156:
185:
782:
466:
949:"His Excellency the Sultan has granted Colonel Calosso a retirement pension of two thousand five hundred piastres per month (six hundred francs), plus twenty-five thousand piastres as a one-time reward. Colonel Calosso is the most senior of the European instructors in the service of the Porte. It is to him that we owe the formation of the entire regular cavalry, and through the loyalty of his character as well as his military talents, he earned the esteem of Sultan Mahmud, who always showed him great kindness. He has rendered real services to
172:
509:
974:. In 1857, he released his memoirs with the help of his friend Auguste Burnel, who translated, edited, and published the memoirs in Turin and Nice. In his memoirs, he details his time in the service of multiple countries. He was especially fond of Napoleon and Mahmud II, both of whom he does not once criticise in his memoirs. Calosso praises Mahmud II for his undying kindness, also stating that the Sultan repeatedly defended him against those who denounced him out of jealousy or prejudice.
986:
626:
36:
143:
567:
813:, despite the Ottoman embargo imposed on European merchant ships operating in the Black Sea. There are also many instances where he utilised his position as the Sultan's advisor by involving himself in the politics of the country. For example, in 1828, when the Ottoman Empire was discussing the prospect of going to war with
861:"How naive you are, Mr. Rüstem! You complain about the theft of soldiers. But my dear sir, all commanders steal from their soldiers as much as they can. I steal too! Even the junior officers and soldiers who complain about this for publicity today will steal like their commanders when they replace them tomorrow!"
450:) would supervise them. At a ceremony held in the premises of the palace, near the Emperor was a Turkish dignitary wearing a large turban. Calosso would later write in his memoirs, "Who would have thought then that twenty years later I would wear the turban in the service of Sultan Mahmoud?". In 1809, during the
856:
in April 1832. While there, he experienced major disagreements with Hüsrev Pasha and the cavalrymen under his command. Feigning illness, he returned to
Istanbul where he would compose a report about his experiences and present it to the Sultan. Calosso claims that the Pasha had said the following to
874:
Hüsrev Pasha and the corruption in the army was not well-met. Although he still maintained his friendship with the Sultan, it was not as close as before due to Hüsrev Pasha's influence over Mahmud II. He was also stripped of his role as a military advisor. From 1832 to 1839, Calosso returned to
953:, and the generous way in which he is treated today is the fitting reward for eighteen years of service, work, and devotion. Colonel Calosso intends to enjoy his retirement pension in Piedmont, his homeland, and he leaves with the regrets of the government and the esteem of all who know him."
387:, Giovanni Comoglio, and his godmother was Comoglio's sister, Caterina. Calosso had seven siblings; four male, three female. His father died in 1795 when he was six years old. Calosso's widowed mother struggled to keep his father's business afloat while simultaneously raising eight children.
562:
military intervention managed to squash the rebellion on 8 April. Excommunicated and forced to abandon his wife, Secondina Tarino
Imperiali (d. 23 September 1858), and his son Emilio, Calosso entered into exile to avoid imprisonment for his role in the uprising.
521:
Shortly before the fall of
Napoleon, Calosso resigned from the French military on 20 August 1814. Returning to his homeland, he reunited with his family and saw his sergeant brother, Probo, who he had coincidentally come across previously during the disastrous
622:. However, during his short service, he is said to have been disgusted by how the Greeks had treated him and his people with ingratitude. This maltreatment by the Greeks prompted Calosso and many other Italians to switch to the side of the Ottomans.
