NASA Deep Space Network

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sites at Goldstone, Madrid, and Canberra. However, the presence of two, well-separated spacecraft during lunar operations stimulated the rethinking of the tracking and communication problem. One thought was to add a dual S-band RF system to each of the three 26-m MSFN antennas, leaving the nearby DSN 26-m antennas still in a backup role. Calculations showed, though, that a 26-m antenna pattern centered on the landed Lunar Module would suffer a 9-to-12 db loss at the lunar horizon, making tracking and data acquisition of the orbiting Command Service Module difficult, perhaps impossible. It made sense to use both the MSFN and DSN antennas simultaneously during the all-important lunar operations. JPL was naturally reluctant to compromise the objectives of its many uncrewed spacecraft by turning three of its DSN stations over to the MSFN for long periods. How could the goals of both Apollo and deep space exploration be achieved without building a third 26-m antenna at each of the three sites or undercutting planetary science missions?

1003: 932:(CSIRO), an Australian Commonwealth Government Statutory Authority, established the CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science Division to manage the day-to-day operations, engineering, and maintenance activities of the Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex". Most of the staff at Tidbinbilla are Australian government employees; the land and buildings are owned by the Australian government; NASA provides the bulk of the funding, owns the movable property (such as dishes and electronic equipment) which it has paid for, and gets to decide where to point the dishes. Similarly, in Spain, "Ingenieria de Sistemas para la Defensa de España S.A. (ISDEFE), a wholly owned subsidiary of the 1185: 55: 71: 1092: 868:(MSFN). The DSN designed the MSFN stations for lunar communication and provided a second antenna at each MSFN site (the MSFN sites were near the DSN sites for just this reason). Two antennas at each site were needed both for redundancy and because the beam widths of the large antennas needed were too small to encompass both the lunar orbiter and the lander at the same time. DSN also supplied some larger antennas as needed, in particular for television broadcasts from the Moon, and emergency communications such as Apollo 13. 6112: 917:(Caltech). The Interplanetary Network Directorate (IND) manages the program within JPL and is charged with the development and operation of it. The IND is considered to be JPL's focal point for all matters relating to telecommunications, interplanetary navigation, information systems, information technology, computing, software engineering, and other relevant technologies. While the IND is best known for its duties relating to the Deep Space Network, the organization also maintains the JPL 955: 6417: 4477: 1083:. Currently, the DSN can receive up to 4 spacecraft signals at the same time, or MSPA-4. However, apertures cannot currently be shared for uplink. When two or more high-power carriers are used simultaneously, very high order intermodulation products fall in the receiver bands, causing interference to the much (25 orders of magnitude) weaker received signals. Therefore, only one spacecraft at a time can get an uplink, though up to 4 can be received. 370: 4489: 245: 691: 2456: 1396: 809:

the development of low-noise receivers; large parabolic-dish antennas; tracking, telemetry, and command systems; digital signal processing; and deep space navigation. The Deep Space Network formally announced its intention to send missions into deep space on Christmas Eve 1963; it has remained in continuous operation in one capacity or another ever since.

703:(LEO). Deep space missions are visible for long periods of time from a large portion of the Earth's surface, and so require few stations (the DSN has only three main sites). These few stations, however, require huge antennas, ultra-sensitive receivers, and powerful transmitters in order to transmit and receive over the vast distances involved. 1047:

mission can link the 70-meter (230 ft) dish antenna at the Deep Space Network complex in Goldstone, California, with an identical antenna located in Australia, in addition to two 34-meter (112 ft) antennas at the Canberra complex. The California and Australia sites were used concurrently to

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The older 70 m antennas are reaching the end of their lives. At some point these will need to be replaced. The leading candidate for 70 m replacement had been an array of smaller dishes, but more recently the decision was taken to expand the provision of 34-meter (112 ft) BWG antennas

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All the stations are remotely operated from a centralized Signal Processing Center at each complex. These Centers house the electronic subsystems that point and control the antennas, receive and process the telemetry data, transmit commands, and generate the spacecraft navigation data. Once the data

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On December 3, 1958, JPL was transferred from the US Army to NASA and given responsibility for the design and execution of lunar and planetary exploration programs using remotely controlled spacecraft. Shortly after the transfer, NASA established the concept of the Deep Space Network as a separately

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s Ka-Band communication system and then processed by a special communication box called KaTS, and then this new signal is sent back the DSN. This allows the velocity of the spacecraft over time to be determined with a level of precision that allows a more accurate determination of the gravity field

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In order to meet the current and future needs of deep space communication services, a number of new Deep Space Station antennas had to be built at the existing Deep Space Network sites. At the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex the first of these was completed in October 2014 (DSS35), with a

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Another critical step in the evolution of the Apollo Network came in 1965 with the advent of the DSN Wing concept. Originally, the participation of DSN 26-m antennas during an Apollo Mission was to be limited to a backup role. This was one reason why the MSFN 26-m sites were collocated with the DSN

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Currently, the operations center personnel at SFOF monitor and direct operations, and oversee the quality of spacecraft telemetry and navigation data delivered to network users. In addition to the DSN complexes and the operations center, a ground communications facility provides communications that

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The DSN forms one portion of the radio sciences experiment included on most deep space missions, where radio links between spacecraft and Earth are used to investigate planetary science, space physics and fundamental physics. The experiments include radio occultations, gravity field determination

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The largest antennas of the DSN are often called on during spacecraft emergencies. Almost all spacecraft are designed so normal operation can be conducted on the smaller (and more economical) antennas of the DSN, but during an emergency the use of the largest antennas is crucial. This is because a

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missions, thereby avoiding the need for each flight project to acquire and operate its own specialized space communications network. The DSN was given responsibility for its own research, development, and operation in support of all of its users. Under this concept, it has become a world leader in

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In the early years, the operations control center did not have a permanent facility. It was a provisional setup with numerous desks and phones installed in a large room near the computers used to calculate orbits. In July 1961, NASA started the construction of the permanent facility, Space Flight

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The two Voyager spacecraft continue to operate, with some loss in subsystem redundancy, but retain the capability of returning science data from a full complement of VIM science instruments. Both spacecraft also have adequate electrical power and attitude control propellant to continue operating

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Five of the 34-meter (112 ft) beam waveguide antennas were added to the system in the late 1990s. Three were located at Goldstone, and one each at Canberra and Madrid. A second 34-meter (112 ft) beam waveguide antenna (the network's sixth) was completed at the Madrid complex in 2004.

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With this arrangement, the DSN station could be quickly switched from a deep-space mission to Apollo and back again. GSFC personnel would operate the MSFN equipment completely independently of DSN personnel. Deep space missions would not be compromised nearly as much as if the entire station's

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Each facility is situated in semi-mountainous, bowl-shaped terrain to help shield against radio frequency interference. The strategic placement of the stations permits constant observation of spacecraft as the Earth rotates, which helps to make the DSN the largest and most sensitive scientific

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Deep space is defined in several different ways. According to a 1975 NASA report, the DSN was designed to communicate with "spacecraft traveling approximately 16,000 km (10,000 miles) from Earth to the farthest planets of the solar system." JPL diagrams state that at an altitude of

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suggested what is now known as the "wing concept". The wing approach involves constructing a new section or "wing" to the main building at each of the three involved DSN sites. The wing would include a MSFN control room and the necessary interface equipment to accomplish the following:

636:. These agencies often cooperate for better mission coverage. In particular, DSN has a cross-support agreement with ESA that allows mutual use of both networks for more effectiveness and reduced risk. In addition, radio astronomy facilities, such as 993:

By 2025, the 70-meter antennas at all three locations will be decommissioned and replaced with 34-meter BWG antennas that will be arrayed. All systems will be upgraded to have X-band uplink capabilities and both X and Ka-band downlink capabilities.

