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133:. In many cases these functions can be performed by trained humans. However, because of the speed of, for example, a rocket's dynamics, human reaction time is too slow to control this movement. Therefore, systems—now almost exclusively digital electronic—are used for such control. Even in cases where humans can perform these functions, it is often the case that GNC systems provide benefits such as alleviating operator work load, smoothing turbulence, fuel savings, etc. In addition, sophisticated applications of GNC enable
451:(SLBMs) prior to launch. GPS transmits 2 signal types: military and a commercial. The accuracy of the military signal is classified but can be assumed to be well under 0.5 meters. The GPS system space segment is composed of 24 to 32 satellites in medium Earth orbit at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km (12,600 mi). The satellites are in six specific orbits and transmit highly accurate time and satellite location information which can be used to derive distances and calculate position.
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Flight control is accomplished either aerodynamically or through powered controls such as engines. Guidance sends signals to flight control. A Digital
Autopilot (DAP) is the interface between guidance and control. Guidance and the DAP are responsible for calculating the precise instruction for each
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system. IMUs are "spun up" and calibrated prior to launch. A minimum of 3 separate IMUs are in place within most complex systems. In addition to relative position, the IMUs contain accelerometers which can measure acceleration in all axes. The position data, combined with acceleration data provide
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data in the boost phase and relative position data for intercept targeting. Complex systems typically have multiple redundancy to address drift, improve accuracy (ex. relative to a target) and address isolated system failure. Navigation systems therefore take multiple inputs from many different
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is a position fixing technique that was devised to help sailors cross the featureless oceans without having to rely on dead reckoning to enable them to strike land. Celestial navigation uses angular measurements (sights) between the horizon and a common celestial object. The Sun is most often
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is the "driver" of a vehicle. It takes input from the navigation system (where am I) and uses targeting information (where do I want to go) to send signals to the flight control system that will allow the vehicle to reach its destination (within the operating constraints of the vehicle). The
380:(IMUs) are the primary inertial system for maintaining current position (navigation) and orientation in missiles and aircraft. They are complex machines with one or more rotating Gyroscopes that can rotate freely in 3 degrees of motion within a complex
265:"targets" for guidance systems are one or more state vectors (position and velocity) and can be inertial or relative. During powered flight, guidance is continually calculating steering directions for flight control. For example, the
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from a known position/starting point (e.g. IMU). Today's complex systems use multiple approaches to determine current position. For example, today's most advanced navigation systems are embodied within the
397:, optical celestial navigation and other navigation aids. When targeting another (moving) vehicle, relative vectors become paramount. In this situation, navigation aids which provide updates of position
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and ephemeris data. Today's space shuttle, and most interplanetary spacecraft, use optical systems to calibrate inertial navigation systems: Crewman
Optical Alignment Sight (COAS), Star Tracker.
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the necessary inputs to "track" motion of a vehicle. IMUs have a tendency to "drift", due to friction and accuracy. Error correction to address this drift can be provided via ground link
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measured. Skilled navigators can use the Moon, planets or one of 57 navigational stars whose coordinates are tabulated in nautical almanacs. Historical tools include a
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523:. The space shuttle crew leverages a hand held device to feed information into rendezvous planning. The primary limitation on this device is that it requires a
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154:") from the vehicle's current location to a designated target, as well as desired changes in velocity, rotation and acceleration for following that path.
433:(LORAN) : This was the predecessor of GPS and was (and to an extent still is) used primarily in commercial sea transportation. The system works by
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refers to the manipulation of the forces, by way of steering controls, thrusters, etc., needed to execute guidance commands while maintaining vehicle
534:). Uses a ground scanning radar to "match" topography against digital map data to fix current position. Used by cruise missiles such as the
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447:(GPS) : GPS was designed by the US military with the primary purpose of addressing "drift" within the inertial navigation of
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Draper, C. S.; Wrigley, W.; Hoag, G.; Battin, R. H.; Miller, E.; Koso, A.; Hopkins, A. L.; Vander Velde, W. E. (June 1965).
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also targets a vector. The target vectors are developed to fulfill the mission and can be preplanned or dynamically created.
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device calculates relative position to a highlighted target. Most are familiar with the military uses of the technology on
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provides the most common approach to combining navigation data (from multiple sensors) to resolve current position.