832:. Another occasion where Calosso's closeness to the Sultan can be seen is when he managed to overcome court objections and proposed to the Sultan the idea of posing for a portrait, in violation of religious customs. Mahmud II agreed, and the
718:. In a short period, he had managed to become one of the most favoured advisors of the Sultan, accompanying him on many trips. An influential figure in the Ottoman court, his prestige was notable enough that the Sardinian ambassador to the
913:) and a one-time payment of 25,000 piastres for his services. Granted a six-month leave with full pay by the Sultan to better recover from his injury, he embarked for Sardinia with his Sardinian passport on 17 January 1840, arriving in
905:'s ascension to the throne, on 4 July 1839, Calosso fell from his horse during Abdülmecid's accession ceremony and suffered a major injury. Forced to retire, the Sultan conferred upon him a monthly pension of 2500
658:. Following the incident, the Sultan made it known that he was looking for experienced (Christian) European soldiers who could train the newly established army. Having heard this, Calosso set sail for
878:
Over the years, Calosso had become the founder of regular cavalry squadrons in the new
Ottoman army and replaced the centuries-old Turkish way of riding, saddle, and stirrup with those of
889:
military observers because the
Ottoman cavalrymen could not adapt to the dramatic changes. Even the Sultan had fallen multiple times during his private sessions with Calosso in the
670:, teaching soldiers how to master the riding, handling, and training of horses. Impressed by his skills, Mahmud II invited Calosso to his residence in mid-1827 to compete with an
554:, a nationalistic movement that demanded a new constitution and the establishment of a parliament. During the revolt, King Victor Emmanuel I abdicated in favour of his brother,
530:, Santa. Soon after his arrival, Calosso attempted to join the Sardinian army, but was unable to as only nobles could be recruited as officers. As a result, he remained as King
1461:
406:. This cemented his desire to enter into the military, prompting him to leave his family behind on 5 August 1806, at the age of 17, to serve in the Napoleonic army at
797:
Calosso often acted as a mediator between the
Ottoman and Sardinian states. For example, he succeeded in obtaining an exclusive exemption that let Sardinian and
1471:
699:) struggled to carry out their duties effectively. In an attempt to address this issue, Mahmud II bestowed on Calosso the name Rüstem and the titles of
1387:
767:
189:
1466:
1049:
1481:
390:
Despite the family's financial setbacks, Calosso enrolled at the age of 10 in a boarding school (now Liceo Newton). After becoming familiar with
771:
982:
Calosso died on 27 March 1865, aged 76, at his residence in the Piazza del
Giardino Pubblico (Public Garden Square), now Jardin Albert I.
844:
Sultan Mahmud II, angered at the ineptitude of senior commanders during the war, replaced one of them with
Calosso. Under the command of
380:
836:
was drawn by
Sardinian painter Luigi Gobbi. The painting was a success and out of the three copies, one was sent to King Charles Felix.
817:
once again, Calosso voiced reservations about taking on a strong foe while the
Ottoman army was still undergoing major reforms.
829:
442:. He acted as a Latin translator between army officials and Polish priests in this journey. From there, the army marched on to
1127:
311:
258:
147:
1300:
1052:[Giovanni Timoteo Calasso from Chivasso to the Sublime Gate of Sultan Mahmud II] (in Italian). Risveglio Popolare.
590:
Like other exiles, Calosso remained a wanderer, traveling and offering his services to multiple countries such as France,
1123:
402:, Calosso instead wanted to pursue a military career characterised by glory. In 1805, he read a bulletin released by the
820:
Using his power at the Ottoman court, Calosso convinced numerous Sardinians to enter into Ottoman service, most notably
398:
in the school, at the age of 15 his mother tried to convince him to start a career in commerce. Heavily inspired by the
925:
on 5 June of the same year, he lived there for another three years. On 16 September 1843, Calosso permanently left the
1326:
1283:
1163:
1085:
735:
277:
730:
in Istanbul, regularly met with Calosso despite his status as an exile. However, they did manage to convince King
757:
1374:[Antonio Baratta and Giovanni Timoteo Calosso: Two 'Sardinian' subjects in Mahmûd II's Constantinople].
1027:
696:
447:
1249:
611:
423:
219:
853:
845:
918:
781:
482:
451:
241:
224:
731:
619:
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to Sebastiani. Thus, Calosso's service in the French army saw him travel thousands of miles from the
486:
272:
229:
414:. A fit and tall man, he was immediately accepted and trained by officers who saw potential in him.
