204:
5173:
1037:
8062:
3893:
5160:
20:
8072:
8082:
1023:
740:
357:
348:, often used mathematics to illustrate many of his theories, as when he used geometry in his theory of the rainbow and the theory of proportions in his analysis of motion. Much of the knowledge about ancient Greek mathematics in this period is thanks to records referenced by Aristotle in his own works.
541:
480â540 AD), who wrote commentaries on treatises by
Archimedes and Apollonius. Although none of these mathematicians, save perhaps Diophantus, had notable original works, they are distinguished for their commentaries and expositions. These commentaries have preserved valuable extracts from works
782:
Despite the lack of original manuscripts, the dates for some Greek mathematicians are more certain than the dates of surviving
Babylonian or Egyptian sources because a number of overlapping chronologies exist, though many dates remain uncertain.
259:
supposedly believed that "all is number" and were keen in looking for mathematical relations between numbers and things. Pythagoras himself was given credit for many later discoveries, including the construction of the
175:
civilizations, both of which flourished during the 2nd millennium BC. While these civilizations possessed writing and were capable of advanced engineering, including four-story palaces with drainage and
757:
mathematical texts that have been found were written after the
Hellenistic period, most are considered to be copies of works written during and before the Hellenistic period. The two major sources are
195:
in the span of 800 to 600 BC, not much is known about Greek mathematics in this early periodânearly all of the information was passed down through later authors, beginning in the mid-4th century BC.
727:
Ancient Greek mathematics was not limited to theoretical works but was also used in other activities, such as business transactions and in land mensuration, as evidenced by extant texts where
494:, among others). Although few in number, Hellenistic mathematicians actively communicated with each other; publication consisted of passing and copying someone's work among colleagues.
545:
Most of the mathematical texts written in Greek survived through the copying of manuscripts over the centuries. While some fragments dating from antiquity have been found above all in
1900:
1612:
336:
ideas about number and believed that the elements of matter could be broken down into geometric solids. He also believed that geometrical proportions bound the
1646:
3929:
3618:
3122:
681:). Archimedes also showed that the number of grains of sand filling the universe was not uncountable, devising his own counting scheme based on the
3536:
5209:
5033:
3768:
3603:
1384:
2103:
2498:
649:
to reach answers to problems with an arbitrary degree of accuracy, while specifying the limits within which the answers lay. Known as the
264:. However, Aristotle refused to attribute anything specifically to Pythagoras and only discussed the work of the Pythagoreans as a group.
4633:
1134:
6809:
1056:
5111:
3809:
4414:
3950:
2341:
Prolegomena
Mathematica: From Apollonius of Perga to the Late Neoplatonism. With an Appendix on Pappus and the History of Platonism
1078:
3922:
3835:
2543:
332:, mentions mathematics in several of his dialogues. While not considered a mathematician, Plato seems to have been influenced by
542:
which have perished, or historical allusions which, in the absence of original documents, are precious because of their rarity.
4958:
3713:
1375:"Sub-scientific mathematics: Undercurrents and missing links in the mathematical technology of the Hellenistic and Roman world"
775:
549:, as a rule they do not add anything significant to our knowledge of Greek mathematics preserved in the manuscript tradition.
236:, he traveled to Babylon from where he learned mathematics and other subjects, coming up with the proof of what is now called
4688:
3489:
3462:
3441:
3418:
3400:
3379:
3356:
3336:
3318:
3291:
2980:
2577:
2401:
2349:
2319:
2123:
2086:
1881:
1836:
1703:
1624:
1418:
1321:
1212:
613:, who presumably wrote on optics, astronomy, and harmonics, collected many previous mathematical results and theorems in the
6197:
4653:
3529:
789:(2011) has counted 144 ancient authors in the mathematical or exact sciences, from whom only 29 works are extant in Greek:
5202:
5021:
4424:
3830:
3591:
6819:
6509:
6202:
6136:
5088:
3915:
3763:
3728:
771:
3308:
6207:
6182:
3504:
1770:
1168:
1104:
3871:
2253:
104:
8016:
6765:
6192:
6187:
3859:
3740:
3693:
6659:
6519:
6514:
5791:
3896:
3825:
3635:
3522:
1201:"The Creation of Second-Order Knowledge in Ancient Greek Science as a Process in the Globalization of Knowledge"
203:
8043:
6684:
6098:
5195:
5057:
4990:
4623:
4503:
3686:
3674:
3432:
1555:
1538:
1504:
3130:
2631:
8038:
7595:
7088:
6604:
6524:
6222:
5932:
3840:
3669:
3608:
3010:
2913:
228:(c. 624â548 BC). Very little is known about his life, although it is generally agreed that he was one of the
111:
2819:
1372:
470:
Several centers of learning appeared during the
Hellenistic period, of which the most important one was the
8011:
6540:
5994:
5126:
4883:
4771:
3946:
3789:
2230:
Pappus Reborn : Pappus of
Alexandria and the Changing Face of Analysis and Synthesis in Late Antiquity
1926:
1083:
7066:
6674:
6550:
6212:
6166:
6121:
5897:
5586:
4835:
4766:
858:
412:
of scholarship throughout the
Hellenistic world, and the mathematics of the Classical period merged with
7605:
2434:
8106:
7727:
7600:
6733:
6728:
6704:
6614:
6131:
5229:
4462:
4278:
677:
456:
310:
4253:
2187:
2146:
890:
8085:
8028:
6984:
6787:
6772:
6694:
6629:
5949:
5844:
5318:
5252:
4997:
4968:
4328:
4183:
3701:
2678:
447:(c. 100â170 AD) was of a very advanced level and rarely mastered outside a small circle. Examples of
277:
is customarily attributed to the
Pythagoreans, including the discovery of irrationals, attributed to
6596:
6576:
5774:
5432:
3509:
2447:"Eudoxos and Dedekind: On the ancient Greek theory of ratios and its relation to modern mathematics"
2068:
1400:
1339:
On the early history of axiomatics: The interaction of mathematics and philosophy in Greek
Antiquity
6782:
6745:
6679:
6345:
6232:
5131:
4865:
4408:
3630:
2538:
229:
2914:"The Hyperbola-Construction in the Conics, Book II: Ancient Variations on a Theorem of Apollonius"
2594:
8065:
7189:
6989:
6974:
6777:
6760:
6740:
6709:
6609:
6545:
6161:
6146:
6116:
6077:
5954:
5806:
5308:
5093:
5069:
4943:
4878:
4819:
4756:
4746:
4482:
4401:
4263:
4173:
4053:
3664:
3652:
3623:
3549:
939:
838:
659:
406:, leading to the spread of the Greek language and culture across these regions. Greek became the
159:
The origins of Greek mathematics are not well documented. The earliest advanced civilizations in
4363:
134:
8023:
7026:
6797:
6755:
6689:
6654:
6106:
6090:
5786:
5727:
5576:
5571:
5116:
5064:
4963:
4791:
4741:
4726:
4721:
4492:
4293:
4228:
4218:
4168:
3784:
3718:
3579:
3545:
2495:
1073:
981:
870:
818:
646:
636:
620:
417:
98:
3866:
8075:
7304:
7294:
7284:
7269:
6959:
6699:
6669:
6624:
6619:
6250:
6217:
6019:
5924:
5910:
5566:
5437:
5401:
5164:
5016:
4860:
4801:
4678:
4601:
4549:
4351:
4258:
4108:
3878:
3733:
3708:
3640:
3586:
1905:
Companion
Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences: Volume One
882:
878:
862:
574:
452:
383:
2115:
1787:
1242:
1188:. Greek Thought: A Guide to Classical Knowledge: Harvard University Press. pp. 386â413.
305:. Other mathematicians active in this period, not fully affiliated with any school, include
7547:
7541:
7527:
7011:
6969:
6941:
6826:
6639:
5869:
5665:
5141:
5081:
5045:
4888:
4711:
4658:
4628:
4618:
4527:
4390:
4283:
4198:
4153:
4133:
3978:
3963:
3758:
3657:
3022:
2925:
1985:
1246:
898:
886:
866:
826:
790:
650:
615:
582:
512:
413:
366:
306:
285:(fl. 450 BC). The greatest mathematician associated with the group, however, may have been
273:
212:
123:
85:
is an important difference between Greek mathematics and those of preceding civilizations.
1594:
Hans-Joachim Waschkies, "Introduction" to "Part 1: The Beginning of Greek Mathematics" in
1556:"A review of Aristotle's claim regarding Pythagoreans fundamental Beliefs: All is number?"