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675:(Report). Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Instrumentation Laboratory. pp. I-3 et seqq
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is the art of determining where you are, a science that has seen tremendous focus in 1711 with the
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which leverages navigation data and target information to direct flight control "where to go", and
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610:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p.
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GNC systems are found in essentially all autonomous or semi-autonomous systems. These include:
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targets an altitude, velocity vector, and gamma to drive main engine cut off. Similarly, an
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systems also typically estimate a predicted position for future computing cycles. See also
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refers to the determination, at a given time, of the vehicle's location and velocity (the "
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which accepts guidance commands to affect change in aerodynamic and/or engine controls.
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flight control. The DAP provides feedback to guidance on the state of flight controls.
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Radar/Infrared/Laser : This form of navigation provides information to guidance
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dealing with the design of systems to control the movement of vehicles, especially,
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sensors, both internal to the system and/or external (ex. ground based update).
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Academic Earth: Aircraft
Systems Engineering: Lecture 16 GNC. Phil Hattis – MIT
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Princeton
Satellite Systems: GNC of High-Altitude Airships. Joseph Mueller
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Guidance, navigation, and control systems consist of 3 essential parts:
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19:"GN&C" redirects here. For the Great Northern and City Railway, see
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Boeing: Defense, Space & Security: International Space
Station: GNC
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Grewal, Mohinder S.; Weill, Lawrence R.; Andrews, Angus P. (2007).
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Global
Positioning Systems, Inertial Navigation, and Integration
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refers to the determination of the desired path of travel (the "
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point of reference (ex. landmark, north star, LORAN Beacon),
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the ship's position based on directional reference to known
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509:- more resistive to countermeasures, than IR homing system
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position to a target (ex. radar, infra-red, ...) or track
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are more important. In addition to the current position,
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226:. Navigation aids either measure position from a
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639:Aided Navigation: GPS with High Rate Sensors
498:. The missile's seeker head homes in on the
643:. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies. pp.
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742:Georgia Tech: GNC: Theory and Applications
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
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39:This article includes a list of general
1288:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
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1621:
1310:Psychological and sociological effects
716:https://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/space/
527:between the target and the designator.
199:Precision-guided munition § Types
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449:Submarine-launched ballistic missile
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1629:Applications of control engineering
478:(detects target's radar emissions),
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1019:Weather and environment monitoring
271:Intercontinental ballistic missile
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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207:which tracks current location,
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670:Apollo Guidance and Navigation
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307:or those participating in the
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353:Autonomous underwater vehicle
747:NASA Shuttle Technology: GNC
505:Ultraviolet homing, used in
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1252:International Space Station
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930:Space Liability Convention
530:Terrain contour matching (
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378:Inertial Measurement Units
245:RIM-161 Standard Missile 3
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752:24 September 2016 at the
536:Tomahawk (missile family)
445:Global Positioning System
427:and Celestial navigation.
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776:CEAS: EuroGNC Conference
635:Farrell, Jay A. (2008).
343:Unmanned aerial vehicles
326:Reaction control systems
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1530:reusable launch systems
1147:Extravehicular activity
1058:Commercial use of space
962:Militarisation of space
935:Registration Convention
851:Accidents and incidents
572:Flight control surfaces
496:surface-to-air missiles
482:semiactive radar homing
413:Astro-inertial guidance
247:leverages GPS, IMU and
60:more precise citations.
