Motion capture - Knowledge

1609:) is often transmitted wirelessly to a computer, where the motion is recorded or viewed. Most inertial systems use inertial measurement units (IMUs) containing a combination of gyroscope, magnetometer, and accelerometer, to measure rotational rates. These rotations are translated to a skeleton in the software. Much like optical markers, the more IMU sensors the more natural the data. No external cameras, emitters or markers are needed for relative motions, although they are required to give the absolute position of the user if desired. Inertial motion capture systems capture the full six degrees of freedom body motion of a human in real-time and can give limited direction information if they include a magnetic bearing sensor, although these are much lower resolution and susceptible to electromagnetic noise. Benefits of using Inertial systems include: capturing in a variety of environments including tight spaces, no solving, portability, and large capture areas. Disadvantages include lower positional accuracy and positional drift which can compound over time. These systems are similar to the Wii controllers but are more sensitive and have greater resolution and update rates. They can accurately measure the direction to the ground to within a degree. The popularity of inertial systems is rising amongst game developers, mainly because of the quick and easy setup resulting in a fast pipeline. A range of suits are now available from various manufacturers and base prices range from $ 1000 to US$ 80,000. 1370:

having both higher spatial and temporal resolution. Directors can see the actor's performance in real-time, and watch the results on the motion capture-driven CG character. The unique marker IDs reduce the turnaround, by eliminating marker swapping and providing much cleaner data than other technologies. LEDs with onboard processing and radio synchronization allow motion capture outdoors in direct sunlight while capturing at 120 to 960 frames per second due to a high-speed electronic shutter. Computer processing of modulated IDs allows less hand cleanup or filtered results for lower operational costs. This higher accuracy and resolution requires more processing than passive technologies, but the additional processing is done at the camera to improve resolution via subpixel or centroid processing, providing both high resolution and high speed. These motion capture systems typically cost $ 20,000 for an eight-camera, 12-megapixel spatial resolution 120-hertz system with one actor.

1635:, which provides useful results obtained with two-thirds the number of markers required in optical systems; one on upper arm and one on lower arm for elbow position and angle. The markers are not occluded by nonmetallic objects but are susceptible to magnetic and electrical interference from metal objects in the environment, like rebar (steel reinforcing bars in concrete) or wiring, which affect the magnetic field, and electrical sources such as monitors, lights, cables and computers. The sensor response is nonlinear, especially toward edges of the capture area. The wiring from the sensors tends to preclude extreme performance movements. With magnetic systems, it is possible to monitor the results of a motion capture session in real time. The capture volumes for magnetic systems are dramatically smaller than they are for optical systems. With the magnetic systems, there is a distinction between 226: 1711:. The speed of light is 30 centimeters per nanosecond (billionth of a second), so a 10 gigahertz (billion cycles per second) radio frequency signal enables an accuracy of about 3 centimeters. By measuring amplitude to a quarter wavelength, it is possible to improve the resolution down to about 8 mm. To achieve the resolution of optical systems, frequencies of 50 gigahertz or higher are needed, which are almost as dependent on line of sight and as easy to block as optical systems. Multipath and reradiation of the signal are likely to cause additional problems, but these technologies will be ideal for tracking larger volumes with reasonable accuracy, since the required resolution at 100 meter distances is not likely to be as high. Many scientists believe that radio frequency will never produce the accuracy required for motion capture. 1221:, magnetic or reflective markers, or combinations of any of these, are tracked, optimally at least two times the frequency rate of the desired motion. The resolution of the system is important in both the spatial resolution and temporal resolution as motion blur causes almost the same problems as low resolution. Since the beginning of the 21st century - and because of the rapid growth of technology - new methods have been developed. Most modern systems can extract the silhouette of the performer from the background. Afterwards all joint angles are calculated by fitting in a mathematical model into the silhouette. For movements you can not see a change of the silhouette, there are hybrid systems available that can do both (marker and silhouette), but with less marker. In robotics, some motion capture systems are based on 1552:

the image at a relatively high frame rate. This posts a requirement on the bandwidth of the image-capturing hardware. The second challenge is that the image processing software has to be able to extract the target image from its background and calculate its position. Several textbook image-processing algorithms are designed for this task. This problem can be simplified if the tracking system can expect certain characteristics that is common in all the targets it will track. The next problem down the line is controlling the tracking platform to follow the target. This is a typical control system design problem rather than a challenge, which involves modeling the system dynamics and designing

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dynamically for each particular subject. Tracking a large number of performers or expanding the capture area is accomplished by the addition of more cameras. These systems produce data with three degrees of freedom for each marker, and rotational information must be inferred from the relative orientation of three or more markers; for instance shoulder, elbow and wrist markers providing the angle of the elbow. Newer hybrid systems are combining inertial sensors with optical sensors to reduce occlusion, increase the number of users and improve the ability to track without having to manually clean up data.

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brightness as the light source, camera position or both are changed. These techniques tend to be only limited in feature resolution by the camera resolution, apparent object size and number of cameras. If the users face is 50 percent of the working area of the camera and a camera has megapixel resolution, then sub millimeter facial motions can be detected by comparing frames. Recent work is focusing on increasing the frame rates and doing optical flow to allow the motions to be retargeted to other computer generated faces, rather than just making a 3D Mesh of the actor and their expressions.

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parts, measuring the performer's relative motion. Mechanical motion capture systems are real-time, relatively low-cost, free from occlusion, and wireless (untethered) systems that have unlimited capture volume. Typically, they are rigid structures of jointed, straight metal or plastic rods linked together with potentiometers that articulate at the joints of the body. These suits tend to be in the $ 25,000 to $ 75,000 range plus an external absolute positioning system. Some suits provide limited force feedback or

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target being tracked can thereby provide more information than just motion data. The image obtained from NASA's long-range tracking system on the space shuttle Challenger's fatal launch provided crucial evidence about the cause of the accident. Optical tracking systems are also used to identify known spacecraft and space debris despite the fact that it has a disadvantage compared to radar in that the objects must be reflecting or emitting sufficient light.