8:
7678:
7648:
7036:
6931:
6926:
6363:
5678:
5591:
5561:
5515:
5278:
5121:
5040:
5028:
5009:
4973:
4893:
4811:
4796:
4786:
4736:
4731:
4673:
4542:
4434:
4298:
4288:
4188:
4158:
4098:
4073:
3998:
3988:
3973:
3799:
3647:
3598:
3569:
3300:
3279:
1693:
1067:
894:
806:
794:
534:
520:
464:
448:
436:
379:
282:
237:
191:
civilizations had an influence on the younger Greek tradition. Unlike the flourishing of
168:
78:
28:
3026:
2929:
1989:
1250:
53:
periods, mostly from the 5th century BC to the 6th century AD, around the shores of the
7895:
7792:
7698:
7342:
7259:
7147:
6649:
6473:
5989:
5969:
5826:
5697:
5581:
5376:
5303:
5177:
5136:
5076:
5004:
4870:
4845:
4663:
4638:
4606:
4444:
4203:
4148:
4113:
4008:
3804:
3564:
3346:
3230:
3191:
3103:
3083:
3034:
2986:
2965:
Collineations and Conic Sections: An Introduction to Projective Geometry in its History
2937:
2894:
2847:
2800:
2753:
2745:
2474:
2188:"Practicing algebra in late antiquity: The problem-solving of Diophantus of Alexandria"
2049:
2001:
1954:
1842:
1740:
1674:
1477:
1310:
1262:
1042:
834:
798:
761:
728:
699:
624:
375:
345:
82:
46:
152:
could be any branch of learning, or anything learnt; however, since antiquity certain
8071:
7970:
7557:
7106:
6954:
6906:
6719:
6664:
6581:
6458:
6330:
6151:
5984:
5937:
5877:
5751:
5733:
5709:
5691:
5646:
5601:
5596:
5247:
5172:
4850:
4761:
4611:
4537:
4510:
4273:
4093:
4083:
4018:
3485:
3458:
3437:
3414:
3396:
3375:
3352:
3332:
3314:
3287:
3248:
Toomer, G. J. (January 1984). "Lost greek mathematical works in arabic translation".
3234:
3183:
3175:
3107:
3038:
2990:
2976:
2941:
2886:
2851:
2839:
2792:
2757:
2737:
2698:
2659:
2614:
2573:
2466:
2397:
2345:
2315:
2290:
2209:
2168:
2119:
2082:
2041:
2005:
1958:
1946:
1877:
1832:
1766:
1732:
1699:
1678:
1666:
1620:
1577:
1534:
1500:
1469:
1414:
1317:
1208:
1200:
1164:
1036:
802:
708:
687:
592:
586:
482:, which attracted scholars from across the Hellenistic world (mostly Greek, but also
314:
290:
247:(c. 580â500 BC), who supposedly visited Egypt and Babylon, and ultimately settled in
225:
183:
Though no direct evidence is available, it is generally thought that the neighboring
156:(mainly arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and harmonics) were granted special status.
70:
54:
3514:
3195:
2478:
1866:
The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had to Be Reborn
1846:
1826:
1481:
1357:. Science and Philosophy in Classical Greece: Garland Publishing Inc. pp. 1â10.
1207:, MPRL â Studies, Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften,
7900:
7432:
7397:
7214:
7071:
6949:
6836:
6831:
6156:
6111:
5942:
5849:
5465:
5298:
5283:
5273:
5052:
4923:
4840:
4596:
4584:
4532:
4268:
3681:
3257:
3222:
3165:
3095:
3057:
3030:
2968:
2961:"Conics in Greek Geometry: Apollonius, Harmonic Division, and Later Greek Geometry"
2933:
2878:
2831:
2784:
2729:
2690:
2606:
2458:
2389:
2234:
2199:
2158:
2111:
2074:
1993:
1938:
1869:
1658:
1567:
1461:
1406:
1266:
1254:
1115:
998:
604:
502:
329:
321:
192:
172:
2835:
2694:
2648:"Spherical Interpretation of Plane Geometry in Menelaus of Alexandria's Sphaerica"
2278:
423:
Greek mathematics and astronomy reached its acme during the Hellenistic and early
7915:
7673:
7461:
7274:
7016:
6882:
6814:
6141:
5739:
5721:
5715:
5629:
5606:
5480:
5391:
5351:
5288:
4693:
4683:
4577:
4303:
3369:
3365:
2567:
2502:
1997:
1942:
842:
767:
395:
7940:
7653:
2972:
2393:
2228:
1873:
653:, Archimedes employed it in several of his works, including an approximation to
595:
developed a theory of proportion that bears resemblance to the modern theory of
7797:
7737:
7732:
7688:
7469:
7417:
7407:
7387:
7377:
7121:
7116:
7111:
5964:
5763:
5757:
5745:
5545:
5520:
5293:
5218:
4953:
4948:
4776:
4668:
4648:
4476:
4033:
4003:
3388:
3211:"Greek-Arabic-Latin: The Transmission of Mathematical Texts in the Middle Ages"
1973:
1061:
1007:
927:
754:
491:
333:
261:
256:
129:
74:
42:
3226:
3170:
3153:
2960:
2647:
2381:
1861:
1662:
1119:
8100:
8033:
7950:
7925:
7615:
7537:
7219:
7162:
7061:
7051:
7021:
7003:
6877:
6029:
5811:
5703:
5659:
5621:
5460:
5381:
4913:
4781:
4751:
4572:
4380:
4323:
3179:
3042:
2945:
2890:
2843:
2796:
2741:
2702:
2663:
2618:
2470:
2335:
2294:
2213:
2204:
2172:
2163:
2045:
1950:
1736:
1670:
1581:
1473:
1281:
1028:
695:
578:
570:
479:
408:
387:
370:(c. 300 BC), considered the most influential mathematics textbook of all time
294:
252:
188:
3907:
2610:
1572:
77:. The development of mathematics as a theoretical discipline and the use of
7850:
7802:
7668:
7522:
7392:
7031:
6867:
6373:
6335:
6034:
4855:
4643:
4318:
4078:
4068:
3304:
3187:
3011:"The Chord Table of Hipparchus and the Early History of Greek Trigonometry"
717:
600:
566:
460:
424:
399:
177:
66:
57:. Greek mathematicians lived in cities spread over the entire region, from
50:
2311:
Prolegomena Mathematica: From Apollonius of Perga to the Late Neoplatonism
2078:
1805:
1465:
1410:
694:
The most characteristic product of Greek mathematics may be the theory of
7870:
7762:
7742:
7570:
7078:
7056:
7046:
7041:
6964:
6921:
6468:
6378:
6368:
6255:
6245:
6009:
5386:
5361:
4469:
4357:
4063:
4048:
3450:
3427:
3210:
2882:
950:
786:
745:
596:
558:
507:
451:
around this time include the construction of analogue computers like the
391:
38:
7575:
3472:
2898:
2866:
2749:
2717:
2053:
2033:
1744:
1720:
7807:
7777:
7772:
7757:
7643:
7610:
7279:
7249:
6916:
6644:
6478:
6320:
6315:
6305:
6290:
6275:
6265:
6240:
5616:
5371:
5326:
4455:
4374:
4313:
4308:
4248:
4233:
4178:
4163:
4118:
4058:
4043:
4023:
3993:
3958:
3261:
2804:
2772:
2733:
2462:
2309:
874:
850:
810:
721:
703:
642:
619:, a canon of geometry and elementary number theory for many centuries.
498:
475:
440:
432:
244:
207:
3158:
NTM Zeitschrift fĂŒr Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin
2279:"Isidore of Miletus and Hypatia: On the Editing of Mathematical Texts"
7782:
7708:
7693:
7663:
7658:
7590:
7514:
7499:
7484:
7427:
7327:
6979:
6911:
6483:
6463:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6388:
6383:
6353:
6300:
6260:
6039:
5905:
5859:
5839:
5470:
5341:
4208:
4193:
4143:
4038:
4028:
4013:
3983:
2446:
1258:
1050:
846:
822:
483:
341:
320:
Greek mathematics also drew the attention of philosophers during the
302:
184:
2788:
2718:"Archimedes and the Measurement of the Circle: A New Interpretation"
2339:
1828:
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
1449:
1343:
Theory Change, Ancient Axiomatics, and Galileo's Methodology, Vol. 1
557:
Greek mathematics constitutes an important period in the history of
19:
7832:
7822:
7812:
7787:
7565:
7532:
7494:
7437:
7352:
7337:
7194:
7184:
7101:
7096:
6493:
6488:
6448:
6443:
6418:
6398:
6325:
6280:
6270:
6126:
6024:
5959:
5887:
5495:
4345:
4123:
3968:
3099:
902:
739:
672:
664:
562:
529:
286:
278:
140:
58:
7585:
3120:
2536:
2238:
7975:
7965:
7910:
7905:
7890:
7880:
7865:
7860:
7747:
7635:
7625:
7504:
7479:
7474:
7447:
7442:
7422:
7412:
7402:
7367:
7357:
7347:
7299:
7289:
7264:
7229:
7224:
7199:
6852:
6634:
6295:
6285:
6044:
6014:
6004:
5999:
5979:
5974:
5854:
5801:
5510:
5500:
5490:
5485:
5475:
5187:
4918:
4243:
4238:
4138:
4128:
4103:
854:
830:
713:
524:
471:
444:
248:
233:
217:
7920:
7234:
2493:
Eudoxus, the most important mathematician you've never heard of.
7945:
7875:
7855:
7817:
7683:
7489:
7382:
7319:
7309:
7254:
6872:
6857:
6453:
6438:
6413:
6408:
6393:
6054:
6049:
5816:
5796:
5540:
5530:
5525:
5396:
5356:
5346:
5331:
4213:
4088:
814:
682:
610:
428:
361:
356:
337:
298:
268:
164:
160:
24:
2515:
2108:
Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World
712:. The methods employed in these works made no explicit use of
7955:
7930:
7827:
7767:
7752:
7620:
7580:
7332:
7244:
7239:
7209:
7204:
7179:
6862:
6403:
6358:
6310:
5882:
5834:
5535:
5505:
5452:
5427:
5366:
5336:
4589:
4567:
4223:
3154:"The Bibliosphere of Ancient Science (Outside of Alexandria)"
2102:
Acerbi, F. (2018). Keyser, Paul T; Scarborough, John (eds.).