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The DSN is also pursuing optical deep space communication, offering greater communication speeds at the cost of susceptibility to weather and the need for extremely precise pointing of the spacecraft. This technology is working in prototype form.

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Operations Facility (SFOF). The facility was completed in October 1963 and dedicated on May 14, 1964. In the initial setup of the SFOF, there were 31 consoles, 100 closed-circuit television cameras, and more than 200 television displays to support

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There are a number of limitations to the current DSN, and a number of challenges going forward. Most of these are outlined in an Audit of NASA’s Deep Space Network performed by NASA's Office of Inspector General. Their main conclusions are:

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is in a polar orbit that takes it close to Jupiter as it passes from north to south, getting a view of both poles. During the GS experiment it must point its antenna at the Deep Space Network on Earth to pick up a special signal sent from

742:), so they are considered near space and cannot use the ITU's deep space bands. Missions at these locations that need high data rates must therefore use the "near space" K band (27 GHz). Since NASA has several such missions (such as the 836:) was critical to saving the lives of the astronauts. While Apollo was also a US mission, DSN provides this emergency service to other space agencies as well, in a spirit of inter-agency and international cooperation. For example, the 946:) is under contract to JPL for the DSN's operations and maintenance. Peraton has responsibility for managing the Goldstone complex, operating the DSOC, and for DSN operations, mission planning, operations engineering, and logistics. 1132:

The Deep Space Network nodes are all on Earth. Therefore, data transmission rates from/to spacecraft and space probes are severely constrained due to the distances from Earth. For now it can connect with the Mars orbiters in the

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Especially at Mars, there are often many spacecraft within the beam width of an antenna. For operational efficiency, a single antenna can receive signals from multiple spacecraft at the same time. This capability is called

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View from the Earth's north pole, showing the field of view of the main DSN antenna locations. Once a mission gets more than 30,000 km (19,000 mi) from Earth, it is always in view of at least one of the

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for faster and more flexible communications with spacecraft and landers on Mars. Adding dedicated communication satellites elsewhere in space, to handle multiparty, multi-mission use, such as the canceled

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The antennas at all three DSN Complexes communicate directly with the Deep Space Operations Center (also known as Deep Space Network operations control center) located at the JPL facilities in

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Arraying of antennas within the three DSN locations is also used. For example, a 70-meter (230 ft) dish antenna can be arrayed with a 34-meter dish. For especially vital missions, like

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NASA Technical report CR 140390, Histories of the Space Tracking and Data Acquisition Network (STADAN), the Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN), and the NASA Communications Network (NASCOM)

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NASA Technical report CR 140390, Histories of the Space Tracking and Data Acquisition Network (STADAN), the Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN), and the NASA Communications Network (NASCOM)

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until around 2020, when the available electrical power will no longer support science instrument operation. At this time, science data return and spacecraft operations will cease.

2206: 4856: 1661: 498: 388: 2486: 2303: 6145: 2829: 3213: 2093: 6359: 3235: 1059:, non-DSN facilities normally used for radio astronomy can be added to the array. In particular, the Canberra 70-meter (230 ft) dish can be arrayed with the 2325: 682:

link the three complexes to the operations center at JPL, to space flight control centers in the United States and overseas, and to scientists around the world.

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DSN currently consists of three deep-space communications facilities located such that a distant spacecraft is always in view of at least one station. They are:

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The need to support "legacy" missions that have remained operational beyond their original lifetimes but are still returning scientific data. Programs such as

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are processed at the complexes, they are transmitted to JPL for further processing and for distribution to science teams over a modern communications network.

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Interstellar Mission in the early 1990s. However, many advancements in digital signal processing, arraying and error correction have been adopted by the DSN.

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Provide backup for the collocated MSFN site passive track (spacecraft to ground RF links) of the Apollo spacecraft during trans-lunar and trans-earth phases.

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Each complex consists of at least four deep space terminals equipped with ultra-sensitive receiving systems and large parabolic-dish antennas. There are:

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The facilities in Spain and Australia are jointly owned and operated in conjunction with that government's scientific institutions. In Australia, "the

821:, and recovering every bit of telemetry is critical to assessing the health of the spacecraft and planning the recovery. The most famous example is the 2076: 2049: 2017: 1897: 1461: 1423: 6439: 4362: 1969: 1946: 1212:. This includes special communication hardware on Juno and uses its communication system. The DSN radiates a Ka-band uplink, which is picked up by 1859: 1573: 1631: 3346: 2814: 1231:

spacecraft to Pluto-Charon. REX received a signal from Earth as it was occulted by Pluto, to take various measurements of that system of bodies.

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The NASA Deep Space Network can both send and receive in all of the ITU deep space bands - S-band (2 GHz), X-band (8 GHz), and Ka-band (32 GHz).

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mission, where limited battery power and inability to use the spacecraft's high-gain antennas reduced signal levels below the capability of the

612:, as do most other deep space networks, and hence the DSN is able to inter-operate with the networks of other space agencies. These include the 856:

Although normally tasked with tracking uncrewed spacecraft, the Deep Space Network (DSN) also contributed to the communication and tracking of

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second becoming operational in October 2016 (DSS36). A new 34 meter dish (DSS53) became operational at the Madrid complex in February 2022.

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and celestial mechanics, bistatic scattering, doppler wind experiments, solar corona characterization, and tests of fundamental physics.

959: 933: 837: 382: 198: 1808: 348: 4055: 3468: 2381: 1758: 936:(INTA) and a part of the Spanish Department of Defense, operates and maintains the Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex (Madrid)". 1794: 5452: 4143: 4062: 2993: 2426: 2130: 1007: 488: 225: 1713: 1649: 4138: 2988: 1555: 918: 792:

was officially established on October 1, 1958, to consolidate the separately developing space-exploration programs of the US Army,

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of antennas in New Mexico. Also, two or more 34-meter (112 ft) dishes at one DSN location are commonly arrayed together.

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extended mission operation terminated June 30, 2009. The extension permitted a third flyby over the Sun's poles in 2007–2008.

715:, defines "deep space" to start at a distance of 2 million km (1.2 million mi) from the Earth's surface. 708: 567:, and brings back the images and new scientific information these probes collect. All DSN antennas are steerable, high-gain, 2272: 4422: 4229: 3752: 1118:

Capacity limitations, lack of readily available backups, and laborious process present challenges to scheduling time on DSN

2097: 6160: 4005: 3979: 3935: 3005: 248: 31: 4698: 2333: 1002: 6459: 5376: 4970: 4964: 4800: 4654: 4604: 4239: 3141: 3056: 1873: 914: 841: 343: 17: 5677: 3030: 1172:, which allows such missions to operate without the DSN most of the time. In addition, NASA is creating a network of 5354: 5301: 5246: 4095: 4015: 3649: 3113: 2526:

Durgadas S. Bagri; Joseph I. Statman & Mark S. Gatti (2007). "Proposed Array-Based Deep Space Network for NASA".

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have been operating long past their original mission termination date. They also need some of the largest antennas.

