557:
922:
831:
3775:
662:
74:
3785:
3780:
3765:
1030:
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1103:
487:
1410:(the chief of the Petrograd Cheka, assassinated on 30 August 1918): "When we read that in Odessa, under Skoropadsky, the rabbis assembled in special council, and there these representatives of the rich Jews, officially, before the entire world, excommunicated from the Jewish community such Jews as Trotsky and me, your obedient servant, and others – no single hair of any of us has turned gray because of grief"; Zinoviev, Sochineniia, 16:224, quoted in Bezbozhnik , no. 20 (12 September 1938).
1615:
905:, an extensive summary of the events of 1917. In the article, Trotsky described Zinoviev's and Kamenev's opposition to the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, something that the two would have preferred left unmentioned. This started a new round of intra-party struggle, with Zinoviev and Kamenev once again allied with Stalin against Trotsky. They and their supporters accused Trotsky of various mistakes during the
1055:
Party after a six-month cooling off period. They never regained their
Central Committee seats, but they were given mid-level positions within the Soviet bureaucracy. Bukharin, then at the beginning of his short and ill-fated struggle with Stalin, courted Kamenev and, indirectly, Zinoviev during the summer of 1928. This was soon reported to Stalin and used against Bukharin as proof of his factionalism.
880:. Some of Trotsky's supporters suffered demotion or reassignment in the wake of his defeat, and Zinoviev's power and influence seemed at its zenith. However, as subsequent events showed, his real power base was limited to the Petrograd/Leningrad Party organization, while the rest of the Communist Party apparatus came increasingly under Stalin's control.
995:“We say that there can now be no doubt whatever that, as the evolution of the directing line of the faction (i.e., the majority of the Central Committee) has shown, the main core of the 1923 opposition correctly warned against the danger of a shift from the proletarian line, and against the ominous growth of the apparatus regime.”
520:). Grigory Zinoviev was also known in early life under the name Hirsch Apfelbaum. He later adopted several designations, such as Shatski, Grigoriev, Grigori and Zinoviev, by the two last of which he is most frequently called. He studied philosophy, literature and history. He became interested in politics and joined the
1125:. Stalin was described to have "laughed immoderately on seeing an imitation of the old Bolshevik leader Grigori Zinoviev being dragged to his execution, making pleas for mercy with obscenities". And Stalin was told Zinoviev's last words were "Hear, O Israel ..." Pauker would himself later perish in the purges.
1014:, directed his supporters to concentrate their attacks on Zinoviev since the latter was intimately familiar with Stalin's methods from their time together in the triumvirate. Following Stalin's orders, his supporters accused Zinoviev of using the Comintern apparatus in support of factional activities (the
977:
altogether, while Stalin had more of his allies elected to the
Politburo. Within weeks of the Congress, Stalin wrested control of the Leningrad party organization and government from Zinoviev and had him dismissed from all regional posts, leaving only the Comintern as a possible power base for Zinoviev.
1054:
While
Trotsky remained firm in his opposition to Stalin after his expulsion from the Party and subsequent exile, Zinoviev and Kamenev capitulated almost immediately and called on their supporters to follow suit. They wrote open letters acknowledging their mistakes and were readmitted to the Communist
1005:
During a lull in the intra-party fighting in the spring of 1926, Zinoviev, Kamenev and their supporters gravitated closer to
Trotsky's supporters and the two groups soon formed an alliance, which also incorporated some smaller opposition groups within the Communist Party. The alliance became known as
1078:
of the Soviet
Communist Party), Zinoviev, Kamenev and their closest associates were once again expelled from the party and arrested in December 1934. They were tried in January 1935 and forced to admit "moral complicity" in Kirov's assassination. Zinoviev was sentenced to 10 years in prison and his
453:
against Stalin, who was quickly becoming a dictator. Zinoviev was removed from the
Politburo and Comintern in 1926, and was expelled from the party in 1927. He, like Kamenev, submitted to Stalin and rejoined the party the next year, after which he held mid-level positions. He and Kamenev were again
1197:
It is not difficult to understand why some of the leaders of the
Liberal-Conservative bloc had recourse to such methods as the forging of documents. Apparently they seriously thought they would be able, at the last minute before the elections, to create confusion in the ranks of those electors who
4232:
4227:
1098:
Before the trial, Zinoviev and
Kamenev had agreed to plead guilty to the false charges on the condition that they not be executed, a condition that Stalin accepted, stating "that goes without saying". A few hours after their conviction, Stalin ordered their execution that night. Shortly after
1021:
Zinoviev remained in opposition to Stalin throughout 1926 and 1927, resulting in his expulsion from the
Central Committee in October 1927. When the United Opposition tried to organize independent demonstrations commemorating the 10th anniversary of the October revolution in November 1927, the
976:
in
December 1925. With only the Leningrad delegation behind them, Zinoviev and Kamenev found themselves in a tiny minority and were soundly defeated. Zinoviev was re-elected to the Politburo, but his ally Kamenev was demoted from a full member to a non-voting member and Sokolnikov was dropped
4237:
811:, whereby the proletarian revolution was postponed, and an emphasis was put on unconditional support for the Kremlin's foreign policy. The Comintern closely supervised many national parties, and reorganized them along Soviet lines, with a healthy dose of Soviet political rhetoric as well.
875:
The triumvirate carefully managed the intra-party debate and delegate-selection process in autumn 1923, during the run-up to the XIIIth Party Conference, and secured the vast majority of the seats. The Conference, held in January 1924 just before Lenin's death, denounced Trotsky and
624:
from the government. Zinoviev, Kamenev, and their allies in the Bolshevik Central Committee argued that the Bolsheviks had no choice but to start negotiations since a railroad strike would cripple their government's ability to fight the forces that were still loyal to the overthrown
1198:
sincerely sympathise with the Treaty between England and the Soviet Union. It is much more difficult to understand why the English Foreign Office, which is still under the control of the Prime Minister, MacDonald, did not refrain from making use of such a white-guardist forgery."