1578:Mission control center
1540:Non-rocket spacelaunch
974:Billionaire space race
468:(employs own radar to
399:relative to the target
358:Related examples are:
348:Auto-steering tractors
241:Anti-ballistic missile
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1428:Spacecraft propulsion
878:European Space Agency
470:illuminate the target
431:Long-range Navigation
309:DARPA Grand Challenge
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16:Branch of engineering
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1053:Satellite navigation
769:11 June 2014 at the
363:Celestial navigation
1438:Electric propulsion
1125:Life-support system
1009:Imagery and mapping
969:Private spaceflight
731:AIAA GNC Conference
567:Control engineering
403:inertial navigation
1391:Robotic spacecraft
1317:Space and survival
1172:Space colonization
1068:Space architecture
920:Outer Space Treaty
421:information fusion
168:") as well as its
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1654:Uncrewed vehicles
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1098:Human spaceflight
1073:Space exploration
999:Earth observation
654:978-0-07-164266-8
621:978-0-470-04190-1
521:Laser-guided bomb
425:Inertial guidance
318:Precision-guided
113:) is a branch of
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578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
537:
533:
529:
526:
525:line of sight
522:
518:
514:
511:
508:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
467:
464:
463:
461:
457:
456:
455:
450:
446:
443:
440:
436:
435:triangulating
432:
429:
426:
422:
418:
417:sensor fusion
414:
411:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
379:
376:
373:
369:
364:
361:
360:
359:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
333:
331:
327:
324:
321:
317:
315:
312:
310:
306:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
292:
280:
277:
276:
272:
268:
267:Space Shuttle
263:
260:
259:
255:
254:Kalman filter
250:
246:
242:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
217:
216:
214:
210:
206:
200:
196:
183:
179:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
162:
158:
157:
153:
149:
148:
144:
143:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:(abbreviated
100:
92:
88:
80:
77:
69:
66:February 2012
59:
55:
49:
48:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
1508:Space launch
1493:Interstellar
1459:Destinations
1228:Apollo–Soyuz
1177:Space diving
1162:Space toilet
986:Applications
903:Soviet Union
863:Space policy
858:Space launch
711:
700:
689:
677:. Retrieved
663:
638:
630:
605:
597:
459:
454:
439:transmitters
398:
357:
290:
235:
231:
227:
212:
208:
204:
202:
175:
166:state vector
159:
145:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:
87:
72:
63:
44:
1644:Cybernetics
1466:Sub-orbital
1401:Space probe
1267:New Shepard
1245:Shuttle–Mir
1004:Archaeology
957:Space force
940:Moon Treaty
812:Spaceflight
552:Aeronautics
305:Mars rovers
119:automobiles
115:engineering
58:introducing
1623:Categories
1535:Launch pad
1526:Expendable
1476:Geocentric
1443:Solar sail
1386:Spaceplane
1346:Spacecraft
1140:Space suit
1118:commercial
1046:Television
841:Space Race
679:12 October
589:References
582:Navigation
515: : A
492:air-to-air
335:Spacecraft
330:spacecraft
296:Autopilots
219:Navigation
205:navigation
193:See also:
161:Navigation
152:trajectory
131:spacecraft
41:references
1545:Spaceport
1396:Satellite
1113:Astronaut
1041:Telephone
994:Astronomy
915:Space law
868:Australia
387:telemetry
182:stability
141:control.
135:automatic
1634:Avionics
1597:Category
1262:Tiangong
1257:Shenzhou
1186:Programs
1031:Internet
836:Timeline
767:Archived
750:Archived
733:(annual)
705:NASA.gov
694:NASA.gov
647:et seq.
545:See also
500:infrared
287:Examples
261:Guidance
236:movement
232:relative
209:guidance
170:attitude
147:Guidance
127:aircraft
107:GN&C
1471:Orbital
1272:Artemis
1203:Voskhod
1198:Mercury
1106:General
846:Records
831:History
819:General
476:passive
423:of the
368:sextant
322:systems
320:airdrop
303:, like
278:Control
213:control
177:Control
111:G&C
54:improve
1608:Portal
1601:
1590:
1406:Lander
1359:Rocket
1223:Skylab
1218:Apollo
1208:Gemini
1193:Vostok
898:Russia
651:
618:
532:TERCOM
466:active
382:gimbal
243:, the
139:remote
129:, and
43:, but
1411:Rover
1213:Soyuz
1036:Radio
893:Japan
888:India
873:China
673:(PDF)
415:is a
395:radar
372:watch
228:fixed
189:Parts
123:ships
109:, or
1573:Pass
1528:and
681:2014
649:ISBN
616:ISBN
494:and
328:for
197:and
1240:Mir
391:GPS
137:or
105:,
103:GNC
1625::
614:.
612:21
472:),
393:,
389:,
370:,
125:,
121:,
804:e
797:t
790:v
683:.
657:.
645:5
624:.
538:.
484:,
441:.
419:/
409:.
184:.
172:.
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
50:.
23:.
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