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30,000 km (19,000 mi), a spacecraft is always in the field of view of one of the tracking stations. The

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Other countries and organizations also run deep space networks. The DSN operates according to the standards of the

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Capacity limitations leading to mission impacts are expected to increase with the onset of crewed Artemis missions

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However, not all space missions can use these bands. The Moon, the Earth-moon Lagrange points, and the Earth–Sun

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facilities, located in the United States (California), Spain (Madrid), and Australia (Canberra), that supports

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Replacing major components can cause problems as it can leave an antenna out of service for months at a time.

814: 5686: 2067: 2036: 2002: 1888: 1448: 1406: 6444: 6233: 5625: 5414: 5274: 4958: 4861: 4078: 3947: 3201: 3171: 2946: 2905: 2508: 747: 492: 115: 1976: 1938: 1841: 6218: 5868: 5779: 5770: 4933: 4679: 4432: 4379: 4342: 4301: 4195: 3900: 3880: 3795: 3619: 3358: 3304: 3082: 3015: 2834: 2799: 865: 826: 750:), they have enhanced the Deep Space Network to receive (but not transmit) at these frequencies as well. 625: 1585: 1184: 6208: 5828: 5751: 5391: 5078: 4234: 4175: 4050: 3962: 3692: 3558: 2973: 2819: 2750: 1608: 1325: 905:

The details of this cooperation and operation are available in a two-volume technical report from JPL.

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Permit tracking and two-way data transfer with the combined spacecraft during the flight to the Moon.

769: 621: 613: 429:, California. For details of Goldstone's contribution to the early days of space probe tracking, see 315: 88: 2164: 6454: 5858: 5438: 5396: 5223: 5021: 4633: 4385: 4309: 3583: 3159: 2883: 2769: 2398: 1370: 739: 1609:"Deep Space Network (DSN) Mission Services and Operations Interface for Small Deep Space Missions" 5229: 4940: 4867: 4217: 4154: 3974: 3827: 3762: 3473: 3434: 3393: 3294: 3035: 2941: 1375: 1250: 1143: 913:

The network is a NASA facility and is managed and operated for NASA by JPL, which is part of the

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Brown, D. W.; Brundage, W. D.; Ulvestad, J. S.; Kent, S. S.; Bartos, K. P. (August 15, 1990).

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The general capabilities of the DSN have not substantially changed since the beginning of the

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The ability to array several antennas was incorporated to improve the data returned from the

845: 776:, deployed portable radio tracking stations in Nigeria, Singapore, and California to receive 633: 1745: 6403: 6150: 6127: 5863: 5702: 5505: 5409: 5327: 5256: 5199: 5177: 5143: 5111: 5066: 5059: 4914: 4035: 3538: 3423: 3341: 3309: 3245: 3240: 2926: 2910: 2846: 2809: 2691: 2413: 1776: 1263: 659: 641: 99: 54: 2180:"ITT Exelis selected for NASA Deep Space Network subcontract by Jet Propulsion Laboratory" 2112: 1970:"Engineering Apollo, Interview Report: Deep Space Network Support for the Apollo Missions" 8: 6238: 6165: 6020: 5985: 5162: 5007: 4845: 4838: 4659: 4520: 4322: 4288: 3819: 3800: 3389: 3177: 2898: 1169: 1100: 890:

Permit tracking and two-way data transfer with either spacecraft during lunar operations.

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Upgrades to NASA’s Deep Space Network Are behind schedule and more costly than planned

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Deep Space Network Support of the Manned Space Flight Network for Apollo, 1969–1970

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Deep Space Network Support of the Manned Space Flight Network for Apollo, 1962–1968

2009: 1786: 1615: 1538: 1415: 1165: 1164:

Because of capacity limits on the DSN, new spacecraft intended for missions beyond

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at each complex to a total of 4. All the 34-meter HEF antennas have been replaced.

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NASA’s DSN Is oversubscribed, leading to mission impacts and scheduling challenges

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mission, when the spacecraft's high-gain antenna failed to deploy and as a result

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Excerpt from a NASA report describing how the DSN and MSFN cooperated for Apollo:

848:(ESA) would not have been possible without the use of the largest DSN facilities. 559:: It provides a two-way communications link that guides and controls various NASA 70: 6259: 5916: 5728: 5594: 5589: 5579: 5461: 5184: 5131: 5105: 5052: 4975: 4578: 4568: 4295: 4265: 3728: 3702: 3629: 3553: 3528: 3523: 3483: 3399: 2264: 1273: 1255: 1150: 1015: 833: 813:

troubled spacecraft may be forced to use less than its normal transmitter power,

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Noise Bursts and Intermodulation Products Caused by Multiple Carriers at X-Band

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Insignia for the Deep Space Network's 50th anniversary celebrations (1963–2013)

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Wyatt, E. Jay; Foster, Mike; Schlutsmeyer, Alan; Sherwood, Rob; Sue, Miles K.

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Tracking vehicles in deep space is quite different from tracking missions in

514: 500: 459: 445: 404: 390: 137: 124: 4792: 2645: 2013: 1842:"Ka-band high-rate telemetry system upgrade for the NASA deep space network" 1419: 6269: 5845: 5800: 5036: 5029: 4327: 3894: 2075:(Technical report). Vol. 2. NASA. JPL-TM-33-452-VOL-2/NASA-CR-118325. 1318: 797: 373:

Deep Space Network Operations Center at JPL, Pasadena (California) in 1993.

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The solution came in early 1965 at a meeting at NASA Headquarters, when

6304: 6079: 6055: 5901: 5658: 5633: 4609: 4020: 3722: 3715: 3230: 2732:, NASA, live status of antennas and spacecraft at all three facilities. 2668: 2473:

O’Neill, Ian J.; Hautaluoma, Grey; Johnson, Alana (February 16, 2021).

2207:"Harris Corporation to Buy Defense Contractor Exelis for $ 4.7 Billion" 1311: 963: 781: 291: 107: 2126: 1790: 1619: 1063:

in Australia; and the Goldstone 70-meter dish can be arrayed with the

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equipment and personnel were turned over to Apollo for several weeks.

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managed and operated communications system that would accommodate all

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antennas. The antennas and data delivery systems make it possible to:

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to offload much of the lunar and Artemis mission needs from the DSN.

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was forced to resort to operating solely off its low-gain antennas.

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Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility

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Flanagan, F. M.; Goodwin, P. S.; Renzetti, N. A. (July 15, 1970).

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2296:"NASA Adds Giant New Dish to Communicate with Deep Space Network" 1650:"ESA and NASA extend ties with major new cross-support agreement" 1521:

Latifiyan, Pouya (April 2021). "Space Telecommunications, how?".

1027: 939: 793: 629: 2512: 2509:"The Future Deep Space Network: An Array of Many Small Antennas" 2475:"The Mars Relay Network Connects Us to NASA's Martian Explorers" 2370:

Interagency Telemetry Arraying for the Voyager-Neptune Encounter

1781:. Anten Sympoisum, Toulouse Space Show (PDF). Toulouse, France: 768:

The forerunner of the DSN was established in January 1958, when

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measure variations in radio waves for radio science experiments.

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Uplink-Downlink: A History of the Deep Space Network, 1957–1997

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For example, the Deep Space Network forms one component of the

481: 244: 829:, and the use of the biggest DSN antennas (and the Australian 5911: 5047: 4708: 4010: 3783: 3747: 3742: 3533: 2066:

Flanagan, F. M.; Goodwin, P. S.; Renzetti, N. A. (May 1971).