510:
dairy farmers, who educated him at home. His name at birth was Ovsei-Gershon Aronovich Radomyslsky (Russian: Овсей-Гершен Аронович Радомысльски), and he was the oldest son born to Aron and Reizy Radomyslsky. Between 1924 and 1934 the city was known as Zinovyevsk (Ukrainian:
4277:
4272:
4222:
917:
in January 1925, stating that the constant political attacks made it impossible to carry out his duties as military leader. Zinoviev further demanded Trotsky's expulsion from the Communist Party, but Stalin refused to go along at that time and played the role of a
4267:
4262:
4257:
883:
After Trotsky's defeat at the XIIIth Conference, tensions between Zinoviev and Kamenev, on the one hand, and Stalin on the other became more pronounced and threatened to end their alliance. Nevertheless, Zinoviev and Kamenev helped Stalin retain his position as
4252:
4247:
4242:
4217:
4212:
4192:
4187:
945:
With Trotsky finally on the sidelines, the Zinoviev-Kamenev-Stalin triumvirate began to crumble early in 1925. The two sides spent most of the year lining up support behind the scenes. Stalin struck an alliance with a Communist Party theoretician and
4207:
4202:
4197:
3404:
980:
According to Rogovin, Zinoviev would later lambast Stalin with the words, "Does comrade Stalin know what gratitude is?", as a reminder that Kamenev and himself had saved him from political downfall with the censure of Lenin's testament during the
781:
In early 1921, when the Communist Party was split into several factions, and policy disagreements were threatening the unity of the Party, Zinoviev supported Lenin's faction. As a result, Zinoviev was made a full member of the Politburo after the
4182:
1094:
and set the stage for subsequent show trials where Old Bolsheviks confessed to increasingly elaborate and egregious crimes, including espionage, poisoning and sabotage. Zinoviev and the other defendants were found guilty on 24 August 1936.
721:
To overcome our enemies we must have our own socialist militarism. We must carry along with us 90 million out of the 100 million of Soviet Russia's population. As for the rest, we have nothing to say to them. They must be annihilated.
1182:"The letter of 15 September 1924, which has been attributed to me, is from the first to the last word, a forgery. Let us take the heading. The organisation of which I am the president never describes itself officially as the
2933:
2765:
2774:
2253:
3292:
3179:
3061:
1018:) and Zinoviev was dismissed from the Politburo after a tumultuous Central Committee meeting in July 1926. Soon thereafter the office of the Comintern Chairman was abolished, and Zinoviev lost his last important post.
592:
with Lenin and other revolutionaries opposed to the war. He remained a part of the Bolshevik leadership throughout most of that year and spent time with Lenin after being forced into hiding in the period following the
3498:
3395:
3301:
3188:
3070:
173:
797:
Zinoviev was one of the most influential figures in the Soviet leadership during Lenin's final illness in 1922–23 and immediately after his death in January 1924. He delivered the Central Committee's reports to the
3507:
806:
Party Congresses in 1923 and 1924, respectively, something that Lenin had previously done. He was also considered one of the Communist Party's leading theoreticians. One of the main functions of the Comintern was
226:
222:
169:
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2300:
1022:
demonstrators were dispersed by force and Zinoviev and Trotsky were expelled from the Communist Party on 12 November. Their leading supporters, from Kamenev down, were expelled in December 1927 by the
2926:
2758:
597:. However, Zinoviev and Lenin soon had a falling out over Zinoviev's opposition to Lenin's call for an open rebellion against the Provisional Government. On 10 October 1917 (Julian calendar), he and
1194:. The forger has shown himself to be very stupid in his choice of the date. On 15 September 1924, I was taking a holiday in Kislovodsk, and, therefore, could not have signed any official letter....
649:). The following day, Lenin wrote a proclamation calling Zinoviev and Kamenev "deserters". He never forgot this conflict, eventually making an ambiguous reference to their "October episode" in his
3285:
3172:
3054:
1118:". Zinoviev allegedly struggled against the guards escorting him so fiercely that instead of taking him to the appointed execution room, he was simply dragged into a nearby cell and shot there.
3491:
3388:
540:
and abroad as he moved across Europe. Zinoviev was elected to the RSDLP's Central Committee in 1907 and sided with Lenin in 1908 when the Bolshevik faction split into Lenin's supporters and
2919:
2751:
346:
1469:
4287:
3278:
3165:
3047:
544:'s followers. He left for Western Europe to support Lenin in matters of propaganda and party organization. Zinoviev remained Lenin's constant aide-de-camp and representative in various
1086:, were put on trial again. This time, the charges included forming a terrorist organization that killed Kirov and tried to kill Stalin and other leaders of the Soviet government. This
3484:
3381:
1128:
The execution of Zinoviev, Kamenev and their associates was a sensational news event in the USSR and around the world, paving the way for the mass arrests and executions of the
3998:
4033:
3719:
2942:
885:
629:. Negotiations were started but Zinoviev and Kamenev had the support of a Central Committee majority only briefly as a quick collapse of the anti-Bolshevik forces outside
189:
185:
1141:
1059:
1023:
973:
3875:
3744:
814:
Trotsky attributed Stalin's appointment to the initial recommendation of Zinoviev. This view has been supported by several historians. According to Russian historian,
181:
177:
465:, a close ally of Stalin, and was sentenced to ten years in prison. While imprisoned, Zinoviev was further accused of treason and other offenses during the Stalinist
982:
889:
819:
803:
799:
783:
872:. According to political scientist, Michael Reiman, Zinoviev was unable to assert a dominant position in the party on his own and that position passed onto Stalin.
731:
682:
605:
members to vote against an armed revolt. Their publication of an open letter opposing the use of force enraged Lenin, who demanded their expulsion from the party.
1058:
After once more admitting their supposed mistakes, they were readmitted to the Party in December 1933. They were forced to make self-flagellating speeches at the
4332:
4172:
3606:
4053:
3734:
2201:
1927:
822:(March–April 1922), in which Lenin, due to his poor health, participated only sporadically, and only attended four of the twelve sessions of the Congress.
435:
229:
192:
4043:
4038:
3922:
3880:
3870:
3729:
2243:
1114:
Accounts of Zinoviev's execution vary, with some having him beg and plead for his life, prompting the stoic Kamenev to tell Zinoviev to "quiet down and
4018:
3917:
3754:
1015:
735:
88:
4008:
3821:
4297:
4048:
3912:
3885:
3739:
3644:
1841:
1486:
1045:, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Deputy Prime Minister); Grigory Zinoviev, Chairman of the Comintern's Executive Committee
3845:
1914:
3983:
1931:
755:
341:
4292:
972:
and a non-voting Politburo member. The struggle became open at the September 1925 meeting of the Central Committee and came to a head at the
909:
in order to damage his reputation, and alleged that he was plotting a military coup. This campaign prompted Trotsky to resign in protest as
4312:
2196:
2168:
2024:
17:
4317:
4157:
860:
1026:, which paved the way for mass expulsions of rank-and-file oppositionists as well as internal exile of opposition leaders in early 1928.
