108:) is a device that is controlled remotely by a human operator. In simple cases the controlling operator's command actions correspond directly to actions in the device controlled, as for example in a radio-controlled model aircraft or a tethered deep submergence vehicle. Where communications delays make direct control impractical (such as a remote planetary rover), or it is desired to reduce operator workload (as in a remotely controlled spy or attack aircraft), the device will not be controlled directly, instead being commanded to follow a specified path. At increasing levels of sophistication the device may operate somewhat independently in matters such as obstacle avoidance, also commonly employed in planetary rovers.
22:
77:
1012:
1595:
1607:
199:
404:
277:
307:
reason, the developers have emerged in the new category of desktop telepresence robots that concentrate on this strongest feature to create a much lower cost robot. The desktop telepresence robots, also called "head-and-neck robots" allow users to look around during a meeting and are small enough to be carried from location to location, eliminating the need for remote navigation.
88:", which refers to the subset of telerobotic systems configured with an immersive interface such that the operator feels present in the remote environment, projecting their presence through the remote robot. One of the first telepresence systems that enabled operators to feel present in a remote environment through all of the primary senses (sight, sound, and touch) was the
230:, for example, put a remotely driven rover on the Moon, which was driven in real time (with a 2.5-second lightspeed time delay) by human operators on the ground. Robotic planetary exploration programs use spacecraft that are programmed by humans at ground stations, essentially achieving a long-time-delay form of telerobotic operation. Recent noteworthy examples include the
130:
This only works if the user feels comfortable with the latency of the system, the lag in the response to movements, the visual representation. Any issues such as, inadequate resolution, latency of the video image, lag in the mechanical and computer processing of the movement and response, and optical
284:
The prevalence of high quality video conferencing using mobile devices, tablets and portable computers has enabled a drastic growth in telepresence robots to help give a better sense of remote physical presence for communication and collaboration in the office, home, school, etc. when one cannot be
114:
Two major components of telerobotics and telepresence are the visual and control applications. A remote camera provides a visual representation of the view from the robot. Placing the robotic camera in a perspective that allows intuitive control is a recent technique that although based in
Science
301:
typically contain a display (integrated or separate phone or tablet) mounted on a roaming base. More modern roaming telepresence robots may include an ability to operate autonomously. The robots can map out the space and be able to avoid obstacles while driving themselves between rooms and their
166:
A telerobotic interface can be as simple as a common MMK (monitor-mouse-keyboard) interface. While this is not immersive, it is inexpensive. Telerobotics driven by internet connections are often of this type. A valuable modification to MMK is a joystick, which provides a more intuitive navigation
72:
Teleoperation indicates operation of a machine at a distance. It is similar in meaning to the phrase "remote control" but is usually encountered in research, academic and technical environments. It is most commonly associated with robotics and mobile robots but can be applied to a whole range of
310:
Some telepresence robots are highly helpful for some children with long-term illnesses, who were unable to attend school regularly. Latest innovative technologies can bring people together, and it allows them to stay connected to each other, which significantly help them to overcome loneliness.
267:
could be done in which the human vehicle brings a crew to Mars, but remains in orbit rather than landing on the surface, while a highly capable remote robot is operated in real time on the surface. Such a system would go beyond the simple long time delay robotics and move to a regime of virtual
306:
Traditional videoconferencing systems and telepresence rooms generally offer pan-tilt-zoom cameras with far end control. The ability for the remote user to turn the device's head and look around naturally during a meeting is often seen as the strongest feature of a telepresence robot. For this
153:
because that reduces the control problems. Recent improvements in computers has shifted the emphasis to more degrees of freedom, allowing robotic devices that seem more intelligent and more human in their motions. This also allows more direct teleoperation as the user can
701:
G.A. Landis, "Teleoperation from Mars Orbit: A Proposal for Human
Exploration", Acta Astronautica, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp 59-65; presented as paper IAC-04-IAA.3.7.2.05, 55th International Astronautical Federation Congress, Vancouver BC, 4–8 October
96:
in the early 1990s. The system enabled operators to perform dexterous tasks (inserting pegs into holes) remotely such that the operator would feel as if he or she was inserting the pegs when in fact it was a robot remotely performing the task.