1315: 1194: 4672: 526: 432: 331: 1419: 128: 66: 25: 1186: 1260: 212: 211: 208: 1347:. The power to each marker can be provided sequentially in phase with the capture system providing a unique identification of each marker for a given capture frame at a cost to the resultant frame rate. The ability to identify each marker in this manner is useful in real-time applications. The alternative method of identifying markers is to do it algorithmically requiring extra processing of the data. 213: 1652:

minute changes in body motion. Stretch sensors are unaffected by magnetic interference and are free from occlusion. The stretchable nature of the sensors also means they do not suffer from positional drift, which is common with inertial systems. Stretchable sensors, on the other hands, due to the material properties of their substrates and conducting materials, suffer from relatively low

210: 1726:, which contains internal sensors recording the angular movements, removing the need for external cameras and other equipment. Even though this technology could potentially lead to much lower costs for motion capture, the basic sphere is only capable of recording a single continuous direction. Additional sensors worn on the person would be needed to record anything more. 1695:, is the next generation of fidelity and is utilized to record the more complex movements in a human face in order to capture higher degrees of emotion. Facial capture is currently arranging itself in several distinct camps, including traditional motion capture data, blend-shaped based solutions, capturing the actual topology of an actor's face, and proprietary systems. 1323:

powered to emit their own light. Since the inverse square law provides one quarter of the power at two times the distance, this can increase the distances and volume for capture. This also enables a high signal-to-noise ratio, resulting in very low marker jitter and a resulting high measurement resolution (often down to 0.1 mm within the calibrated volume).

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allows the computer-generated characters, images and sets to have the same perspective as the video images from the camera. A computer processes the data and displays the movements of the actor, providing the desired camera positions in terms of objects in the set. Retroactively obtaining camera movement data from the captured footage is known as

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and the corresponding high-speed image stream, it requires significantly lower data bandwidth. The tags also provide incident illumination data which can be used to match scene lighting when inserting synthetic elements. The technique appears ideal for on-set motion capture or real-time broadcasting of virtual sets but has yet to be proven.

579: 1978:, Accessed June 21, 2014, "..But developments in motion-capture technology, as well as new gaming consoles expected from Sony and Microsoft within the year, indicate that this niche continues to be a growth area for actors. And for those who have thought about breaking in, the message is clear: Get busy...." 1177:. In his thesis, using data provided by 31 sensors placed on his body, he analysed his jumps. He evaluated the use of technology both in order to improve the scoring system and to help skaters improve their jumping technique. In March 2021 a summary of the thesis was published in the academic journal. 1729:

Another alternative is using a 6DOF (Degrees of freedom) motion platform with an integrated omni-directional treadmill with high resolution optical motion capture to achieve the same effect. The captured person can walk in an unlimited area, negotiating different uneven terrains. Applications include

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The two main techniques are stationary systems with an array of cameras capturing the facial expressions from multiple angles and using software such as the stereo mesh solver from OpenCV to create a 3D surface mesh, or to use light arrays as well to calculate the surface normals from the variance in

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The tracking computer is responsible for capturing the images from the optical imaging system, analyzing the image to extract the target position and controlling the mechanical tracking platform to follow the target. There are several challenges. First, the tracking computer has to be able to capture

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These tracking tags work in natural lighting conditions and can be imperceptibly embedded in attire or other objects. The system supports an unlimited number of tags in a scene, with each tag uniquely identified to eliminate marker reacquisition issues. Since the system eliminates a high-speed camera

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Purdue University houses the world’s largest indoor motion capture system, inside the Purdue UAS Research and Test (PURT) facility. PURT is dedicated to UAS research, and provides tracking volume of 600,000 cubic feet using 60 motion capture cameras. The optical motion capture system is able to track

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software to render a screen image which allowed the director and the actor to see what they would look like in the movie, making it easier to direct the movie as it would be seen by the viewer. This method allowed views and angles not possible from a pre-rendered animation. Cameron was so proud of

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Camera movements can also be motion captured so that a virtual camera in the scene will pan, tilt or dolly around the stage driven by a camera operator while the actor is performing. At the same time, the motion capture system can capture the camera and props as well as the actor's performance. This

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Most traditional motion capture hardware vendors provide for some type of low-resolution facial capture utilizing anywhere from 32 to 300 markers with either an active or passive marker system. All of these solutions are limited by the time it takes to apply the markers, calibrate the positions and

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The software that runs such systems is also customized for the corresponding hardware components. One example of such software is OpticTracker, which controls computerized telescopes to track moving objects at great distances, such as planes and satellites. Another option is the software SimiShape,

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Active marker systems can further be refined by strobing one marker on at a time, or tracking multiple markers over time and modulating the amplitude or pulse width to provide marker ID. 12-megapixel spatial resolution modulated systems show more subtle movements than 4-megapixel optical systems by

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Vendors have constraint software to reduce the problem of marker swapping since all passive markers appear identical. Unlike active marker systems and magnetic systems, passive systems do not require the user to wear wires or electronic equipment. Instead, hundreds of rubber balls are attached with

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The mechanical tracking platform holds the optical imaging system and is responsible for manipulating the optical imaging system in such a way that it always points to the target being tracked. The dynamics of the mechanical tracking platform combined with the optical imaging system determines the

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Traditionally markerless optical motion tracking is used to keep track of various objects, including airplanes, launch vehicles, missiles and satellites. Many such optical motion tracking applications occur outdoors, requiring differing lens and camera configurations. High-resolution images of the

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Active optical systems triangulate positions by illuminating one LED at a time very quickly or multiple LEDs with software to identify them by their relative positions, somewhat akin to celestial navigation. Rather than reflecting light back that is generated externally, the markers themselves are

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Stretch sensors are flexible parallel plate capacitors that measure either stretch, bend, shear, or pressure and are typically produced from silicone. When the sensor stretches or squeezes its capacitance value changes. This data can be transmitted via Bluetooth or direct input and used to detect

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Mechanical motion capture systems directly track body joint angles and are often referred to as exoskeleton motion capture systems, due to the way the sensors are attached to the body. A performer attaches the skeletal-like structure to their body and as they move so do the articulated mechanical

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An underwater camera is typically able to measure 15–20 meters depending on the water quality, the camera and the type of marker used. Unsurprisingly, the best range is achieved when the water is clear, and like always, the measurement volume is also dependent on the number of cameras. A range of

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use inexpensive multi-LED high-speed projectors. The specially built multi-LED IR projectors optically encode the space. Instead of retro-reflective or active light emitting diode (LED) markers, the system uses photosensitive marker tags to decode the optical signals. By attaching tags with photo

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the 3D position of a subject between two or more cameras calibrated to provide overlapping projections. Data acquisition is traditionally implemented using special markers attached to an actor; however, more recent systems are able to generate accurate data by tracking surface features identified

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Indoor positioning is another application for optical motion capture systems. Robotics researchers often use motion capture systems when developing and evaluating control, estimation, and perception algorithms and hardware. In outdoor spaces, it’s possible to achieve accuracy to the centimeter by

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Magnetic systems calculate position and orientation by the relative magnetic flux of three orthogonal coils on both the transmitter and each receiver. The relative intensity of the voltage or current of the three coils allows these systems to calculate both range and orientation by meticulously