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For the network of low cost interplanetary trajectories, see

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NASA radio communications and spacecraft tracking facilities

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Challenges with International Partners and project oversight

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Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

644:, are sometimes used to supplement the antennas of the DSN. 5371: 5083: 4716: 4703: 4558: 3105: 2830:

Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate

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are all closer than 2 million km from Earth (distances are

552: 284: 1930: 2601: 2422: 2377: 2366: 2299: 2118: 2117:. 7th Briefing for Industry (PDF). Pasadena, California: 1874:"NASA's New Experimental Antenna Tracks Deep Space Laser" 1782: 1754: 1657: 1493: 997: 713:

various frequency bands for deep space and near Earth use

30:"Deep Space Network" redirects here. For other uses, see 6360:

Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41

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An Overview of the Beacon Monitor Operations Technology

2065: 2034: 2326:"Proposed DSN Aperture Enhancement Project Transition" 1778:

NASA's Deep Space Network: Big Antennas with a Big Job

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Network of radio communication facilities run by NASA

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Warhaut, Manfred; Braukus, Michael (April 2, 2007).

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Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer

2646:"European Involvement in Juno – Europlanet Society" 604:

monitor and control the performance of the network.

2000: 1404: 1142:, would increase flexibility towards some sort of 864:, although primary responsibility was held by the 2633: 2412:Conroy, B. L.; Hoppe, D. J. (November 15, 1996). 489:Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex (CDSCC) 6431: 1809:"201, Rev. B: Frequency and Channel Assignments" 923:Institutional Computing and Information Services 1647: 5829: 5446: 4822: 4808: 4537:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems 4521: 3090: 2751: 2441: 2439: 2148:"NASA'S MANAGEMENT OF THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK" 851: 610:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems 4676:Space Communications Protocol Specifications 2293: 1967: 1880: 1858:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1606: 1043:The DSN array currently available since the 647: 585:upload software modifications to spacecraft. 557:scientific investigation of the Solar System 425:) about 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of 314:-orbiting missions. DSN is part of the NASA 4770:Networking, interoperability and monitoring 2661:"What will we learn from the Juno mission?" 2452:. NASA's Office of Inspector General. 2023. 2411: 2025:100MB PDF file. Explicitly non-copyrighted. 1840:Labelle, Remi, and David Rochblatt (2012). 1574:"Bracing for an Interplanetary Traffic Jam" 1355:Space Communications and Navigation Program 535:), 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of 383:Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex 199:Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex 5836: 5822: 5453: 5439: 4815: 4801: 4528: 4514: 3469:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services 3097: 3083: 2758: 2744: 2436: 1550: 1548: 1440: 934:Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial 69: 4363:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images 1520: 1008:Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex 226:Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex 6440:1958 establishments in the United States 1916:"The National Aeronautics and Space Act" 1743: 1183: 1179: 1128:Other problems have been noted as well: 1090: 1030:encounter, and extensively used for the 1001: 953: 919:Advanced Multi-Mission Operations System 780:and plot the orbit of the Army-launched 689: 548:telecommunications system in the world. 438:Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex 368: 302:observations for the exploration of the 212:Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex 4448:NASA International Space Apps Challenge 2840:Space Environment Simulation Laboratory 2658: 2387:from the original on November 17, 2023. 1939:"Welcome to the Center of the Universe" 1936: 1886: 1774: 1764:from the original on September 3, 2023. 1688:Picture Album of the DEEP SPACE NETWORK 1545: 1484: 1482: 588:track spacecraft position and velocity. 14: 6432: 3236:Administrator and Deputy Administrator 2675:from the original on January 21, 2024. 2432:from the original on December 6, 2023. 2204: 2177: 2142: 2140: 2133:from the original on January 21, 2024. 2048:. JPL-TM-33-452-VOL-1/NASA-CR-116801. 1961: 1797:from the original on January 21, 2024. 1446: 998:Current signal processing capabilities 480:), 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of 321: 5817: 5621:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator 5434: 4953:Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer 4796: 4509: 4026:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite 3078: 2739: 2572:from the original on February 5, 2015 2489:from the original on January 11, 2024 2306:from the original on January 17, 2024 2186:from the original on January 21, 2024 2110: 1949:from the original on December 2, 2023 1664:from the original on February 5, 2023 974:Three or more 34-meter (112 ft) 709:International Telecommunication Union 4488: 2611:from the original on March 21, 2023. 2447:"Audit of NASA's Deep Space Network" 2082:from the original on April 18, 2022. 1913: 1907: 1903:from the original on April 11, 2023. 1516: 1514: 1479: 1239: 1223:Another radio science experiment is 329:Map this section's coordinates using 6161:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter 5460: 4655:Spacecraft Monitoring & Control 3006:Goddard Institute for Space Studies 2765: 2562:"DSN Aperature Enhancement Project" 2221:from the original on March 26, 2023 2137: 1814:. December 15, 2009. Archived from 1467:from the original on April 18, 2022 981:One 70-meter (230 ft) antenna. 81:Interplanetary Network Directorate 32:Deep Space Network (disambiguation) 24: 4965:Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer 3142:National Aeronautics and Space Act 3057:Cape Canaveral Space Force Station 3031:Scientific Balloon Flight Facility 2718:External links and further reading 2205:Gelles, David (February 6, 2015). 2114:Interplanetary Network Directorate 2111:Weber, William J. (May 27, 2004). 2055:from the original on May 21, 2022. 1087:Network limitations and challenges 915:California Institute of Technology 842:Solar and Heliospheric Observatory 718: 25: 6476: 5355:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher 5302:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 4096:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 3650:Commercial Lunar Payload Services 2294:O'Neill, Ian J.; Pamer, Melissa. 2275:from the original on June 6, 2023 2094:"IND Technology Program Overview" 2044:(Technical report). Vol. 1. 1535:Civil Aviation Technology College 1511: 1456:. NASA Facts (Revised ed.). 1361:Tracking and Data Relay Satellite 817:problems may preclude the use of 764:History of the Deep Space Network 593:Very Long Baseline Interferometry 6416: 6415: 6141:Long Range Reconnaissance Imager 6110: 5843: 5420:Space Flight Operations Facility 5212:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 4487: 4476: 4475: 4391:Apollo 15 postal covers incident 4149:Space Flight Operations Facility 3335:Operations and Checkout Building 2932:Armstrong Flight Research Center 2889:Operations and Checkout Building 2879:Central Instrumentation Facility 2454: 2023:from the original on 2022-03-03. 