556:
4327:
2273:
1513:
4322:
791:
4152:
2285:
2228:
727:
633:
allowed Lenin and Trotsky to convince the Central Committee to abandon the negotiating process. In response, Zinoviev, Kamenev,
4342:
3592:
2340:
2131:
521:
391:
1821:
1769:
1742:
1666:
1598:
1573:
1548:
1523:
1496:
1208:
314:
2911:
2743:
1167:
626:
921:
3270:
3157:
3039:
2322:
865:
743:
696:
Sometime in 1918, while Ukraine was under German occupation, the rabbis of Odessa ceremonially anathematized (pronounced
326:
319:
3476:
3373:
4167:
2692:
3674:
1891:
1811:
1759:
1656:
1566:
Trotsky and the struggle for "Lenin's heritage". In The Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
3654:
1905:(The Fight for St. Petersburg: Two Speeches). With Leon Trotsky. St. Petersburg: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo, 1920.
830:
449:" against Trotsky. The arrangement fell apart, and in 1926 Zinoviev and Kamenev briefly entered with Trotsky in the
2263:
2017:
1218:
1171:
1007:
450:
985:. Stalin responded with the words: "But of course I know, I know very well - it's an illness that afflicts dogs".
4337:
4233:
Members of the Central Committee of the 7th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)
4228:
Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)
3659:
2330:
2158:
1340:
4238:
Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)
4079:
3901:
3639:
2712:
2609:
2581:
2409:
2362:
2310:
2233:
1794:
914:
1432:
1393:
1062:
in January 1934, with Stalin parading his erstwhile political opponents, now defeated and outwardly contrite.
402:
in the party's 1903 split, forging a close political relationship with him. After participating in the failed
3988:
3749:
2548:
2357:
2104:
2078:
1082:
In August 1936, after months of rehearsals in secret police prisons, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 others, mostly
670:
602:
371:
11 September] 1883 – 25 August 1936) was a Russian revolutionary and Soviet politician. A prominent
368:
31:
4063:
3694:
3628:
3615:
2687:
2268:
2163:
2148:
3679:
3664:
2875:
2153:
2010:
1997:
1986:
4307:
2732:
2707:
2374:
2305:
661:
537:
446:
403:
1966:
1458:
Silvio Pons and Robert Service, eds., A Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism (2010) pp 63-64, 890-892.
1325:
4302:
4023:
3865:
2702:
1980:
1175:
4282:
4278:
Members of the Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4273:
Members of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3704:
2717:
2697:
2119:
2109:
4223:
Members of the Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1939:
Trotsky's Challenge: The "Literary Discussion" of 1924 and the Fight for the Bolshevik Revolution.
1087:
608:
On 29 October 1917 (Julian calendar), immediately after the Bolshevik seizure of power during the
4268:
Members of the Central Committee of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4263:
Members of the Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4258:
Members of the Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4177:
4162:
2114:
1960:
1319:
1246:
1137:
839:
384:
4253:
Members of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4248:
Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4243:
Members of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1992:
3840:
3816:
2727:
2183:
681:
Zinoviev soon returned to the fold and was once again elected to the Central Committee at the
3834:
3649:
2722:
2399:
2206:
2143:
910:
2941:
2773:
761:
Zinoviev was responsible for Petrograd's defence during two periods of intense clashes with
702:
against) Trotsky, Zinoviev, and other Bolshevik leaders of Jewish descent in the synagogue.
128:
4218:
Members of the Politburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4213:
Members of the Politburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4193:
Candidates of the Politburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4188:
Candidates of the Politburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4147:
4142:
4091:
3714:
1121:
Zinoviev's futile pleading was later re-enacted and mocked by Stalin's personal bodyguard,
1099:
midnight, on the morning of 25 August, Zinoviev and Kamenev were executed by firing squad.
893:
751:
650:
441:
During Lenin's final illness and after his death in 1924, Zinoviev allied with Kamenev and
3300:
3187:
3069:
8:
4208:
Members of the Politburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4203:
Members of the Politburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4198:
Members of the Politburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4096:
3506:
3403:
2895:
2619:
2369:
2295:
2188:
2058:
1270:
773:, thought little of Zinoviev's leadership, which aggravated their strained relationship.
585:
565:
411:
4183:
Members of the Orgburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3709:
3699:
3527:
3424:
3362:
3259:
3141:
3023:
3013:
2809:
2794:
2637:
2561:
2073:
2033:
1713:
1011:
965:
961:
925:
901:
787:
674:
609:
541:
516:
423:
73:
3146:
3018:
2865:
2834:
1976:
3003:
2860:
2850:
2604:
2533:
2450:
2427:
2126:
2099:
2037:
1900:
1887:
1817:
1790:
1765:
1738:
1705:
1662:
1594:
1569:
1544:
1519:
1492:
1029:
906:
770:
638:
4101:
4085:
3978:
3855:
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3669:
3623:
3558:
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3131:
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2789:
2632:
2528:
2465:
2248:
2178:
2173:
2002:
1732:
1695:
1282:
1261:
1237:
1178:, validating the declaration that Zinoviev made in a letter dated 27 October 1924:
1115:
953:
690:
666:
581:
561:
431:
121:
1307:
1883 Yelisabetgrad births fond 185, op. 1, delo 64, image 131 of 152, record #260.
1174:
to prepare for revolution. This document is now generally accepted to have been a
4074:
4013:
4003:
3927:
3850:
3684:
3568:
3465:
3357:
3254:
3136:
3008:
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2667:
2518:
2068:
1908:
1159:
1153:
933:
697:
646:
3584:
742:
when it was created in March 1919. It was in this capacity he presided over the
528:
faction from the time of its creation in 1903. Between 1903 and the fall of the
379:'s closest associate prior to 1917 and a leading government figure in the early
3973:
3793:
3532:
3429:
3326:
3228:
3213:
3110:
3095:
3028:
2982:
2824:
2647:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2523:
2508:
2488:
2437:
2422:
2391:
2238:
1407:
1163:
843:
835:
808:
762:
710:
533:
529:
495:
395:
376:
372:
277:
1102:
1090:(or the trial of the "Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Center") was the first
486:
4136:
4028:
3573:
3537:
3434:
3331:
3223:
3105:
2977:
2819:
2657:
2627:
2599:
2589:
2513:
2470:
2460:
2455:
2445:
2083:
1709:
1213:
1091:
1083:
1034:
929:
851:
815:
616:, threatened a national strike unless the Bolsheviks shared power with other
499:
455:
442:
272:
1700:
1683:
1378:
1329:(12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
1033:
The leadership of the USSR, April 1925. In the photo, taken in the Kremlin:
3968:
3958:
3542:
3439:
3336:
3233:
3218:
3115:
3100:
2987:
2972:
2885:
2829:
2814:
2652:
2594:
2538:
2503:
2301:
Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia
2290:
2280:
1364:
1071:
1038:
957:
869:
642:
634:
621:
589:
462:
427:
419:
407:
380:
337:
295:
151:
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3860:
3827:
3724:
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3321:
3208:
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2855:
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2642:
2493:
2417:
1837:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1075:
1042:
855:
598:
577:
573:
466:
415:
1959:
1946:
The Comintern: a history of international communism from Lenin to Stalin
1865:
Grigorii Zinoviev, "Declaration of Zinoviev on the Alleged 'Red Plot,'"
1318:
850:
During Lenin's final illness, Zinoviev, his close associate Kamenev and
750:
in September 1920 and gave his famous four-hour speech in German at the
2480:
2350:
2345:
2138:
1717:
877:
714:
470:
399:
35:
988:
825:
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2063:
739:
706:
686:
630:
617:
594:
545:
525:
1842:"Court Vindicates 2 Stalin Victims Who Were Close Allies of Lenin's"
1737:. Perpignan: Presses universitaires de Perpignan. pp. 257–273.
2258:
1591:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
1541:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
1041:, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Prime Minister);
766:
461:
In 1934 Zinoviev was accused of complicity in the assassination of
1684:"Why Tyrants Go Too Far: Malignant Narcissism and Absolute Power"
969:
717:
period of political repression and mass killings, Zinoviev said:
613:
612:, the executive committee of the national railroad labour union,
503:
43:
1074:
on 1 December 1934 (which served as one of the triggers for the
1787:
Stalin and his Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those who Killed for Him
948:
928:(first on the right), Grigory Zinoviev (third from the right),
507:
2335:
536:'s closest associates, working both within Russia during the
2943:
13th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2775:
14th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
899:
After a brief lull in the summer of 1924, Trotsky published
4288:
Expelled members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1142:
Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union
1107:
1010:. In May 1926, Stalin, weighing his options in a letter to
786:
on 16 March 1921, while members of other factions, such as
747:
406:, he followed Lenin across Europe, serving as his constant
3302:
10th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3189:
11th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3071:
12th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1379:"From the C.C. to Party Members & the Working Classes"
765:
forces in 1919. Trotsky, who was in overall charge of the
3508:
8th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3405:
9th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
481:
1184:
Executive Committee of the Third Communist International
645:
resigned from the Central Committee on 4 November 1917 (
532:
in February 1917, he was a leading Bolshevik and one of
422:" and later the armed seizure of power which became the
390:
Born in Ukraine to a Jewish family, Zinoviev joined the
27:
Russian revolutionary and Soviet politician (1883–1936)
1515:
Joseph Stalin: A Reference Guide to His Life and Works
1413:
1166:
when published on 25 October 1924, four days before a
1406:
Zinoviev cynically referred to this in his eulogy of
1251:
734:
on 25 March 1919. He also became the Chairman of the
713:
in August 1918 and the commencement of the five-year
2032:
1998:
For Jewish Anti-Semites, A Cautionary History Lesson
1928:
Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
1049:
989:
With Trotsky and Kamenev against Stalin (1926–1927)
826:
With Stalin and Kamenev against Trotsky (1923–1924)
426:. He lost the trust of Lenin, who began relying on
1620:. Foreign Languages Publishing House. p. 248.
1512:Marples, David R.; Hurska, Alla (23 August 2022).
1262:[ɡrʲɪˈɡorʲɪj(j)ɪfˈsʲe(j)ɪvʲɪdʑzʲɪˈnovʲjɪf]
1188:Executive Committee of the Communist International
960:. Zinoviev and Kamenev allied with Lenin's widow,
3614:
1948:(Macmillan International Higher Education, 1996).
1917:). Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo, 1925.
1449:, (2011) November Publications, London, pg117-158
4134:
1065:
1915:Leninism: Introduction to the Study of Leninism
1488:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life
1136:, Zinoviev and his co-defendants were formally
430:, but was nevertheless elected chairman of the
4333:People executed by the Soviet Union by firearm
4173:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
1932:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union
1568:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 46–48.
1147:
913:of Army and Fleet Affairs and Chairman of the
838:among the delegates to the second congress of
776:
756:Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany
3600:
3492:
3389:
3286:
3173:
3055:
2927:
2759:
2018:
1511:
1106:Police photographs of Zinoviev, taken by the
685:on 8 March 1918. He was put in charge of the
1037:, General Secretary of the Communist Party;
726:He became a non-voting member of the ruling
656:
494:Grigory Zinoviev was born in Yelizavetgrad,
454:expelled from the party in 1932, due to the
434:and the Comintern, and a full member of the
1836:
940:
868:, playing a key role in marginalization of
675:October Uprising (the Bolshevik Revolution)
588:, he returned to Russia in April 1917 in a
3607:
3593:
3499:
3485:
3396:
3382:
3293:
3279:
3180:
3166:
3062:
3048:
2934:
2920:
2766:
2752:
2025:
2011:
1757:
1447:Zinoviev and Martov: Head to Head in Halle
1433:"Baku Congress of the Peoples of the East"
886:General Secretary of the Central Committee
790:, were dropped from the Politburo and the
72:
1734:Laughter in the Dark: Humour under Stalin
1699:
1645:; Simon Sebag Montefiore, pp. 188, 193–98
1518:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 270.
1000:Party speech of Grigory Zinoviev in 1926.