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The vital part of the system, the underwater camera, has a waterproof housing. The housing has a finish that withstands corrosion and chlorine which makes it perfect for use in basins and swimming pools. There are two types of cameras. Industrial high-speed cameras can also be used as infrared

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An object with markers attached at known positions is used to calibrate the cameras and obtain their positions, and the lens distortion of each camera is measured. If two calibrated cameras see a marker, a three-dimensional fix can be obtained. Typically a system will consist of around 2 to 48

715:). However, this reduces significantly when there is no line-of-sight to the satellites — such as in indoor environments. The majority of vendors selling commercial optical motion capture systems provide accessible open source drivers that integrate with the popular Robotic Operating System ( 1543:

The optical imaging system is responsible for converting the light from the target area into a digital image that the tracking computer can process. Depending on the design of the optical tracking system, the optical imaging system can vary from as simple as a standard digital camera to as

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targets in its volume with millimeter accuracy, effectively providing the true position of targets — the “ground truth” baseline in research and development. Results derived from other sensors and algorithms can then be compared to the ground truth data to evaluate their performance.

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The amount of work does not vary with the complexity or length of the performance to the same degree as when using traditional techniques. This allows many tests to be done with different styles or deliveries, giving a distinct personality that is only limited by the talent of the

2018: 2008:, Accessed June 21, 2014, "...the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' historic reluctance to honor motion-capture performances ... Serkis, garbed in a sensor-embedded Lycra body suit, quickly mastered the then-novel art and science of performance-capture acting. ..." 1448:

Different pools require different mountings and fixtures. Therefore, all underwater motion capture systems are uniquely tailored to suit each specific pool instalment. For cameras placed in the center of the pool, specially designed tripods, using suction cups, are provided.

1047:, allow users to interact with digital content in real time by capturing hand motions. This can be useful for training simulations, visual perception tests, or performing virtual walk-throughs in a 3D environment. Motion capture technology is frequently used in 316:

The first virtual actor animated by motion-capture was produced in 1993 by Didier Pourcel and his team at Gribouille. It involved "cloning" the body and face of French comedian Richard Bohringer, and then animating it with still-nascent motion-capture tools.

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One innovative use is pose detection, which can empower patients during post-surgical recovery or rehabilitation after injuries. This approach enables continuous monitoring, real-time guidance, and individually tailored programs to enhance patient outcomes.

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If the computer model has different proportions from the capture subject, artifacts may occur. For example, if a cartoon character has large, oversized hands, these may intersect the character's body if the human performer is not careful with their physical

1477:, do not require subjects to wear special equipment for tracking. Special computer algorithms are designed to allow the system to analyze multiple streams of optical input and identify human forms, breaking them down into constituent parts for tracking. 209: 586:

There are many applications of Motion Capture. The most common are for video games, movies, and movement capture, however there is a research application for this technology being used at Purdue University in robotics development.

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Because of the use of a single-view camera, motions captured are usually noisy. Machine learning techniques have been proposed to automatically reconstruct such noisy motions into higher quality ones, using methods such as

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software uses facial recognition technology from ULSee.Inc to map a player's facial expressions and the body tracking technology from Perception Neuron to map the body movement onto a 2D or 3D character's motion on-screen.

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In the field of aerial robotics research, motion capture systems are widely used for positioning as well. Regulations on airspace usage limit how feasible outdoor experiments can be conducted with Unmanned Aerial Systems

1306:. This type of system can capture large numbers of markers at frame rates usually around 120 to 160 fps although by lowering the resolution and tracking a smaller region of interest they can track as high as 10,000 fps. 1415:

cameras. Infrared underwater cameras come with a cyan light strobe instead of the typical IR light for minimum fall-off underwater and high-speed cameras with an LED light or with the option of using image processing.

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The centroid of the marker is estimated as a position within the two-dimensional image that is captured. The grayscale value of each pixel can be used to provide sub-pixel accuracy by finding the centroid of the

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David Noonan, Peter Mountney, Daniel Elson, Ara Darzi and Guang-Zhong Yang. A Stereoscopic Fibroscope for Camera Motion and 3-D Depth Recovery During Minimally Invasive Surgery. In proc ICRA 2009, pp. 4463–68.

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The amount of animation data that can be produced within a given time is extremely large when compared to traditional animation techniques. This contributes to both cost-effectiveness and meeting production

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sensors can compute their location when lit by mobile multi-LED emitters, e.g. in a moving car. With Id per marker, these sensor tags can be worn under clothing and tracked at 500 Hz in broad daylight.

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One of the earliest active marker systems in the 1980s was a hybrid passive-active mocap system with rotating mirrors and colored glass reflective markers and which used masked linear array detectors.

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When problems occur, it is easier to shoot the scene again rather than trying to manipulate the data. Only a few systems allow real-time viewing of the data to decide if the take needs to be redone.

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as the technology matured. Since the 20th century, the performer has to wear markers near each joint to identify the motion by the positions or angles between the markers. Acoustic, inertial,

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specialized as an astronomical telescope on the top of a mountain. The specification of the optical imaging system determines the upper limit of the effective range of the tracking system.

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material to reflect light that is generated near the camera's lens. The camera's threshold can be adjusted so only the bright reflective markers will be sampled, ignoring skin and fabric.

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Motion tracking or motion capture started as a photogrammetric analysis tool in biomechanics research in the 1970s and 1980s, and expanded into education, training, sports and recently

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Andy Serkis: why won't Oscars go ape over motion-capture acting? Star of Rise of the Planet of the Apes says performance capture is misunderstood and its actors deserve more respect

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produced episodes using an active optical system for the VFX allowing the actor to walk around props that would make motion capture difficult for other non-active optical systems.

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cameras. Systems of over three hundred cameras exist to try to reduce marker swap. Extra cameras are required for full coverage around the capture subject and multiple subjects.

850:(2000) was the first feature-length film made primarily with motion capture, although many character animators also worked on the film, which had a very limited release. 2001's 890: 1958: 856:

was the first widely released movie to be made with motion capture technology. Despite its poor box-office intake, supporters of motion capture technology took notice.

1930: 260:, medical applications, and for validation of computer vision and robots. In films, television shows and video games, motion capture refers to recording actions of 2605:

Li, Jian; Yang, Jiushan; Xu, Zhanwang; Peng, Jingliang (November 2012). "Computer-assisted hand rehabilitation assessment using an optical motion capture system".

1061:. Techniques allow clinicians to evaluate human motion across several biomechanical factors, often while streaming this information live into analytical software. 1394:

sensors to scene points, the tags can compute not only their own locations of each point, but also their own orientation, incident illumination, and reflectance.

