28(2): 145-167.
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2147:
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2142:"Trollcon 2012"
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1404:. Published in:
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847:Wheaton College
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487:peer production
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467:learning spaces
443:Membership fees
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370:sewing machines
338:art fabrication
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235:adult education
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146:Bilal Ghalib
138:crowdfunding
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3133:Maker Nexus
3113:Hacker Dojo
3020:(Singapore)
2949:Hackerspace
2568:14 February
2547:14 February
2524:14 February
2501:13 November
2442:"4th Floor"
2173:October 30,
1811:(1): 7â20.
1579:Tan, Edna;
1369:19 February
954:Maker Faire
636:Noisebridge
436:Noisebridge
421:Open Garage
374:CNC machine
362:3D printers
282:Burning Man
150:Middle East
142:Kickstarter
107:men's sheds
99:collaborate
83:digital art
44:hackerspace
3445:Categories
3228:shackspace
3163:Open Works
3047:DHMakerBus
2975:Xinchejian
2882:2018-11-08
2877:KTCHNrebel
2857:2019-05-15
2831:2019-06-27
2807:2018-01-05
2783:2018-01-05
2754:2018-01-05
2725:2020-01-31
2638:2018-04-15
2612:31 October
2390:2019-03-26
2341:2015-06-26
2277:2020-01-21
2224:2019-05-15
2199:2019-05-15
2148:2013-07-10
2071:5 February
2019:2018-07-17
1994:31 October
1976:Educause.
1729:1028843326
1331:2019-06-24
1302:2019-06-24
1203:2018-02-05
1178:2009-12-01
1106:2019-03-26
1076:2018-09-26
976:References
960:Men's shed
736:brogrammer
705:Variations
653:Xinchejian
621:bankruptcy
318:networking
268:Facilities
262:Xinchejian
167:Activities
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3339:(Hungary)
3328:Kiberpipa
3296:(defunct)
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3247:(defunct)
3213:Chaosdorf
3181:(defunct)
3173:Sudo Room
3118:HackMiami
2970:SteamHead
2802:Yale CEID
2702:1862-4057
2302:18 August
2251:August 7,
2126:August 7,
1868:1936-2706
1833:149539777
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1271:1367-8779
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771:SteamHead
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432:Do-ocracy
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227:infoshops
202:, and/or
200:workshops
179:movement.
125:to build
119:Paul Böhm
95:socialize
71:machining
67:computers
63:workspace
59:501(c)(3)
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3323:(Greece)
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3288:OpenCell
3178:TechShop
3103:Genspace
2851:MIT News
2659:3 August
2591:11 April
1883:Fablearn
1523:34650320
1279:43973532
1126:BBC News
931:See also
814:GET City
782:Fab labs
777:Fab labs
744:Montreal
642:RevSpace
612:TechShop
334:crafting
322:Internet
303:sex toys
249:Naomi Wu
117:In 2006
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3407:Fab lab
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1938:8269177
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1363:"About"
843:Fab lab
806:Fab lab
606:Metalab
208:hackers
204:studios
127:Metalab
113:History
103:Fab Lab
79:science
3305:Others
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3194:Europe
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330:sewing
316:, and
221:, and
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2245:Wired
2120:Wired
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1981:(PDF)
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632:HacDC
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