141:13 December 1917 – 26 March 1926
1993:Leon Trotsky on Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev
1910:Leninizm: Vvedenie i izuchenie Leninizma
1813:A History of Love and Hate in 21 Statues
1784:
1730:
1658:A History of Love and Hate in 21 Statues
1484:
1316:
1158:Zinoviev was the alleged author of the "
1101:
1028:
920:
829:
660:
572:Zinoviev spent the first three years of
555:
524:(RSDLP) in 1901. He was a member of its
485:
410:. Zinoviev returned to Russia after the
101:2 March 1919 – 22 November 1926
4298:Perpetrators of the Red Terror (Russia)
2286:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine
2229:Provisional Committee of the State Duma
1881:
1869:vol. 5, no. 8 (Dec. 1924), pp. 365-366.
1758:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (3 June 2010).
1588:
1563:
1538:
1467:
1419:
693:1924–91) city and regional government.
89:Chairman of the Communist International
14:
4135:
2341:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1809:
1654:
1613:
1190:. Equally incorrect is the signature,
522:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
482:Before the 1917 Revolution (1901–1917)
392:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
242:25 March 1919 – 16 March 1921
205:10 October – 29 November 1917
3588:
3480:
3377:
3274:
3161:
3043:
2915:
2747:
2006:
1886:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1260:
1209:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
818:Stalin's election occurred after the
515:
216:16 March 1921 – 23 July 1926
4293:Russian Constituent Assembly members
2169:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
1944:McDermott, Kevin, and Jeremy Agnew.
1681:
1485:Brackman, Roman (23 November 2004).
1079:supporters to various prison terms.
327:Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4313:People excommunicated by synagogues
2132:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
1884:The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police
1810:Hughes, Peter (14 September 2021).
1655:Hughes, Peter (14 September 2021).
1589:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
1539:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
1365:"Letter to Bolshevik Party Members"
1287:Овсей-Гершон Аронович Радомысльский
744:Congress of the Peoples of the East
705:Shortly after the assassination of
365:Ovsei-Gershon Aronovich Radomyslsky
260:Ovsei-Gershon Aronovich Radomyslsky
24:
4318:Trial of the Sixteen (Great Purge)
4158:People from Yelisavetgradsky Uyezd
2254:Council of the People's Commissars
1921:
1162:" which caused a sensation in the
892:in May–June 1924 during the first
25:
4354:
4328:Jews executed by the Soviet Union
1952:
1761:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
1633:; Simon Sebag Montefiore, pp. 197
1471:Writings of Leon Trotsky: 1936-37
1391:
936:(fifth from the right), June 1924
329:(1918–1927, 1928–1932, 1933–1934)
4323:Great Purge victims from Ukraine
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
2264:Military Revolutionary Committee
1219:United Opposition (Soviet Union)
1050:Submission to Stalin (1928–1934)
858:(also known by its Russian name
671:first International Workers' Day
129:Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet
2159:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
1941:Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2017.
1859:
1830:
1803:
1778:
1751:
1724:
1675:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1607:
1582:
1557:
1532:
1505:
1478:
1461:
1452:
1439:
1425:
1170:. The letter called on British
689:(Saint Petersburg before 1914,
387:(Comintern) from 1919 to 1926.
4153:Politicians from Kropyvnytskyi
4064:Governors of Saint Petersburg
2693:German Revolution of 1918–1919
2234:Russian Provisional Government
1987:Anatol Lunacharsky on Zinoviev
1593:. Mehring Books. p. 257.
1474:. Pathfinder Press. p. 9.
1400:
1385:
1371:
1357:
1333:
1310:
1301:
1276:
1253:Grigoriy Yevseyevich Zinov'yev
1231:
1132:of 1937–1938. In 1988, during
915:Revolutionary Military Council
730:when it was created after the
665:Grigory Zinoviev, Chairman of
620:parties and dropped Lenin and
560:Grigory Zinoviev, Chairman of
13:
1:
4343:Residents of the Benois House
4117:indicate acting officeholders
3629:Saint Petersburg Governorate
3616:Governors of Saint Petersburg
2358:Socialist Revolutionary Party
2105:Ukrainian War of Independence
1643:Stalin: Court of the Red Tsar
1631:Stalin: Court of the Red Tsar
1617:Works: 1926, January-November
1543:. Mehring Books. p. 61.
1295:
1192:The Chairman of the Presidium
1066:The Moscow trials (1935–1936)
669:, addresses the crowd on the
383:, serving as chairman of the
32:Eastern Slavic naming customs
2269:Russian Constituent Assembly
2164:Red Army invasion of Georgia
2149:Estonian War of Independence
1937:Corney, Frederick C. (ed.),
1317:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922).
932:(fourth from the right) and
476:
361:Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
18:Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
7:
2713:Workers' Councils in Poland
2311:Ukrainian People's Republic
2154:Latvian War of Independence
1902:Boi za Peterburg: Dve Rechi
1764:. Orion. pp. 188–198.
1267:Grigorii Evseevich Zinov'ev
1252:
1202:
777:Rise to the top (1921–1923)
469:, and was executed after a
10:
4359:
2733:Belarusian-Soviet conflict
2375:General Jewish Labour Bund
2244:Pro-independence movements
1925:
1789:. New York: Random House.
1491:. Routledge. p. 136.
1242:Григорий Евсеевич Зиновьев
1151:
968:, the Soviet Commissar of
956:and Soviet prime minister
584:was overthrown during the
548:organizations until 1917.
30:In this name that follows
29:
4168:Jewish Soviet politicians
4122:Mayor of Saint Petersburg
4110:
4062:
3936:
3894:
3792:
3761:
3622:
3551:
3515:
3448:
3412:
3345:
3309:
3242:
3196:
3124:
3078:
2996:
2950:
2843:
2782:
2703:Hungarian Soviet Republic
2680:
2618:
2580:
2547:
2479:
2436:
2408:
2390:
2383:
2321:
2221:
2092:
2079:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising
2051:
2044:
1981:Marxists Internet Archive
1961:"Zinoviev, Grigori"
1785:Rayfield, Donald (2004).
1564:Reiman., Michael (1992).
1320:"Zinoviev, Grigori"
1286:
1241:
657:The Civil War (1918–1920)
512:
414:of 1917, but joined with
367:; 23 September [
354:
333:
310:
302:
284:
255:
250:
246:
235:
220:
209:
198:
167:
157:
145:
134:
127:
115:
105:
94:
87:
83:
71:
62:
55:
2698:Bavarian Soviet Republic
2688:Revolutions of 1917–1923
1977:Grigory Zinoviev Archive
1882:Leggett, George (1986).