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Traditional animation techniques, such as added emphasis on anticipation and follow through, secondary motion or manipulating the shape of the character, as with

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Radio frequency positioning systems are becoming more viable as higher frequency radio frequency devices allow greater precision than older technologies such as

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An optical tracking system typically consists of three subsystems: the optical imaging system, the mechanical tracking platform and the tracking computer.

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There are also possibilities to find the position by using colored LED markers. In these systems, each color is assigned to a specific point of the body.

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Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology researchers said in 2015 that they had made a system that tracks motion by radio frequency signals.

1478: 727:). Indoor tests can circumvent such restrictions. Many labs and institutions around the world have built indoor motion capture volumes for this purpose. 1103:, rather than have him be only CGI as in previous films, making Ruffalo the first actor to play both the human and the Hulk versions of Bruce Banner. 963:

animated digital characters whose appearances were based in part on the actors who provided their motions and voices. James Cameron's highly popular

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reflective tape, which needs to be replaced periodically. The markers are usually attached directly to the skin (as in biomechanics), or they are

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The capture system may have specific requirements for the space in which it is operated, depending on camera field of view or magnetic distortion.

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A high-resolution uniquely identified active marker system with 3,600 × 3,600 resolution at 960 hertz providing real time submillimeter positions

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Motion capture technology has been available for researchers and scientists for a few decades, which has given new insight into many fields.

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is mapped to a 3D model so that the model performs the same actions as the actor. This process may be contrasted with the older technique of

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An alternative approach was developed where the actor is given an unlimited walking area through the use of a rotating sphere, similar to a

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to control it. This will however become a challenge if the tracking platform the system has to work with is not designed for real-time.

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Low latency, close to real-time results can be obtained. In entertainment applications, this can reduce the costs of keyframe-based

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http://www.sciweavers.org/external.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.ic.ac.uk%2F%7Epmountne%2Fpublications%2FICRA%25202009.pdf&p=ieee

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are leading to the rapid development of the markerless approach to motion capture. Markerless systems such as those developed at

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Shum, Hubert P. H.; Ho, Edmond S. L.; Jiang, Yang; Takagi, Shu (2013). "Real-Time Posture Reconstruction for Microsoft Kinect".

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used passive optical system markers for motion capture. Motion capture also uses athletes in based-off animated games, such as

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Since 2001, motion capture has been used extensively to simulate or approximate the look of live-action theater, with nearly

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In motion capture sessions, movements of one or more actors are sampled many times per second. Whereas early techniques used

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to perform as several distinct digital characters (in which he also provided the voices). The 2007 adaptation of the saga

5497: 4983: 3902: 3683: 3459: 2296: 828:(1999) was the first feature-length film to include a main character created using motion capture (that character being 4957: 3552: 3276: 3101: 2523: 291:, often the purpose of motion capture is to record only the movements of the actor, not their visual appearance. This 3769: 3131: 895:

using motion capture in order to animate its main character, Jordan Adalien, and along with non-playable characters.

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The initial results are limited to what can be performed within the capture volume without extra editing of the data.

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was the first feature film to utilize a real-time motion capture system. This method streamed the actions of actor

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Olsen, NL; Markussen, B; Raket, LL (2018), "Simultaneous inference for misaligned multivariate functional data",

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Movies use motion capture for CGI effects, in some cases replacing traditional cel animation, and for completely

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to allow capture of Dracula's flying brides on very large sets similar to Weta's use of active markers in

602:, and other in-game characters. As early as 1988, an early form of motion capture was used to animate the 5482: 5141: 4773: 3801: 3650: 3625: 3126: 1588:

models. Such method generates accurate enough motion for serious applications like ergonomic assessment.

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process the data. Ultimately the technology also limits their resolution and raw output quality levels.

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Some physical therapy clinics utilize motion capture as an objective way to quantify patient progress.

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about a woman warrior named Senua, was rendered in real-time. The keynote was a collaboration between

719:) framework, allowing researchers and developers to effectively test their robots during development. 5430: 5009: 4978: 4947: 4783: 4768: 4763: 4699: 4137: 3850: 3747: 3605: 3512: 3323: 3236: 1945:." Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2009. IROS 2009. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on. IEEE, 2009. 1125:

demonstrated full-body motion capture live in Unreal Engine. The whole scene, from the upcoming game

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Inertial motion capture technology is based on miniature inertial sensors, biomechanical models and

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The cost of the software, equipment and personnel required can be prohibitive for small productions.

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Reflective markers attached to skin to identify body landmarks and the 3D motion of body segments

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Simultaneous tracking and balancing of humanoid robots for imitating human motion capture data

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Markers are placed at specific points on an actor's face during facial optical motion capture.

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can be captured, allowing motion capture of 3D human motion and human surface in real-time.

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Specific hardware and special software programs are required to obtain and process the data.

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medical rehabilitation for balance training, bio-mechanical research and virtual reality.

8: 4559: 4401: 4339: 3567: 3522: 3492: 3333: 3196: 2151: 1765: 1636: 1498: 1462: 984: 959: 410:, weight, and exchange of forces can be easily recreated in a physically accurate manner. 44: 2674: 1843: 874:

into the computer-generated imagery skin of Gollum / Smeagol as it was being performed.

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Plantard, Pierre; Shum, Hubert P. H.; Pierres, Anne-Sophie Le; Multon, Franck (2017).

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One can reverse the traditional approach based on high-speed cameras. Systems such as

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had already used the technique, in the scene of the x-ray scanner and the skeletons.

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tracking system's ability to keep the lock on a target that changes speed rapidly.

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company Acclaim Entertainment for use in the film's production. Acclaim's 1995

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capture both the color and depth images. By fusing the two images, 3D colored

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all of the scenes involving motion capture were directed in real-time using

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Television series produced entirely with motion capture animation include

987:(that produces motion capture films), but then closed it in 2011, after a 5279: 5232: 5161: 5064: 5054: 5039: 5004: 4564: 4344: 4122: 3964: 3949: 3226: 2156: 1664:

to make them usable for motion capture. These solutions result in higher

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Potential for free software and third-party solutions reducing its costs.

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Liu, Zhiguang; Zhou, Liuyang; Leung, Howard; Shum, Hubert P. H. (2016).

2198:"Sega Saturn exclusive! Virtua Fighter: fighting in the third dimension" 1267: 664:

had its own in-house motion capture studio built into its headquarters.