1372:"Antonio Baratta e Giovanni Timoteo Calosso: Due sudditi 'Sardi' nella Costantinopoli di Mahmûd II"
1299:
Yıldız, Gültekin (2013). "Askeri Düzenlemeler" [Military Changes]. In Ali Akyıldız (ed.).
246:
917:
at the end of February. In the capital, Calosso was well received and had an audience with King
677:
officer for a position at the court. Emerging victorious, he was first tasked with training 280
962:
Despite moving abroad, Calosso's pension from the Sultan was paid till his death. He moved to
806:
739:
551:
481:
units), Calosso participated in four wars for the country; the War of the Fourth, Fifth, and
327:
267:
1426:
1011:
459:
1456:
1451:
766:), which he helped create with the help of two other Italians in Ottoman service; diplomat
323:
160:
80:
8:
1419:
The Ottoman Empire in the First Period of Reforms (Tanzimat) according to Italian sources
971:
775:
734:
to pardon him for his involvement in the Carbonari uprising. For his services during the
655:
575:
443:
376:
119:
114:
64:
465:
1476:
1399:
1318:
937:
833:
821:
571:
523:
439:
411:
339:
315:
234:
338:
for 13 years. He was, for some time, at the forefront of Ottoman-Sardinian relations.
1430:
1322:
1279:
1159:
1081:
667:
531:
490:
474:
251:
684:
566:
1414:
L'impero Ottomano nel Primo Periodo delle Riforme (Tanzimat) secondo fonti Italiane
1391:
1271:
941:
539:
1267:
825:
709:(chief instructor of the cavalry) so that he would not be viewed as an outsider.
651:
559:
508:
395:
214:
1221:. Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Vol. 2.
902:
890:
403:
1050:"Giovanni Timoteo Calasso da Chivasso alla Sublime Porta del Sultano Mahmud II"
926:
886:
814:
727:
615:
399:
331:
124:
1434:
1395:
1445:
1253:
1151:
1141:
1077:
719:
678:
176:
1155:
1063:
985:
871:
700:
625:
494:
35:
1314:
1275:
591:
1403:
1371:
879:
498:
749:
695:, Calosso and other Christian Europeans at the Ottoman court (such as
606:
between 1821 and 1826. In 1826, he embarked on a ship from England to
802:
753:
671:
647:
455:
384:
335:
1222:
922:
906:
810:
723:
663:
407:
364:
347:
304:
56:
1023:
930:
882:
798:
674:
607:
603:
599:
535:
502:
478:
431:
427:
330:. After traveling to multiple countries, Calosso ended up in the
318:. Shortly before Napoleon's fall, Calosso returned to his native
307:
1014:[19th Century Italians Employed in the Ottoman Empire].
1263:
1073:
950:
688:
644:
579:
527:
435:
368:
875:
training soldiers and giving private lessons on horsemanship.
1422:
963:
914:
910:
849:
692:
659:
595:
391:
372:
343:
319:
60:
1412:
1383:
1257:
1225:: Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık A.Ş. pp. 598–599.
1216:
1145:
1067:
1012:"19. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Devleti'nde İstihdam Edilen İtalyanlar"
967:
901:
Only three days after Mahmud II's death and two days after
792:
76:
824:, the man who contributed to the introduction of European
687:. Due to most soldiers viewing the Christian countries of
1347:
714:
26:
1016:
Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi
933:
with his son Emilio, who had pursued a consular career.