1875:
1394:"Letter to the Congress"
1224:
941:Break with Stalin (1925)
566:the Political Commissars
458:, and rejoined in 1933.
303:Cause of death
221:Candidate member of the
63:
3902:Provisional Government
3720:P. Golenishchev-Kutuzov
3685:M. Golenishchev-Kutuzov
2115:Kiev Bolshevik Uprising
1967:Encyclopædia Britannica
1701:10.1111/0162-895X.00268
1614:Stalin, Joseph (1954).
1326:Encyclopædia Britannica
1186:; the official name is
820:Eleventh Party Congress
551:
394:in 1901 and sided with
385:Communist International
4338:Soviet rehabilitations
4120:The office was called
2728:Slovak Soviet Republic
2708:Hungarian–Romanian War
2410:Provisional Government
1970:(12th ed.). 1922.
1816:. Aurum. p. 293.
1731:Lauchlan, Ian (2010).
1661:. Aurum. p. 293.
1468:Trotsky, Leon (1970).
1258:Russian pronunciation:
1200:
1111:
1046:
997:
937:
847:
724:
678:
627:Provisional Government
569:
517:[zʲinɔvɛ́vsʲk]
491:
2400:Nicholas II of Russia
1867:The Communist Review,
1180:
1105:
1060:XVIIth Party Congress
1032:
993:
924:
890:XIIIth Party Congress
834:Grigory Zinoviev and
833:
719:
664:
559:
489:
418:in opposing Lenin's "
306:Execution by shooting
2718:Polish–Ukrainian War
2120:Polish–Ukrainian War
2110:Ukrainian–Soviet War
1688:Political Psychology
1682:Glad, Betty (2002).
1088:Trial of the Sixteen
1070:After the murder of
974:XIVth Party Congress
667:the Petrograd Soviet
562:the Petrograd Soviet
3952:Executive Committee
2896:Sergo Ordzhonikidze
2370:Union of October 17
2189:Kronstadt rebellion
2184:Workers' Opposition
2059:February Revolution
1271:Library of Congress
1024:XVth Party Congress
983:Thirteenth Congress
736:Executive Committee
677:. Date: 1 May 1918.
586:February Revolution
412:February Revolution
168:Full member of the
3528:Nikolay Krestinsky
3425:Nikolay Krestinsky
3363:Vyacheslav Molotov
3260:Vyacheslav Molotov
3142:Vyacheslav Molotov
3024:Grigori Sokolnikov
3014:Vyacheslav Molotov
2810:Vyacheslav Molotov
2795:Kliment Voroshilov
2638:Stepan Petrichenko
2562:Alexander Kerensky
2074:October Revolution
2034:Russian Revolution
1846:The New York Times
1341:"Grigori Zinoviev"
1112:
1110:in prison in 1936.
1047:
1012:Vyacheslav Molotov
966:Grigory Sokolnikov
962:Nadezhda Krupskaya
938:
926:Kliment Voroshilov
911:People's Commissar
902:Lessons of October
848:
846:in Petrograd, 1920
788:Nikolai Krestinsky
784:Xth Party Congress
683:VII Party Congress
679:
610:October Revolution
601:were the only two
570:
542:Alexander Bogdanov
492:
424:October Revolution
404:Revolution of 1905
320:RSDLP (Bolsheviks)
4308:Jewish socialists
4130:
4129:
3798:Saint Petersburg
3705:Lobanov-Rostovsky
3624:Governors General
3582:
3581:
3552:Candidate members
3474:
3473:
3449:Candidate members
3371:
3370:
3346:Candidate members
3268:
3267:
3243:Candidate members
3155:
3154:
3125:Candidate members
3037:
3036:
3004:Felix Dzerzhinsky
2997:Candidate members
2909:
2908:
2861:Grigory Petrovsky
2851:Felix Dzerzhinsky
2844:Candidate members
2741:
2740:
2723:Polish–Soviet War
2676:
2675:
2610:Alexander Antonov
2605:Maria Spiridonova
2534:Felix Dzerzhinsky
2451:Alexander Kolchak
2428:Alexander Guchkov
2217:
2216:
2144:Polish–Soviet War
2127:Finnish Civil War
2100:Russian Civil War
1823:978-0-7112-6614-8
1771:978-0-297-86385-4
1744:978-2-35412-054-2
1668:978-0-7112-6614-8
1600:978-1-893638-97-6
1575:978-0-7486-0317-6
1550:978-1-893638-97-6
1525:978-1-5381-3361-3
1498:978-1-135-75840-0
1392:Lenin, Vladimir.
1269:according to the
1265:. Transliterated
1250:
1148:"Zinoviev Letter"
1092:Moscow Show Trial
1008:United Opposition
907:Russian Civil War
894:Lenin's Testament
771:Russian Civil War
758:in October 1920.
639:Vladimir Milyutin
603:Central Committee
451:United Opposition
445:in a leadership "
358:
357:
270:23 September 1883
65:Григорий Зиновьев
16:(Redirected from
4350:
4303:Comintern people
4067:
3950:
3942:
3905:
3809:
3801:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3632:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3564:Grigory Zinoviev
3559:Nikolai Bukharin
3501:
3494:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3461:Grigory Zinoviev
3456:Nikolai Bukharin
3398:
3391:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3353:Nikolai Bukharin
3317:Grigory Zinoviev
3295:
3288:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3250:Nikolai Bukharin
3204:Grigory Zinoviev
3182:
3175:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3132:Nikolai Bukharin
3086:Grigory Zinoviev
3064:
3057:
3050:
3041:
3040:
2963:Grigory Zinoviev
2958:Nikolai Bukharin
2936:
2929:
2922:
2913:
2912:
2881:Lazar Kaganovich
2800:Grigory Zinoviev
2790:Nikolai Bukharin
2768:
2761:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2633:Maria Nikiforova
2529:Nikolai Bukharin
2499:Grigory Zinoviev
2466:Nikolai Yudenich
2388:
2387:
2249:Petrograd Soviet
2179:Tambov Rebellion
2174:Left SR uprising
2049:
2048:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1971:
1963:
1897:
1870:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1840:(14 June 1988).