2001:William R. Corliss (June 1974). 1714:"NASA Facts: Deep Space Network" 1637:from the original on 2022-04-18. 1429:from the original on 2022-03-03. 1405:William R. Corliss (June 1974). 1399: This article incorporates 1394: 1077:Multiple Spacecraft Per Aperture 800:into one civilian organization. 654:Space Flight Operations Facility 582:transmit commands to spacecraft. 243: 53: 39:Interplanetary Transport Network 5269:Wide Field and Planetary Camera 4639:Proximity-1 Space Link Protocol 3610:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program 2652: 2615: 2584: 2554: 2519: 2501: 2479:NASA’s Mars Exploration Program 2466: 2405: 2391: 2360: 2348: 2318: 2287: 2257: 2233: 2198: 2171: 2157: 2104: 2086: 2059: 2028: 1994: 1937:Stirone, Shannon (March 2018). 1866: 1833: 1801: 1768: 1737: 1304:International Cometary Explorer 1140:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter 2659:Pearson, Ezzy (June 4, 2016). 2425:. TDA Progress Report 42-127. 2380:. TDA Progress Report 42-102. 2332:. May 16, 2018. Archived from 1775:Deutsch, Les (June 24, 2012). 1706: 1676: 1641: 1607:Susan Kurtik (23 April 2013). 1600: 1566: 1490:"About the Deep Space Network" 1450:How We Get Pictures From Space 1350:Lunar Exploration Ground Sites 1207:gravity science experiment on 1174:Lunar Exploration Ground Sites 1168:are being equipped to use the 13: 1: 5349:Astrobiology Field Laboratory 4777:Service-oriented architecture 3026:Santa Susana Field Laboratory 2707:Deep Space Positioning System 2182:(Press release). ITT Exelis. 2178:Lackey, Leah (May 23, 2013). 1614:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 1433: 908: 772:, then under contract to the 685: 6234:Southwest Research Institute 5415:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking 5275:Wide Field Infrared Explorer 4959:Soil Moisture Active Passive 4862:Atmospheric infrared sounder 4689:Telemetry modulation systems 4428:Space program on U.S. stamps 4353:Gemini and Apollo medallions 4303:Solar System Family Portrait 4079:Joint Polar Satellite System 3948:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 3202:Vision for Space Exploration 3172:Space Exploration Initiative 2947:Rendezvous Docking Simulator 2906:Marshall Space Flight Center 2356:The Galileo Era – 1986–1996. 2354:Uplink-Downlink, Chapter 5, 1887:Mudgway, Douglas J. (2001). 1747:DSN Functions and Facilities 1048:pick up communications with 784:, the first successful U.S. 748:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 493:Australian Capital Territory 279:of spacecraft communication 7: 6219:Goddard Space Flight Center 5626:Specific orbital energy of 4934:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 4680:Performance Enhancing Proxy 4423:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame 4380:We choose to go to the Moon 4343:Apollo 11 goodwill messages 3901:International Space Station 3881:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 3620:Great Observatories program 3464:International Space Station 3442:Roscosmos State Corporation 3359:Science Mission Directorate 3305:Manned Space Flight Network 3016:Manned Space Flight Network 2835:Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory 2800:Goddard Space Flight Center 1896:. p. 5. SP-2001-4227. 1558:. JPL, NASA. Archived from 1234: 949: 866:Manned Space Flight Network 827:Manned Space Flight Network 626:Japanese Deep Space Network 359:GPX (secondary coordinates) 294:missions. It also performs 10: 6481: 6209:Applied Physics Laboratory 5392:Table Mountain Observatory 4240:NASA cameras on spacecraft 4051:James Webb Space Telescope 3963:Solar Dynamics Observatory 3184:U.S. National Space Policy 2974:Carnarvon Tracking Station 2820:Lunar Receiving Laboratory 1690:. NASA/JPL. Archived from 1389: 1334:Related Sources and Topics 1326:James Webb Space Telescope 852:DSN and the Apollo program 761: 757: 744:James Webb Space Telescope 651: 618:Chinese Deep Space Network 541:Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve 36: 29: 6460:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 6413: 6378: 6322: 6252: 6224:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 6201: 6194: 6174: 6126: 6119: 6108: 6047: 5925: 5894: 5887: 5853: 5792: 5769: 5750: 5718: 5676: 5667: 5608: 5562: 5537: 5493: 5468: 5405: 5364: 5341: 5320: 5307:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout 5289: 5218:Solar Mesosphere Explorer 5000: 4897:Large Binocular Telescope 4830: 4824:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4781:Message Abstraction Layer 4769: 4725: 4688: 4668: 4647: 4626: 4589: 4543: 4471: 4371: 4248: 4163: 4108: 4071: 3870: 3680: 3667: 3597: 3511: 3501: 3456: 3382: 3371: 3315:Vehicle Assembly Building 3223: 3122: 3112: 3049: 3041:White Sands Test Facility 3021:Michoud Assembly Facility 2966: 2919: 2852:Vehicle Assembly Building 2805:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2792: 2785: 2776: 2540:10.1109/JPROC.2007.905046 2241:"CONTRACT to PERATON INC" 1744:Renzetti, N. (May 1975). 648:Operations control center 622:Indian Deep Space Network 614:Soviet Deep Space Network 354:GPX (primary coordinates) 316:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 254: 241: 224: 210: 197: 193: 188: 170: 157:October 1, 1958 153: 114: 95: 77: 64: 52: 5397:Solar System Ambassadors 5224:Spaceborne Imaging Radar 4634:Command Loss Timer Reset 4627:Telemetry command uplink 4386:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 4310:The Day the Earth Smiled 3645:Solar Terrestrial Probes 3104: 2884:Shuttle Landing Facility 1371:List of radio telescopes 337:Download coordinates as: 310:, and supports selected 249:Related media on Commons 68:NASA Deep Space Network 5804:(2017 documentary film) 5649:NASA Deep Space Network 5382:NASA Deep Space Network 5230:Spitzer Space Telescope 5150:Mars Exploration Rovers 4941:Mars Science Laboratory 4868:Deep Space Atomic Clock 4443:Other primates in space 4155:Deep Space Atomic Clock 3975:Mars Science Laboratory 3763:Spitzer Space Telescope 3352:Lunar Sample Laboratory 3295:Launch Services Program 3036:Wallops Flight Facility 2999:Space Flight Operations 2942:Langley Research Center 2825:Lunar Sample Laboratory 2534:(10). IEEE: 1916–1922. 2528:Proceedings of the IEEE 1447:Haynes, Robert (1987). 1376:Interplanetary Internet 1251:Mars Science Laboratory 1144:Interplanetary Internet 976:Beam waveguide antennas 269:NASA Deep Space Network 138:34.201694°N 118.17167°W 110:, Pacific States Region 6386:Hubble Space Telescope 6244:University of Colorado 5771:Exploration of Neptune 5678:Exploration of Jupiter 4947:Microwave limb sounder 4579:Adaptive Entropy Coder 4458:National Astronaut Day 4401:The Astronaut Monument 4223:Space Shuttle missions 3923:Mars Exploration Rover 3906:Hubble Space Telescope 3815:Kepler space telescope 3615:Earth Observing System 3589:Mars Exploration Rover 3300:Mercury Control Center 3062:Mercury Control Center 1401:public domain material 1308:Earth's magnetic field 1245:Extended NASA missions 1198: 1104: 1061:Parkes Radio Telescope 1011: 967: 903: 878: 844:(SOHO) mission of the 696: 515:35.40139°S 148.98167°E 405:35.42667°N 116.89000°W 374: 65:Alternative names 5878:New Frontiers program 5752:Exploration of Uranus 5720:Exploration of Saturn 5524:Voyager Golden Record 5518:Plasma Wave Subsystem 5365:Related organizations 4406:Lunar sample displays 4396:Space Mirror Memorial 4338:Voyager Golden Record 4230:United States rockets 3422: (with the 3330:Launch Control Center 2937:Glenn Research Center 2874:Launch Control Center 2713:) is being developed. 