268:
telepresence on the planet. One study of this concept, the Human
Exploration using Real-time Robotic Operations (HERRO) concept, suggested that such a mission could be used to explore a wide variety of planetary destinations.
138:
Mismatch between the users motions such as registration errors, lag in movement response due to overfiltering, inadequate resolution for small movements, and slow speed can contribute to these problems.
170:
Dedicated telepresence setups utilize a head-mounted display with either single or dual eye display, and an ergonomically matched interface with joystick and related button, slider, trigger controls.
181:
with an immersive display system so that the robot is driven by the person walking or running. Additional modifications may include merged data displays such as
Infrared thermal imaging, real-time
894:
123:") has not been fruitful as the speed, resolution and bandwidth have only recently been adequate to the task of being able to control the robot camera in a meaningful way. Using a
240:
rover. In the case of the MER mission, the spacecraft and the rover operated on stored programs, with the rover drivers on the ground programming each day's operation. The
93:
355:
system, a surgeon can work inside the body through tiny holes just big enough for the manipulator, with no need to open up the chest cavity to allow hands inside.
295:
typically mount a phone or tablet on a motorized desktop stand to enable the remote person to look around a remote environment by panning and tilting the display.
84:
Teleoperation is the most standard term, used both in research and technical communities, for referring to operation at a distance. This is opposed to "
1001:
497:
773:
255:
NASA has proposed use of highly capable telerobotic systems for future planetary exploration using human exploration from orbit. In a concept for
363:
327:
and attach cables to sunken ships to hoist them. They are usually attached by a tether to a control center on a surface ship. The wreck of the
837:
803:
351:
Additionally, a lot of telerobotic research is being done in the field of medical devices, and minimally invasive surgical systems. With a
604:
630:
522:
Rosenberg, L.B. (1992). "The Use of
Virtual Fixtures As Perceptual Overlays to Enhance Operator Performance in Remote Environments".
786:
851:
751:
712:
1580:
1340:
574:
146:
issues become even more pervasive through the system, and user tension or frustration can make the system difficult to use.
1261:
933:
256:
111:
Devices designed to allow the operator to control a robot at a distance are sometimes called telecheric robotics.
501:
198:
150:
1256:
1643:
1532:
685:
1406:
1350:
241:
650:
177:
interfaces and real-time video instead of computer-generated images. Another example would be to use an
1638:
1570:
966:
366:
maintains a set of test standards used for
Emergency Response and law enforcement telerobotic systems.
1558:
557:
320:
178:
143:
890:
829:
549:
409:
323:(ROVs) are widely used to work in water too deep or too dangerous for divers. They repair offshore
135:' that is exacerbated by the lack of vestibular stimulation with visual representation of motion.
127:, the control of the camera can be facilitated by tracking the head as shown in the figure below.
1207:
1202:
231:
202:
NASA HERRO (Human
Exploration using Real-time Robotic Operations) telerobotic exploration concept
1633:
1401:
926:
443:
285:
there in person. The robot avatar can move or look around at the command of the remote person.
587:
535:
Rosenberg, L.B. (1993). "Virtual
Fixtures: Perceptual Overlays for Telerobotic Manipulation".
1512:
1366:
976:
417:
1462:
1386:
1151:
1111:
961:
899:
729:
611:
124:
641:
8:
1648:
1611:
1553:
1416:
1116:
956:
288:
There have been two primary approaches that both utilize videoconferencing on a display.
132:
120:
804:"Telepresence robots help chronically ill kids maintain social, academic ties at school"
550:"Virtual Fixtures as tools to enhance operator performance in Telepresence Environments"
21:
1522:
1497:
1487:
1452:
1396:
1376:
1323:
1296:
1234:
1146:
1080:
981:
904:
448:
374:
260:
116:
53:
747:
577:." Humanoid Robots, 2004 4th IEEE/RAS International Conference on. Vol. 2. IEEE, 2004.
1599:
1563:
1492:
1421:
1308:
1094:
996:
971:
919:
524:
Technical Report AL-TR-0089, USAF Armstrong
Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB OH, 1992
211:
182:
73:
circumstances in which a device or machine is operated by a person from a distance.