1834:
1828:
1827:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1703:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1345:Oxford Reference
1337:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1168:general election
1116:die with dignity
1016:Lashevich Affair
1001:
954:Nikolai Bukharin
854:formed a ruling
754:congress of the
582:Russian monarchy
519:
514:
490:Zinoviev in 1908
473:in August 1936.
432:Petrograd Soviet
350:
324:
291:
280:
269:
267:
251:Personal details
240:
214:
203:
163:Office abolished
160:
148:
139:
122:Nikolai Bukharin
118:
111:Position created
108:
99:
78:Zinoviev in 1920
76:
66:
57:Grigory Zinoviev
53:
52:
21:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4283:Left Opposition
4133:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4106:
4065:
4058:
3948:
3945:
3940:
3932:
3903:
3899:
3890:
3876:von der Launitz
3807:
3803:
3799:
3794:Gradonachalniks
3788:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3675:von Buxhoeveden
3630:
3627:
3618:
3613:
3583:
3578:
3569:Mikhail Kalinin
3547:
3511:
3505:
3475:
3470:
3466:Mikhail Kalinin
3444:
3408:
3402:
3372:
3367:
3358:Mikhail Kalinin
3341:
3305:
3299:
3269:
3264:
3255:Mikhail Kalinin
3238:
3192:
3186:
3156:
3151:
3147:Jānis Rudzutaks
3137:Mikhail Kalinin
3120:
3074:
3068:
3038:
3033:
3019:Jānis Rudzutaks
3009:Mikhail Kalinin
2992:
2946:
2940:
2910:
2905:
2891:Anastas Mikoyan
2876:Andrey Andreyev
2871:Nikolai Uglanov
2866:Jānis Rudzutaks
2839:
2835:Jānis Rudzutaks
2805:Mikhail Kalinin
2778:
2772:
2742:
2737:
2672:
2668:Peter Kropotkin
2614:
2576:
2543:
2519:Semyon Budyonny
2475:
2432:
2404:
2379:
2317:
2306:Tsentralna Rada
2213:
2088:
2069:Kornilov affair
2040:
2031:
1958:
1955:
1934:
1924:
1922:Further reading
1894:
1878:
1873:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1729:
1725:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1483:
1479:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1405:
1401:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1281:
1277:
1257:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1205:
1160:Zinoviev Letter
1156:
1154:Zinoviev letter
1150:
1068:
1052:
1003:
999:
991:
943:
934:Nikolai Antipov
866:Communist Party
828:
779:
659:
647:Julian calendar
554:
538:1905 Revolution
484:
479:
375:, Zinoviev was
344:
340:
325:
322:
318:
311:Political party
293:
289:
276:
271:
265:
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4178:Old Bolsheviks
4175:
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4163:Ukrainian Jews
4160:
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3680:von der Pahlen
3677:
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3533:Vladimir Lenin
3530:
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3430:Vladimir Lenin
3427:
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3409:
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3393:
3386:
3378:
3369:
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3355:
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3334:
3329:
3327:Vladimir Lenin
3324:
3319:
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3307:
3306:
3298:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3275:
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3257:
3252:
3246:
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3240:
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3231:
3229:Mikhail Tomsky
3226:
3221:
3216:
3214:Vladimir Lenin
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3194:
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3185:
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3177:
3170:
3162:
3153:
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3139:
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3128:
3126:
3122:
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3119:
3118:
3113:
3111:Mikhail Tomsky
3108:
3103:
3098:
3096:Vladimir Lenin
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3059:
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3044:
3035:
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3029:Mikhail Frunze
3026:
3021:
3016:
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2985:
2983:Mikhail Tomsky
2980:
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2825:Mikhail Tomsky
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2648:Semen Karetnyk
2645:
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2607:
2602:
2597:
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2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2572:Boris Sokoloff
2569:
2567:Boris Savinkov
2564:
2559:
2557:Viktor Chernov
2553:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2524:Yakov Sverdlov
2521:
2516:
2511:
2509:Mikhail Frunze
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2489:Vladimir Lenin
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2438:White movement
2434:
2433:
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2423:Pavel Milyukov
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1422:, p. 114.
1420:Leggett (1986)
1412:
1408:Moisei Uritsky
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1152:Main article:
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1084:Old Bolsheviks
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987:
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939:
844:Uritsky Palace
836:Vladimir Lenin
827:
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809:Bolshevization
778:
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711:Moisei Uritsky
658:
655:
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534:Vladimir Lenin
530:Russian Empire
496:Russian Empire
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377:Vladimir Lenin
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298:, Soviet Union
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3835:Loris-Melikov
3832:
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3828:Romeyko-Gurko
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3621:
3617:
3610:
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3598:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3575:
3574:Elena Stasova
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:Joseph Stalin
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3502:
3497:
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3464:
3462:
3459:
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3454:
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3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Joseph Stalin
3433:
3431:
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3332:Joseph Stalin
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3225:
3224:Joseph Stalin
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3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
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3123:
3117:
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3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Joseph Stalin
3104:
3102:
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3097:
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3081:
3077:
3072:
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3017:
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3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:Joseph Stalin
2976:
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2681:International
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2658:Viktor Bilash
2656:
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2628:Nestor Makhno
2626:
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2617:
2611:
2608:
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2600:Mark Natanson
2598:
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2588:
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2514:Joseph Stalin
2512:
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2500:
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2471:Lavr Kornilov
2469:
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2464:
2462:
2461:Pyotr Krasnov
2459:
2457:
2456:Anton Denikin
2454:
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2449:
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2446:Pyotr Wrangel
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4084:
4066:(since 1991)
3963:
3833:
3826:
3735:Khrapovitsky
3715:Miloradovich
3563:
3543:Leon Trotsky
3516:Full members
3460:
3440:Leon Trotsky
3413:Full members
3337:Leon Trotsky
3316:
3310:Full members
3234:Leon Trotsky
3219:Alexei Rykov
3203:
3197:Full members
3116:Leon Trotsky
3101:Alexei Rykov
3085:
3079:Full members
2988:Leon Trotsky
2973:Alexei Rykov
2962:
2951:Full members
2886:Sergei Kirov
2830:Leon Trotsky
2815:Alexei Rykov
2799:
2783:Full members
2653:Fedir Shchus
2595:Boris Kamkov
2539:Alexei Rykov
2504:Leon Trotsky
2498:
2291:Green armies
2281:Black Guards
1965:
1945:
1938:
1909:
1901:
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1849:. Retrieved
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1081:
1072:Sergei Kirov
1069:
1057:
1053:
1039:Alexei Rykov
1020:
1004:
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994:
979:
958:Alexei Rykov
947:
944:
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870:Leon Trotsky
859:
849:
813:
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780:
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725:
720:
704:
698:
695:
680:
643:Victor Nogin
635:Alexei Rykov
622:Leon Trotsky
607:
590:sealed train
580:. After the
571:
493:
463:Sergei Kirov
460:
440:
428:Leon Trotsky
420:April Theses
408:aide-de-camp
389:
381:Soviet Union
364:
360:
359:
342:Zlata Lilina
338:Sarra Ravich
317:(1901–1903)
296:Russian SFSR
290:(1936-08-25)
237:
211:
200:
159:Succeeded by
152:Leon Trotsky
136:
117:Succeeded by
96:
47:
39:
4148:1936 deaths
4143:1883 births
3949:(1924-1991)
3941:(1917-1924)
3808:(1914–1917)
3800:(1873–1914)
3700:Vyazmitinov
3655:von Münnich
3631:(1703–1873)
3523:Lev Kamenev
3510:(1919–1920)
3420:Lev Kamenev
3407:(1920–1921)
3322:Lev Kamenev
3304:(1921–1922)
3209:Lev Kamenev
3191:(1922–1923)
3091:Lev Kamenev
3073:(1923–1924)
2968:Lev Kamenev
2945:(1924–1926)
2901:Vlas Chubar
2856:Lev Kamenev
2777:(1926–1927)
2663:Fanya Baron
2643:Lev Chernyi
2494:Lev Kamenev
2418:Georgy Lvov
2392:Monarchists
1838:Bill Keller
1694:(1): 1–37.
1445:Lewis/Lih,
1176:fabrication
1134:perestroika
1130:Great Purge
1123:Karl Pauker
1076:Great Purge
1043:Lev Kamenev
856:Triumvirate
792:Secretariat
769:during the
599:Lev Kamenev
578:Switzerland
574:World War I
513:Зінов'євськ
467:Great Purge
416:Lev Kamenev
345: [
323:(1903–1918)
147:Preceded by
107:Preceded by
44:family name
40:Yevseyevich
4137:Categories
4092:Matviyenko
4014:Spiridonov
4009:Zamchevsky
3947:Leningrad
3939:Petrograd
3937:Chairs of
3881:Drachevsky
3806:Petrograd
2620:Anarchists
2481:Bolsheviks
2351:Mensheviks
2346:Bolsheviks
2296:Red Guards
2139:Heimosodat
2052:Revolution
1979:, part of
1926:See also:
1796:0375506322
1350:2024-04-19
1296:References
1172:Communists
878:Trotskyism
715:Red Terror
673:after the
471:show trial
400:Bolsheviks
266:1883-09-23
36:patronymic
4054:Shelkanov
4044:Gerasimov
4039:Dumachyov
3989:Andrianov
3979:Kuznetsov
3923:Schreider
3897:Petrograd
3895:Heads of
3866:D. Trepov
3817:F. Trepov
3640:Menshikov
2549:Right SRs
2274:elections
2093:Civil War
2064:July Days
2038:Civil War
1710:0162-895X
1247:romanized
918:mediator.
864:) in the
740:Comintern
728:Politburo
707:Petrograd
691:Leningrad
687:Petrograd
651:Testament
631:Petrograd
618:socialist
595:July Days
546:socialist
526:Bolshevik
477:Biography
438:in 1921.
436:Politburo
334:Spouse(s)
238:In office
230:Politburo
212:In office
201:In office
193:Politburo
137:In office
97:In office
4080:Yakovlev
4049:Gidaspov
4034:Solovyov
4019:Rodionov
3999:Alexeyev
3964:Zinoviev
3918:Rogovsky
3913:Yurevich
3871:Dedyulin
3856:Kleigels
3851:von Wahl
3755:Levashov
3745:Ignatyev
3710:Balashov
3690:Kamensky
3670:Arkharov
3660:Golitsyn
3645:Apraksin
2582:Left SRs
2363:Left SRs
2259:Red Army
2207:Siberian
1851:29 March
1203:See also
767:Red Army
564:, among
294:Moscow,
48:Zinoviev
4115:Italics
4075:Sobchak
4029:Aristov
4004:Ignatov
3974:Zhdanov
3959:Trotsky
3928:Kishkin
3846:Gresser
3841:Baranov
3750:Suvorov
3740:Shulgin
3730:Kavelin
3695:Tolstoy
3650:Sapieha
2384:Figures
2323:Parties
1718:3792241
1283:Russian
1273:system.
1249::
1238:Russian
1140:by the
970:Finance
952:editor
888:at the
842:at the
738:of the
614:Vikzhel
568:in 1918
504:Ukraine
4102:Beglov
4086:Beglov
3994:Kozlov
3984:Popkov
3904:(1917)
3900:under
3861:Fullon
2331:Kadets
2222:Groups
2197:Allied
2045:Events
1890:
1820:
1793:
1768:
1741:
1716:
1708:
1665:
1597:
1572:
1547:
1522:
1495:
964:, and
949:Pravda
861:Troika
804:XIIIth
641:, and
508:Jewish
506:), to
447:troika
363:(born
34:, the
4024:Popov
3969:Kirov
3822:Zurov
3725:Essen
3665:Bruce
2336:Nabat
1876:Works
1714:JSTOR
1225:Notes
800:XIIth
763:White
752:Halle
699:herem
498:(now
349:]
315:RSDLP
3886:Balk
3804:and
2036:and
1930:and
1888:ISBN
1853:2022
1818:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1766:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1706:ISSN
1663:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1520:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1108:NKVD
1006:the
802:and
748:Baku
552:1917
369:O.S.
285:Died
256:Born
190:14th
186:13th
182:12th
178:11th
174:10th
3944:and
3796:of
1696:doi
746:in
576:in
398:'s
227:9th
223:8th
170:6th
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2019:t
2012:v
1989:.
1983:.
1913:(
1896:.
1855:.
1826:.
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1747:.
1720:.
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264:(
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20:)
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