546:
403:
325:
62:
2496:
https://web.stanford.edu/~yuvalwig/math/teaching/Eudoxus.pdf
2388:, Compact Textbooks in Mathematics, Springer, pp. 1â8,
2382:"AxiomaticsâEuclid's and Hilbert's: From Material to Formal"
908:
The following works are extant only in Arabic translations:
734:
623:, a later geometer and astronomer, wrote a standard work on
515:(c. 290â350 AD), who compiled many important results in the
7960:
7935:
7885:
7372:
7362:
2967:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 45â57,
1619:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 167â184,
1402:
The Origin of the History of Science in Classical Antiquity
1355:
Some remarks on the origins of Greek science and philosophy
764:, written some 500 to 1500 years after their originals, and
463:(276â194 BC), and the mathematical and mechanical works of
116:
1112:
The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek and Roman Science
731:
and practical considerations took more of a central role.
3371:
Unknown Quantity: A Real And Imaginary History of Algebra
2520:
Acta Mathematica Academiae Paedagogicae NyĂ regyhĂĄziensis
1282:"Classification of the sciences in Greco-Roman antiquity"
1002:(extant in Latin from an Arabic translation of the Greek)
487:
3470:
Sing, Robert; van Berkel Tazuko; Osborne, Robin (2021),
3395:(2nd ed.), Springer Science + Business Media Inc.,
2432:
History of Mathematics Special Interest Group of the MAA
2959:
Baltus, Christopher (2020), Baltus, Christopher (ed.),
1974:"The Antikythera mechanism and the mechanical universe"
1312:
A History of Mathematics: From Mesopotamia to Modernity
654:
2147:"Completing Diophantus, De polygonis numeris, prop. 5"
427:, and much of the work represented by authors such as
3544:
3084:"Greco-Egyptian Arithmetical Problems: P. Mich. 4966"
1434:
1432:
1430:
1064: â System of writing numbers using Greek letters
706:
and perfected primarily under Apollonius in his work
3065:
DIO: The International Journal of Scientific History
1765:. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 82â110.
1695:
Numbers, Ontologically Speaking: Plato on Numerosity
1018:
340:
together rather than physical or mechanical forces.
1560:
Filosofia Unisinos / Unisinos Journal of Philosophy
3326:
2773:"Archimedes' Quadrature of the Parabola Revisited"
1427:
1309:
3413:(3rd ed.), The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2599:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
2185:
8098:
1868:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 31â55,
1450:"Thales and the Origin of Theoretical Reasoning"
1139:Science and Mathematics in Ancient Greek Culture
351:
198:
5423:
3121:J J O'Connor and E F Robertson (October 1999).
2430:Powers, J. (2020). Did Archimedes do calculus?
1233:Heath (1931). "A Manual of Greek Mathematics".
645:made use of a technique dependent on a form of
585:, and, at times, approached ideas close to the
2420:. Vita Mathematica: MAA Press. pp. 67â86.
2418:The method of indivisibles in Ancient Geometry
1831:(1 ed.). University of California Press.
1448:Panchenko, D. V. (Dmitrii Vadimovich) (1993).
497:Later mathematicians in the Roman era include
180:, they left behind no mathematical documents.
5203:
3937:
3923:
3530:
3313:(3rd ed.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
3299:
2537:J J O'Connor and E F Robertson (April 1999).
1924:
1611:Netz, Reviel (2014), Huffman, Carl A. (ed.),
1163:(2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 48.
3329:Classics in the History of Greek Mathematics
2676:
2595:"Euclid's Elements and the Axiomatic Method"
2386:Turning Points in the History of Mathematics
2379:
1596:Classics in the History of Greek Mathematics
1513:
1341:. D. Reidel Publishing Co. pp. 145â186.
1308:Hodgkin, Luke (2005). "Greeks and origins".
635:, arguably considered the first treatise in
378:began in the late 4th century BC, following
3411:The History of Mathematics: An Introduction
3129:. University of St. Andrews. Archived from
3127:The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
2817:
663:), and a proof that the area enclosed by a
607:, who acknowledged Eudoxus as inspiration.
569:. Greek mathematicians also contributed to
289:(c. 435-360 BC), who solved the problem of
6089:
5210:
5196:
3930:
3916:
3537:
3523:
3364:
3348:The History of Mathematics: A Brief Course
2770:
1927:"Hero of Alexandria's Mechanical Geometry"
1385:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt
1070: â Historical development of geometry
1057:Chronology of ancient Greek mathematicians
720:, the latter appearing around the time of
255:, where he started a kind of brotherhood.
3387:
3169:
3123:"How do we know about Greek mathematics?"
2203:
2162:
1571:
1447:
1405:. Peripatoi. De Gruyter. pp. 23â44.
1366:
1364:
1205:The Globalization of Knowledge in History
1198:
1103:Sidoli, Nathan (2020). Taub, Liba (ed.).
735:Transmission and the manuscript tradition
420:to give rise to Hellenistic mathematics.
3058:"The very early history of trigonometry"
2634:The Foundations of Arithmetic in Euclid.
2516:"Proportion theory in Greek mathematics"
2334:
2307:
2034:"Greek Science in its Hellenistic Phase"
1760:
1718:
1644:
1613:"The problem of Pythagorean mathematics"
1553:
1079:Timeline of ancient Greek mathematicians
738:
355:
202:
88:
18:
3473:Numbers and Numeracy in the Greek Polis
3081:
2820:"The Goal of Archimedes' Sand Reckoner"
2592:
2565:
2544:MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
2276:
2251:
2226:
1971:
1785:
1307:
1053: â 2nd Abbasid caliph (r. 754â775)
224:Greek mathematics allegedly began with
8099:
7143:
4959:Latin translations of the 12th century
3408:
3247:
3008:
2958:
2144:
2101:
2066:
1691:
1438:Boyer & Merzbach (2011) pp. 40â89.
1370:
1361:
1279:
1102:
992:Commentary on Euclid's Elements book X
527:(c. 370â415 AD), who edited Ptolemy's
139:
128:
8000:
7142:
6571:
6075:
5422:
5242:
5191:
4689:Straightedge and compass construction
3911:
3518:
3479:
3449:
3426:
3344:
3278:
3208:
2911:
2864:
2771:Swain, Gordon; Dence, Thomas (1998).
2722:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
2715:
2677:Papadopoulos, Athanase (2019-08-09).
2645:
2513:
2444:
2415:
2364:
2116:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734146.013.69
1898:
1894:
1892:
1859:
1824:
1812:
1756:
1754:
1606:
1604:
1528:
1494:
1398:
1382:(Unpublished manuscript, written for
1336:
1232:
1183:
1158:
698:, which was largely developed in the
210:with a tablet of ratios, detail from
7611:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
5243:
4654:Incircle and excircles of a triangle
3151:
3055:
2186:Christianidis, J.; Oaks, J. (2013).
2031:
1692:Calian, Florin George (2021-12-09).
1610:
1352:
1303:
1301:
1135:"Greek mathematics: A group picture"
1132:
935:Construction of the Regular Heptagon
344:(c. 384â322 BC), the founder of the
328:(c. 428â348 BC), the founder of the
3482:The Beginnings of Greek Mathematics
2283:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
148:, "to learn". Strictly speaking, a
13:
6572:
5217:
3152:Netz, Reviel (27 September 2011).
3035:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1974.tb00205.x
2938:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1981.tb00647.x
2652:Journal for the History of Science
2569:EuclidâThe Creation of Mathematics
1889:
1751:
1601:
505:and a work in pre-modern algebra (
455:, the accurate measurement of the
41:texts and ideas stemming from the
14:
8118:
3498:
2683:The American Mathematical Monthly
2254:"Theon of Alexandria and Hypatia"
1763:The Beginnings of Western Science
1554:Cornelli, Gabriele (2016-05-20).
1298:
523:(c. 335â405 AD) and his daughter
97:("mathematics") derives from the
8080:
8070:
8061:
8060:
5171:
5158:
3892:
3891:
3484:, Reidel & Akademiai Kiado,
3327:Jean Christianidis, ed. (2004),
2022:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 273â277.
1815:, "Euclid of Alexandria" p. 119)
1786:Mendell, Henry (26 March 2004).
1035:
1021:
8081:
3476:, Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-46722-4
3241:
3202:
3145:
3114:
3075:
3049:
3002:
2952:
2905:
2858:
2811:
2764:
2709:
2670:
2639:
2625:
2586:
2559:
2530:
2507:
2485:
2438:
2424:
2409:
2380:Grant, H.; Kleiner, I. (2015),
2373:
2358:
2328:
2301:
2270:
2245:
2220:
2179:
2138:
2095:
2060:
2025:
2012:
1965:
1918:
1853:
1818:
1779:
1712:
1685:
1638:
1588:
1547:
1522:
1488:
1441:
1392:
1346:
552:
267:Almost half of the material in
243:An equally enigmatic figure is
4991:A History of Greek Mathematics
4504:The Quadrature of the Parabola
3433:A History of Greek Mathematics
3331:, Kluwer Academic Publishers,
3286:, Princeton University Press,
3250:The Mathematical Intelligencer
2912:Knorr, Wilbur Richard (1981).