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A real time system for robust 3D voxel reconstruction of human motions

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also used the same motion capture technology to animate the digitized

280:, but in filmmaking and games, motion tracking usually refers more to 5347: 5259: 5222: 4798: 4778: 4579: 4549: 4359: 4303: 4253: 4221: 4020: 4008: 3934: 3468: 2608:

2012 International Conference on Image Analysis and Signal Processing

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Movement that does not follow the laws of physics cannot be captured.

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Two repetitions of a walking sequence recorded using motion capture

3016: 2847:"Full 6DOF Human Motion Tracking Using Miniature Inertial Sensors" 1418: 1099:, Mark Ruffalo used motion capture so he could play his character 5315: 5112: 2131: 1976:

Growth In Performance Capture Helping Gaming Actors Weather Slump

1521: 1185: 1106: 610: 218: 2967:." 2011 International Conference on Computer Vision. IEEE, 2011. 2245:"Yu Suzuki Recalls Using Military Tech to Make Virtua Fighter 2" 1508:

movies, used a technique called Universal Capture that utilized

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A dancer wearing a suit used in an optical motion capture system

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Veis, G. (1963). "Optical tracking of artificial satellites".

2412:"AI-based pose detection for physical rehabilitation software" 1440:

underwater markers are available for different circumstances.

969:

used this technique to create the Na'vi that inhabit Pandora.

930:

was animated without motion capture. In the ending credits of

5404: 5187: 5166: 5151: 4491: 3517: 3013:, an introduction to the history of motion capture technology 1826:

Goebl, W.; Palmer, C. (2013). Balasubramaniam, Ramesh (ed.).

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systems to drive computer-generated characters in real time.

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Motion capture performers from Buckinghamshire New University

406:

Complex movement and realistic physical interactions such as

221:' right hands playing the same piece (slow-motion, no-sounds) 2321:"Coin-Op News: Acclaim technology tapped for "Batman" movie" 2024: 804:(1995) used some motion capture for certain visual effects. 5294: 4069: 2058:"The Next Generation 1996 Lexicon A to Z: Motion Capture". 1632: 1560:

which can also be used hybrid in combination with markers.

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Andrew Harris Salomon, Feb. 22, 2013, Backstage Magazine,

383:

Motion capture offers several advantages over traditional

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using this technique. In 2007, Disney acquired Zemeckis'

2756:

IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics

1742:, an actor's pose can be reconstructed from an image or 638:). Motion capture was later notably used to animate the 2451:"This facial recognition software lets you be Octodad" 2329:. Vol. 20, no. 11. October 1994. p. 22. 289:

images from multiple cameras to calculate 3D positions

16:

Process of recording the movement of objects or people

2958:

Accurate 3d pose estimation from a single depth image

2347:. Vol. 20, no. 4. January 1995. p. 71. 1605:

algorithms. The motion data of the inertial sensors (

1430:

Motion tracking in swimming by using image processing

276:. In many fields, motion capture is sometimes called 2593:

A benchmark for the evaluation of RGB-D SLAM systems

1956:

Motion Capture Actors: Body Movement Tells the Story

1384: 156:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a 4634:

List of animated television series by episode count

1884: 1691:High-fidelity facial motion capture, also known as 1520:over all the 2-D planes of the cameras for motion, 1401: 2473:"Turn Your Human Face Into A Video Game Character" 1887:Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series C 1631:mapping the tracking volume. The sensor output is 2703: 1773:(a different way of making CGI effects realistic) 1302:to a performer wearing a full-body spandex/lycra 877:Storymind Entertainment, which is an independent 5459: 3182: 2746: 785:, many of the orcs and goblins in the 2012 film 4629:List of animated films by box office admissions 1356: 2006:When will a motion capture actor win an Oscar? 1702: 707:using the Global Navigation Satellite System ( 598:often use motion capture to animate athletes, 4707: 3453: 3032: 2297:"Purdue's Home for Drone Systems Engineering" 2004:Hugh Hart, January 24, 2012, Wired magazine, 1304:suit designed specifically for motion capture 244:, for short) is the process of recording the 2906: 2904: 2902: 2604: 2213:. 15 December 1994. pp. 12–3, 15–6, 19. 1246:utilize data captured from image sensors to 808:had acquired motion capture technology from 2516: 1968: 1825: 1528:capture leading to photorealistic results. 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4714: 4700: 3460: 3446: 3039: 3025: 2538: 2274:. Motioncapturesociety.com. Archived from 1981: 1717: 507:animation techniques, must be added later. 4721: 2899: 2814: 2573:(Thesis) (in Japanese). Waseda University 2129:"Hooray for Hollywood! Acclaim Studios". 2124: 2122: 1898: 1861: 1851: 825:Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace 660:(1994). In mid-1995, developer/publisher 566:Learn how and when to remove this message 472:Learn how and when to remove this message 371:Learn how and when to remove this message 194:Learn how and when to remove this message 176:Learn how and when to remove this message 110:Learn how and when to remove this message 2470: 2152:"Martech Games - The Personality People" 1676: 1425: 1417: 1372: 1360: 1313: 1266: 1258: 1192: 1184: 1168:two-time Olympic figure skating champion 1057:is one application of motion capture in 577: 224: 205: 2567:Hanyu, Yuzuru; 羽生, 結弦 (18 March 2021). 2566: 2560: 2448: 2217: 1998: 1783:List of motion and gesture file formats 900:Academy Award for Best Animated Feature 898:Out of the three nominees for the 2006 5473:Computer-related introductions in 1994 5460: 5085: 3192:3D reconstruction from multiple images 2357: 2190: 2172:"Pre-Street Fighter II Fighting Games" 2119: 1668:when compared to alternative sensors. 1591: 1531: 1180: 1071:During the filming of James Cameron's 711:) together with Real-Time Kinematics ( 264:and using that information to animate 137:contains content that is written like 5385:Software related to augmented reality 4932:Simultaneous localization and mapping 4695: 3441: 3212:Simultaneous localization and mapping 3020: 2426:"Markerless Motion Capture | EuMotus" 2242: 1941:Yamane, Katsu, and Jessica Hodgins. " 1733: 1671: 1434: 1409: 1223:simultaneous localization and mapping 1090:on set to view the system in action. 867:The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers 4602:Films with live action and animation 3467: 2931: 2911:"Motion Capture: Magnetic Systems". 2660: 1612: 1457:Emerging techniques and research in 548:adding citations to reliable sources 519: 454:adding citations to reliable sources 425: 353:adding citations to reliable sources 324: 248:of objects or people. It is used in 121: 59: 18: 4984:Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera 3046: 2640:"Motion Capture: Optical Systems". 2471:Plunkett, Luke (27 December 2013). 2449:Corriea, Alexa Ray (30 June 2014). 2430:Markerless Motion Capture | EuMotus 1625: 1596: 1230:Left-hand–right-hand activity chart 1027: 795:were created using motion capture. 13: 4958:Image-based modeling and rendering 3277:Automatic number-plate recognition 3004:The fascination for motion capture 2099:Jon Radoff, Anatomy of an MMORPG, 1779:(created by Microsoft Corporation) 1646: 1278:systems use markers coated with a 1254: 1238: 14: 5509: 5478:Audiovisual introductions in 2000 3694:Modern TV cable and streaming era 2973: 2932:Alba, Alejandro (November 2015). 2498:"Put your (digital) game face on" 2358:Savage, Annaliza (12 July 2012). 2149: 1385:Semi-passive imperceptible marker 853:Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within 788:The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey 34:This article has multiple issues. 4670: 4661: 4660: 3282:Automated species identification 2706:IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics 2243:Wawro, Alex (October 23, 2014). 2226:Maximum: The Video Game Magazine 1563: 1422:Underwater motion capture camera 1402:Underwater motion capture system 1309: 914:) used motion capture, and only 847:Sinbad: Beyond the Veil of Mists 524: 430: 421: 399:technique is an example of this. 329: 126: 64: 23: 3267:Audio-visual speech recognition 2950: 2925: 2870: 2839: 2790: 2740: 2697: 2654: 2633: 2598: 2585: 2490: 2464: 2442: 2418: 2404: 2379: 2351: 2333: 2313: 2289: 2264: 2236: 2209:. No. 158 (January 1995). 2164: 2143: 2093: 2072: 2051: 535:needs additional citations for 515: 441:needs additional citations for 340:needs additional citations for 42:or discuss these issues on the 3112:Recognition and categorization 2035:"Xsens MVN Animate – Products" 2011: 1948: 1935: 1922: 1878: 1819: 1344:Rise of the Planet of the Apes 781:. The Great Goblin, the three 590: 1: 5400:Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK 4624:Most expensive animated films 4279:Direct manipulation animation 3930:Barrier-grid and stereography 3376:Optical character recognition 3307:Content-based image retrieval 2878:"A history of motion capture" 2301:Aerogram Magazine - 2021-2022 1813: 1485:created especially to enable 1452: 953:used motion capture to allow 320: 5436:List of PlayStation VR games 4829:Virtual reality applications 4170:Non-photorealistic rendering 2816:10.1016/j.apergo.2016.10.015 2460:– via www.polygon.com. 2139:. July 1995. pp. 28–29. 1853:10.1371/journal.pone.0050901 1357:Time modulated active marker 1082:his results that he invited 888:/ shooter video game called 7: 3802:International Animation Day 2272:"History of Motion Capture" 2160:. No. 133. p. 51. 2017:Cheung, German KM, et al. " 1987:Ben Child, 12 August 2011, 1749: 1703:Radio frequency positioning 1443: 1335:ILM used active markers in 814:video game of the same name 701: 90:the claims made and adding 10: 5514: 5498:Motion control photography 4794:Projection augmented model 4272:Linear Animation Generator 4175:Physically based animation 3272:Automatic image annotation 3107:Noise reduction techniques 2341:"Acclaim Stakes its Claim" 2230:Emap International Limited 1680: 1227: 1116:Game Developers Conference 947:digital character models. 5431:List of Oculus Rift games 5413: 5335: 5328: 5303: 5180: 5078: 5027: 5010:Omnidirectional treadmill 4997: 4979:Free viewpoint television 4966: 4948:Asynchronous reprojection 4940: 4909: 4854: 4847: 4784:On-set virtual production 4769:Computer-mediated reality 4764:Cinematic virtual reality 4756: 4730: 4656: 4525: 4454: 4327: 4252: 4202: 4108: 4060: 4041: 3963: 3920: 3913: 3861:Children's animated films 3810: 3708: 3591: 3483: 3476: 3424: 3237:Free viewpoint television 3173: 3140: 3054: 2994:Resources in your library 2768:10.1109/TVCG.2015.2510000 2718:10.1109/TCYB.2013.2275945 2617:10.1109/iasp.2012.6425069 2068:. March 1996. p. 37. 734: 5426:List of Meta Quest games 4834:Virtual reality sickness 3770:Animation film festivals 3302:Computer-aided diagnosis 2882:Xsens 3D motion tracking 2206:Computer and Video Games 2039:Xsens 3D motion tracking 1995:, Accessed June 21, 2014 1965:, Accessed June 21, 2014 1607:inertial guidance system 1483:Warner Brothers Pictures 1018:in The Netherlands, and 762:Pirates of the Caribbean 642:character models in the 632:Last Apostle Puppet Show 5493:Computing input devices 4901:Virtual retinal display 4889:Virtual reality headset 4592:Twelve basic principles 4512:Instructional animation 3364:Moving object detection 3354:Medical image computing 3117:Research infrastructure 3087:Image sensor technology 2591:Sturm, Jürgen, et al. " 1954:NY Castings, Joe Gatt, 1718:Non-traditional systems 971:The Walt Disney Company 902:, two of the nominees ( 236:(sometimes referred as 5421:List of HTC Vive games 4814:Six degrees of freedom 4190:Virtual cinematography 3787:Highest-grossing films 3689:Early TV broadcast era 3401:Video content analysis 3369:Small object detection 3148:Computer stereo vision 2611:. IEEE. pp. 1–5. 