896:
1335:
1229:
1147:
Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire
1196:
1184:
1172:
1094:
526:. He had also met his sister, Camilla, who married a
310:. Calosso saw action in multiple countries under the
346:, had close relations with Calosso when he lived in
839:
852:alongside 45,000 soldiers under the leadership of
828:to the country. Donizetti also composed the first
363:Calosso was born to a family of humble origins in
1462:People from the Ottoman Empire of Italian descent
726:Vincenzo Gropallo, and Gaetano Truqui, Sardinian
299:(24 January 1789 – 27 March 1865), also known as
1443:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
756:. Early in his career, he was also awarded the
545:
446:, where Napoleon (a fellow ethnic Italian and
1472:Military personnel of the Kingdom of Sardinia
1106:
936:A month before his departure in August 1843,
633:
1388:Istituto per l'Oriente Carlo Alfonso Nallino
1034:
865:
585:
1307:Reformation Movements in the Ottoman Empire
1250:"Ottoman military organization (1800–1918)"
379:on 24 January 1789. He was baptised at the
712:In December 1828, Calosso was promoted to
638:
358:
34:
1214:
1009:
614:led by Lieutenant Colonel Pisa. There in
1410:
1369:
1353:
1341:
1302:Osmanlı Devletinde Yenileşme Hareketleri
1235:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1121:
1100:
984:
885:. This was viewed as a major mistake by
793:Mediation in Ottoman-Sardinian relations
780:
624:
570:Hangings of the main Carbonari leaders,
565:
507:
473:Often under the command of Napoleon and
464:
381:Collegiate Church of Santa Maria Assunta
353:
1467:19th-century Ottoman military personnel
1140:
1047:
778:and sometimes even the Sultan himself.
477:during his time in the French army (in
422:Calosso was sent to participate in the
1482:19th-century French military personnel
1444:
1298:
1247:
1062:
897:Injury and departure from the country
830:imperial anthem of the Ottoman Empire
550:In 1821, Calosso participated in the
516:
1128:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
1005:
1003:
870:Calosso's report where he denounced
801:vessels continue their trade in the
610:with other exiled Italians from the
259:Campaign in north-east France (1814)
1048:Dassano, Fabrizio (February 2021).
13:
1248:Yıldız, Gültekin (November 2011).
666:. As a trial, he was first made a
538:until March 1815 when he was made
417:
14:
1493:
1000:
618:, he fought for the cause of the
383:. His godfather was architect of
342:, one of the founding fathers of
40:Portrait of Calosso (early 1800s)
966:at an unknown date and left for
840:Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)
752:. In 1830, he was sent to train
654:in an event memorialised as the
458:. By the next year, he was made
183:
170:
166:In numerous armies (1821 – 1826)
154:
141:
1292:
1241:
1208:
738:, Calosso was honored with the
1134:
1056:
1028:Karadeniz Technical University
970:a few years before the French
662:. After landing, he headed to
1:
1363:
1010:Tütüneken, Gülfem M. (2023).
957:
736:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
489:. He was also present at the
278:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
993:
857:him after being criticised:
546:Carbonari uprising and exile
430:in early 1807. Crossing the
7:
1370:Costanza, Maurizio (2005).
1124:"CALOSSO, Giovanni Timoteo"
612:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
424:War of the Fourth Coalition
220:War of the Fourth Coalition
150:(August 1806 – August 1814)
16:Italian soldier (1789–1865)
10:
1498:
774:. Among his students were
634:Life in the Ottoman Empire
454:, Calosso was promoted to
452:War of the Fifth Coalition
242:War of the Sixth Coalition
225:War of the Fifth Coalition
90:Secondina Tarino Imperiali
1411:de Leone, Enrico (1967).
1396:10.1163/22138617-08501003
1218:Hüsrev Mehmet Paşa (Koca)
1215:Çakıroğlu, Ekrem (1999).
1122:de Leone, Enrico (1973).