2367:A History of Greek Mathematics
1330:
1273:
1226:
1199:Schiefsky, Mark (2012-07-20),
1192:
1177:
1152:
1126:
1096:
501:(c. 214â298 AD), who wrote on
297:, and possibly contributed to
1:
5682:
5669:
5650:
5633:
3455:A Manual of Greek Mathematics
3272:
2836:10.1515/APEIRON.2003.36.4.251
2695:10.1080/00029890.2019.1604052
2572:. New York: Springer-Verlag.
1972:Edmunds, M. G. (2014-10-02).
1901:"Greek mathematics to AD 300"
352:Hellenistic and Roman periods
199:Archaic and Classical periods
16:Mathematics of Ancient Greeks
6810:Funeral and burial practices
5995:Military of Mycenaean Greece
4772:Intersecting secants theorem
3209:Lorch, Richard (June 2001).
2679:"Three Theorems of Menelaus"
2491:Wigderson, Y. (April 2019).
2445:Stein, Howard (1990-08-01).
2258:History of the Ancient World
2070:Hellenistic Science at Court
1998:10.1080/00107514.2014.927280
1943:10.1515/APEIRON.2004.37.4.29
1925:Karin Tybjerg (2004-12-01).
1399:Zhmud, Leonid (2008-08-22).
1084:List of Greek mathematicians
702:, starting with the work of
675:with equal base and height (
561:: fundamental in respect of
117:
7:
4767:Intersecting chords theorem
4634:Doctrine of proportionality
3510:Famous Greek Mathematicians
3393:Mathematics and its History
2973:10.1007/978-3-030-46287-1_4
2867:"The problem of Apollonius"
2646:Amini, Hasan (2013-03-21).
2593:MUELLER, IAN (1969-12-01).
2547:. University of St. Andrews
2394:10.1007/978-1-4939-3264-1_1
1874:10.1007/978-3-642-18904-3_3
1788:"Aristotle and Mathematics"
1617:A History of Pythagoreanism
1316:. Oxford University Press.
1105:"Ancient Greek Mathematics"
1014:
10:
8123:
6734:Greek Revival architecture
6076:
4463:On the Sphere and Cylinder
4416:On the Sizes and Distances
2818:Reviel Netz (2003-12-01).
678:Quadrature of the Parabola
457:circumference of the Earth
103:
102:
8056:
8007:
8001:
7996:
7841:
7718:
7707:
7634:
7556:
7513:
7460:
7318:
7170:
7161:
7157:
7138:
7087:
7002:
6940:
6902:
6895:
6845:
6805:
6796:
6718:
6595:
6591:
6567:
6533:
6502:
6344:
6231:
6175:
6142:Attalid kings of Pergamon
6097:
6088:
6084:
6071:
5950:Antigonid Macedonian army
5923:
5896:
5868:
5825:
5782:
5773:
5615:
5554:
5451:
5447:
5418:
5317:
5266:
5262:
5238:
5225:
5165:Ancient Greece portal
5154:
5104:
4982:
4969:Philosophy of mathematics
4939:
4932:
4906:
4884:Ptolemy's table of chords
4828:
4810:
4709:
4702:
4558:
4520:
4337:
3945:
3939:Ancient Greek mathematics
3887:
3849:
3818:
3777:
3751:
3557:
3409:Burton, David M. (1997),
3227:10.1017/S0269889701000114
3171:10.1007/s00048-011-0057-2
2716:Knorr, Wilbur R. (1976).
2227:Rideout, Bronwyn (2008).
2104:"Hellenistic Mathematics"
1862:"Hellenistic Mathematics"
1725:The Review of Metaphysics
1719:Cherniss, Harold (1951).
1663:10.1017/S0269889705000347
1499:. Wiley. pp. 42â43.
1120:10.1017/9781316136096.010
660:Measurement of the Circle
4836:Aristarchus's inequality
4409:On Conoids and Spheroids
3310:A History of Mathematics
3284:A History of Mathematics
2205:10.1016/j.hm.2012.09.001
2164:10.1016/j.hm.2011.05.002
2020:The Forgotten Revolution
1761:Lindberg, David (2008).
1721:"Plato as Mathematician"
1645:Burnyeat, M. F. (2005).
1497:A History of Mathematics
1161:A History of Mathematics
1089:
729:computational procedures
685:, which denoted 10,000 (
230:Seven Wise Men of Greece
4944:Ancient Greek astronomy
4757:Inscribed angle theorem
4747:Greek geometric algebra
4402:Measurement of a Circle
3082:Robbins, F. E. (1934).
2871:The Mathematics Teacher
2566:Artmann, Benno (1999).
1573:10.4013/fsu.2016.171.06
1519:Heath (2003) pp. 36â111
959:On Divisions of Figures
778:of the Arabic versions.
667:and a straight line is
6176:Artists & scholars
6091:List of ancient Greeks
5728:Second Athenian League
5577:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
5402:Ancient Greek colonies
5178:Mathematics portal
4964:Non-Euclidean geometry
4919:Mouseion of Alexandria
4792:Tangent-secant theorem
4742:Geometric mean theorem
4727:Exterior angle theorem
4722:Angle bisector theorem
4426:On Sizes and Distances
3810:Medieval Islamic world
3546:History of mathematics
3480:Szabo, Arpad (1978) ,
3457:, Dover publications,
3436:, Dover publications,
3374:, Joseph Henry Press,
3351:, Wiley-Interscience,
3009:Toomer, G. J. (1974).
2365:Heath, Thomas (1921).
1074:History of mathematics
921:Cutting Off of a Ratio
753:Although the earliest
750:
647:proof by contradiction
637:non-Euclidean geometry
575:mathematical astronomy
418:Babylonian mathematics
371:
221:
31:
7295:Sybaris on the Traeis
6020:Sacred Band of Thebes
5760:(c. 300 BCâc. 300 AD)
5274:Cycladic civilization
4866:Pappus's area theorem
4802:Theorem of the gnomon
4679:Quadratrix of Hippias
4602:Circles of Apollonius
4550:Problem of Apollonius
4528:Constructible numbers
4352:Archimedes Palimpsest
3879:Future of mathematics
3856:Women in mathematics
3345:Cooke, Roger (1997),
2865:Court, N. A. (1961).
2611:10.1093/bjps/20.4.289
2308:Mansfeld, J. (2016).
2079:10.1515/9783110541939
2018:Russo, Lucio (2004).
1792:Stanford Encyclopedia
1647:"Archytas and Optics"
1533:. Wiley. p. 45.
1466:10.1353/con.1993.0024
1411:10.1515/9783110194326
1133:Netz, Reviel (2002).
743:Cover of Diophantus'
742:
533:and other works, and
453:Antikythera mechanism
443:(c. 190â120 BC), and
384:Eastern Mediterranean
380:Alexander the Great's
359:
313:(c. 417â369 BC), and
206:
89:Origins and etymology
69:, but were united by
22:
6820:mythological figures
6541:Ancient Greek tribes
5666:Peloponnesian League
5082:prehistoric counting
4879:Ptolemy's inequality
4820:Apollonius's theorem
4659:Method of exhaustion
4629:Diophantine equation
4619:Circumscribed circle
4436:On the Moving Sphere
3831:Over Cantor's theory
3451:Heath, Thomas Little
3428:Heath, Thomas Little
2883:10.5951/MT.54.6.0444
2777:Mathematics Magazine
2277:Cameron, A. (1990).
2252:Lambrou, M. (2003).
2192:Historia Mathematica
2151:Historia Mathematica
2110:. pp. 268â292.
2032:Luce, J. V. (1988).
1978:Contemporary Physics
1847:10.1525/j.ctt130jt89
1531:A History of Science
1529:Boyer, Carl (1968).
1495:Boyer, Carl (1968).
1353:Kahn, C. H. (1991).
1159:Boyer, C.B. (1991).
867:Aristides Quintilian
671:times the area of a
651:method of exhaustion
627:in the style of the
583:mathematical physics
565:and for the idea of
513:Pappus of Alexandria
307:Hippocrates of Chios
281:(c. 530â450 BC) and
213:The School of Athens
130:[mĂĄ.tÊ°ÉË.ma]
6932:Tunnel of Eupalinos
6927:Theatre of Dionysus
6551:Ancient Macedonians
6167:Tyrants of Syracuse
5679:Amphictyonic League
5279:Minoan civilization
5168: •
4974:Neusis construction
4894:Spiral of Theodorus
4787:Pythagorean theorem
4732:Euclidean algorithm
4674:Lune of Hippocrates
4543:Squaring the circle
4299:Theon of Alexandria
3974:Aristaeus the Elder
3867:Approximations of Ï
3778:By ancient cultures
3027:1974Cent...18....6T
2930:1981Cent...25..253K
2632:Pierce, D. (2015).
2539:"Eudoxus of Cnidus"
2369:. Humphrey Milford.
2145:Acerbi, F. (2011).
2067:Berrey, M. (2017).