2625:. JPL. Archived from 2568:. November 10, 2012. 2511:. JPL. Archived from 2401:. JPL. 30 March 2020. 2194:– via SpaceRef. 2096:. JPL. Archived from 1719:. JPL. Archived from 1366:List of observatories 1187: 1180:DSN and radio science 1094: 1005: 958:70 m antenna at 957: 879: 873: 846:European Space Agency 762:Further information: 693: 634:European Space Agency 579:data from spacecraft. 539:, Australia near the 372: 349:GPX (all coordinates) 143:34.201694; -118.17167 6404:Pluto Kuiper Express 5864:Exploration of Pluto 5506:Cosmic Ray Subsystem 5410:JPL Science Division 5144:Mars Global Surveyor 5112:Mars Climate Orbiter 3424:Soviet space program 3342:Johnson Space Center 3310:Kennedy Space Center 3273:spinoff technologies 2927:Ames Research Center 2911:Stennis Space Center 2847:Kennedy Space Center 2810:Johnson Space Center 2600:(Technical report). 2421:(Technical report). 2376:(Technical report). 1753:(Technical report). 660:Pasadena, California 642:Green Bank Telescope 601:gather science data. 555:contribution to the 520:-35.40139; 148.98167 460:40.43139°N 4.24806°W 410:35.42667; -116.89000 216:Robledo de Chavela, 6445:Deep space networks 6239:Stanford University 4660:Beacon mode service 4433:Apollo 17 Moon mice 4289:Pillars of Creation 4196:Space Shuttle crews 3674:(human and robotic) 3668:Individual featured 3251:Ranks and positions 2899:Crawler-transporter 2336:on February 5, 2015 1694:on 17 February 2013 1220:at planet Jupiter. 1170:beacon mode service 1101:Community of Madrid 711:, which sets aside 569:parabolic reflector 510: / 455: / 431:Project Space Track 400: / 322:General information 218:Community of Madrid 204:Barstow, California 134: / 49: 6370:Deep Space Network 5639:Grand Tour program 5570:Stamatios Krimigis 4648:Telemetry downlink 4605:Concatenated codes 4235:NASA cancellations 4130:Deep Space Network 4120:Near Earth Network 3605:Living With a Star 3579:Project Prometheus 3559:Planetary Observer 2979:Deep Space Network 2786:Primary 10 centers 2399:"Antenna Arraying" 2215:The New York Times 1968:Soumyajit Mandal. 1345:Near Earth Network 1199: 1135:Mars Relay Network 1105: 1097:Robledo de Chavela 1012: 968: 944:Harris Corporation 921:(AMMOS) and JPL's 831:Parkes Observatory 819:high-gain antennas 697: 638:Parkes Observatory 465:40.43139; -4.24806 375: 104:Los Angeles County 48:Deep Space Network 47: 18:Deep Space Network 6427: 6426: 6365: 6355: 6345: 6335: 6318: 6317: 6190: 6189: 6106: 6105: 5811: 5810: 5788: 5787: 5428: 5427: 5387:Goldstone Complex 5342:Canceled missions 5321:Proposed missions 5138:Mars Polar Lander 4790: 4789: 4669:Telemetry general 4600:Binary Golay code 4503: 4502: 4416:stolen or missing 4213:uncrewed missions 4191:Apollo astronauts 4186:Gemini astronauts 4104: 4103: 3888:2001 Mars Odyssey 3663: 3662: 3539:Mars Surveyor '98 3497: 3496: 3440: (with 3373:Human spaceflight 3367: 3366: 3325:Launch Complex 48 3320:Launch Complex 39 3072: 3071: 2962: 2961: 2857:Launch Complex 39 2779:NASA Headquarters 2689:The sun orbiting 2515:on July 14, 2009. 2481:(Press release). 2298:(Press release). 1846:Acta Astronautica 1656:(Press release). 1537:: 15 – via 1386: 1385: 1166:geocentric orbits 883:Eberhardt Rechtin 728:Lagrangian points 551:The DSN supports 275:) is a worldwide 265: 264: 237: 236: 16:(Redirected from 6472: 6419: 6418: 6363: 6353: 6343: 6333: 6199: 6198: 6124: 6123: 6114: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6021:(556416) 2014 OE 6016: 6014: 6013: 6009:(516977) 2012 HZ 6004: 6002: 6001: 5997:(307261) 2002 MS 5962: 5960: 5959: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5892: 5891: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5815: 5814: 5674: 5673: 5644:Rings of Jupiter 5455: 5448: 5441: 5432: 5431: 5290:Planned missions 5281:Lunar Flashlight 4892:Keck observatory 4831:Current missions 4817: 4810: 4803: 4794: 4793: 4590:Error Correction 4544:Data compression 4530: 4523: 4516: 4507: 4506: 4491: 4490: 4479: 4478: 4317:Fallen Astronaut 3958:Van Allen Probes 3678: 3677: 3584:Mars Exploration 3509: 3508: 3380: 3379: 3148:Space Task Group 3120: 3119: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3076: 3075: 2967:Other facilities 2952:Space Task Group 2790: 2789: 2760: 2753: 2746: 2737: 2736: 2726:– official site. 2697: 2677: 2676: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2642: 2631: 2630: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2599: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2443: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2420: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2375: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2251: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2144: 2135: 2134: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2074: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2043: 2032: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2014:2060/19750002909 2008:(Report). NASA. 2007: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1982:on July 20, 2011 1981: 1975:. Archived from 1974: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1895: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1849: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1821:on June 11, 2014 1820: 1813: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1752: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1725: 1718: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1636: 1613: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1584:. Archived from 1578:science.nasa.gov 1570: 1564: 1563: 1552: 1543: 1542: 1518: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1496:. Archived from 1486: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1466: 1455: 1444: 1430: 1428: 1420:2060/19750002909 1413: 1398: 1397: 1240: 1218: 1188:Illustration of 1065:Very Large Array 815:attitude control 534: 533: 531: 530: 529: 527: 522: 521: 516: 511: 508: 507: 506: 503: 479: 478: 476: 475: 474: 472: 467: 466: 461: 456: 453: 452: 451: 448: 424: 423: 421: 420: 419: 417: 412: 411: 406: 401: 398: 397: 396: 393: 258:edit on Wikidata 247: 195: 194: 184: 181: 179: 177: 164: 162: 149: 148: 146: 145: 144: 139: 135: 132: 131: 130: 127: 73: 57: 50: 46: 21: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6455:Radio astronomy 6430: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6409: 6374: 6314: 6260:Frances Bagenal 6248: 6186: 6170: 6115: 6102: 6094: 6093: 6090: 6082: 6081: 6078: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6058: 6057: 6054: 6043: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6011: 6010: 6007: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5957: 5956: 5953: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5921: 5917:486958 Arrokoth 5883: 5882: 5849: 5842: 5812: 5807: 5793:Popular culture 5784: 5765: 5746: 5714: 5669: 5663: 5604: 5595:Edward C. Stone 5590:Larry Soderblom 5580:Raymond Heacock 5558: 5553:Family Portrait 5533: 5489: 5464: 5462:Voyager program 5459: 5429: 5424: 5401: 5360: 5337: 5316: 5285: 5132:Mars Pathfinder 5009:Cassini-Huygens 4996: 4976:Voyager program 4826: 4821: 4791: 4786: 4765: 4760: 4746: 4721: 4684: 4664: 4643: 4622: 4585: 4539: 4534: 4504: 4499: 4467: 4367: 4358:Mission patches 4333:Pioneer plaques 4296:Mystic Mountain 4273:Family Portrait 4266:The Blue Marble 4250: 4244: 4218:Apollo missions 4159: 4111: 4100: 4067: 3872: 3866: 3703:Mercury-Atlas 6 3673: 3669: 3659: 3593: 3529:Mariner Mark II 3493: 3474:Commercial Crew 3452: 3375: 3363: 3347:Mission Control 3246:Astronaut