866:Last years in the country
586:Greek War of Independence
556:Charles Felix of Sardinia
487:French Invasion of Russia
286:
273:Greek War of Independence
268:Carbonari uprising (1821)
230:French invasion of Russia
207:
199:
133:
107:
102:
94:
86:
70:
50:
45:
33:
21:
977:
972:annexation of the region
854:Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha
440:Prussian-occupied Poland
293:Giovanni Timoteo Calosso
23:Giovanni Timoteo Calosso
1259:The Encyclopedia of War
748:) and given a house in
683:into cavalrymen at the
650:forcibly disbanded the
639:Arrival and first years
359:Childhood and education
247:German campaign of 1813
74:27 March 1865 (aged 76)
990:
955:
863:
789:
630:
582:
513:
470:
1276:10.1002/9781444338232
1069:Napoleon: A Biography
988:
947:
859:
848:, he made his way to
807:western Mediterranean
784:
746:Order of the Crescent
628:
569:
511:
468:
434:, he made his way to
354:Early life and career
200:Years of service
1421:] (in Italian).
1158:. pp. 296–299.
324:Royal Sardinian Army
161:Royal Sardinian Army
81:Second French Empire
656:Auspicious Incident
469:Finckenstein Palace
444:Finckenstein Palace
377:Kingdom of Sardinia
120:Kingdom of Sardinia
115:First French Empire
65:Kingdom of Sardinia
1319:Anadolu University
991:
938:government gazette
846:Hussein Agha Pasha
834:miniature portrait
822:Giuseppe Donizetti
790:
697:Helmuth von Moltke
631:
620:Greek independence
583:
552:Carbonari uprising
524:Battle of Berezina
517:Return to Sardinia
514:
471:
460:maréchal des logis
412:Bassano del Grappa
340:Giuseppe Garibaldi
334:and served Sultan
328:Carbonari uprising
322:and served in the
316:Napoleon Bonaparte
235:Battle of Berezina
98:Soldier, memoirist
1356:, pp. 44–46.
668:riding instructor
643:On 15 June 1826,
532:Victor Emmanuel I
512:Battle of Leipzig
491:Battle of Leipzig
485:, as well as the
475:Horace Sebastiani
290:
289:
252:Battle of Leipzig
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1438:
1407:
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1045:
1032:
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942:Moniteur Ottoman
805:to ports in the
776:Luigi Calligaris
768:Giuseppe Baratta
629:Greek revolution
576:Giuseppe Silvati
483:Sixth Coalitions
188:
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103:Military service
46:Personal details
38:
19:
18:
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1427:Giuffrè Editore
1376:Oriente Moderno
1366:
1361:
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1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1310:
1297:
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1268:Wiley-Blackwell
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989:Jardin Albert I
980:
960:
921:. Returning to
899:
868:
842:
826:classical music
795:
787:Nişan-ı İftihar
759:Nişan-ı İftihar
652:Janissary Corps
641:
636:
588:
572:Michele Morelli
548:
519:
420:
418:Napoleonic wars
361:
356:
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215:Napoleonic Wars
195:
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75:
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54:24 January 1789
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11:
5:
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1479:
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1408:
1378:(in Italian).
1365:
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1346:
1334:
1327:
1321:. p. 33.
1291:
1284:
1240:
1228:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1164:
1142:Goodwin, Jason
1133:
1105:
1093:
1086:
1055:
1033:
1018:(in Turkish).
998:
997:
995:
992:
979:
976:
959:
956:
927:Ottoman Empire
919:Charles Albert
898:
895:
867:
864:
841:
838:
794:
791:
764:Order of Glory
728:consul general
691:as enemies of
685:Topkapı Palace
640:
637:
635:
632:
616:Ottoman Greece
587:
584:
547:
544:
518:
515:
419:
416:
400:Napoleonic era
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332:Ottoman Empire
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1368:
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1355:
1354:Costanza 2005
1350:
1344:, p. 42.
1343:
1342:Costanza 2005
1338:
1330:
1328:9789750629457
1324:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1285:9781405190374
1281:
1277:
1273:
1270:. p. 5.
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1254:Gordon Martel
1251:
1244:
1238:, p. 87.
1237:
1236:de Leone 1967
1232:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1205:, p. 44.
1204:
1203:Costanza 2005
1199:
1193:, p. 43.