1990:2014ConPh..55..263E
1371:HĂžyrup, J. (1990).
1280:Furner, J. (2020).
1251:1931Natur.128..739T
1068:History of geometry
895:Theon of Alexandria
774:of Greek works and
772:Arabic translations
535:Eutocius of Ascalon
521:Theon of Alexandria
449:applied mathematics
262:five regular solids
245:Pythagoras of Samos
141:[Ëma.Ξi.ma]
79:deductive reasoning
29:Pythagorean theorem
23:An illustration of
7606:Menestheus's Limin
7260:Pandosia (Lucania)
7148:Greek colonisation
6510:Athenian statesmen
6271:Diogenes of Sinope
6132:Kings of Macedonia
6122:Kings of Commagene
5990:Macedonian phalanx
5970:Hellenistic armies
5718:(c. 424âc. 395 BC)
5582:Indo-Greek Kingdom
5304:Hellenistic Greece
4861:Menelaus's theorem
4851:Irrational numbers
4664:Parallel postulate
4639:Euclidean geometry
4607:Apollonian circles
4149:Isidore of Miletus
3670:Information theory
3262:10.1007/BF03024153
3215:Science in Context
3133:on 30 January 2000
2734:10.1007/BF00348496
2514:Filep, L. (2003).
2501:2021-07-28 at the
2463:10.1007/BF00485377
2416:Knorr, W. (1996).
1899:Jones, A. (1994).
1860:Russo, L. (2004),
1825:Green, P. (1990).
1651:Science in Context
1337:Knorr, W. (1981).
1184:Knorr, W. (2000).
1141:. pp. 196â216
1043:Mathematics portal
944:On Burning Mirrors
799:Philo of Byzantium
776:Latin translations
751:
700:Hellenistic period
625:spherical geometry
372:
346:Peripatetic school
222:
32:
8107:Greek mathematics
8094:
8093:
8052:
8051:
7992:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7558:Iberian Peninsula
7490:Lipara/Meligounis
7456:
7455:
7134:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7107:Cypriot syllabary
6998:
6997:
6907:Athenian Treasury
6891:
6890:
6563:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6152:Ptolemaic dynasty
6112:Archons of Athens
6067:
6066:
6063:
6062:
5938:Athenian military
5919:
5918:
5752:League of Corinth
5734:Thessalian League
5710:Chalcidian League
5692:Acarnanian League
5602:Ptolemaic Kingdom
5414:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5185:
5184:
5150:
5149:
4902:
4901:
4889:Ptolemy's theorem
4762:Intercept theorem
4612:Apollonian gasket
4538:Doubling the cube
4511:The Sand Reckoner
3905:
3904:
3741:Separation axioms
3491:978-963-05-1416-3
3464:978-0-486-43231-1
3443:978-0-486-24073-2
3420:978-0-07-009465-9
3402:978-0-387-95336-6
3381:978-0-309-09657-7
3358:978-0-471-18082-1
3338:978-1-4020-0081-2
3320:978-0-471-54397-8
3293:978-0-691-02391-5
3056:Duke, D. (2011).
2982:978-3-030-46287-1
2579:978-0-387-98423-0
2403:978-1-4939-3264-1
2351:978-90-04-32105-2
2321:978-90-04-32105-2
2125:978-0-19-973414-6
2088:978-3-11-054193-9
1883:978-3-642-18904-3
1838:978-0-520-08349-3
1705:978-90-04-46722-4
1626:978-1-107-01439-8
1420:978-3-11-019432-6
1323:978-0-19-852937-8
1214:978-3-945561-23-2
762:Byzantine codices
688:The Sand-Reckoner
593:Eudoxus of Cnidus
587:integral calculus
503:polygonal numbers
439:(c. 240â190 BC),
435:(c. 287â212 BC),
317:(c. 408â355 BC).
309:(c. 470â410 BC),
293:, identified the
291:doubling the cube
226:Thales of Miletus
115:
35:Greek mathematics
8114:
8084:
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8074:
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8063:
7998:
7997:
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7215:Heraclea Lucania
7168:
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7139:
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6899:
6832:Twelve Olympians
6803:
6802:
6593:
6592:
6569:
6568:
6157:Seleucid dynasty
6137:Kings of Paionia
6086:
6085:
6073:
6072:
5943:Scythian archers
5850:Graphe paranomon
5780:
5779:
5687:
5684:
5674:
5671:
5655:
5652:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5449:
5448:
5420:
5419:
5299:Classical Greece
5284:Mycenaean Greece
5264:
5263:
5240:
5239:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5189:
5188:
5176:
5175:
5163:
5162:
5161:
4937:
4936:
4924:Platonic Academy
4871:Problem II.8 of
4841:Crossbar theorem
4797:Thales's theorem
4737:Euclid's theorem
4707:
4706:
4624:Commensurability
4585:Axiomatic system
4533:Angle trisection
4498:
4488:
4450:
4440:
4430:
4420:
4396:
4386:
4369:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3909:
3908:
3895:
3894:
3615:Category theory
3539:
3532:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3494:
3467:
3446:
3423:
3405:
3384:
3366:Derbyshire, John
3361:
3341:
3323:
3305:Merzbach, Uta C.
3296:
3266:
3265:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3221:(1â2): 313â331.
3206:
3200:
3199:
3173:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2643:
2637:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2511:
2505:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2442:
2436:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2207:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2166:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2029:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:. pp. 46â57
1896:
1887:
1886:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1822:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1608:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1425:
1424:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1315:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1259:10.1038/128739a0
1230:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1109:
1100:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1024:
670:
605:Richard Dedekind
540:
382:conquest of the
360:A fragment from
330:Platonic Academy
322:Classical period
193:Greek literature
144:, from the verb
143:
138:
132:
127:
120:
110:
108:
107:
27:'s proof of the
8122:
8121:
8117:
8116:
8115:
8113:
8112:
8111:
8097:
8096:
8095:
8090:
8048:
8003:
7980:
7843:
7837:
7720:
7711:
7703:
7674:Melaina Korkyra
7630:
7552:
7509:
7462:Aeolian Islands
7452:
7314:
7172:
7153:
7152:
7126:
7083:
6994:
6936:
6887:
6841:
6792:
6714:
6705:Wedding customs
6587:
6586:
6555:
6546:Thracian Greeks
6529:
6520:Olympic victors
6498:
6340:
6227:
6171:
6162:Kings of Sparta
6147:Kings of Pontus
6117:Kings of Athens
6093:
6080:
6059:
5955:Army of Macedon
5915:
5892:
5864:
5821:
5769:
5742:(370âc. 230 BC)
5740:Arcadian League
5724:(c. 400â188 BC)
5722:Aetolian League
5716:Boeotian League
5698:Hellenic League
5685:
5672:
5662:(c. 650â404 BC)
5653:
5647:Italiote League
5640:
5636:
5630:Doric Hexapolis
5620:
5611:
5607:Seleucid Empire
5550:
5443:
5442:
5406:
5313:
5289:Greek Dark Ages
5258:
5257:
5234:
5221:
5216:
5186:
5181:
5170:
5159:
5157:
5146:
5112:Arabian/Islamic
5100:
5089:numeral systems
4978:
4928:
4898:
4846:Heron's formula
4824:
4806:
4698:
4694:Triangle center
4684:Regular polygon
4561:and definitions
4560:
4554:
4516:
4496:
4486:
4448:
4438:
4428:
4418:
4394:
4384:
4367:
4333:
4304:Theon of Smyrna
3949:
3941:
3936:
3906:
3901:
3883:
3845:
3826:BrouwerâHilbert
3814:
3773:
3752:Numeral systems
3747:
3609:Grandi's series
3553:
3543:
3505:Vatican Exhibit
3501:
3492:
3465:
3444:
3421:
3403:
3389:Stillwell, John
3382:
3359:
3339:
3321:
3294:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3246:
3242:
3207:
3203:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3119:
3115:
3080:
3076:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2993:
2983:
2957:
2953:
2910:
2906:
2863:
2859:
2816:
2812:
2789:10.2307/2691014
2769:
2765:
2714:
2710:
2675:
2671:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2626:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2535:
2531:
2512:
2508:
2503:Wayback Machine
2490:
2486:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2425:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2378:
2374:
2363:
2359:
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2322:
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2302:
2275:
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2262:
2260:
2250:
2246:
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2221:
2184:
2180:
2143:
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2130:
2128:
2126:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2065:
2061:
2030:
2026:
2017:
2013:
1970:
1966:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1908:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1858:
1854:
1839:
1823:
1819:
1810:
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1690:
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1593:
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1552:
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1523:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1493:
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1446:
1442:
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1428:
1421:
1397:
1393:
1379:
1369:
1362:
1351:
1347:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1288:
1278:
1274:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1197:
1193:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1131:
1127:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1017:
954:books IV to VII
843:Theon of Smyrna
737:
668:
603:, developed by
555:
538:
467:(c. 10â70 AD).