Corps 3241:Chief Scientist 3219: 3124: 3108: 3103: 3073: 3068: 3045: 2958: 2915: 2815:Mission Control 2781: 2772: 2764: 2720: 2695: 2681: 2680: 2657: 2653: 2644: 2643: 2634: 2623:"Radio Science" 2621: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2524: 2520: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2471: 2467: 2455: 2449: 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1000: 952: 911: 858:Apollo missions 854: 834:radio telescope 766: 760: 737: 733: 721: 719:Frequency bands 701:low Earth orbit 688: 656: 650: 563:interplanetary 525: 523: 519: 517: 513: 512: 509: 504: 501: 499: 497: 496: 470: 468: 464: 462: 458: 457: 454: 449: 446: 444: 442: 441: 415: 413: 409: 407: 403: 402: 399: 394: 391: 389: 387: 386: 367: 366: 365: 364: 363: 324: 300:radar astronomy 261: 206:, United States 174: 165: 160: 158: 142: 140: 136: 133: 128: 125: 123: 121: 120: 82: 60: 45: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6478: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6425: 6424: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6400: 6397:New Horizons 2 6393: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6357: 6347: 6337: 6334:launch vehicle 6326: 6324: 6320: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6300:Mark Showalter 6297: 6295:Daniel Sarokon 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6265:Richard Binzel 6262: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6214:Ball Aerospace 6211: 6205: 6203: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6132: 6130: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6088: 6076: 6064: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6029: 6017: 6005: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5951: 5939: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5898: 5896: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5866: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5841: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5818: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5775: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5756: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5724: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5691:with volcanos 5682: 5680: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5623: 5618: 5616:Gravity assist 5612: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5600:Timothy Ferris 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5549: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5480: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5458: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5435: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5352: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5297:Europa Clipper 5293: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5261: 5254: 5252:TOPEX/Poseidon 5249: 5244: 5239: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5204: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5175: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5160: 5147: 5140: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5012: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4985: 4973: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4920: 4907: 4900: 4894: 4889: 4882: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4842: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4820: 4819: 4812: 4805: 4797: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4533: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4510: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4485: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4453:Astronauts Day 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4269: 4262: 4254: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4205: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4127: 4122: 4116: 4114: 4112:and navigation 4110:Communications 4106: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4090:Europa Clipper 4086: 4081: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3989: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3891: 3884: 3876: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3862: 3849: 3842: 3837: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3817: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3793: 3786: 3781: 3773: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3682: 3675: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3544:New Millennium 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3515: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3432: 3427: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3386: 3384: 3377: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3265: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3132: 3130: 3117: 3110: 3109: 3102: 3101: 3094: 3087: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2976: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2902: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2854: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2807: 2802: 2796: 2794: 2787: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2763: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2727: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2703: 2699: 2686: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2651: 2632: 2629:on 2016-12-03. 2614: 2583: 2553: 2518: 2500: 2465: 2435: 2404: 2390: 2359: 2347: 2317: 2286: 2256: 2232: 2197: 2170: 2156: 2136: 2103: 2100:on 2009-04-11. 2085: 2058: 2027: 1993: 1960: 1929: 1906: 1879: 1865: 1832: 1800: 1785:. p. 25. 1767: 1736: 1705: 1675: 1640: 1599: 1565: 1562:on 2011-04-11. 1556:"DSN:antennas" 1544: 1510: 1478: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1315: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1292: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1261: 1247: 1246: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1181: 1178: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1147: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1088: 1085: 999: 996: 983: 982: 979: 951: 948: 910: 907: 898: 897: 894: 891: 853: 850: 759: 756: 735: 731: 720: 717: 687: 684: 652:Main article: 649: 646: 606: 605: 602: 599: 596: 589: 586: 583: 580: 545: 544: 485: 434: 362: 361: 356: 351: 346: 340: 327: 326: 325: 323: 320: 289:interplanetary 281:ground segment 263: 262: 255: 252: 251: 239: 238: 235: 234: 228: 222: 221: 214: 208: 207: 201: 191: 190: 186: 185: 172: 168: 167: 155: 151: 150: 118: 112: 111: 97: 93: 92: 79: 75: 74: 66: 62: 61: 58: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6477: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6422: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6368: 6361: 6358: 6351: 6348: 6341: 6338: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6321: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6280:Lisa Hardaway 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6193: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6098: 6089: 6086: 6077: 6074: 6065: 6062: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6039: 6030: 6027: 6018: 6015: 6006: 6003: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5952: 5949: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5847: 5839: 5834: 5832: 5827: 5825: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5803: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5778:and its moon 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733:with craters 5732: 5731: 5730: 5727:and its moon 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5685:and its moon 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5575:Carolyn Porco 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5546:Pale