36:
concerned with the control of semi-autonomous robots from a distance, chiefly using
1548:
1426:
1411:
1286:
1278:
1197:
1156:
1141:
1089:
991:
385:
131:
distortion due to camera lens and head mounted display lenses, can cause the user '
89:
41:
873:
748:"iRobot's Ava 500 telepresence-on-a-stick is rolling out now (update: $ 69,500!!)"
1457:
1442:
1345:
1335:
1327:
1192:
1065:
1043:
1033:
352:
235:
174:
56:) or tethered connections. It is a combination of two major subfields, which are
392:
is an example of a project where a robot was operated by users through the Web.
1575:
1391:
1381:
1303:
1246:
1187:
1126:
1121:
1106:
1038:
471:
438:
342:
207:
155:
686:
Almost Being There: Why the Future of Space
Exploration Is Not What You Think"
1627:
1527:
1482:
1166:
1161:
1136:
1131:
774:
Revolve Robotics Announces Kubi, A Telepresence Rig That Works Like Your Neck
476:
433:
422:
346:
57:
80:
Early Telerobotics (Rosenberg, 1992) US Air Force – Virtual Fixtures system
1291:
1266:
1224:
1214:
1075:
986:
663:
605:"HERRO Missions to Mars and Venus Using Telerobotic Exploration from Orbit"
464:
458:
324:
215:
85:
76:
61:
575:
Motion capture from inertial sensing for untethered humanoid teleoperation
1313:
1239:
1229:
1219:
1182:
1099:
1060:
1011:
631:"HERRO Missions to Mars Using Telerobotic Surface Exploration from Orbit"
378:
428:
389:
227:
223:
37:
561:
1477:
1371:
1070:
590:." IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation 15.3 (1999): 400-410.
219:
49:
537:
In Proc. of the IEEE Annual Int. Symposium on Virtual Reality (1993)
1517:
1467:
942:
453:
249:
33:
1447:
1028:
329:
276:
252:
has been added to the space station for telerobotic experiments.
588:
Invited review: the synergy between virtual reality and robotics
358:
1502:
1053:
1048:
629:
Oleson, S.R.; Landis, G.A.; McGuire, M.; Schmidt, G.R. (2012).
245:
333:
was explored by an ROV, as well as by a crew-operated vessel.
1472:
1020:
45:
1507:
911:
264:
628:
874:"ASTM Subcommittee E54.09 standards for response robots"
280:
iRobot Ava 500, an autonomous roaming telepresence robot
142:
The same technology can control the robot, but then the
149:
The tendency to build robots has been to minimize the
271:
810:. University of California, Irvine. 9 September 2016
399:
222:, for example, has been conducted with telerobotic
554:Telemanipulator Technology and Space Telerobotics
1625:
900:"The Boss Is Robotic, and Rolling Up Behind You"
692:, 12 November 2012 (accessed 15 November 2012).
602:
854:. NIST Engineering Laboratory. 8 November 2016
244:(ISS) uses a two-armed telemanipulator called
927:
891:Telerobotics and Telepistemology Bibliography
719:, 11 January 2013 (accessed 8 December 2013).
638:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
359:Emergency Response and law enforcement robots
852:"Standard test methods for response robots"
934:
920:
787:Robotic Telepresence State of the Industry
603:Schmidt, G.R.; Landis, G.A.; Oleson, S.R.
25:Justus security robot patrolling in KrakĂłw
793:, Summer 2013 (accessed 8 December 2013).
785:Sanford Dickert and David Maldow, Esq., "
425:, a military robot built for urban combat
275:
197:
156:control the robot with their own motions
75:
20:
656:
598:
596:
173:Other interfaces merge fully immersive
1626:
495:
314:
167:scheme for the planar robot movement.
1341:Simultaneous localization and mapping
915:
745:
496:Corley, Anne-Marie (September 2009).
369:
840:from the original on 4 October 2023.
593:
214:has been conducted with telerobotic
500:. spectrum.ieee.com. Archived from
13:
776:", "Tech Crunch", 6 December 2012.