402:, and parts of
396:Iranian plateau
376:Hellenistic era
354:
238:Thales' Theorem
232:. According to
201:
133:
122:
91:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8120:
8110:
8109:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8088:
8078:
8068:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8020:
8019:
8008:
8005:
8004:
7994:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7847:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7724:
7722:
7713:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7640:
7638:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7562:
7560:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7545:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7519:
7517:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7466:
7464:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7408:Megara Hyblaea
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7388:Hybla Gereatis
7385:
7380:
7378:Heraclea Minoa
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7324:
7322:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7176:
7174:
7165:
7155:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7144:
7136:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7124:
7122:Attic numerals
7119:
7117:Greek numerals
7114:
7112:Greek alphabet
7109:
7104:
7099:
7093:
7091:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7081:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7008:
7006:
7000:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6946:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6903:
6897:
6893:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6849:
6847:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6812:
6806:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6766:Musical system
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6725:
6723:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6601:
6599:
6589:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6573:
6565:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6537:
6535:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6506:
6504:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6350:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6237:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6198:Mathematicians
6195:
6190:
6185:
6179:
6177:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6107:Kings of Argos
6103:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6082:
6081:
6069:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5965:Cretan archers
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5935:
5929:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5908:
5902:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5874:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5831:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5783:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5764:Achaean League
5761:
5758:Euboean League
5755:
5749:
5746:Epirote League
5743:
5737:
5731:
5725:
5719:
5713:
5707:
5701:
5695:
5694:(c. 500â31 BC)
5689:
5676:
5663:
5657:
5644:
5626:
5624:
5622:Confederations
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5546:Lissus (Crete)
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5455:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5424:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5323:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5294:Archaic Greece
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5268:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5244:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5219:Ancient Greece
5215:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5192:
5183:
5182:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5108:
5106:
5105:Other cultures
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4954:Greek numerals
4951:
4949:Attic numerals
4946:
4940:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4816:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4777:Law of cosines
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4669:Platonic solid
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4649:Greek numerals
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4564:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4490:
4480:
4477:Planisphaerium
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4442:
4432:
4422:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4388:
4378:
4371:
4361:
4354:
4349:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3947:Mathematicians
3943:
3942:
3935:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3912:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3836:LeibnizâNewton
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3795:Ancient Greece
3792:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3698:Number theory
3696:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3628:
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3626:
3621:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3500:
3499:External links
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3477:
3468:
3463:
3447:
3442:
3424:
3419:
3406:
3401:
3385:
3380:
3362:
3357:
3342:
3337:
3324:
3319:
3301:Boyer, Carl B.
3297:
3292:
3280:Boyer, Carl B.
3274:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3240:
3201:
3164:(3): 239â269.
3144:
3113:
3100:10.1086/346874
3074:
3048:
3001:
2981:
2951:
2924:(3): 253â291.
2904:
2877:(6): 444â452.
2857:
2830:(4): 251â290.
2810:
2783:(2): 123â130.
2763:
2728:(2): 115â140.
2708:
2689:(7): 610â619.
2669:
2638:
2624:
2605:(4): 289â309.
2585:
2578:
2558:
2529:
2506:
2484:
2457:(2): 163â211.
2437:
2423:
2408:
2402:
2372:
2357:
2350:
2327:
2320:
2300:
2289:(1): 103â127.
2269:
2244:
2219:
2198:(2): 127â163.
2178:
2157:(4): 548â560.
2137:
2124:
2094:
2087:
2073:. De Gruyter.
2059:
2040:(145): 23â38.
2024:
2011:
1984:(4): 263â285.
1964:
1917:
1888:
1882:
1852:
1837:
1817:
1804:
1778:
1771:
1750:
1731:(3): 395â425.
1711:
1704:
1684:
1637:
1625:
1600:
1587:
1546:
1539:
1521:
1512:
1505:
1487:
1460:(3): 387â414.
1454:Configurations
1440:
1426:
1419:
1391:
1360:
1345:
1329:
1322:
1297:
1272:
1225:
1213:
1191:
1176:
1169:
1151:
1125:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1062:Greek numerals
1059:
1054:
1047:
1046:
1032:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1008:Planisphaerium
1003:
994:
988:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
946:
937:
931:
928:Book of Lemmas
923:
917:
916:books V to VII
780:
779:
765:
736:
733:
696:conic sections
554:
551:
431:(fl. 300 BC),
353:
350:
200:
197:
90:
87:
75:Greek language
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8119:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8087:
8079:
8077:
8073:
8069:
8067:
8059:
8058:
8055:
8045:
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8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8013:
8010:
8009:
8006:
7999:
7995:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
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7934:
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7927:
7924:
7922:
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7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7848:
7846:
7840:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
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7769:
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7736:
7734:
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7726:
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7723:
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7714:
7710:
7706:
7700:
7697:
7695:
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7690:
7687:
7685:
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7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
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7660:
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7652:
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7647:
7645:
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7641:
7639:
7637:
7633:
7627:
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7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7586:Hemeroscopion
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7559:
7555:
7549:
7546:
7543:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7512:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7463:
7459:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7321:
7317:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
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7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
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7248:
7246:
7243:
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7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
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7218:
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7211:
7208:
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7203:
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7198:
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7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7163:Magna Graecia
7160:
7156:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7094:
7092:
7090:
7086:
7080:
7077:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7037:Arcadocypriot
7035:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7005:
7001:
6991:
6990:Zeus, Olympia
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6975:Hera, Olympia
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6901:
6898:
6894:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6878:Mount Olympus
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6846:Sacred places
6844:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
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6717:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6670:Olympic Games
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6660:Homosexuality
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
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6626:
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6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6583:
6580:
6578:
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6523:
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6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6505:
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6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
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6460:
6457:
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6447:
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6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6074:
6070:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6030:Seleucid army
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5704:Delian League
5702:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5680:
5677:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5660:Ionian League
5658:
5648:
5645:
5641: 560 BC
5631:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5618:
5614:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5382:Magna Graecia
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5213:
5208:
5206:
5201:
5199:
5194:
5193:
5190:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5167:
5166:
5153:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4782:Pons asinorum
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4752:Hinge theorem
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4692:
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4423:
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4419:(Aristarchus)
4417:
4413:
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4410:
4406:
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4399:
4397:
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4389:
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4348:
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4336:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:Zeno of Sidon
4322:
4320:
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4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
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4300:
4297:
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4280:
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4017:
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4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
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3977:
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3869:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3841:HobbesâWallis
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:Controversies
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3790:Ancient Egypt
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
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3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3694:Math notation
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
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3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3631:Combinatorics
3629:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3600:
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3212:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3160:(in German).
3159:
3155:
3148:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3094:(1): 95â103.
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3059:
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2304:
2296:
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2280:
2273:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2239:10.26021/3834
2236:
2232:
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2223:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2197:
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2189:
2182:
2174:
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2015:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
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1968:
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1932:
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1772:9780226482057
1768:
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1746:
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1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1170:0-471-09763-2
1166:
1162:
1155:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1095:
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1080:
1077:
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1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1029:Greece portal
1019:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1001:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
987:
983:
980:
978:
974:
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968:
966:
962:
960:
956:
953:
952:
947:
945:
941:
938:
936:
932:
930:
929:
924:
922:
918:
915:
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909:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
773:
769:
766:
763:
760:
759:
758:
756:
748:
747:
741:
732:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
689:
684:
680:
679:
674:
666:
662:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:
612:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
588:
584:
580:
579:combinatorics
576:
572:
571:number theory
568:
564:
560:
550:
548:
543:
536:
532:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:Roman periods
421:
419:
415:
411:
410:
409:lingua franca
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
369:
368:
363:
358:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:harmonic mean
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:
270:
265:
263:
258:
254:
253:Magna Graecia
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
196:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
178:beehive tombs
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
142:
136:
131:
125:
119:
113:
106:
100:
99:Ancient Greek
96:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:Greek culture
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:Mediterranean
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
26:
21:
7881:Dionysopolis
7851:Abonoteichos
7803:Pantikapaion
7393:Hybla Heraea
6750:
6729:Architecture
6685:Prostitution
6374:Aristophanes
6233:Philosophers
6203:Philosophers
6035:Spartan army
5766:(280â146 BC)
5754:(338â322 BC)
5748:(370â168 BC)
5736:(374â196 BC)
5730:(378â355 BC)
5712:(430â348 BC)
5706:(478â404 BC)
5700:(499â449 BC)
5387:Peloponnesus
5309:Roman Greece
5169:
5156:
4998:Thomas Heath
4989:
4872:
4856:Law of sines
4712:
4644:Golden ratio
4509:
4502:
4493:
4487:(Theodosius)
4483:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4445:
4435:
4429:(Hipparchus)
4425:
4415:
4407:
4400:
4391:
4381:
4373:
4368:(Apollonius)
4364:
4356:
4344:
4319:Zeno of Elea
4079:Eratosthenes
4069:Dionysodorus
3938:
3794:
3769:Hindu-Arabic
3665:Group theory
3653:Trigonometry
3624:Topos theory
3481:
3471:
3454:
3431:
3410:
3392:
3370:
3347:
3328:
3309:
3283:
3256:(2): 32â38.
3253:
3249:
3243:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3135:. Retrieved
3131:the original
3126:
3116:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3068:
3064:
3051:
3018:
3014:
3004:
2994:, retrieved
2964:
2954:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2658:(1): 31â46.
2655:
2651:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2568:
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2542:
2532:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2492:
2487:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2431:
2426:
2417:
2411:
2385:
2375:
2366:
2360:
2340:
2336:Mansfeld, J.