2232:: 142–3. October 1995. 2102:"Anatomy of an MMORPG" 1808:VR positional tracking 1568:RGB-D cameras such as 1505:The Matrix Revolutions 1487:virtual cinematography 1467:University of Maryland 1431: 1423: 1381: 1366: 1319: 1272: 1264: 1198: 1190: 1119:2016 in San Francisco 1079:Autodesk MotionBuilder 634:(to animate digitized 583: 230: 222: 217:Motion capture of two 5270:The Sword of Damocles 5172:Windows Mixed Reality 4809:Simulation hypothesis 4507:Independent animation 4497:Educational animation 3406:Video motion analysis 3217:Structure from motion 3163:3D object recognition 2663:Space Science Reviews 1798:Motion History Images 1793:Motion-capture acting 1683:Facial motion capture 1677:Facial motion capture 1654:signal-to-noise ratio 1512:and the tracking the 1429: 1421: 1376: 1364: 1317: 1270: 1262: 1228:Further information: 1196: 1188: 662:Acclaim Entertainment 581: 228: 216: 158:neutral point of view 5488:3D computer graphics 5390:Virtual reality game 5035:Cyberith Virtualizer 4867:Head-mounted display 4487:Animated documentary 4319:Whiteboard animation 4212:Traditional puppetry 3856:Adult animated films 3765:Biologist simulators 3728:Animation department 3329:Foreground detection 3312:Reverse image search 3292:Bioimage informatics 3262:Activity recognition 1475:Max Planck Institute 668:'s 1995 arcade game 619:(performed by model 544:improve this article 450:improve this article 349:improve this article 4560:Character animation 4340:Character animation 3878:Children's animated 3396:Autonomous vehicles 3334:Gesture recognition 3197:2D to 3D conversion 2921:: 51. October 1995. 2675:1963SSRv....2..250V 2650:: 53. October 1995. 2176:Hardcore Gaming 101 2089:: 50. October 1995. 1844:2013PLoSO...850901G 1766:Gesture recognition 1693:performance capture 1637:alternating-current 1592:Non-optical systems 1532:Traditional systems 1499:The Matrix Reloaded 1494:digital look-alikes 1463:Stanford University 1318:Body motion capture 1197:Silhouette tracking 1181:Methods and systems 1039:providers, such as 985:ImageMovers Digital 743:creatures, such as 274:performance capture 268:models in 2D or 3D 150:promotional content 5483:Computer animation 5130:Microsoft HoloLens 4953:Foveated rendering 4587:Creature animation 4517:Virtual newscaster 4462:Abstract animation 4294:Ink-wash animation 4284:Humanoid animation 4267:Audio-Animatronics 3831:Lost or unfinished 3755:Animation database 3733:Animation director 3411:Video surveillance 3349:Landmark detection 3257:3D pose estimation 3242:Volumetric capture 3202:Gaussian splatting 3158:Object recognition 3072:Commercial systems 3009:2016-03-04 at the 2963:2020-01-13 at the 2803:Applied Ergonomics 2683:10.1007/BF00216781 2224:"Virtua Fighter". 2079:"Motion Capture". 1961:2014-07-03 at the 1909:10.1111/rssc.12276 1771:Inverse kinematics 1756:Animation database 1740:3D pose estimation 1734:3D pose estimation 1672:Related techniques 1481:, a subsidiary of 1435:Measurement volume 1432: 1424: 1410:Underwater cameras 1382: 1367: 1320: 1273: 1265: 1203:computer animation 1199: 1191: 989:box office failure 881:studio, created a 584: 505:squash and stretch 385:computer animation 270:computer animation 231: 223: 152:and inappropriate 75:possibly contains 5455: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5324: 5323: 5098:Golden-i headsets 5023: 5022: 5015:Wearable computer 4819:Spatial computing 4735:Augmented reality 4689: 4688: 4450: 4449: 4377:Erasure animation 4198: 4197: 3940:Limited animation 3883:Computer-animated 3821:Computer-animated 3743:Animation studios 3704: 3703: 3435: 3434: 3344:Image restoration 3287:Augmented reality 3252: 3251: 3232:4D reconstruction 3184:3D reconstruction 3077:Feature detection 2980:Library resources 2956:Ye, Mao, et al. " 2762:(11): 2437–2450. 2626:978-1-4673-2546-2 2393:. 29 October 2017 1613:Mechanical motion 1526:facial expression 1479:ESC entertainment 1175:Waseda University 1059:clinical medicine 1037:Augmented reality 980:A Christmas Carol 950:The Polar Express 810:arcade video game 607:player characters 576: 575: 568: 482: 481: 474: 408:secondary motions 381: 380: 373: 266:digital character 214: 204: 203: 196: 186: 185: 178: 120: 119: 112: 77:original research 57: 5505: 5358:virtual graffiti 5333: 5332: 5203:Google Cardboard 5093:Apple Vision Pro 5083: 5082: 5050:PlayStation Move 4974:360-degree video 4852: 4851: 4789:Persistent world 4723:Extended reality 4716: 4709: 4702: 4693: 4692: 4674: 4664: 4663: 4644:anime franchises 4619:Cartoon violence 4607:highest grossing 4502:Erotic animation 4477:Animated cartoon 4244:Supermarionation 4217:Digital puppetry 4138:Facial animation 4058: 4057: 3918: 3917: 3791:Opening weekends 3481: 3480: 3462: 3455: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3359:Object detection 3324:Face recognition 3207:Shape from focus 3180: 3179: 3067:Digital geometry 3041: 3034: 3027: 3018: 3017: 2968: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2944: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2908: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2884:. 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Archived from 2097: 2091: 2090: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2045: 2031: 2022: 2015: 2009: 2002: 1996: 1985: 1979: 1972: 1966: 1952: 1946: 1939: 1933: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1902: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1865: 1855: 1823: 1662:machine learning 1626:Magnetic systems 1597:Inertial systems 1084:Steven Spielberg 1049:digital puppetry 1028:Movement Capture 688:Spyro the Dragon 657:Virtua Fighter 2 571: 564: 560: 557: 551: 528: 520: 477: 470: 466: 463: 457: 434: 426: 376: 369: 365: 362: 356: 333: 325: 215: 199: 192: 181: 174: 170: 167: 161: 139:an advertisement 130: 129: 122: 115: 108: 104: 101: 95: 92:inline citations 68: 67: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5447: 5409: 5365:Meta Horizon OS 5353:Interactive art 5320: 5299: 5285:Virtual fixture 5255:Samsung Gear VR 5208:Google Daydream 5176: 5157:PlayStation VR2 5074: 5019: 4993: 4962: 4936: 4922:Finger tracking 4905: 4879:Head-up display 4843: 4752: 4741:Virtual reality 4726: 4720: 4690: 4685: 4652: 4614:Cartoon physics 4533:Animation music 4521: 4482:Animated sitcom 4472:Adult animation 4446: 4427:Special effects 4323: 4248: 4194: 4104: 4045: 4037: 3959: 3909: 3888:Direct-to-video 3806: 3700: 3587: 3472: 3466: 3436: 3431: 3420: 3391:Robotic mapping 3339:Image denoising 3248: 3169: 3136: 3102:Motion analysis 3050: 3048:Computer vision 3045: 3011:Wayback Machine 3000: 2999: 2998: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2971: 2965:Wayback Machine 2955: 2951: 2942: 2940: 2938:nydailynews.com 2930: 2926: 2914:Next Generation 2910: 2909: 2900: 2891: 2889: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2795: 2791: 2751: 2745: 2741: 2702: 2698: 2659: 2655: 2643:Next Generation 2639: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2603: 2599: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2504:. 24 April 2016 2496: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2469: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2434: 2432: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2396: 2394: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2356: 2352: 2339: 2338: 2334: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2305: 2303: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2281: 2279: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2241: 2237: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2150:Mason, Graeme. 2148: 2144: 2135:. No. 82. 2128: 2127: 2120: 2111: 2109: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2082:Next Generation 2078: 2077: 2073: 2064:. No. 15. 