713:Attack of the Telepresence Robots!
272:Telepresence and videoconferencing
248:. More recently, a humanoid robot
16:Controlling robots from a distance
14:
1660:
884:
754:from the original on 14 July 2014
498:"The Reality of Robot Surrogates"
1605:
1594:
1593:
1010:
402:
67:
1606:
866:
844:
822:
796:
779:
766:
739:
722:
705:
695:
336:
188:
94:Air Force Research Laboratories
678:
580:
567:
542:
529:
516:
489:
384:Telerobotics has been used in
1:
893:compiled by Ken Goldberg for
746:Honig, Zach (17 March 2014).
482:
161:
941:
299:Drivable telepresence robots
7:
1351:Vision-guided robot systems
902:article by John Markoff in
830:"Emergency response robots"
653:(accessed 15 November 2012)
395:
293:Desktop telepresence robots
242:International Space Station
10:
1665:
1571:Technological unemployment
340:
321:remotely operated vehicles
206:With the exception of the
1589:
1559:Workplace robotics safety
1541:
1435:
1359:
1322:
1277:
1175:
1019:
1008:
949:
263:, a precursor mission to
179:omnidirectional treadmill
573:Miller, Nathan, et al. "
410:Telecommunication portal
193:
185:, or device schematics.
1407:Human–robot interaction
232:Mars exploration rovers
92:system developed at US
444:Remote control vehicle
281:
203:
81:
26:
1513:Starship Technologies
418:Astrobotic Technology
279:
201:
144:eye–hand coordination
119:'s 1942 short story "
79:
24:
1463:Energid Technologies
791:Telepresence Options
664:"Robonaut home page"
647:on 17 February 2013.
586:Burdea, Grigore C. "
548:Rosenberg, Louis B.
125:head mounted display
1644:Telepresence robots
1554:Powered exoskeleton
377:are used to handle
375:Remote manipulators
315:Marine applications
218:. Most space-based
1523:Universal Robotics
1498:Intuitive Surgical
1488:Harvest Automation
1453:Barrett Technology
1235:Robotic spacecraft
1081:Audio-Animatronics
905:The New York Times
736:, 28 October 2013.
449:Remote manipulator
370:Other applications
282:
228:Lunokhod-1 mission
204:
151:degrees of freedom
133:simulator sickness
117:Robert A. Heinlein
82:
54:Deep Space Network
27:
1639:Wireless robotics
1621:
1620:
1564:Robotic tech vest
1493:Honeybee Robotics
1309:Electric unicycle
1262:remotely-operated
836:. 28 April 2014.
730:I am a robot boss
562:10.1117/12.164901
302:docking stations.
212:space exploration
183:threat assessment
42:wireless networks
1656:
1609:
1608:
1597:
1596:
1581:Fictional robots
1549:Critique of work
1198:Unmanned vehicle
1014:
936:
929:
922:
913:
912:
908:4 September 2010
878:
877:
870:
864:
863:
861:
859:
848:
842:
841:
826:
820:
819:
817:
815:
800:
794:
783:
777:
770:
764:
763:
761:
759:
743:
737:
726:
720:
711:Rick Lehrbaum, "
709:
703:
699:
693:
682:
676:
675:
673:
671:
660:
654:
648:
646:
640:. Archived from
635:
626:
624:
622:
616:
610:. Archived from
609:
600:
591:
584:
578:
571:
565:
546:
540:
533:
527:
520:
514:
513:
511:
509:
504:on 15 April 2013
493:
412:
407:
406:
405:
386:installation art
257:Mars Exploration
90:Virtual Fixtures
1664:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1585:
1537:
1458:Boston Dynamics
1443:Amazon Robotics
1431:
1355:
1346:Visual odometry
1336:Motion planning
1318:
1273:
1193:Continuum robot
1176:Classifications
1171:
1034:Anthropomorphic
1015:
1006:
1002:AI competitions
945:
940:
887:
882:
881:
872:
871:
867:
857:
855:
850:
849:
845:
828:
827:
823:
813:
811:
802:
801:
797:
784:
780:
771:
767:
757:
755:
744:
740:
734:Popular Science
727:
723:
717:InformationWeek
710:
706:
700:
696:
683:
679:
669:
667:
662:
661:
657:
644:
633:
620:
618:
614:
607:
601:
594:
585:
581:
572:
568:
547:
543:
534:
530:
521:
517:
507:
505:
494:
490:
485:
408:
403:
401:
398:
372:
361:
353:robotic surgery
349:
339:
317:
274:
196:
191:
175:virtual reality
164:
102:telemanipulator
70:
32:is the area of
17:
12:
11:
5:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1603:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1576:Terrainability
1573:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1190:
1188:Cloud robotics
1185:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
953:
951:
947:
946:
939:
938:
931:
924:
916:
910:
909:
897:
895:Leonardo/ISAST
886:
885:External links
883:
880:
879:
865:
843:
821:
795:
778:
765:
738:
721:
704:
694:
677:
655:
617:on 13 May 2013
592:
579:
566:
541:
528:
515:
487:
486:
484:
481:
480:
479:
474:
472:Snowplow robot
469:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
439:Military robot
436:
431:
426:
420:
414:
413:
397:
394:
371:
368:
360:
357:
343:Remote surgery
338:
335:
316:
313:
304:
303:
296:
273:
270:
234:(MER) and the
226:. The Russian
208:Apollo program
195:
192:
190:
187:
163:
160:
69:
66:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1661:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1634:Robot control
1632:
1631:
1629:
1614:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:Wolf Robotics
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:Foster-Miller
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1402:Developmental
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
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1342:
1339:
1337:
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1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
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1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
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1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
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1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1167:Soft robotics
1165:
1163:
1162:BEAM robotics
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
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1267:Robotic fish
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1225:Nanorobotics
1215:Mobile robot
1152:Food service
1147:Agricultural
997:Competitions
982:Hall of Fame
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1387:Open-source
1240:Space probe
1230:Necrobotics
1220:Microbotics
1183:Biorobotics
1112:Educational
1095:Articulated
1076:Animatronic
1061:Claytronics
814:6 September
621:15 November
381:materials.
379:radioactive
1649:Television
1628:Categories
1427:Ubiquitous
1417:Perceptual
1324:Navigation
1279:Locomotion
1257:Underwater
1142:Disability
1090:Industrial
483:References
390:Telegarden
341:See also:
237:Curiosity
224:telescopes
162:Interfaces
38:television
1478:Figure AI
1436:Companies
1412:Paradigms
1397:Adaptable
1377:Simulator
1071:Automaton
1066:Companion
977:Geography
556:. (1993)
220:astronomy
115:Fiction (
50:Bluetooth
1600:Category
1518:Symbotic
1468:FarmWise
1422:Situated
1392:Software
1360:Research
1304:Climbing
1127:Military
1122:Juggling
1107:Domestic
1039:Humanoid
962:Glossary
943:Robotics
838:Archived
752:Archived
508:19 March
454:Robonaut
429:Lunokhod
396:See also
388:pieces;
250:Robonaut
52:and the
34:robotics
1612:Outline
1542:Related
1533:Yaskawa
1448:Anybots
1328:mapping
1297:Hexapod
1292:Walking
1137:Service
1132:Medical
1044:Android
1029:Aerobot
972:History
957:Outline
808:robohub
330:Titanic
319:Marine
210:, most
1503:IRobot
1287:Tracks
1208:ground
1203:aerial
1157:Retail
1054:Gynoid
1049:Cyborg
987:Ethics
858:4 June
758:4 July
670:27 May
666:. Nasa
649:, and
465:Spirit
261:Landis
246:Dextre
44:(like
1473:FANUC
1382:Suite
1247:Swarm
1021:Types
967:Index
702:2004.
690:Wired
651:HERRO
645:(PDF)
634:(PDF)
615:(PDF)
608:(PDF)
468:rover
194:Space
121:Waldo
46:Wi-Fi
1508:KUKA
1372:Kits
1326:and
992:Laws
860:2020
834:NIST
816:2019
760:2014
672:2011
623:2012
510:2013
364:NIST
345:and
265:Mars
104:(or
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