2330:
2310:
2303:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2261:. Retrieved
2257:
2247:
2229:
2222:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2129:. Retrieved
2107:
2097:
2069:
2062:
2037:
2027:
2019:
2014:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1937:(4): 29â56.
1934:
1930:
1920:
1909:. Retrieved
1904:
1865:
1855:
1827:
1820:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1791:
1781:
1762:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1694:
1687:
1657:(1): 35â53.
1654:
1650:
1640:
1630:, retrieved
1616:
1595:
1590:
1566:(1): 50â57.
1563:
1559:
1549:
1530:
1524:
1515:
1496:
1490:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1401:
1394:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1354:
1348:
1338:
1332:
1311:
1289:. Retrieved
1286:www.isko.org
1285:
1275:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1218:, retrieved
1204:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1160:
1154:
1143:. Retrieved
1138:
1128:
1111:
1098:
1006:
997:
991:
985:
976:
970:
964:
958:
949:
948:Diophantus,
943:
934:
933:Archimedes,
926:
925:Archimedes,
920:
919:Apollonius,
913:
912:Apollonius,
907:
785:
781:
752:
744:
726:
718:trigonometry
707:
693:
686:
676:
658:
641:
632:
628:
614:
609:
601:Dedekind cut
597:real numbers
591:
567:formal proof
556:
553:Achievements
544:
528:
516:
506:
496:
469:
461:Eratosthenes
422:
407:
400:Central Asia
373:
365:
319:
272:
266:
257:Pythagoreans
242:
223:
211:
182:
158:
153:
149:
145:
94:
92:
67:North Africa
45:through the
34:
33:
8029:Place names
7941:Salmydessus
7763:Kalos Limen
7743:Chersonesus
7733:Borysthenes
7438:Tauromenion
7250:Metapontion
7012:Proto-Greek
6965:Erechtheion
6960:Athena Nike
6922:Philippeion
6751:Mathematics
6722:and science
6605:Agriculture
6469:Stesichorus
6379:Bacchylides
6369:Archilochus
6256:Antisthenes
6246:Anaximander
6218:Seven Sages
6208:Playwrights
6188:Geographers
6183:Astronomers
6010:Pezhetairos
5637: 1100
5617:Federations
5516:Megalopolis
5453:City states
5428:City states
5065:mathematics
4873:Arithmetica
4470:Ostomachion
4439:(Autolycus)
4358:Arithmetica
4134:Hippocrates
4064:Dinostratus
4049:Dicaearchus
3979:Aristarchus
3785:Mesopotamia
3759:Prehistoric
3719:Probability
3576:Algorithms
3021:(1): 6â28.
1598:, pp. 11â12
1186:Mathematics
1114:: 190â191.
951:Arithmetica
839:Apollodorus
791:Aristarchus
746:Arithmetica
559:mathematics
508:Arithmetica
392:Mesopotamia
334:Pythagorean
135:KoinÄ Greek
124:Attic Greek
95:mathÄmatikÄ
47:Hellenistic
39:mathematics
7931:Polemonion
7808:Phanagoria
7778:Kimmerikon
7773:Kerkinitis
7758:Hermonassa
7748:Dioscurias
7644:Aspalathos
7591:Kalathousa
7566:Akra Leuke
7495:Phoenicusa
7280:Scylletium
7265:Poseidonia
7185:Brentesion
7072:Pamphylian
7067:Macedonian
6985:Samothrace
6970:Hephaestus
6917:Long Walls
6896:Structures
6837:Underworld
6783:Technology
6746:Literature
6680:Philosophy
6645:Euergetism
6534:By culture
6479:Thucydides
6321:Pythagoras
6316:Protagoras
6306:Parmenides
6291:Heraclitus
6276:Empedocles
6266:Democritus
6251:Anaximenes
6241:Anaxagoras
6193:Historians
5686: 595
5673: 550
5654: 800
5639: â c.
5567:Cappadocia
5372:Ionian Sea
5362:Hellespont
5327:Aegean Sea
5117:Babylonian
5017:arithmetic
4983:History of
4812:Apollonius
4497:(Menelaus)
4456:On Spirals
4375:Catoptrics
4314:Xenocrates
4309:Thymaridas
4294:Theodosius
4279:Theaetetus
4259:Simplicius
4249:Pythagoras
4234:Posidonius
4219:Philonides
4179:Nicomachus
4174:Metrodorus
4164:Menaechmus
4119:Hipparchus
4109:Heliodorus
4059:Diophantus
4044:Democritus
4024:Chrysippus
3994:Archimedes
3989:Apollonius
3959:Anaxagoras
3951:(timeline)
3709:Statistics
3641:Logarithms
3587:Arithmetic
3273:References
2996:2021-03-27
2526:: 167â174.
2263:2021-05-26
2233:(Thesis).
2131:2021-05-26
2038:Hermathena
1911:2021-05-26
1813:Boyer 1991
1632:2021-05-26
1540:0471543977
1506:0471543977
1291:2023-01-09
1220:2021-03-27
1145:2024-03-04
971:Catoptrica
965:On Weights
875:Diophantus
859:Gaudentius
851:Nicomachus
819:Theodosius
811:Archimedes
807:Apollonius
722:Hipparchus
704:Menaechmus
643:Archimedes
599:using the
517:Collection
499:Diophantus
476:Alexandria
441:Hipparchus
437:Apollonius
433:Archimedes
311:Theaetetus
208:Pythagoras
185:Babylonian
171:and later
146:manthanein
37:refers to
8017:in Epirus
7966:Trapezous
7911:Mesambria
7896:Eupatoria
7866:Apollonia
7861:Anchialos
7823:Theodosia
7793:Nymphaion
7783:Myrmekion
7753:Gorgippia
7709:Black Sea
7694:Tragurion
7679:Nymphaion
7664:Epidauros
7659:Epidamnos
7649:Apollonia
7626:Zacynthos
7548:Ptolemais
7542:Apollonia
7515:Cyrenaica
7505:TherassĂa
7500:Strongyle
7480:Ereikousa
7403:Leontinoi
7343:Apollonia
7220:Hipponion
7017:Mycenaean
6980:Parthenon
6912:Lion Gate
6815:Mythology
6778:Sculpture
6741:Astronomy
6675:Pederasty
6650:Festivals
6635:Education
6515:Lawgivers
6484:Timocreon
6464:Sophocles
6459:Simonides
6434:Philocles
6429:Panyassis
6424:Mimnermus
6389:Herodotus
6384:Euripides
6354:Aeschylus
6301:Leucippus
6261:Aristotle
6040:Strategos
5906:Synedrion
5860:Ostracism
5840:Areopagus
5792:Free city
5587:Macedonia
5471:Byzantion
5377:Macedonia
5342:Cyrenaica
5319:Geography
5253:Geography
4578:Inscribed
4338:Treatises
4329:Zenodorus
4289:Theodorus
4264:Sosigenes
4209:Philolaus
4194:Oenopides
4189:Nicoteles
4184:Nicomedes
4144:Hypsicles
4039:Ctesibius
4029:Cleomedes
4014:Callippus
3999:Autolycus
3984:Aristotle
3964:Anthemius
3729:Manifolds
3725:Topology
3636:Functions
3453:(2003) ,
3430:(1981) ,
3235:146539132
3180:1420-9144
3108:144052363
3043:1600-0498
3015:Centaurus
2991:226745369
2946:1600-0498
2918:Centaurus
2891:0025-5769
2852:147307969
2844:2156-7093
2797:0025-570X
2758:120954547
2742:0003-9519
2703:0002-9890
2664:1735-0573
2619:0007-0882
2471:1573-0964
2344:. Brill.
2314:. Brill.
2295:2159-3159
2214:0315-0860
2173:0315-0860
2046:0018-0750
2006:122403901
1959:170916259
1951:2156-7093
1737:0034-6632
1698:. Brill.
1679:146652622
1671:1474-0664
1582:1984-8234
1474:1080-6520
1051:Al-Mansur
1005:Ptolemy,
996:Ptolemy,
986:Sphaerica
977:Mechanica
899:Anthemius
863:Anatolius
847:Cleomedes
827:Athenaeus
823:Hypsicles
795:Autolycus
342:Aristotle
303:mechanics
283:Theodorus
173:Mycenaean
167:were the
154:mathÄmata
112:romanized
8101:Category
8066:Category
8044:Theatres
7971:Tripolis
7906:Kerasous
7901:Heraclea
7833:Tyritake
7788:Nikonion
7699:Thronion
7621:Salauris
7576:Emporion
7533:Berenice
7523:Balagrae
7475:Euonymos
7448:Tyndaris
7433:Syracuse
7428:Selinous
7398:Kamarina
7353:Casmenae
7338:Akrillai
7255:NeĂĄpolis
7190:Caulonia
7171:Mainland
7102:Linear B
7097:Linear A
7027:Dialects
7004:Language
6798:Religion
6756:Medicine
6690:Religion
6655:Folklore
6640:Emporium
6615:Clothing
6610:Calendar
6494:Xenophon
6489:Tyrtaeus
6474:Theognis
6449:Polybius
6444:Plutarch
6419:Menander
6399:Hipponax
6326:Socrates
6281:Epicurus
6127:Diadochi
6025:Sciritae
5985:Hetairoi
5960:Ballista
5925:Military
5888:Gerousia
5878:Ekklesia
5845:Ecclesia
5827:Athenian
5775:Politics
5688:â279 BC)
5675:â366 BC)
5656:â389 BC)
5592:Pergamon
5562:Bithynia
5555:Kingdoms
5496:Pergamon
5438:Military
5433:Politics
5230:Timeline
5142:Japanese
5127:Egyptian
5070:timeline
5058:timeline
5046:timeline
5041:geometry
5034:timeline
5029:calculus
5022:timeline
5010:timeline
4713:Elements
4559:Concepts
4521:Problems
4494:Spherics
4484:Spherics
4449:(Euclid)
4395:(Euclid)
4392:Elements
4385:(Euclid)
4346:Almagest
4254:Serenus
4229:Porphyry
4169:Menelaus
4124:Hippasus
4099:Eutocius
4074:Domninus
3969:Archytas
3897:Category
3872:timeline
3860:timeline
3734:timeline
3714:timeline
3702:timeline
3687:timeline
3675:timeline
3658:timeline
3648:Geometry
3619:timeline
3604:timeline
3599:Calculus
3592:timeline
3580:timeline
3570:timeline
3558:By topic
3550:timeline
3391:(2004),
3368:(2006),
3307:(2011),
3282:(1985),
3196:21519829
3188:21946891
3137:18 April
3071:: 34â42.