1192:
1191:Costanza 2005
1187:
1181:, p. 40.
1180:
1179:Costanza 2005
1175:
1167:
1165:9780099994008
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:New York City
1149:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1103:, p. 39.
1102:
1101:Costanza 2005
1097:
1089:
1087:9780712662475
1083:
1080:. p. 2.
1079:
1078:Jonathan Cape
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1064:McLynn, Frank
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732:Charles Felix
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192:(1826 – 1839)
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163:(1814 – 1821)
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1198:
1186:
1174:
1156:Random House
1146:
1136:
1096:
1068:
1058:
1019:
1015:
981:
961:
948:
940:
935:
903:Abdülmecid I
900:
891:Gülhane Park
877:
872:Grand Vizier
869:
860:
843:
819:
796:
786:
770:and painter
763:
758:
745:
741:Hilal Nişanı
740:
713:
711:
707:tâlimci başı
706:
701:
679:
642:
589:
549:
520:
495:aide-de-camp
472:
421:
404:Grande Armée
389:
362:
300:
296:
292:
291:
208:Battles/wars
190:Ottoman Army
1457:1865 deaths
1452:1789 births
772:Luigi Gobbi
680:iç oğlanlar
592:Switzerland
558:, who with
203:1806 – 1839
148:French Army
1446:Categories
1435:1025643863
1364:References
958:Later life
326:until the
301:Rüstem Bey
177:Greek Army
108:Allegiance
95:Occupation
1477:Carbonari
1390:: 37–55.
1315:Eskişehir
994:Citations
880:Hungarian
803:Black Sea
754:timariots
648:Mahmud II
540:trumpeter
456:brigadier
385:Verolengo
336:Mahmud II
303:, was an
1404:25817995
1223:Istanbul
1144:(1999).
1066:(1997).
923:Istanbul
907:piastres
811:Atlantic
809:and the
799:Ligurian
672:Austrian
664:Istanbul
560:Austrian
426:against
408:Pinerolo
365:Chivasso
348:Istanbul
57:Chivasso
1256:(ed.).
1024:Trabzon
945:wrote:
931:Trieste
887:British
883:hussars
724:Marquis
675:dragoon
608:Nauplia
604:England
600:Belgium
536:farrier
503:Dnieper
501:to the
479:cavalry
448:Lombard
432:Vistula
428:Prussia
371:within
308:soldier
305:Italian
297:Calasso
1433:
1402:
1325:
1309:]
1282:
1264:Ankara
1162:
1084:
1074:London
951:Turkey
815:Russia
689:Europe
645:Sultan
580:Naples
528:sapper
436:Elbing
396:French
369:comune
179:(1826)
87:Spouse
1423:Milan
1417:[
1400:JSTOR
1382:(1).
1311:(PDF)
1305:[
1252:. In
1030:: 52.
978:Death
964:Savoy
915:Turin
911:franc
909:(600
850:Konya
693:Islam
660:Izmir
596:Spain
392:Latin
373:Turin
344:Italy
320:Turin
61:Turin
1431:OCLC
1384:Rome
1323:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1082:ISBN
968:Nice
929:for
785:The
750:Pera
705:and
602:and
574:and
410:and
394:and
367:, a
312:army
77:Nice
71:Died
51:Born
1392:doi
1272:doi
715:Bey
702:ağa
578:in
534:'s
493:as
438:in
314:of
295:or
27:Bey
1448::
1429:.
1425::
1398:.
1386::
1380:85
1317::
1313:.
1278:.
1266::
1262:.
1154::
1150:.
1126:.
1108:^
1076::
1072:.
1036:^
1026::
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1002:^
893:.
722:,
598:,
594:,
542:.
505:.
499:Po
462:.
375:,
350:.
79:,
63:,
59:,
1437:.
1406:.
1394::
1331:.
1288:.
1274::
1168:.
1130:.
1090:.
1020:3
762:(
744:(
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