Blue Dot 5543: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5444: 5442: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5328:Europa Lander 5326: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5125:Mars Observer 5122: 5119: 5118:Mars Cube One 5116: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001:Past missions 4999: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4806: 4804: 4799: 4798: 4795: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4526: 4524: 4519: 4517: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4496: 4495: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4464: 4463:Nikon NASA F4 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4348:NASA insignia 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4328:Lunar plaques 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4280:Pale Blue Dot 4277: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4208:NASA missions 4206: 4204: 4203:NASA aircraft 4201: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4125:Space Network 4123: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4107: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3869: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3758:Space Shuttle 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3640:New Frontiers 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3549:Lunar Orbiter 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3490: 3489:Lunar Gateway 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3448:Constellation 3446: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3430:Space Shuttle 3428: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3378: 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2900: 2897: 2895: 2894:NASA Railroad 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2665:Science Focus 2662: 2655: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2595: 2587: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2462: 2461:public domain 2448: 2442: 2440: 2428: 2424: 2417: 2416: 2408: 2400: 2394: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2371: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2260: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2166: 2160: 2149: 2143: 2141: 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NASA. 1235:See also 950:Antennas 925:(ICIS). 838:recovery 746:and the 672:Ranger 9 668:Ranger 6 591:perform 575:acquire 561:uncrewed 537:Canberra 526:Canberra 308:universe 306:and the 231:Canberra 100:Pasadena 96:Location 6379:Related 6340:Centaur 6330:Atlas V 6092:2014 PN 6080:2014 OS 6068:2014 MT 6056:2011 HM 6033:2012 HE 5955:2011 KW 5943:2011 JY 5933:Neptune 5907:Jupiter 5888:Targets 5670:targets 5609:Related 5501:MHW-RTG 5377:Caltech 5357:(MAX-C) 5333:FINESSE 5312:SPHEREx 5258:Ulysses 5201:Rosetta 5185:Pioneer 5179:Phoenix 5120:(MarCO) 5106:Mariner 5089:Jason-1 5068:Genesis 5054:Galileo 4879:InSight 4695:Current 4596:Current 4550:Images 4494:Commons 4372:Related 4181:by year 4176:by name 3953:GOES 15 3943:GOES 14 3860:flights 3846:InSight 3802:Cassini 3730:Galileo 3655:SIMPLEx 3630:Voyager 3598:Current 3554:Pioneer 3524:Mariner 3503:Robotic 3484:Artemis 3457:Current 3400:Mercury 3392: ( 3285:NASA TV 3224:General 3123:History 3050:Related 2730:DSN Now 2724:JPL DSN 2692:Ulysses 2576:June 6, 2340:May 16, 2190:July 5, 1986:July 2, 1668:July 5, 1592:May 17, 1539:Persian 1390:Sources 1322:(Pluto) 1227:on the 1151:Voyager 1103:, Spain 1050:Galileo 1045:Galileo 1038:Galileo 1033:Galileo 1028:Neptune 1016:Voyager 1010:in 2008 940:Peraton 860:to the 840:of the 794:US Navy 758:History 640:or the 632:of the 630:ESTRACK 491:in the 427:Barstow 318:(JPL). 277:network 220:, Spain 171:Website 159: ( 6253:People 6229:KinetX 6146:PEPSSI 5981:Haumea 5976:Quaoar 5937:Triton 5895:Flybys 5873:topics 5780:Triton 5693:Masubi 5538:Images 5514:(IRIS) 5277:(WIRE) 5271:(WFPC) 5264:Viking 5214:(SRTM) 5207:Seasat 5195:Ranger 5156:Spirit 5094:Kepler 4961:(SMAP) 4955:(MISR) 4864:(AIRS) 4846:Psyche 4839:Euclid 4752:K band 4738:S band 4733:X band 4139:Madrid 4072:Future 3987:NuSTAR 3918:THEMIS 3840:RHESSI 3777:Spirit 3574:Viking 3564:Ranger 3415:Skylab 3410:Apollo 3405:Gemini 3263:Budget 3216:(2009) 3210:(2004) 3204:(2004) 3198:(2003) 3192:(2002) 3190:CFUSAI 3186:(1996) 3180:(1990) 3174:(1989) 3168:(1987) 3162:(1986) 3160:Rogers 3156:(1986) 3150:(1958) 3144:(1958) 3138:(1915) 3114:Policy 2989:Madrid 2546: 1918:. NASA 1626: 1531:Tehran 1381: 1357:(SCaN) 796:, and 624:, the 620:, the 616:, the 553:NASA's 482:Madrid 471:Madrid 242: 6151:Ralph 6136:Alice 5912:Pluto 5761:rings 5520:(PWS) 5508:(CRS) 5351:(AFL) 5247:SVLBI 5226:(SIR) 5220:(SME) 5173:NSCAT 5166:rover 5158:rover 5074:GRACE 5048:GALEX 4967:(TES) 4949:(MLS) 4943:(MSL) 4937:(MRO) 4918:rover 4899:(LBT) 4857:ASTER 4709:OQPSK 4575:Data 4084:NISAR 4039:rover 4011:MAVEN 3931:rover 3912:Swift 3823:rover 3784:LADEE 3779:rover 3771:rover 3748:GRAIL 3743:GALEX 3534:MESUR 3479:Orion 3280:NASA+ 3256:Chief 3154:Paine 2696:' 2684:Notes 2609:(PDF) 2598:(PDF) 2544:S2CID 2450:(PDF) 2430:(PDF) 2419:(PDF) 2385:(PDF) 2374:(PDF) 2151:(PDF) 2080:(PDF) 2073:(PDF) 2053:(PDF) 2042:(PDF) 2021:(PDF) 2006:(PDF) 1980:(PDF) 1973:(PDF) 1901:(PDF) 1894:(PDF) 1819:(PDF) 1812:(PDF) 1762:(PDF) 1751:(PDF) 1724:(PDF) 1717:(PDF) 1635:(PDF) 1624:S2CID 1612:(PDF) 1465:(PDF) 1454:(PDF) 1427:(PDF) 1412:(PDF) 1403:from 1267:rover 1259:rover 1217:' 1079:, or 978:(BWG) 734:and L 312:Earth 296:radio 256:[ 180:.nasa 6166:SWAP 5986:Eris 5935:and 5708:Surt 5698:Pele 5372:NASA 5084:IRAS 5016:Dawn 4971:SWOT 4886:Juno 4761:band 4747:band 4717:GMSK 4704:QPSK 4699:BPSK 4559:JPEG 4554:ICER 4063:PACE 4006:WISE 3969:Juno 3809:Dawn 3753:WMAP 3693:COBE 3681:Past 3512:Past 3390:X-15 3383:Past 3196:CAIB 3166:Ride 3136:NACA 3106:NASA 2767:NASA 2711:DSPS 2705:The 2578:2013 2566:NASA 2495:2021 2483:NASA 2342:2018 2312:2022 2281:2015 2269:NASA 2227:2016 2192:2016 2046:NASA 1988:2008 1955:2018 1924:2007 1860:link 1827:2014 1700:2014 1670:2020 1594:2018 1582:NASA 1473:2013 1458:NASA 1310:and 1280:and 1214:Juno 1209:Juno 1197:DSN. 1194:Juno 1190:Juno 1081:MSPA 1006:The 862:Moon 790:NASA 740:here 674:and 487:the 436:the 381:the 298:and 285:NASA 267:The 182:.gov 178:.jpl 85:NASA 6156:REX 6083:393 6059:102 6024:394 4016:MMS 3437:Mir 2867:39B 2862:39A 2602:JPL 2536:doi 2423:JPL 2378:JPL 2300:JPL 2123:hdl 2119:JPL 2010:hdl 1787:hdl 1783:JPL 1755:JPL 1658:ESA 1616:hdl 1494:JPL 1416:hdl 1225:REX 770:JPL 670:to 344:KML 287:'s 273:DSN 89:JPL 6436:: 6095:70 6071:69 6036:85 6012:84 5958:48 5946:31 5687:Io 2671:. 2667:. 2663:. 2635:^ 2604:. 2564:. 2542:. 2532:95 2530:. 2485:. 2477:. 2438:^ 2328:. 2302:. 2271:. 2267:. 2243:. 2217:. 2213:. 2209:. 2139:^ 2129:. 2121:. 2016:. 1945:. 1941:. 1856:}} 1852:{{ 1844:. 1793:. 1757:. 1686:. 1660:. 1652:. 1630:. 1622:. 1580:. 1576:. 1547:^ 1533:: 1529:. 1525:. 1513:^ 1492:. 1481:^ 1460:. 1422:. 1284:) 1099:, 1052:. 962:, 788:. 678:. 662:. 106:, 102:, 6366:) 6362:( 6356:) 6352:( 6346:) 6342:( 6336:) 6332:( 6000:4 5837:e 5830:t 5823:v 5530:) 5526:( 5454:e 5447:t 5440:v 4816:e 4809:t 4802:v 4783:) 4779:( 4759:a 4757:K 4745:u 4743:K 4529:e 4522:t 4515:v 4382:" 4378:" 4151:) 4132:( 3444:) 3426:) 3396:) 3129:) 3125:( 3098:e 3091:t 3084:v 2759:e 2752:t 2745:v 2709:( 2648:. 2580:. 2550:. 2538:: 2497:. 2463:. 2344:. 2314:. 2283:. 2253:. 2229:. 2167:. 2153:. 2125:: 2012:: 1990:. 1957:. 1926:. 1876:. 1862:) 1829:. 1789:: 1733:. 1702:. 1672:. 1618:: 1596:. 1541:. 1527:1 1507:. 1475:. 1418:: 1314:) 1306:( 1276:( 1146:. 966:. 736:2 732:1 730:L 543:. 528:) 495:( 473:) 440:( 433:; 418:) 385:( 271:( 260:] 163:) 91:) 83:( 41:. 34:. 20:)

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