2061:Next Generation 2057: 2056: 2052: 2043: 2041: 2033: 2032: 2025: 2016: 2012: 2003: 1999: 1986: 1982: 1973: 1969: 1963:Wayback Machine 1953: 1949: 1940: 1936: 1927: 1923: 1883: 1879: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1761:Finger tracking 1752: 1736: 1720: 1705: 1685: 1679: 1674: 1649: 1647:Stretch sensors 1628: 1615: 1599: 1594: 1566: 1534: 1459:computer vision 1455: 1446: 1437: 1412: 1404: 1387: 1359: 1312: 1280:retroreflective 1276:Passive optical 1257: 1255:Passive markers 1244:Optical systems 1241: 1239:Optical systems 1236: 1183: 1173:graduated from 1033:Virtual reality 1030: 994:Mars Needs Moms 975:Robert Zemeckis 908:and the winner 775:, and Clu from 737: 704: 696:Dinosaur Planet 684:Insomniac Games 680:Crash Bandicoot 625:Magical Company 621:Corinne Russell 600:martial artists 593: 572: 561: 555: 552: 541: 529: 518: 478: 467: 461: 458: 447: 435: 424: 387:of a 3D model: 377: 366: 360: 357: 346: 334: 323: 310:camera tracking 278:motion tracking 206: 200: 189: 188: 187: 182: 171: 165: 162: 143: 131: 127: 116: 105: 99: 96: 81: 69: 65: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5511: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5468:Motion capture 5453: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5380:Pervasive game 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5350: 5345: 5339: 5337: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5250:PlayStation VR 5247: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5127: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5080: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4989:VR photography 4986: 4981: 4976: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4911: 4910:3D interaction 4907: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4864: 4858: 4856: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4719: 4718: 4711: 4704: 4696: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4668: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4543:Mickey Mousing 4540: 4529: 4527: 4526:Related topics 4523: 4522: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4417:Straight ahead 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4397:Paint-on-glass 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4337: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4314:Squigglevision 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4289:Idle animation 4286: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4258: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4214: 4208: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4148:Motion capture 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4100:Onion skinning 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4066: 4064: 4055: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4013: 4012: 4011: 4001: 3996: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3969: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3955:Exposure sheet 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3924: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3873:Adult animated 3865: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3826:Feature-length 3823: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3784: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3679:The Golden Age 3676: 3670:United States 3668: 3666:United Kingdom 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3597: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3473: 3465: 3464: 3457: 3450: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3418: 3416:Video tracking 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3386:Remote sensing 3383: 3378: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3304: 3299: 3297:Blob detection 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3229: 3224: 3222:View synthesis 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3188: 3186: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3155: 3153:Motion capture 3150: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3044: 3043: 3036: 3029: 3021: 3015: 3014: 2997: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2985:Motion capture 2978: 2977: 2975: 2974:External links 2972: 2970: 2969: 2949: 2924: 2898: 2869: 2838: 2789: 2739: 2696: 2669:(2): 250–296. 2653: 2632: 2625: 2597: 2584: 2559: 2537: 2515: 2489: 2463: 2441: 2417: 2403: 2391:That Moment In 2378: 2350: 2332: 2312: 2288: 2263: 2235: 2216: 2189: 2163: 2142: 2118: 2092: 2071: 2050: 2023: 2010: 1997: 1980: 1967: 1947: 1934: 1921: 1893:(5): 1147–76, 1877: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1803:Video tracking 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1751: 1748: 1735: 1732: 1719: 1716: 1704: 1701: 1681:Main article: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1648: 1645: 1641:direct-current 1627: 1624: 1614: 1611: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1565: 1562: 1533: 1530: 1510:7 camera setup 1491:photorealistic 1454: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1411: 1408: 1403: 1400: 1386: 1383: 1358: 1355: 1326:The TV series 1311: 1308: 1256: 1253: 1240: 1237: 1182: 1179: 1029: 1026: 1015:Cafe de Wereld 945:photorealistic 891:My Eyes On You 801:Batman Forever 769:from the film 736: 733: 703: 700: 651:Virtua Fighter 613:'s video game 592: 589: 574: 573: 532: 530: 523: 517: 514: 513: 512: 508: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 486: 480: 479: 438: 436: 429: 423: 420: 419: 418: 415: 411: 404: 400: 379: 378: 337: 335: 328: 322: 319: 293:animation data 234:Motion capture 202: 201: 184: 183: 154:external links 134: 132: 125: 118: 117: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5510: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5275:VFX1 Headgear 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4927:Pose tracking 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4839:Virtual world 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4747:Mixed reality 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4712: 4710: 4705: 4703: 4698: 4697: 4694: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4667: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4538:Bouncing ball 4536: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4382:Hydrotechnics 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4372:Drawn-on-film 4370: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4328:Other methods 4326: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4299:Magic Lantern 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4232:Virtual human 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4158:hand tracking 4156: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3978:clay painting 3976: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3775:international 3773: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3578:United States 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3430: 3429: 3428:Main category 3423: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3381:Pose tracking 3379: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2920: 2919:Imagine Media 2916: 2915: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2888:on 2019-01-22 2887: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2859:on 2013-04-04 2855: 2848: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2649: 2648:Imagine Media 2645: 2644: 2636: 2628: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2601: 2594: 2588: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2548:(in Japanese) 2547: 2541: 2526:(in Japanese) 2525: 2519: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2478: 2474: 2467: 2452: 2445: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2413: 2407: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2316: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2278:on 2018-10-23 2277: 2273: 2267: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2199: 2193: 2177: 2173: 2167: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2125: 2123: 2108:on 2009-12-13 2107: 2103: 2096: 2088: 2087:Imagine Media 2084: 2083: 2075: 2067: 2066:Imagine Media 2063: 2062: 2054: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2028: 2020: 2014: 2007: 2001: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1977: 1971: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1925: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1881: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1838:(1): e50901. 1837: 1833: 1829: 1822: 1818: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1700: 1696: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1623: 1621: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1603:sensor fusion 1589: 1587: 1583: 1582:lazy learning 1577: 1575: 1571: 1564:RGB-D cameras 1561: 1557: 1555: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1450: 1441: 1428: 1420: 1416: 1407: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1363: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1330: 1324: 1316: 1310:Active marker 1307: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1269: 1261: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1195: 1187: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1166:In 2020, the 1164: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1134:Unreal Engine 1130: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1117: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1055:Gait analysis 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1025: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1009:Sprookjesboom 1005: 1004: 998: 996: 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