2899:27956431
2750:41133444
2551:18 April
2499:Archived
2479:46974744
2451:Synthese
2338:(2016).
2054:23040930
1797:22 April
1745:20123223
1482:59435003
1241:(3235):
1015:See also
990:Pappus,
982:Menelaus
963:Euclid,
957:Euclid,
903:Eutocius
883:Damianus
871:Porphyry
749:in Latin
673:triangle
665:parabola
633:Spherics
629:Elements
621:Menelaus
616:Elements
563:geometry
530:Almagest
484:Egyptian
472:Mouseion
414:Egyptian
367:Elements
287:Archytas
279:Hippasus
274:Elements
189:Egyptian
73:and the
59:Anatolia
8086:Outline
8039:Temples
7976:Zaliche
7956:ThĂšrmae
7946:Sesamus
7916:Odessos
7891:Cytorus
7886:Cotyora
7636:Illyria
7601:Mainake
7596:Kypsela
7485:Hycesia
7443:Thermae
7423:Segesta
7413:Messana
7368:Helorus
7348:Calacte
7328:Akragas
7290:Sybaris
7275:Rhegion
7230:Krimisa
7180:Alision
7089:Writing
7062:Locrian
7052:Epirote
7022:Homeric
6955:Artemis
6942:Temples
6883:Olympia
6853:Eleusis
6788:Theatre
6773:Pottery
6700:Warfare
6695:Slavery
6630:Economy
6625:Cuisine
6620:Coinage
6597:Society
6582:Culture
6577:Society
6525:Tyrants
6364:Alcaeus
6346:Authors
6296:Hypatia
6286:Gorgias
6223:Writers
6045:Toxotai
6015:Sarissa
6005:Peltast
6000:Phalanx
5980:Hoplite
5975:Hippeis
5898:Macedon
5870:Spartan
5855:Heliaia
5802:Proxeny
5511:Larissa
5506:Kerkyra
5501:Eretria
5491:Miletus
5486:Ephesus
5481:Corinth
5476:Chalcis
5397:Taurica
5267:Periods
5248:History
5122:Chinese
5077:numbers
5005:algebra
4933:Related
4907:Centers
4703:Results
4573:Central
4244:Ptolemy
4239:Proclus
4204:Perseus
4159:Marinus
4139:Hypatia
4129:Hippias
4104:Geminus
4094:Eudoxus
4084:Eudemus
4054:Diocles
3764:Ancient
3565:Algebra
3023:Bibcode
2926:Bibcode
2824:Apeiron
2805:2691014
1986:Bibcode
1931:Apeiron
1267:3994109
1247:Bibcode
975:Heron,
969:Heron,
940:Diocles
891:Serenus
879:Alypius
855:Ptolemy
831:Geminus
714:algebra
525:Hypatia
492:Persian
445:Ptolemy
315:Eudoxus
234:Proclus
218:Raphael
150:mĂĄthÄma
118:mĂĄthÄma
114::
43:Archaic
8076:Portal
8024:People
8012:Cities
7951:Sinope
7936:Rhizos
7926:Phasis
7876:Bathus
7871:Athina
7856:Amisos
7818:Tanais
7813:Pityus
7738:Charax
7689:Pharos
7684:Orikon
7581:Helike
7571:Alonis
7538:Cyrene
7470:Didyme
7383:Himera
7358:Catana
7320:Sicily
7310:Thurii
7305:Terina
7270:Pixous
7225:Hydrus
7200:Croton
7032:Aeolic
6950:Aphaea
6873:Dodona
6858:Delphi
6827:Temple
6503:Others
6454:Sappho
6439:Pindar
6414:Lucian
6409:Ibycus
6394:Hesiod
6331:Thales
6099:Rulers
6078:People
6055:Xyston
6050:Xiphos
5911:Koinon
5817:Tyrant
5807:Stasis
5797:Koinon
5597:Pontus
5572:Epirus
5541:Sparta
5531:Rhodes
5526:Megara
5521:Thebes
5466:Athens
5392:Pontus
5357:Epirus
5347:Cyprus
5332:Aeolis
5137:Indian
4914:Cyrene
4446:Optics
4365:Conics
4284:Theano
4274:Thales
4269:Sporus
4214:Philon
4199:Pappus
4089:Euclid
4019:Carpus
4009:Bryson
3488:
3461:
3440:
3417:
3399:
3378:
3355:
3335:
3317:
3290:
3233:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3106:
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2989:
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2850:
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2044:
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1957:
1949:
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1503:
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1417:
1320:
1265:
1235:Nature
1211:
1167:
999:Optics
914:Conics
901:, and
887:Pappus
815:Euclid
768:Syriac
716:, nor
709:Conics
683:myriad
631:, the
611:Euclid
488:Jewish
429:Euclid
394:, the
362:Euclid
338:cosmos
299:optics
269:Euclid
249:Croton
220:(1509)
169:Minoan
165:Europe
161:Greece
105:ÎŒÎŹÎžÎ·ÎŒÎ±
93:Greek
83:proofs
25:Euclid
8034:Stoae
8002:Lists
7921:OinĂČe
7844:coast
7842:South
7828:Tyras
7798:Olbia
7768:Kepoi
7721:coast
7719:North
7712:basin
7654:Aulon
7616:Rhode
7528:Barca
7418:Naxos
7373:Henna
7333:Akrai
7300:Taras
7285:Siris
7245:Medma
7240:Locri
7205:Cumae
7195:Chone
7173:Italy
7079:Koine
7057:Ionic
7047:Doric
7042:Attic
6863:Delos
6761:Music
6404:Homer
6359:Aesop
6311:Plato
6213:Poets
5883:Ephor
5835:Agora
5812:Tagus
5787:Boule
5536:Samos
5461:Argos
5367:Ionia
5352:Doris
5337:Crete
5132:Incan
5053:logic
4829:Other
4597:Chord
4590:Axiom
4568:Angle
4224:Plato
4114:Heron
4034:Conon
3850:Other
3805:India
3800:China
3682:Logic
3231:S2CID
3192:S2CID
3104:S2CID
3061:(PDF)
2987:S2CID
2895:JSTOR
2848:S2CID
2801:JSTOR
2754:S2CID
2746:JSTOR
2475:S2CID
2050:JSTOR
2002:S2CID
1955:S2CID
1843:JSTOR
1741:JSTOR
1675:S2CID
1478:S2CID
1380:(PDF)
1263:S2CID
1108:(PDF)
1090:Notes
835:Heron
803:Biton
755:Greek
547:Egypt
480:Egypt
465:Heron
404:India
388:Egypt
326:Plato
63:Italy
51:Roman
7961:Tium
7728:Akra
7669:Issa
7363:Gela
7235:LaĂŒs
7210:Elea
6868:Dion
6720:Arts
6710:Wine
6336:Zeno
5933:Wars
5094:list
4382:Data
4154:Leon
4004:Bion
3486:ISBN
3459:ISBN
3438:ISBN
3415:ISBN
3397:ISBN
3376:ISBN
3353:ISBN
3333:ISBN
3315:ISBN
3288:ISBN
3184:PMID
3176:ISSN
3139:2011
3088:Isis
3039:ISSN
2977:ISBN
2942:ISSN
2887:ISSN
2840:ISSN
2793:ISSN
2738:ISSN
2699:ISSN
2660:ISSN
2615:ISSN
2574:ISBN
2553:2011
2467:ISSN
2398:ISBN
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2316:ISBN
2291:ISSN
2210:ISSN
2169:ISSN
2120:ISBN
2083:ISBN
2042:ISSN
1947:ISSN
1878:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1799:2021
1767:ISBN
1733:ISSN
1700:ISBN
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1578:ISSN
1535:ISBN
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1470:ISSN
1415:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1165:ISBN
787:Netz
416:and
374:The
301:and
187:and
163:and
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6665:Law
4996:by
4710:In
3258:doi
3223:doi
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3096:doi
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